Andrea Solnes Miltenburg

• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Kiritta, Richard; Kidenya, Benson R.; Amoakoh, Hannah Brown; Schielen, Peter C.J.I. & Manyogote, Felix [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2026). PRESHA — Preventing severe hypertensive adverse events in pregnancy and childbirth: a study protocol for establishing a prospective cohort study and biobank in urban Tanzania. Frontiers in Global Women's Health. 7. doi: 10.3389/fgwh.2026.1812275. Full text in Research Archive
• Lukasse, Mirjam; Christensen, Hilde Gjelstad; Holien, Silje Synøve; Sandvold, Cathrine Olsen; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes & Myhre, Enid (2026). Norwegian midwifery students' perceptions and experiences of respectful and disrespectful maternity care – a qualitative study. Sexual & Reproductive HealthCare. ISSN 1877-5756. 49. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2026.101244. Full text in Research Archive
• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Uwamahoro, Nadege Sandrine; Mwanga, Joseph R.; Lindskog, Benedikte Victoria; Misje, Raghnild & Kihunrwa, Albert [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2026). Developing middle-range theories for the implementation of clinical practice guideline recommendations for pre-eclampsia prevention and management in eastern, central and southern Africa: a realist synthesis protocol. BMJ Open. 16(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2026-116839. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnson, Darci N.; Jatta, Fatou; Rotevatn, Torill Alise & Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes (2025). Blind Spots in the Norwegian Maternity Care System: A Qualitative Study on Immigrant Mother’s Experiences with the Perinatal Period in Oslo, Norway. Women's Reproductive Health. ISSN 2329-3713. p. 1–16. doi: 10.1080/23293691.2025.2519154. Full text in Research Archive
• Huurnink, Johanne Mamohau Egenberg; Blix, Ellen; Hals, Elisabeth; Kaasen, Anne; Bernitz, Stine & Lavender, Tina [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Labor curves based on cervical dilatation over time and their accuracy and effectiveness: A systematic scoping review. PLOS ONE. 19(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298046. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives - This systematic scoping review was conducted to 1) identify and describe labor curves that illustrate cervical dilatation over time; 2) map any evidence for, as well as outcomes used to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the curves; and 3) identify areas in research that require further investigation.<p> <p>Methods - A three-step systematic literature search was conducted for publications up to May 2023. We searched the Medline, Maternity & Infant Care, Embase, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, CINAHL, Scopus, and African Index Medicus databases for studies describing labor curves, assessing their effectiveness in improving birth outcomes, or assessing their accuracy as screening or diagnostic tools. Original research articles and systematic reviews were included. We excluded studies investigating adverse birth outcomes retrospectively, and those investigating the effect of analgesia-related interventions on labor progression. Study eligibility was assessed, and data were extracted from included studies using a piloted charting form. The findings are presented according to descriptive summaries created for the included studies.<p> <p>Results and implications for research - Of 26,073 potentially eligible studies, 108 studies were included. Seventy-three studies described labor curves, of which ten of the thirteen largest were based mainly on the United States Consortium on Safe Labor cohort. Labor curve endpoints were 10 cm cervical dilatation in 69 studies and vaginal birth in 4 studies. Labor curve accuracy was assessed in 26 studies, of which all 15 published after 1986 were from low- and middle–income countries. Recent studies of labor curve accuracy in high-income countries are lacking. The effectiveness of labor curves was assessed in 13 studies, which failed to prove the superiority of any curve. Patient-reported health and well-being is an underrepresented outcome in evaluations of labor curves. The usefulness of labor curves is still a matter of debate, as studies have failed to prove their accuracy or effectiveness.

• Lie, Anne Kveim; Gebremariam, Mekdes; Lichtwarck, Hanne Ochieng; Mmbaga, Elia & Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes (2024). Kortvarig hospitering må planlegges nøye. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 144(15). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0376. Full text in Research Archive
• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Kvernflaten, Birgit; Meguid, Tarek & Sundby, Johanne Sommerschild (2023). Towards renewed commitment to prevent maternal mortality and morbidity: learning from 30 years of maternal health priorities. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters (SRHM). 31(1), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2174245. Full text in Research Archive
• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Pelt, Sandra van; Lindskog, Benedikte V; Sundby, Johanne Sommerschild & Meguid, Tarek (2022). Understanding women's decision-making process for birth location in Tanzania based on individual women's reproductive pathways: a life-course perspective. Global health action. ISSN 1654-9716. 15(1). doi: 10.1080/16549716.2022.2040149. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Determinants for women’s care seeking for birth in low-income setting are multifactorial and remain poorly understood. A life course approach can assist to structure the interplay of the different factors that lead to women seeking care or not. Objective In this study we aimed to explore individual women’s reproductive pathways, and increase understanding of how important life events including previous pregnancy and birth experiences can help us to understand individual choices made for care seeking during childbirth. Methods The study took place in Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. 14 women were followed throughout their pregnancy, birth and postpartum period through participant observation and in-depth interviews. In total 94 in-depth interviews were held (between 5–7 interviews per woman). Analysis occurred continuous throughout the data collection period resulting in detailed narratives of crucial events across women’s life course, with specific attention to their current pregnancy. Results Of the 14 women, seven had a facility birth, six a home birth and one woman gave birth at the home of a local birth attendant. Four different story plots were identified: expected home birth, expected facility birth, unexpected facility birth and unexpected home birth. Birth narratives of four women representative of the different story plots are presented. Narratives illustrate women’s individual reproductive pathways including the various factors influencing women’s expectations and justifications for their actions during their pregnancy and birth. Conclusion Women’s agency, including women’s perception of self, the self in relation to the social environment and reflection on risks associated with the range of options, influences the final decision made for birth. Women’s narratives suggest that quality of care can function as a primary pull factor for facility birth. As long as home birth is by some perceived to be a better alternative, achieving skilled care for all will be difficult to achieve.

• Onstad, Solveig Karbø; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes & Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie (2021). Uterusruptur hos førstegangsfødende. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 141(13). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0085. Full text in Research Archive
• Kiritta, Richard; Mrisho, Fatma; Mbulwa, Cosmas; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes & Kihunrwa, Albert (2021). Extensive surgery for peritoneal tuberculosis, an ongoing diagnostic challenge in resource limited setup. Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports. ISSN 2766-7820. Full text in Research Archive
• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Pelt, Sandra van; Kiritta, Richard; Meguid, Tarek & Sundby, Johanne Sommerschild (2021). Symphysis-fundal height, gestational age and its value for identification of foetuses at risk in rural Tanzania: A qualitative follow-up study. African Journal of Reproductive Health. ISSN 1118-4841. 25(5), p. 140–149. doi: 10.29063/ajrh2021/v25i5.15. Full text in Research Archive
• Kiritta, Richard Forget; Balyorugulu, Georgina; Ahmed, Maimuna; Christopher, Frank; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes & Kihunrwa, Albert (2020). Recurrent obstructive uropathy secondary to pyometrocolpos in an 8-month-old infant: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 14(1), p. 1–4. doi: 10.1186/s13256-020-02543-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Pelt, Sandra van; bruijn, willemijn de & Shields-Zeeman, Laura (2019). Mobilizing community action to improve maternal health in a rural district in Tanzania: lessons learned from two years of community group activities. Global health action. ISSN 1654-9716. 12(1). doi: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1621590. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Community participation can provide increased understanding and more effective implementation of strategies that seek to improve outcomes for women and newborns. There is limited knowledge on how participatory processes take place and how this affects the results of an intervention. Objective: This paper presents the results of two years of implementing (2013–2015) community groups for maternal health care in Magu District, Tanzania. Method: A total of 102 community groups were established, and 77 completed the four phases of the participatory learning and action cycle. The four phases included identification of problems during pregnancy and childbirth (phase 1), deciding on solutions and planning strategies (phase 2), implementation of strategies (phase 3) and evaluation of impact (phase 4). Community group meetings were facilitated by 15 trained facilitators and groups met monthly in their respective villages. Data was collected as an ongoing process from facilitator and meeting reports, through interviews with facilitators and local leaders and from focus group discussions with community group participants. Results: The majority of groups prioritized problems related to the availability of and accessibility to health services. The most commonly actioned solution was the provision of health education to the community. Almost all groups (95%) experienced a positive impact on the community as results of their actions, including increased maternal health knowledge and positive behaviour changes among health care workers. Facilitators were positive about the community groups, stating that they were grateful for the gained knowledge on maternal health, and positively regarded the involvement of men in community groups, which are traditionally women-only. Conclusion: The process of establishing and undertaking community groups in itself appeared to have a positive perceived impact on the community. However, sustained behaviour change, power dynamics and financial incentives need to be carefully considered during implementation and sustaining the community groups.

• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Pelt, Sandra van; Meguid, T & Sundby, Johanne (2018). Disrespect and abuse in maternity care: Individual consequences of structural violence. Reproductive Health Matters: An international journal on sexual and reproductive health and rights. ISSN 0968-8080. 26(53), p. 88–106. doi: 10.1080/09688080.2018.1502023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Disrespect and abuse of patients, especially birthing women, does occur in the health sector. This is a violation of women’s fundamental human rights and can be viewed as a consequence of women’s lives not being valued by larger social, economic and political structures. Here we demonstrate how such disrespect and abuse is enacted at an interpersonal level across the continuum of care in Tanzania. We describe how and why women’s exposure to disrespect and abuse should be seen as a symptom of structural violence. Detailed narratives were developed based on interviews and observations of 14 rural women’s interactions with health providers from their first antenatal visit until after birth. Narratives were based on observation of 25 antenatal visits, 3 births and 92 in-depth interviews with the same women. All women were exposed to non-supportive care during pregnancy and birth including psychological abuse, physical abuse, abandonment and privacy violations. Systemic gender inequality renders women excessively vulnerable to abuse, expressed as a normalisation of abuse in society. Health institutions reflect and reinforce dominant social processes and normalisation of non-supportive care is symptomatic of an institutional culture of care that has become dehumanised. Health providers may act disrespectfully because they are placed in a powerful position, holding authority over their patients. However, they are themselves also victims of continuous health system challenges and poor working conditions. Preventing disrespect and abuse during antenatal care and childbirth requires attention for structural inequalities that foster conditions that make mistreatment of vulnerable women possible.

• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Kiritta, Richard Forget; Meguid, Tarek & Sundby, Johanne (2018). Quality of care during childbirth in Tanzania: identification of areas that need improvement. Reproductive Health. 15(14). doi: 10.1186/s12978-018-0463-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Making use of good, evidence based routines, for management of normal childbirth is essential to ensure quality of care and prevent, identify and manage complications if they occur. Two essential routine care interventions as defined by the World Health Organization are the use of the Partograph and Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour. Both interventions have been evaluated for their ability to assist health providers to detect and deal with complications. There is however little research about the quality of such interventions for routine care. Qualitative studies can help to understand how such complex interventions are implemented. This paper reports on findings from an observation study on maternity wards in Tanzania. Methods The study took place in the Lake Zone in Tanzania. Between 2014 and 2016 the first author observed and participated in the care for women on maternity wards in four rural and semi-urban health facilities. The data is a result of approximately 1300 hours of observations, systematically recorded primarily in observation notes and notes of informal conversations with health providers, women and their families. Detailed description of care processes were analysed using an ethnographic analysis approach focused on the sequential relationship of the ‘stages of labour’. Themes were identified through identification of recurrent patterns. Results Three themes were identified: 1) Women’s movement between rooms during birth, 2) health providers’ assumptions and hope for a ‘normal’ birth, 3) fear of poor outcomes that stimulates intervention during birth. Women move between different rooms during childbirth which influences the care they receive. Few women were monitored during their first stage of labour. Routine birth monitoring appeared absent due to health providers ’assumptions and hope for good outcomes. This was rooted in a general belief that most women eventually give birth without problems and the partograph did not correspond with health providers’ experience of the birth process. Contextual circumstances also limited health worker ability to act in case of complications. At the same time, fear for being held personally responsible for outcomes triggered active intervention in second stage of labour, even if there was no indication to intervene. Conclusions Insufficient monitoring leads to poor preparedness of health providers both for normal birth and in case of complications. As a result both underuse and overuse of interventions contribute to poor quality of care. Risk and complication management have for many years been prioritized at the expense of routine care for all women. Complex evaluations are needed to understand the current implementation gaps and find ways for improving quality of care for all women.

• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Roggeveen, Yadira; Roosmalen, Jos van & Smith, Helen (2017). Factors influencing implementation of interventions to promote birth preparedness and complication readiness. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 17(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1448-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Kiritta, Richard Forget; Bishanga, Thabea Benedicto; Roosmalen, Jos van & Stekelenburg, Jelle (2017). Assessing emergency obstetric and newborn care: Can performance indicators capture health system weaknesses? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 17(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1282-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Howard-Grabman, Lisa; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Marston, Cicely & Portela, Anayda (2017). Factors affecting effective community participation in maternal and newborn health programme planning, implementation and quality of care interventions. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 17(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1443-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Community participation in in health programme planning, implementation and quality improvement was recently recommended in guidelines to improve use of skilled care during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period for women and newborns. How to implement community participation effectively remains unclear. In this article we explore different factors. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis, using the Supporting the Use of Research Evidence framework, of effectiveness studies identified through systematic literature reviews of two community participation interventions; quality improvement of maternity care services; and maternal and newborn health programme planning and implementation. Results Community participation ranged from outreach educational activities to communities being full partners in decision-making. In general, implementation considerations were underreported. Key facilitators of community participation included supportive policy and funding environments where communities see women’s health as a collective responsibility; linkages with a functioning health system e.g. via stakeholder committees; intercultural sensitivity; and a focus on interventions to strengthen community capacity to support health. Levels of participation and participatory approaches often changed over the life of programmes as community and health services capacity to interact developed. Conclusion Implementation requires careful consideration of the context: previous experience with participation, who will be involved, gender norms, and the timeframe for implementation. Relevant stakeholders must be actively involved, particularly those often excluded from decision making. Current limited evidence suggests that the vision of community participation as a process and the presence of a focus to strengthen community capacity to participate and to improve health may be a key factor for long term success; Keywords Community participation – Maternal and newborn health – Quality improvement – Health programme planning and implementation

• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Eem, Lisette van der; Nyanza, Elias C; Pelt, Sandra van; Ndak, Pendo & Basinda, Namanya [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Antenatal care and opportunities for quality improvement of service provision in resource limited settings: A mixed methods study. PLOS ONE. 12(12), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188279. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Antenatal care is essential to improve maternal and newborn health and wellbeing. The majority of pregnant women in Tanzania attend at least one visit. Since implementation of the focused antenatal care model, quality of care assessments have mostly focused on utilization and coverage of routine interventions for antenatal care. This study aims to assess the quality of antenatal care provision from a holistic perspective in a rural district in Tanzania. Structure, process and outcome components of quality are explored. This paper reports on data collected over several periods from 2012 to 2015 through facility audits of supplies and services, ANC observations and exit interviews with pregnant women. Additional qualitative methods were used such as interviews, focus group observations and participant observations. Findings indicate variable performance of routine ANC services, partly explained by insufficient resources. Poor performance was also observed for appropriate history taking, attention for client’s wellbeing, basic physical examination and adequate counseling and education. Achieving quality improvement for ANC requires increased attention for the process of care provision beyond coverage, including attention for response-based services, which should be assessed based on locally determined criteria.

• Vermeulen, Esther; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Barras, J.; Maselle, N.; Elteren, Marianne van & Roosmalen, J van (2016). Opportunities for male involvement during pregnancy in Magu district, rural Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0853-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Sondaal, Stephanie Felicie Victoria; Browne, Joyce Linda; Amoakoh-Coleman, Mary; Borgstein, Alexander Berend-Jan; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes & Verwijs, Mirjam [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Assessing the Effect of mHealth Interventions in Improving Maternal and Neonatal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology. ISSN 0266-7320. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154664. Full text in Research Archive
• Amoakoh-Coleman, Mary; Borgstein, Alexander Berend-Jan; Sondaal, Stephanie FV; Grobbee, Diederick E; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes & Verwijs, Mirjam [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Effectiveness of mHealth interventions targeting health care workers to improve pregnancy outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 18(8). doi: 10.2196/jmir.5533. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the highest burden of maternal and neonatal deaths. Concurrently, they have the lowest number of physicians. Innovative methods such as the exchange of health-related information using mobile devices (mHealth) may support health care workers in the provision of antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in LMICs. Objective: We conducted a systematic review evaluating the effectiveness of mHealth interventions targeting health care workers to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in LMIC. Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Global Health Library, and Popline were searched using predetermined search and indexing terms. Quality assessment was performed using an adapted Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. A strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analysis was performed for each included paper. Results: A total of 19 studies were included for this systematic review, 10 intervention and 9 descriptive studies. mHealth interventions were used as communication, data collection, or educational tool by health care providers primarily at the community level in the provision of antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care. Interventions were used to track pregnant women to improve antenatal and delivery care, as well as facilitate referrals. None of the studies directly assessed the effect of mHealth on maternal and neonatal mortality. Challenges of mHealth interventions to assist health care workers consisted mainly of technical problems, such as mobile network coverage, internet access, electricity access, and maintenance of mobile phones. Conclusions: mHealth interventions targeting health care workers have the potential to improve maternal and neonatal health services in LMICs. However, there is a gap in the knowledge whether mHealth interventions directly affect maternal and neonatal outcomes and future research should employ experimental designs with relevant outcome measures to address this gap.

• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Lambermon, Fleur; Hamelink, Cees & Meguid, Tarek (2016). Maternity care and Human Rights: What do women think? BMC International Health and Human Rights. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12914-016-0091-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background A human rights approach to maternal health is considered as a useful framework in international efforts to reduce maternal mortality. Although fundamental human rights principles are incorporated into legal and medical frameworks, human rights have to be translated into measurable actions and outcomes. So far, their substantive applications remain unclear. The aim of this study is to explore women’s perspectives and experiences of maternal health services through a human rights perspective in Magu District, Tanzania. Methods This study is a qualitative exploration of perspectives and experiences of women regarding maternity services in government health facilities. The point of departure is a Human Rights perspective. A total of 36 semi-structured interviews were held with 17 women, between the age of 31 and 63, supplemented with one focus group discussion of a selection of the interviewed women, in three rural villages and the town centre in Magu District. Data analysis was performed using a coding scheme based on four human rights principles: dignity, autonomy, equality and safety. Results Women’s experiences of maternal health services reflect several sub-standard care factors relating to violations of multiple human rights principles. Women were aware that substandard care was present and described a range of ways how the services could be delivered that would venerate human rights principles. Prominent themes included: ‘being treated well and equal’, ‘being respected’ and ‘being given the appropriate information and medical treatment’. Conclusion Women in this rural Tanzanian setting are aware that their experiences of maternity care reflect violations of their basic rights and are able to voice what basic human rights principles mean to them as well as their desired applications in maternal health service provision. Keywords Human rights – Maternal health – Dignity

• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Roggeveen, Yadira; Shields, Laura; Elteren, Marianne van; Roosmalen, Jos van & Stekelenburg, Jelle [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Impact of birth preparedness and complication readiness interventions on birth with a skilled attendant: A systematic review. PLOS ONE. 10:e0143382(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143382. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Increased preparedness for birth and complications is an essential part of antenatal care and has the potential to increase birth with a skilled attendant. We conducted a systematic review of studies to assess the effect of birth preparedness and complication readiness interventions on increasing birth with a skilled attendant. Methods PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and grey literature were searched for studies from 2000 to 2012 using a broad range of search terms. Studies were included with diverse designs and intervention strategies that contained an element of birth preparedness and complication readiness. Data extracted included population, setting, study design, outcomes, intervention description, type of intervention strategy and funding sources. Quality of the studies was assessed. The studies varied in BP/CR interventions, design, use of control groups, data collection methods, and outcome measures. We therefore deemed meta-analysis was not appropriate and conducted a narrative synthesis of the findings. Results Thirty-three references encompassing 20 different intervention programmes were included, of which one programmatic element was birth preparedness and complication readiness. Implementation strategies were diverse and included facility-, community-, or home-based services. Thirteen studies resulted in an increase in birth with a skilled attendant or facility birth. The majority of authors reported an increase in knowledge on birth preparedness and complication readiness. Conclusions Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness interventions can increase knowledge of preparations for birth and complications; however this does not always correspond to an increase in the use of a skilled attendant at birth.

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• Kwiatkowska, Anna Julia; Frøiland, Solveig; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes & Wangamati, Cynthia Khamala (2025). A protocol for a systematic review of health consequences of conflict-related sexual violence (2015–2024). doi: 10.1186/s13643-025-02874-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is a public health issue affecting thousands of survivors and with long-term consequences; however, it is underreported and difficult to investigate. This systematic review, covering 2015 to 2024, will explore sexual violence in conflict zones, extract and summarize the various reported health outcomes, and address knowledge gaps. Methods Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method studies will be included to explore the physical, mental, and social consequences of sexual violence. The WHO definition of sexual violence will guide the review to ensure consistency and alignment with global standards. Search terms will be selected with the assistance of a health information specialist and based on previous research. Only peer-reviewed articles will be included. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts.. Selected articles will be assessed for quality using the MMAT tool. Covidence will be used to assist in the study selection and data extraction. Objective The objective of this study is to assess the reported health consequences of CRSV. Key research questions include the following: how sexual violence is defined in the literature; its physical, mental, and social health consequences; how perpetrators and the type of sexual violence are portrayed; and the contextual factors that facilitate or hinder such violence in conflict settings. Discussion In light of ongoing global conflicts, this review will address the urgent need to understand the health consequences of CRSV. Building on previous work, including Ba and Bhopal (Public Health 1(142):121–35, 2017) and to supplement Rubini et al. (Int J Equity Health 27(22):1–227, 2023), this study integrates quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method research within a Biopsychosocial Model (Engel, Fam Syst Med 1977:317–31, 1992) framework to provide a holistic perspective on CRSV. Recognizing challenges such as underreporting by the survivors—shaped by stigma, safety concerns, and survivor agency (Mannergren-Selimovic, Peacebuilding 30:1–15, 2018)—this review also considers how perpetrators and experiences are portrayed. Systematic review registration PROSPERO (CRD42024503037).

• Eick, Frode & Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes (2025). Andregenerasjons innvandrere - hvor ligger problemet? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. Full text in Research Archive
• Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Bains, Sukhjeet Kaur; Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Vartdal, Vegard Weyergang; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Alnæs-Katjavivi, Patji [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Svangerskap, fødsel og barseltid – mer enn bare overlevelse. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 143(15), p. 1–3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0500. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundby, Johanne; Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes; Lafontain, Sara Rivenes; Wangamati, Cynthia Khamala & Odland, Maria Lisa (2019). Quality of Care for women and adolescent girls - from policy to practice, or the other way around? Full text in Research Archive

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