Geir Godager

• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2021). Data from an incentivized laboratory experiment on strategic medical choices. Data in Brief.  ISSN 2352-3409.  35 . doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106926 Show summary

  This paper presents data of medical choices determining physicians’ profit and patients’ health benefit under three levels of market competition: monopoly, duopoly, and quadropoly. The data was collected from 136 German university students in an incentivised laboratory experiment. The designed experimental parameters and the formula for computing the payoff matrices of the games are described in this paper as well. This data was analyzed by Ge and Godager (2020) who employed generalized multinomial logit models to investigate the relationship between market competition and determinism in behavior under a quantal response equilibrium paradigm. This data contributes to future investigation on alternative game theoretic equilibrium concepts and the development of empirical methods for studying strategic choice behavior.

• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2021). Predicting strategic medical choices: An application of a quantal response equilibrium choice model. Journal of Choice Modelling.  ISSN 1755-5345.  39 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocm.2021.100282 Show summary

  Quantal response equilibrium choice (QREC) models are structural behavioral models that account for bounded rationality and strategic interactions in analyses of games where each player’s payoff is a vector. We revisit the question of how market competition affects pro-social behavior and fit a QREC model to data from an incentivized laboratory experiment, where the participants make decisions on medical treatment for abstract patients in monopoly, duopoly and quadropoly games. Our results demonstrate that competition can cause substantial behavioral responses without any changes in pro-social preferences if one allows for the possibility that competition influences the degree of randomness in decision-making. We find that a QREC model with fixed preference parameters provides precise out-of-sample predictions of behavior in games with vector payoffs. A Monte Carlo study is performed to show that the two-step estimator is accurate.

• Cheo, Roland; Ge, Ge; Godager, Geir; Liu, Rugang; Wang, Jian & Wang, Qiqi (2020). The effect of a mystery shopper scheme on prescribing behavior in primary care: Results from a field experiment. Health Economics Review.  ISSN 2191-1991.  10(33) . doi: 10.1186/s13561-020-00290-z Full text in Research Archive.
• Wang, Jian; Iversen, Tor; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Godager, Geir (2020). Are patient-regarding preferences stable? Evidence from a laboratory experiment with physicians and medical students from different countries. European Economic Review.  ISSN 0014-2921.  125 . doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103411 Full text in Research Archive.
• Iversen, Tor & Godager, Geir (2017). Fastlegen som portvakt. Michael.  ISSN 1893-9651.  14(19), s 43- 59 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  I denne artikkelen viser vi hvordan en ordning med primærlegen som portvakt til spesialisthelsetjenesten kan medføre mer effektiv bruk av samfunnets ressurser. Siden primærlegen oftest har bedre diagnostiske kunnskaper enn pasientene, vil primærlegen kunne være bedre enn pasientene til å sortere hvilke pasienter som bør henvises til spesialisthelsetjenesten og hvilke pasienter primærlegen kan diagnostisere og behandle selv. En portvaktordning vil slik kunne bidra til en mer effektiv arbeidsdeling i helsesektoren. I situasjoner der et mindretall av pasientene trenger behandling i spesialisthelsetjenesten, vil primærlegen kunne bidra til å identifisere de tilfeller der behandling i spesialisthelsetjenesten er ønskelig for samfunnet. Om portvaktordningen faktisk medfører bedre bruk av samfunnets ressurser, vil da både avhenge av pasientenes egne kunnskaper, fastlegenes diagnostiske dyktighet, samt tida det tar å utføre portvaktfunksjonen. Vi beskriver teoretiske og empiriske studier som viser at avlønningsordningen for primærleger har betydning for hvor strengt portvaktrollen utøves. Et sentralt resultat fra litteraturen er at per capita avlønning medfører høyere henvisningsrate enn ytelsesbaserte takster og utvidet budsjettansvar. Et viktig spørsmål for framtidig forskning er om det finnes avlønningssystemer som oppmuntrer til en passe høy henvisningsrate vurdert ut fra kravet om god bruk av helsesektorens samlede ressurser.

• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2016). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization.  ISSN 0167-2681.  131, s 36- 46 . doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.005
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2015). Competition, gatekeeping, and health care access. Journal of Health Economics.  ISSN 0167-6296.  39, s 159- 170 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.11.005
• Godager, Geir & Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander (2014). The association between age and mortality related hospital expenditures: Evidence from a complete national registry. Nordic Journal of Health Economics.  ISSN 1892-9729.
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2014). Sosial ulikhet i bruk av helsetjenester i Norge, I: Grete Synøve Botten; Jan C Frich; Terje P. Hagen; Tor Iversen & Halvor Nordby (red.),  Helsetjenestens nye logikk.  Akademika forlag.  ISBN 978-82-321-0348-5.  Kap. 23.  s 231 - 245
• Godager, Geir & Wiesen, Daniel (2013). Profit or Patients' Health Benefit? Exploring the Heterogeneity in Physician Altruism. Journal of Health Economics.  ISSN 0167-6296.  32(6), s 1105- 1116 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.08.008
• Melberg, Hans Olav; Godager, Geir & Gregersen, Fredrik (2013). Sykehusutgifter mot livets slutt. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  133(8), s 841- 844 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0802
• Godager, Geir (2012). Birds of a feather flock together: A study of doctor-patient matching. Journal of Health Economics.  ISSN 0167-6296.  31(1), s 296- 305 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.11.003
• Godager, Geir; Lurås, Hilde & Iversen, Tor (2012). Framtidens betalingssystemer i allmennlegetjenesten, I: Hans Olav Melberg & Lars Erik Kjekshus (red.),  Fremtidens Helse-Norge.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 9788245012088.  10.  s 187 - 204
• Goth, Ursula-Georgine Småland & Godager, Geir (2012). Use of Primary Care Emergency Services in Norway: Impact of Birth Country and Duration of Residence. Nordic Journal of Health Economics.  ISSN 1892-9729.  1(2) Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In Norway, the General Practitioner Scheme was established in 2001. Satisfaction with the system is generally high. However, people often choose to visit community-based emergency wards (EW) for routine care instead. The aim of this paper is to describe which factors influence the choice of seeking care at the EW. Design, setting, and patients: Prior national research on utilization patterns has been based mostly on surveys showing a low response rate. By using merged register data, we analyzed the choice of the EW as a care provider in Oslo (Norway) for 2006 and 2007. Applying 1,934,248 observations of 279,531 different individuals, we estimated the probability of choosing the emergency ward for the Norwegian-born population as well as for the14-largest immigrant groups. Substantial variation between groups was identified. Main outcome: The proportion of EW visits was highest among patients from Somalia (11.7 percent) while the lowest proportion of EW users was among immigrants from Germany and Vietnam (5.3 percent). The results vary substantially within individual migrant groups; gender, age, and the duration of residence each influence the probability of visiting an EW. Conclusions: We found large differences in the probability of using an EW between individuals from immigrant populations, presumably because of barriers in access to primary care. Continuity in the physician–patient relationship is an important policy goal. A suggestion for policy is thus to improve communication about the organization of the Norwegian health-care sector to newly arrived immigrants, as well as to patients at the EW.

• Biørn, Erik & Godager, Geir (2010). Does quality influence choice of general practitioner? An analysis of matched doctor-patient panel data. Economic Modelling.  ISSN 0264-9993.  27(4), s 842- 853 . doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2009.10.016 Show summary

  The impact of quality on the demand facing health care providers has important implications for the industrial organization of health care markets. In this paper we study the consumers' choice of general practitioner (GP), assuming they are unable to observe the true quality of GP services. A panel data set for 484 Norwegian GPs, with summary information on their patient stocks, renders the opportunity to identify and measure the impact of GP quality on the demand, accounting for patient health heterogeneity. We apply a multi-equation model in the LISREL format, with GP quality and patient health as latent determinants of demand for GP services. Patient excess mortality rate at the GP level is one indicator of quality. Our results indicate that GP quality has a clear positive effect on demand, even when patient heterogeneity is accounted for.

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• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Jing Jing, Li; Wang, Jian & Yang, Fan (2021). Does gender affect medical decisions? Results from a behavioral experiment with physicians and medical students. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 1. Show summary

  It is rarely the case that differences in behaviors of females and males are described under a ceteris paribus condition, and behaviors can potentially be influenced by the environment in which decisions are made. In the case of medical decisions, physicians are expected to account for patient characteristics as well as observed and unobserved contextual factors, such as whether the patient has a healthy lifestyle. Since one usually do not randomize physicians to context, reported gender differences in medical practice can have several alternative interpretations. A key question is whether the medical treatment of a given patient is expected to depend on the gender of the physician. To address this question, we quantify gender effects using data from an incentivized laboratory experiment, where Chinese medical doctors and Chinese medical students choose medical treatment under different payment schemes. We estimate preference parameters of females and males assuming decision-makers have patient-regarding preferences. We cannot reject the hypothesis that gender differences in treatment choices are absent. Preference parameters of females and males are not statistically different in a log-likelihood ratio test, and there is no evidence that the degree of randomness in choices differs between genders. The absence of gender effects in the laboratory, where choice context is fixed, provides nuance to previous findings on gender differences, and highlights the general difficulty of separating individuals’ behavior from the context they are in.

• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2020). Norge er trolig alene om å innføre omvendt overtid for fastleger. Dagens medisin.  ISSN 1501-4290. Show summary

  Norge er ikke det første landet som velger å betale større basistilskudd til allmennlegene – men trolig alene om å innføre omvendt overtid.

• Abelsen, Birgit; Gaski, Margrete; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor; Løyland, Hanna Isabel; Pedersen, Kine & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2019). Evaluering av pilotprosjekt med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger. Statusrapport 2.
• Abelsen, Birgit; Gaski, Margrete; Godager, Geir; Løyland, Hanna Isabel; Pedersen, Kine; Snilsberg, Øyvind; Sten-Gamberg, Susanna; Iversen, Tor & Sæther, Erik Magnus (2019). Evaluering av pilotprosjekt med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger. Statusrapport II..
• Fosse, Synnøve Skeie & Godager, Geir (2019, 11. mai). Han mottok mer i refusjoner fra Folketrygden i 2018 enn noen andre legespesialister..  Agderposten.
• Gamst, Emilie & Godager, Geir (2019, 30. januar). Økonom: Feil å klandre bedrifter. Intervjuobjekt..  Dagsavisen.
• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2019). A Quantal Response Equilibrium Choice Model.
• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2019). A Quantal Response Equilibrium Choice Model.
• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2019). A Quantal Response Equilibrium Choice Model.
• Ge, Ge; Godager, Geir & Wang, Jian (2019). Do physicians care about patients’ utility? Evidence from an experimental study of treatment choices under demand-side cost sharing. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 2.
• Godager, Geir (2019). Bounded rationality models.
• Godager, Geir (2019). Bounded rationality models..
• Godager, Geir (2019). Organisering og betaling i fastlegetjenesten: Muligheter og begrensninger.
• Godager, Geir (2019, 20. mai). Vi anbefaler helse- ministeren å tenke seg godt om før han eventuelt gjentar påstanden om at systemet fungerer godt..  Agderposten.
• Iversen, Tor; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Wang, Jian & Godager, Geir (2019). Are patient-regarding preferences stable? Evidence from a laboratory experiment with physicians and medical students from different countries..
• Wang, Jian; Iversen, Tor; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Godager, Geir (2019). Are patient-regarding preferences stable? Evidence from a laboratory experiment with physicians and medical students from different countries. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 1.
• Cheo, Roland; Ge, Ge; Godager, Geir; Liu, Rugang; Wang, Qiqi & Wang, Jian (2018). The effect of a mystery shopper scheme on prescriptions in primary care. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 1.
• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2018). Markets and Rationality.
• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2018). Markets and rationality.
• Ge, Ge & Godager, Geir (2018). Markets and rationality.
• Godager, Geir & Hanger, Mari Rian (2018, 06. juli). Betalingen til fastlegene er av betydning for ordningen. [Internett].  Dagens Medisin. Show summary

  Både nivået på fastlegers inntekt og innretningen på betalingen vil påvirke fastlegetjenesten, ifølge helseøkonom Geir Godager.

• Byambadalai, Undral; Godager, Geir; Ma, Ching-To Albert & Wiesen, Daniel (2017). Competition and altruism.
• Cheo, Roland; Ge, Ge; Godager, Geir; Wang, Jian; Wang, Qiqi & Liu, Rugang (2017). The effect of a mystery shopper program on prescriptions in primary care: Results from a field experiment..
• Ge, Ge; Godager, Geir; Wang, Jian & Wiesen, Daniel (2017). Pysicians' preferences under demand-side cost sharing.
• Godager, Geir (2017, 28. september). En av fire fastleger er over 60 år..  Dagens medisin.
• Wang, Jian; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Iversen, Tor & Godager, Geir (2017). How Changes in Payment Schemes Influence Provision Behavior-Evidence from a lab experiment with physicians and medical students. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 2.
• Ge, Ge; Cheo, Roland; Godager, Geir; Liu, Rugang; Wang, Qiqi & Wang, Jian (2016). Gender Differences in Antibiotic Prescriptions of Primary Health Providers in China..
• Godager, Geir (2016). Competition and preferences in health care markets: Behavioral effects of incentives and framing..
• Godager, Geir; Cheo, Roland; Ge, Ge; Liu, Rugang; Wang, Qiqi & Wang, Jian (2016). The Effect of a Mystery Shopper Program on Prescription in Primary Care: Results from a Field Experiment in China.
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2016). Brukernes erfaringer med fastlegeordningen 2001- 2015. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 10.
• Godager, Geir; Ma, Ching-To Albert & Wiesen, Daniel (2016). Competition and Altruism..
• Godager, Geir; Ma, Ching-To Albert & Wiesen, Daniel (2016). Competition and altruism: Experimental evidence.
• Li, Jing Jing; Godager, Geir & Wang, Jian (2016). Does physician gender influence the provision of medical care? An experimental study. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 6.
• Ma, Ching-To Albert; Wiesen, Daniel & Godager, Geir (2016). Competition and Altruism.
• Galizzi, Matteo; Tammi, Timo; Godager, Geir; Linnosmä, Ismo & Wiesen, Daniel (2015). Provider altruism in health economics.
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor; Morken, Tone & Hunskaar, Steinar (2015). Fastlønn ved legevaktarbeid. Rapport (Nasjonalt kompetansesenter for legevaktmedisin). 4.
• Li, Jing Jing; Godager, Geir & Wang, Jian (2015). Does physician gender influence the provision of medical care? An experimental study.
• Wang, Jian; Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Iversen, Tor & Jing, Lin (2015). The Impact of Payment Systems on Medical Students’ and Physicians’ Behavior – An Experimental Study in China.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2014). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental study. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 4.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Wang, Jian & Lin, Jing (2014). Does Prospective Physicians’ Behavior Depend on the Payment System? Results from a Laboratory Experiment Applying a Within-Subject-Design.
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2014). Brukernes erfaringer med fastlegeordningen 2001 – 2012. Trender i bruk, tilgjengelighet og fornøydhet. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 2.
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Hennig-Schmidt, Heike (2014). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental analysis.
• Aas, Eline; Gudrun Maria Waaler, Bjørnelv & Godager, Geir (2013). Can we identify the impact of social capital in empirical studies of disease severity and mortality? An exploratory study based on cancer data.
• Godager, Geir (2013). Om betydningen av offentlig informasjon om behandlingsbeslutninger.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2013). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions?.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2013). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental analysis.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2013). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental analysis. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 1. Show summary

  Pay-for-performance schemes targeting quality improvements and cost reductions in markets for medical care have become increasingly popular among health policy-makers during the last decade. Typically, such schemes attach financial incentives to a set of indicators which consist of some processed information that is believed to constitute an adequate description of the provider. Due to the asymmetric information inherent in medical markets, changes in the information structure are likely to cause substantial change to the environment in which health care providers operate. Since monitoring of physician treatment decisions is a necessary prerequisite in a pay-for performance scheme, and also an important factor influencing the information structure in the market, disentangling the effect of a change in the information regime from a change in financial incentives is difficult. By means of a laboratory experiment we are able to identify the ceteris-paribus effect of a change in information regime. We find that introducing transparency, and making medical students’ treatment decisions known to their peers, have a positive impact on patients’ health benefit. The results also suggest that disclosure of physician performance increase social welfare.

• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Hennig-Schmidt, Heike (2013). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental analysis.
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2013). Gatekeeping and Access to Health Care.
• Gregersen, Fredrik & Godager, Geir (2013). Hospital expenditures and the red herring hypothesis: Evidence from a complete national registry. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 3. Show summary

  The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on population aging and growth in health expenditures. The Red Herring hypothesis, i.e., that hospital expenditures are driven by the occurrence of mortal illnesses, and not patients’ age, forms the basis of the study. The data applied in the analysis are from a complete registry of in-patient hospital expenditures in Norway from the years 1998-2009. Since data registration is compulsory and all hospital admissions are recorded, there is no self-selection into the data. Mortality related hospital expenditures were identified by creating gender-cohort specific panels for each of the 430 Norwegian municipalities. We separated the impact of mortality on current hospital expenditures from the impact of patients’ age and gender. This approach contributes to the literature by applying sensible aggregation methods on a complete registry of inpatient hospital admissions. We apply model estimates to quantify the mortality related hospital expenditures for twenty age groups. The results show that mortality related hospital expenditures are a decreasing function of age. Further the results clearly support that, both age and mortalities should be included when predicting future health care expenditure. The estimation results suggest that 9.2 % of all hospital expenditure is associated with treating individuals in their last year of life.

• Melberg, Hans Olav; Godager, Geir & Gregersen, Fredrik (2013). Sykehusutgifter mot slutten av livet. Dagens medisin.  ISSN 1501-4290.  10
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2012). Competition, Gatekeeping, and Health Care Access.
• Godager, Geir (2012). Forskjeller i henvisningsrater truer ikke målet om likeverdige helsetjenester. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  (3), s 277- 278 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.1477
• Godager, Geir; Gregersen, Fredrik & Melberg, Hans Olav (2012). Helseutgifter mot slutten av livet: Hvor viktige er dødsfallsrelaterte utgifter ved beregningen av framtidens helseutgifter?.
• Gregersen, Fredrik & Godager, Geir (2012). Hospital Expenditures and the Red Herring Hypothesis: Evidence from a complete National Registry.
• Gregersen, Fredrik & Godager, Geir (2012). Hospital Expenditures and the Red Herring Hypothesis: Evidence from a complete National Registry.
• Ma, Ching-To Albert; Iversen, Tor & Godager, Geir (2012). Gatekeeping and Access to Health Care.
• Selbæk, Geir; Vossius, Corinna Elisabeth; Lurås, Hilde & Godager, Geir (2012). Resource Use and Disease Course in Dementia (REDIC). HELEDs Skriftserie. 1.
• Chen, Xing & Godager, Geir (2011). Development of competition indicators in the Norwegian general practice: Constructing a postal code-specific Herfindahl-Hirschman index applying STATA software. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 1.
• Godager, Geir & Goth, Ursula-Georgine Småland (2011). Use of Primary Care Emergency Services in Norway: Impact of Birth Country and Duration of Residence.
• Godager, Geir & Harnes, Nils (2011, 15. januar). Kvinner topper som fastleger.  Budstikka.
• Godager, Geir & Madshus, Karin Grønn (2011, 07. november). Flesberg best på eldreomsorg.  Laagendalsposten.
• Godager, Geir; Westerveld, June & Dommerud, Tine (2011, 16. november). Beboere på sykehjem møter sjelden en lege.  Aftenposten.
• Godager, Geir & Wiesen, Daniel (2011). Profit or Patients' Health Benefit? Exploring the Heterogeneity in Physician Altruism. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 7.
• Godager, Geir & Wiesen, Daniel (2011). Profit or Patients' Health Benefit? Exploring the Heterogeneity in Physician Altruism.
• Goth, Ursula-Georgine Småland & Godager, Geir (2011). Use of Primary Care Emergency Services in Norway: Impact of Birth Country and Duration of Residence.
• Gregersen, Fredrik & Godager, Geir (2011). Consumption of hospital services in Norway.
• Hagen, Terje P.; Amayu, Kebebew Negera; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Øien, Henning (2011). Utviklingen i kommunenes helse- og omsorgstjenester 1986-2010. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 5.
• Iversen, Tor; Godager, Geir & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2011). Gatekeeping and access to health care.
• Iversen, Tor; Hagen, Terje P. & Godager, Geir (2011). Omfang og sammensetning av omsorgstjenester i tre nordiske land. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 2. Show summary

  Sammendrag Formålet med denne rapporten er å beskrive de nordiske lands tjenesteprofiler innenfor de kommunale omsorgstjenestene. Med tjenesteprofil menes blant annet antall brukere og type brukergrupper, tjenestens organisering og tjenestens driftskostnader, samt fordelingen mellom hjemmebasert versus institusjonsbasert omsorg. Datagrunnlag og definisjoner varierer mellom de nordiske landene. Dette gjør det vanskelig å sammenlikne nivået på tjenestetilbudet. Dette gjelder særlig for Finland der det ikke er mulig å skille pleie og omsorgstjenestene fra deler av spesialisthelsetjenestene. Finland inngår derfor ikke i den tallmessige beskrivelsen. Når det gjelder hjemmetjenester, er det bare for praktisk bistand at data er sammenlignbare for de tre landene Danmark, Norge og Sverige. Andelen mottakere av praktisk bistand i Danmark og Norge er omtrent på samme nivå, mens tilsvarende andel i Sverige er mindre. Noe av forskjellen kan skyldes at svenske tall bare omfatter hjemmetjenester til hjemmeboende og ikke for eksempel i omsorgsboliger som i Norge. Når hjemmetjenester inkluderer både praktisk bistand og hjemmesykepleie, er gjennomsnittlig andel mottakere noe større i Danmark enn i Norge. Andelen av befolkningen som bor i institusjon eller tilrettelagte boformer er redusert noe i alle tre land etter 2001. Reduksjonen synes å ha vært størst i Sverige og minst i Norge. For den eldste aldersgruppen (80 år og over) har Norge den største andelen av befolkningen i institusjon eller tilrettelagte boformer, mens andel beboere i aldersgruppen 67-79 år er større i Danmark enn i Norge. En oppsplitting i institusjon og tilrettelagt boform er bare mulig i Danmark og Norge. Andelen på institusjon i den eldste aldersgruppen er noe større i Norge enn i Danmark. Mens andelen har blitt redusert i Danmark siden 2006, har den vært konstant i Norge. Norge viser gjennomgående en større kommunal variasjon i omfang og sammensetning av omsorgstjenester enn Sverige og Danmark. Analysene av de skandinaviske landene samlet viser at kommunenes inntektsnivå har en positiv effekt på andel innbyggere i institusjoner og omsorgsboliger, dvs. at andelen beboere i disse boformene øker med kommunenes inntekter. Vi finner ikke tilsvarende effekter av inntekter på andel innbyggere som mottar praktisk bistand. At inntekter har ulike effekter på de to formene for omsorg, kan skyldes ulikhet i kostnader mellom omsorgsformene. Det kan også være at større inntekter vil medføre at antallet timer med praktisk bistand til de som allerede er mottakerne, vil øke. Tilgjengelige data har ikke gitt mulighet til å undersøke dette nærmere. Vi finner videre en positiv effekt av andel av befolkningen i aldergruppen 67 og over for begge de to omsorgsformene. Dødelighet har en positiv effekt på institusjonsdekning og en negativ effekt på andel innbyggere som mottar praktisk bistand. Vi tolker dette som at det i kommuner som har mange innbyggere i livets siste fase, skjer en dreining av omsorgstilbudet over fra lettere til tyngre omsorgsformer. Tidligere analyser har vist at Danmark har lagt stor vekt på utvikling av hjemmetjenester som kom til erstatning for institusjonstjenestene. Utviklingen i Sverige har derimot vært preget av reduksjon både i hjemmetjenester og institusjonsplasser/omsorgsboliger. Norge har vært et sted i mellom de to andre landene. I dag kan vi konkludere med at Danmark fortsatt har noe større dekning når det gjelder mottakere av hjemmehjelp/hjemmesykepleie, mens Sverige har lavere dekning enn Norge. Norge ligger svakt over Danmark i dekningsgrader for institusjoner/omsorgsboliger. Også her ligger Sverige lavere. De lange linjer viser med andre ord at Norge fortsatt har lavere nivå enn Danmark på hjemmetjenester. De viser også at avinstitusjonaliseringen fortsetter i våre to naboland, mens institusjonsdekningen i Norge trolig er nokså stabil og høyere enn i de to andre landene.

• Iversen, Tor; Ma, Ching-To Albert & Godager, Geir (2011). Gatekeeping and Access to Health Care.
• Godager, Geir (2010, 28. januar). ...Men litt mindre fornøyd med egen lege.  Dagens Medisin.
• Godager, Geir (2010, 18. februar). Samhandlingsreformen: Ventetiden er kortest hos fastleger med mange pasienter på listen. [Radio].  NRK Her&nå.
• Godager, Geir & Bolin, Therese Alne (2010, 24. april). Kortere ventetider hos leger med lange lister.  Moss Avis.
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2010). Mytebasert helsereform. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.  (24)
• Grepperud, Sverre & Godager, Geir (2010). Har leger realistiske oppfatninger om tilsynsmyndighetenes bruk av reaksjoner?.
• Iversen, Tor & Godager, Geir (2010). Brukernes erfaringer med fastlegeordningen 2001-2008. Trender i bruk, tilgjengelighet og fornøydhet. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 1.
• Iversen, Tor; Godager, Geir & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2010). Gatekeeping and Accessibility in Health Care.
• Iversen, Tor; Godager, Geir & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2010). Gatekeeping and Accessibility in Health Care.
• Wiesen, Daniel & Godager, Geir (2010). Profit or patients' health benefit?.
• Godager, Geir (2009). Birds of a Feather Flock Together: A Study of Doctor-Patient Matching. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 3.
• Godager, Geir (2009). Consumer Choice and Patient Selection in Health Care: Evidence From the Reform of Norwegian General Practice.
• Godager, Geir (2009). Four Empirical Essays on the Market for General Practitioners'Services. Series of Dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo. 186. Show summary

  This dissertation consists of empirical essays within the subject of health economics. There are four essays in applied micro-econometrics and, as data in Essays 2 and 4 have a panel format, econometric methods for panel data are applied. Tobit-type models for limited dependent variables are applied in Essays 3 and 4, nested logit models for choice of general practitioner (GP) are applied in Essay 1 and in Essay 2 modeling and estimation procedures involving latent structural variables are applied. The market for GPs’ services is the recurrent theme, and a common feature of the empirical modeling and estimation conducted in the essays of this dissertation is that latent variables play an important role. Essays 1 and 2 in this dissertation focus mainly on factors influencing the patients' or consumers' decision to seek the services of a particular GP, while Essays 3 and 4 focus on factors influencing the GP's supply decision. Norwegian data are applied in each of the essays, and each of the essays present results and policy implications that are of relevance to current debates on organisation of the market for general practitioners’ services in Norway.

• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2009). Er listebaronene problemet?. Dagens medisin.  ISSN 1501-4290.  (07)
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2009). Helsetjenester uten grenser? Om internasjonal handel med helsetjenester og mulige virkninger av internasjonal konkurranse for det norske helsevesene. HERO skriftserie / Working paper. 5.

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