Oddvar Martin Kaarbøe

• Oppegaard, Oddvar; Blomberg, Bjørn; Cox, Rebecca Jane; Iversen, Arild; Myklebust, Nikolai Norevik & Glambek, Marte [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2026). Nirmatrelvir for acute COVID-19 to prevent long COVID (PANORAMIC Norway): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1473-3099. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(26)00244-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Long-term symptoms are common after acute COVID-19, particularly fatigue, cognitive problems, and dyspnoea. Cohort studies have suggested that antiviral treatment of acute COVID-19 might prevent development of post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID), but the efficacy of antivirals has yet to be verified in prospective studies. We aimed to investigate whether treatment of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir would reduce the risk of long COVID. Methods In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, participants were recruited from the municipal health-care service at three sites in Norway (Bergen, Oslo, and Ålesund). Non-hospitalised adults aged 18–65 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR or lateral flow test and symptoms for 5 days or fewer were eligible for inclusion. Key exclusion criteria included pregnancy or lactation, chronic renal impairment or chronic liver dysfunction, and any person judged by the investigator to need nirmatrelvir–ritonavir treatment due to increased risk of hospitalisation or death. Participants were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive oral 300 mg nirmatrelvir and 100 mg ritonavir, or placebo, twice a day for 5 days using a pre-generated randomisation list without stratification or block adjustment. Participants, clinicians, and the study team were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was long COVID, defined as patient-reported fatigue, dyspnoea, and/or cognitive symptoms at 3 months’ follow-up. Safety was analysed as a secondary outcome, and included adverse events, hospital admissions, and deaths. Both the primary outcome and safety were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05852873) and is now closed to new participants. Findings Between May 12, 2023, and June 11, 2025, we enrolled 144 participants, of whom 66 were assigned to nirmatrelvir–ritonavir and 78 to placebo. In the protocol we planned to enrol 2000 participants, but the trial was stopped prematurely by the steering committee due to insufficient recruitment. Among the 143 participants who completed follow-up, the risk of long COVID at 3 months was significantly reduced in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group (17 [26%] of 66) compared with the placebo group (33 [43%] of 77), corresponding to a relative risk after imputation of data for the single missing value in the placebo group of 0·60 (95% CI 0·37–0·98; p=0·039). In the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group, five patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. The most common adverse events in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group were change in taste or smell (57 [86%] of 66 in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group vs 14 [18%] of 78 in the placebo group) and nausea or vomiting (19 [29%] vs eight [10%]). Inversely, palpitations were more common in the placebo group (ten [13%] of 78) than in the nirmatrelvir-ritonavir group (two [3%] of 66). No severe adverse events were reported. Interpretation Treatment with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir for acute COVID-19 was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of long COVID at 3 months’ follow-up. The limited sample size precludes firm conclusions, and further clinical trials are warranted.

• Godager, Geir; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Moger, Tron Anders & Aars, Ole Kristian (2026). Content matters - sending emails to ensure appropriate use of laboratory fees. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. ISSN 2214-8043. 123. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2026.102599. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study examines communication interventions' impact on general practitioners' (GPs) claiming of fees for laboratory tests. GPs, who recently claimed laboratory fees, were randomly assigned to two intervention groups (Mild and Strong) or a control group. Initially, both intervention groups received an email emphasizing the importance of utilizing lab tests judiciously, the range of conditions tested, and the need for patients to bear the costs of unnecessary tests. In a subsequent phase, a reminder email was sent with different content. The Mild group received a reiteration of the initial email, while the Strong group was reminded of the economic consequences and potential impact on access to other healthcare services, as stated in the ethical guidelines of the Norwegian Medical Association. Results show that the first email had no effect on either intervention group. However, the reminder email significantly influenced the Strong group, leading to a reduction in tests and conditions. Importantly, this effect differed statistically from the impact observed in the Mild group in terms of test utilization.

• Kamya, Carol Nakaye; Idro, Richard; Kalibbala, Dennis; Phiri, Kamija S.; Nkosi-Gondwe, Thandile & Akun, Pamela [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). The economic burden and catastrophic health expenditures among children with sickle cell anaemia on households in malaria-endemic areas: insights from Uganda and Malawi. BMC Public Health. 25(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23209-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Chronic diseases such as sickle cell anaemia (SCA) often lead to catastrophic health expenditures, especially in malaria-endemic regions. There is limited evidence on the economic burden faced by households with children suffering from SCA. This study aimed to assess the household economic burden of SCA and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures in Uganda and Malawi. Methods This prospective cohort study was nested in a clinical trial comparing malaria chemoprevention regimes: weekly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for children aged 6 months to 15 years in Uganda and Malawi. The economic burden was evaluated using the cost of illness approach by measuring and valuing direct and indirect costs. Quantile regression models were employed to identify factors associated with these costs. Findings The study included 723 children with an SCA (437 in Uganda and 286 in Malawi) with mean ages of 7.3 years (SD 3.9) and 8.0 years (SD 4.1), respectively. The annual median costs per household were $638.8 (IQR: $227–$2,693) in Uganda and $387.3 (IQR: $203–$694) in Malawi. The main contributors to the economic burden were direct costs in Uganda and indirect costs in Malawi. Factors such as malaria episodes, hospitalisation, hydroxyurea use, household wealth, children’s age, and gender significantly influenced direct and indirect costs. The concentration indices (CI) revealed a pro-rich distribution with poorer households incurring higher direct costs in both Malawi, CI=-0.12 (SE = 0.00, P < 0.00), and Uganda, CI= -0.23 (SE = 0.02, P < 0.000). Most households in both countries experienced catastrophic health expenditures, with the highest incidence in the poorest quartile. Conclusion Households with children with SCA incur high expenditures, which are catastrophic for a substantial proportion of them. Malaria episodes, hospitalisation and wealth status significantly increase the economic burden on households. Targeted interventions are needed to alleviate this financial strain, reduce disparities and improve outcomes for vulnerable households. Enhancing access to improved treatment strategies, such as effective malaria prevention measures and the consistent availability of hydroxyurea, could help reduce the number of sick episodes and, consequently, the economic burden on households and patients.

• Svendsen, Marta-Johanne; Sam, David; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Perez, Esperanza Diaz (2025). Migrants’ experiences as health ambassadors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway-a qualitative study. International Journal for Equity in Health. 24, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12939-025-02480-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background In response to the high incidence of COVID-19 infections among migrants, and lack of information, several interventions relying on migrants to deliver information to their peers were implemented. Although these strategies seem to be effective, the experiences of the migrants disseminating health information have not been studied. The Health Ambassador Project (HA-project) was one of such projects connecting key members from migrant communities (Health Ambassadors (HAs)) with health experts and the municipality, to disseminate health information to migrants. The HA-project was conducted in Bergen, Norway, in 2021–2022. This study aims to understand the experiences of the HAs during their involvement in the HA-project, how their role affected them in positive or negative ways and how they coped with eventual difficulties in the role. Methods We conducted individual interviews in January 2023 with seven HAs. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using systematic text condensation. Findings Participating in the HA-project was predominantly a positive experience for all HAs, by acquiring a sense of meaning and of being considered a valuable resource during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were positive social and professional aspects related to being able to meet other HAs and learning from each other’s experiences. However, psychological distress was reported related to the responsibility of conveying correct health information about the COVID-19 pandemic to fellow migrants and fighting misinformation. Several HAs used more of their free time than was expected of them, helping people in practical ways. HAs from Ukraine joined the project in 2022 and experienced their roles as more stressful given limitations in the availability of interpretation when collaborating with the experts. Conclusion Targeted health interventions relying on migrants to address their peers should consider the experiences of those distributing information and minimize their psychological stress.

• Ndambo, Myness K.; Bærøe, Kristine; Phiri, Kamija S.; Chiumia, Isabel-Kazanga; Teig, Inger Lise & Robberstad, Bjarne [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2025). Conceptualizing the implementation of post-discharge malaria chemoprevention in Malawi using a co-design approach. Malaria Journal. 24(51). doi: 10.1186/s12936-025-05265-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Severe malaria poses a significant challenge to under-five children in Malawi, leading to high rates of hospitalization and mortality. The World Health Organization has recently recommended post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) as a preventive strategy for under-five children with severe anaemia in malaria-endemic regions. In response to this recommendation, Malawi's Ministry of Health (MoH) plans to implement PDMC nationwide. To facilitate effective implementation, the MoH has partnered with the Training and Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE) to conduct PDMC delivery trials to gather evidence for practical implementation in Malawi and similar settings. A key component of this initiative involved the MoH leading the co-design workshops with key stakeholders to foster collaboration, spur innovation, and develop user-centred strategies. This collaborative effort aimed to investigate optimal PDMC implementation strategies to guide the scale-up in Malawi and contribute to policy-making processes that enhance transparency, accountability, and ownership. Methods This participatory action research occurred in the Salima district, Malawi, from 11 to 12 May 2023. Two co-design workshops were utilized, involving policymakers (n = 15), healthcare providers (n = 8), and prospective users (n = 2). The approach consisted of two stages. First, separate information-gathering sessions were held with policymakers, healthcare providers, and prospective users. Second, a structured discussion was facilitated, allowing collaboration between policymakers, healthcare providers, and prospective users to develop strategies for delivering and integrating the intervention. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and manually analyzed using a thematic approach. Results The inductive analysis yielded four overarching themes from the data. These key themes are PDMC adaptability, trialability, implementability, and sustainability. Stakeholders recommended adopting PDMC in Malawi, with health facilities as the optimal delivery option, ensuring that discharged children receive dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine doses for three months. PDMC aligns with existing systems, offering integration opportunities for managing childhood illnesses. However, gaps in policy development, approval, and health system strengthening—including supply chain, monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up—must be addressed to ensure PDMC's sustainability. Conclusions The co-design results indicate stakeholders' willingness to adopt and implement PDMC in Malawi. However, there is an awareness of the challenges that must be addressed to facilitate PDMC's successful implementation and sustainability.

• Kamya, Carol Nakaye; Idro, Richard; Ochanda, Perez Nicholas; Kalibbala, Dennis; Nkosi-Gondwe, Thandile & Akun, Pamela R. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Sickle Cell Anemia in Malaria-Endemic Regions: The Impact of Disease States and Malaria Prevention Strategies. Value in Health Regional Issues. ISSN 2212-1099. doi: 10.1016/j.vhri.2025.101120. Full text in Research Archive
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2024). Impacts of Norway's extended free choice reform on waiting times and hospital visits. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 33(4), p. 779–779. doi: 10.1002/hec.4801. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norway's extended free choice (EFC) reform extends the patient's choice of publicly funded hospitals for treatment to authorized private institutions (EFC providers). We study the effects of the reform on waiting times, number of visits, and patients' Charlson Comorbidity Index scores in public hospitals. We use a difference-in-differences model to compare changes over time for public hospitals with and without EFC providers in the catchment area. Focusing on five prevalent somatic services, we find that the EFC reform did not exert pressure on public hospitals to stimulate shorter waiting times and more visits. Moreover, we do not find that the sum of public and private visits increased. When we compare patient comorbidity between public hospitals and EFC providers, we find that for non-invasive diagnostic services, patient comorbidity is lower in EFC providers. For surgical services, we detect no difference in patient comorbidities between public and EFC providers.

• Carlsen, Fredrik; Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2024). Aggregation Bias and Socioeconomic Gradients in Waiting Time for Hospital Admissions. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 34(3). doi: 10.1002/hec.4913. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Waiting time is a rationing mechanism that is used in publicly funded healthcare systems as a mean to ensure equal access for equal need. However, several studies suggest that individuals with higher socioeconomic status wait less. These studies typically measure patients' socioeconomic status as an aggregate measure from patients' residential area and the results are hence vulnerable for aggregation biases. We shed light on the magnitude of the aggregation bias by analyzing socioeconomic gradients in waiting times when education and income are measured on three different levels: the individual level, the population cell level, and the municipal level. Our individual level socioeconomic gradient is modest compared with the literature. When socioeconomic status is measured on an aggregate level, we observe stronger associations with socioeconomic variables and less accurate estimates. A researcher who only has access to the aggregate data runs the risk of overstating the magnitude of the socioeconomic gradients.

• Aars, Ole Kristian; Godager, Geir; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Moger, Tron Anders (2024). Sending emails to reduce medical costs? The effect of feedback on general practitioners’ claiming of fees. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. ISSN 2214-8043. 109. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102178. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Audit and feedback is employed as a strategy to guide practices of health care professionals towards certain targets. The outcome of interest can be quality improvements, but also ensuring that health care workers adhere to relevant regulations. We conducted a nationwide field experiment in the Norwegian primary care sector to study the behavioral responses from giving general practitioners feedback (GPs) on their claiming of fees. The email-based feedback intervention targeted GPs who most frequently claimed fees for double consultations and provided them with a reminder of the formal regulations for double consultations. The intervention caused a 3–4 percentage point reduction in the use of the double-consultation fee, reducing the yearly health care spending of the Norwegian government by approximately €480 000 per year. This substantial and durable behavioral response found in our study sample comprising 15 % of Norwegian GPs, shows that low-cost interventions via email can have significant financial impact.

• Ndumwa, Harrieth Peter; Mori, Amani Thomas; Ruhago, Georg Mugambage; Willilo, Ritha Anderson; McBain, Ryan & Boudreaux, Chantelle [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Cost analysis for initiating an integrated package of essential non-communicable disease interventions (PEN-Plus) in Kondoa District Hospital, Tanzania: a time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) study protocol. BMJ Open. 14(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080510. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) constitute approximately 74% of global mortality, with 77% of these deaths occurring in low-income and middle-income countries. Tanzania exemplifies this situation, as the percentage of total disability-adjusted life years attributed to NCDs has doubled over the past 30 years, from 18% to 36%. To mitigate the escalating burden of severe NCDs, the Tanzanian government, in collaboration with local and international partners, seeks to extend the integrated package of essential interventions for severe NCDs (PEN-Plus) to district-level facilities, thereby improving accessibility. This study aims to estimate the cost of initiating PEN-Plus for rheumatic heart disease, sickle cell disease and type 1 diabetes at Kondoa district hospital in Tanzania. Methods and analysis: We will employ time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) to quantify the capacity cost rates (CCR), and capital and recurrent costs associated with the implementation of PEN-Plus. Data on resource consumption will be collected through direct observations and interviews with nurses, the medical officer in charge and the heads of laboratory and pharmacy units/departments. Data on contact times for targeted NCDs will be collected by observing a sample of patients as they move through the care delivery pathway. Data cleaning and analysis will be done using Microsoft Excel. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval to conduct the study has been waived by the Norwegian Regional Ethics Committee and was granted by the Tanzanian National Health Research Ethics Committee NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4475. A written informed consent will be provided to the study participants. This protocol has been disseminated in the Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting International Symposium, Norway and the 11th Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Scientific Conference, Tanzania in 2023. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals for use by the academic community, researchers and health practitioners.

• Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2023). Hvilke forhold påvirker om en henvisning til BUP avvises? Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning. ISSN 0809-2052. 26(3), p. 1–16. doi: 10.18261/tfv.26.3.1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mange henvisninger til BUP blir avvist, og det er stor variasjon i andelen avslåtte henvisninger mellom institusjoner, men det er lite systematisk kunnskap om hva som kjennetegner barn og ungdom som får sine henvisninger avvist. Vi bidra med slik kunnskap gjennom å analysere kjennetegn hos pasient/familie og fastlege som påvirker sannsynligheten for at en henvisning blir avvist. I gjennomsnitt avviser HF-ene 22 % av henvisningene til BUP, og andelen henvisninger som avvises varierer fra 3 %-31 %. Analysene indikerer at variasjonen i liten grad kan forklares med ulike egenskaper til pasientene og henvisende fastleger. Vi finner at det er en betydelig sosioøkonomisk gradient i de avviste henvisningene i det sannsynligheten for at henvisningen avvises er i underkant av 10 % høyere for pasienter hvis foreldres høyeste utdanningsnivå er grunn- eller videregående utdanning. Mange førstegangshenviste pasienter som fikk henvisningen avvist re-henvises innen kort tid. 80 % av re-henviste pasienter innvilges rett til helsehjelp.

• Holmen, Ida; Waibel, Sina & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2023). Emerging integrated care models for children and youth with mental health difficulties in Norway: a horizon scanning study. BMC Health Services Research. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-09858-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The implementation of Integrated Care Models (ICMs) represents a strategy for addressing the increasing issues of system fragmentation and improving service customization according to user needs. Available ICMs have been developed for adult populations, and less is known about ICMs specifically designed for children and youth. The study objective was to summarize and assess emerging ICMs for mental health services targeting children and youth in Norway. Methods A horizon scanning study was conducted in the field of child and youth mental health. The study encompassed two key components: (i) the identification of ICMs through a review of both scientific and grey literature, as well as input from key informants, and (ii) the evaluation of selected ICMs using semi-structured interviews with key informants. The aim of the interviews was to identify factors that either promote or hinder the successful implementation or scale up of these ICMs. Results Fourteen ICMs were chosen for analysis. These models encompassed a range of treatment philosophies, spanning from self-care and community care to specialized care. Several models placed emphasis on the referral process, prioritizing low-threshold access, and incorporating other sectors such as housing and child welfare. Four of the selected models included family or parents in their target group and five models extended their services to children and youth beyond the legal age of majority. Nine experts in the field willingly participated in the interview phase of the study. Identified challenges and facilitating factors associated with implementation or scale up of ICMs were related to the Norwegian healthcare system, mental health care delivery, as well as child and youth specific factors. Conclusion Care delivery targeting children and youth’s mental health requires further adaptation to accommodate the intricate nature of their lives. ICMs have been identified as a means to address this complexity by offering accessible services and adopting a holistic approach. This study highlights a selection of promising ICMs that appear capable of meeting some of the specific needs of children and youth. However, it is recommended to subject these models to further assessment and refinement to ensure their effectiveness and the fulfilment of their intended outcomes.

• Aars, Ole Kristian & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2023). GP Recruitment and retention in the Nordic countries. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. doi: 10.5617/njhe.8560. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Demographic changes and decentralization of health care provision have led to a higher demand for General Practitioners (GP) services in the Nordics. As a result, many countries report that recruiting and retaining GPs are increasingly difficult. Coupled with younger GPs increasingly valuing work/life balance, the Nordic countries are now looking at different policies that can ensure a sustainable GP supply going forward. Relevant policy measures depend on the GP systems in place, which also differs between the countries. We provide an overview of reforms and policies that have been planned or implemented in the last 10 years and use a theoretical framework to discuss their potential effects on recruitment and effort. Our focus is on remuneration schemes, GPs’ working conditions and practice quality as policy levers to incentivize effort and to attract additional GPs. We show that policies that have a positive effect on recruiting GPs can have a negative effect on the effort GPs exert. Since reduced effort might have a negative effect on the services patients receive, the total effects of the policies are uncertain. We further show that the dominating effect is sensitive to preferences and characteristics of the GPs, providing important insights for policy makers who want to increase GP supply.

• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Siciliani, Luigi (2022). Contracts for primary and secondary care physicians and equity-efficiency trade-offs. Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 0167-6296. 87. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102715. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We analyse how payment systems for general practitioners (GPs) and hospital specialists affect inequalities in healthcare treatments, referrals, and patient health. We present a model of contracting with two providers, a GP and a hospital specialist, with patients differing in severity and socioeconomic status, and the GP only receiving an informative signal on severity. We investigate four health system configurations depending on whether the GP refers and the specialist treats only high-severity patients or patients with any severity. We show that an increase in the GP fee, which induces GPs to refer only high-severity patients, increases utilitarian welfare but also increases inequities in access to specialist visits. A reduction in the DRG reimbursement to hospital specialists, which induces specialists to treat only high-severity patients, increases utilitarian welfare but also increases inequities in access to specialist visits when the GP refers only high-severity patients.

• Frich, Jan C; Bratholm, Clara Sofie; Ravnestad, Håvard; Friberg, Morten Langfeldt; Mjåset, Christer & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2022). Medical leadership development during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Leader. 6, p. 316–318. doi: 10.1136/leader-2021-000452. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: A leadership development programme (The Health Leadership School) was launched in 2018 for junior doctors and medical students in Norway. Objective: To study participants’ experiences and self-assessed learning outcomes, and if there were any differences in outcome among participants who met face-to-face versus and those who had to complete half of the programme in a virtual classroom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants who completed The Health Leadership School in 2018–2020 were invited to respond to a web-based questionnaire. Results: A total of 33 (83%) out of 40 participants responded. The majority of respondents (97%) somewhat agreed or strongly agreed that they had gained knowledge and skills they did not learn in medical school. Respondents reported a high learning outcome for most competency domains, and there was no difference in outcome when comparing scores of those who met face-to-face versus and those who had to complete half of the programme in a virtual classroom. Among participants who participated in virtual classroom sessions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority agreed that the programme could be run as a combination of face-to-face and virtual sessions. Conclusion: This brief report suggests that leadership development programmes for junior doctors and medical students can be run in-part using virtual classroom sessions, but that face-to-face sessions are important to foster relational and teamwork skills.

• Aas, Eline; Iversen, Tor & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2021). The Economic Sustainability of the Norwegian Healthcare System. In Baltagi, Badi H. & Moscone, Francesco (Ed.), The Sustainability of Health Care Systems in Europe. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISSN 9781839094996. p. 81–101. doi: 10.1108/S0573-855520210000295010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian health care system is semi-decentralized. Primary care and long-term care (LTC) are the responsibilities of the municipalities. Specialist care is the responsibility of the central government and is organised through four Regional Health Authorities (RHA). Resource use, health outcomes and severity are the three main pillars for priority setting, regularly applied in reimbursement decisions for pharmaceuticals. The sustainability of health care is challenged in Norway. The main factors are a growing elderly population with high need of complex, coordinated services, an increasing demand for newly approved drugs and advanced technology and a potential shortage of health care personnel. We present recent trials and policy reforms in Norway aimed at improving care pathways combined with cost containment. Reforms in the pharmaceutical market, both with regard to market access and reimbursement(cost-effectiveness), and regulation of prices, have resulted in cost containment. The primary care sector awaits reform initiatives to recruit and retain physicians as general practitioners. No reform in the hospital sector has had cost containment as a main focus. The sector is characterized with low productivity growth, and expenditures that have increased more than the GDP growth. Waiting times are long, and coordination between sub-sectors of health care has been poor, although the Coordination reform of 2012 has alleviated some of the challenges related to intersectoral coordination. Still, the divided responsibility for health care between the central government and the municipalities creates tensions between national ambitions and local decisions in the financing and provision of health services.

• Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2021). Hvilke faktorer påvirker bruken av ordningen med fritt behandlingsvalg? Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. p. 33–42. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fritt behandlingsvalg (FBV) ble etablert 1. november 2015. Som del av ordningen ble det mulig for private tilbydere uten kjøpsavtale med regionalt helseforetak (RHF) å utføre tjenester finansiert av det offentlige. Formålene med ordningen er å øke pasientenes valgmuligheter, utnytte ledig kapasitet ved private sykehus samt å stimulere offentlige sykehus til bedre kapasitetsutnyttelse og effektiv drift. I denne artikkelen stiller vi spørsmålet om hvilke faktorer som påvirker sannsynligheten for at en pasient som trenger somatisk pasientbehandling skal benytte en FBV-leverandør. Vi finner at kvinner, personer under 40 år, samt personer med høyere utdanning har en høyere sannsynlighet for å benytte en FBV-leverandør. I tillegg finner vi at jo bedre tilgjengelighet, målt med avstand i kilometer til nærmeste FBV-institusjon, jo større sannsynlighet for at denne er valgt. En annen viktig faktor er fastlegens henvisningspraksis. Analysene viser at somatiske pasienter som tilhører lister der en relativt stor andel av pasientene mottok behandling på private sykehus i 2017, har betydelig høyere sannsynlighet for å benytte ordningen i 2018.

• Perez, Esperanza Diaz; Mamelund, Svenn-Erik; Eid, Jarle; Aasen, Henriette Sinding; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Cox, Rebecca Jane [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic among migrants: An innovative, system-level, interdisciplinary approach is needed to improve public health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 49(7), p. 804–808. doi: 10.1177/14034948211019795. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are amplified among socially vulnerable groups, including international migrants, in terms of both disease transmission and outcomes and the consequences of mitigation measures. Migrants are overrepresented in COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed cases, hospital admissions, intensive care treatment and death statistics in all countries with available data. A syndemic approach has been suggested to understand the excess burden in vulnerable populations. However, this has not stopped the unequal burden of disease in Norway. Initially, the disease was mainly imported by Norwegians returning from skiing holidays in the Alps, and the prevalence of infection among migrants in Norway, defined as people born abroad to foreign parents, was low. Later, confirmed cases in migrants increased and have remained stable at 35–50% – more than twice the proportion of the migrant population (15%). To change this pattern, we need to understand the complex mechanisms underlying inequities in health and their relative and multiplying impacts on disease inequalities and to test the effect of counterfactual policies in order to reduce inequalities in disease burden. Yet, the current paradigm in the field of migration and health research, that is, the theories, research methods and explanatory models commonly applied, fail to fully understand the differences in health outcomes between international migrants and the host population. Here, we use the Norwegian situation as a case to explain the need for an innovative, system-level, interdisciplinary approach at a global level.

• Hehenkamp, Burkhard & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2020). Location choice and quality competition in mixed hospital markets. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. ISSN 0167-2681. 177, p. 641–660. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2020.06.026. Full text in Research Archive
• Tynkkynen, Liina-Kaisa; Alexandersen, Nina; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Anell, Anders; Lehto, Juhani S. & Vrangbæk, Karsten (2018). Development of Voluntary Private Health Insurance in Nordic Countries. An Exploratory Study on Country-specific Contextual Factors. Health Policy. ISSN 0168-8510. 122(5), p. 485–492. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.03.008. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Nordic countries are healthcare systems with tax-based financing and ambitions for universal access to comprehensive services. This implies that distribution of healthcare resources should be based on individual needs, not on the ability to pay. Despite this ideological orientation, significant expansion in voluntary private health insurance (VPHI) contracts has occurred in recent decades. The development and role of VPHIs are different across the Nordic countries. Complementary VPHI plays a significant role in Denmark and in Finland. Supplementary VPHI is prominent in Norway and Sweden. The aim of this paper is to explore drivers behind the developments of the VPHI markets in the Nordic countries. We analyze the developments in terms of the following aspects: the performance of the statutory system (real or perceived), lack of coverage in certain areas of healthcare, governmental interventions or inability to reform the system, policy trends and the general socio-cultural environment, and policy responses to voting behavior or lobbying by certain interest groups. It seems that the early developments in VPHI markets have been an answer to the gaps in the national health systems created by institutional contexts, political decisions, and cultural interpretations on the functioning of the system. However, once the market is created it introduces new dynamics that have less to do with gaps and inflexibilities and more with cultural factors.

• Islam, M. Kamrul; Folland, Sherman & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2018). Social capital and types of illness: where is it most effective? In Folland, Sherman & Nauenberg, Eric (Ed.), Elgar Companion to Social Capital and Health. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781785360701. p. 125–136. doi: 10.4337/9781785360718.00017. Full text in Research Archive
• Islam, M. Kamrul; Folland, Shermann Thomas & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). Social capital and cigarette smoking: New empirics featuring the Norwegian HUNT data. Economics and Human Biology. ISSN 1570-677X. 26, p. 174–185. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2017.04.003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Using a rich Norwegian longitudinal data set, this study explores the effects of different social capital variables on the probability of cigarette smoking. There are four social capital variables available in two waves of our data set. Our results based on probit (and OLS) analyses (with municipality fixed-effects) show that the likelihood of smoking participation is negatively and significantly associated with social capital attributes, namely, community trust (–0.017), participation in organizational activities (–0.032), and cohabitation (–0.045). Significant negative associations were also observed in panel data, pooled OLS, and random effects models for community trust (–0.024; −0.010) and cohabitation (–0.040; −0.032). Fixed-effects models also showed significant negative effects for cohabitation (–0.018). Estimates of alternative instrumental variables (IV) based on recursive bivariate probit and IV-GMM models also confirmed negative and significant effects for three of its characteristics: cohabitation (–0.030; −0.046), community trust (–0.065; −0.075), and participation in organizational activities (–0.035; −0.046). The limitations of our conclusions are discussed, and the significance of our study for the field of social capital and health is described, along with suggested avenues for future research.

• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). Kvalitetsbasert finansiering. Michael. ISSN 1893-9651. 14, p. 68–74. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kvalitetsbasert finansiering (KBF) er i skuddet. Kvaliteten på helsetjenestene er ikke god nok, og håpet er at riktig dose med økonomiske insentiver kan bidra til å heve den. Men, det å gi de korrekte insentiver er ikke enkelt. I denne artikkelen drøftes det teoretiske grunnlaget for KBF. Deretter oppsummeres de viktigste resultatene fra KBF-ordninger som er evaluert. En av konklusjonene er at KBF-ordningene er innført uten at det er etablert kontrollgrupper som kan si noe om ordningenes effekter. Dette gjør at vi ikke vet om økonomiske insentiver er et velegnet virkemiddel for å fremme helsetjenester av god kvalitet.

• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Carlsen, Fredrik (2017). Socioeconomic status and children’s need for hospital services. Implications for need-based resource allocation models. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. doi: 10.5617/njhe.3581. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate whether parents´ socioeconomic status affects children´s need for hospital services, and potential implications for need-based resource allocation models. Data are from somatic hospital stays by children below the age of 11 in Norway in 2011. Socioeconomic status is measured by parents’ educational level or income. We find that the educational gradient is dominating the income gradient, and the effects are strong: Hospital expenditures of a child whose mother (father) has not completed secondary education are 51 % (42%) higher than average expenditures. The effect of parents´ educational level is strongest for the youngest children and is mainly due to emergency care. Since we find a negative correlation between the educational attainment and hospital expenditures, we argue that education level of parents should be included in the need-based resource allocation model.

• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Chestnov, Oleg; Tea, Collins; Mikkelsen, Bente & Walsh, Siegfried (2017). Investing in healthier cities – multistakeholder action to prevent non ommunicable diseases. Eurohealth. ISSN 1356-1030. 23(3), p. 9–13. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. To address NCDs, policy coherence between health and other sectors, as well as the implementation of health in all policies through the whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches are paramount. Healthy Cities is a platform to promote multi-sectoral work on NCDs through building sustainable partnerships between public and private sectors to act collectively and overcome the global NCD challenge. Healthy Cities could be used as a novel tool to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and make linkages among NCDs, universal health coverage and resilient and sustainable cities, and promote partnerships for action on NCDs. Reproduced with permission of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

• Alexandersen, Nina; Hagen, Terje P. & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). Hvilke bedrifter kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge? Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. 1, p. 31–38. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I underkant av 500 000 personer har private helseforsikringer i Norge, de fleste gjennom arbeidsgiverfinansierte kollektive ordninger. Forsikringene skal primært gi raskere tilgang til spesialisthelsetjenester. Vi bruker data fra en spørreundersøkelse supplert med registerdata fra Brønnøysundregistrene og analyserer sannsynligheten for å ha privat helseforsikring. Vi finner at sannsynligheten for private helseforsikringer øker med antall ansatte og med andel menn i bedriften, men reduseres med sykefravær på næringsnivå. Arbeidsgivers avgjørelse om å kjøpe private helseforsikringer er påvirket av ansattes preferanser og arbeidsgivers oppfatning om at private helseforsikringer kan brukes som rekrutteringsstrategi. I gjennomsnitt er bedriftene fornøyd/veldig fornøyd med det medisinske tilbudet som gis gjennom private helseforsikringer.

• Alexandersen, Nina; Anell, Anders; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Lehto, Juhani S.; Tynkkynen, Liina-Kaisa & Vrangbæk, Karsten (2016). The development of voluntary private health insurance in the Nordic countries. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 4(1), p. 68–83. doi: 10.5617/njhe.2718. Full text in Research Archive
• Januleviciute, Jurgita; Askildsen, Jan Erik; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Siciliani, Luigi & Sutton, Matt (2016). How do Hospitals Respond to Price Changes? Evidence from Norway. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 25(5), p. 620–636. doi: 10.1002/hec.3179. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Lyttkens, Carl Hampus; Christiansen, Terkel; Häkkinen, Unto; Sutton, Matt & Welander, Anna (2016). The core of the Nordic health care system is not empty. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 4(1), p. 7–27. doi: 10.5617/njhe.2848. Full text in Research Archive
• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Monstad, Karin (2016). Evaluering av kommunal medfinansiering. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2, p. 135–142. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2016-02-08. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Fredrik & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2015). The relationship between educational attainment and waiting time among the elderly in Norway. Health Policy. ISSN 0168-8510. 119(11), p. 1450–1458. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.09.013. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Fredrik; Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2014). Fordeling av midler til kommunal medfinansiering av spesialisthelsetjenestene. Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. 128(9), p. 39–50. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2016-02-08. Full text in Research Archive
• Folland, Sherman; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Islam, M. Kamrul (2014). How Do We Invest in Social Capital? An Exploration of an Economic Model of Social Capital and Health. In Folland, Sherman & Rocco, Lorenzo (Ed.), The Economics of Social Capital and Health. World Scientific. ISSN 9789814293396. p. 17–26. doi: 10.1142/9789814293402_0003. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Carlsen, Fredrik (2014). Waiting times and socioeconomic status: Evidence from Norway. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 23(1), p. 93–107. doi: 10.1002/hec.2904. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate whether socioeconomic status, measured by income and education, affects waiting time when controls for severity and hospital-specific conditions are included. We also examine which aspects of the hospital supply (attachment to local hospital, traveling time, or choice of hospital) matter most for unequal treatment of different socioeconomic groups. The study uses administrative data from all elective inpatient and outpatient stays in somatic hospitals in Norway. The main results are that we find very little indication of discrimination with regard to income and education when both severity and aspects of hospital supply are controlled for. This result holds for both men and women.

• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Iversen, Tor & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2013). Review of waiting times policies: Country case studies - Norway. In Siciliani, Luigi; Borowitz, Michael & Moran, Valerie (Ed.), Waiting Time Policies in the Health Sector - What works?. OECD Publishing. ISSN 9789264179066. p. 221–236. Full text in Research Archive
• Januleviciute, Jurgita; Askildsen, Jan Erik; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Holmås, Tor Helge & Sutton, Matt (2013). The impact of different prioritisation policies on waiting times: Case studies of Norway and Scotland. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 97, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.010. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Hehenkamp, Burkhard (2011). Paying for Performance in Hospitals. Economic Analysis and Policy. ISSN 0313-5926. 41(1), p. 49–70. doi: 10.1016/s0313-5926(11)50004-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2011). Monitoring prioritization in the public health care sector by use of medical guidelines: the case of Norway. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 20(8), p. 958–970. doi: 10.1002/hec.1659. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Siciliani, Luigi (2011). Multi-tasking, quality and pay for performance. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 20(2), p. 225–238. doi: 10.1002/hec.1582. Full text in Research Archive
• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2010). Prioritization and patients' rights: Analysing the effect of a reform in the Norwegian hospital sector. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 70(2), p. 199–208. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.022. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Fredrik & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2010). Norwegian priority guidelines: Estimating the distributional implications across age, gender and SES. Health Policy. ISSN 0168-8510. 95(2-3), p. 264–270. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.12.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2008). Hvordan måle prioriteringspraksis i helsesektoren? Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. 62(3), p. 19–27. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Olsen, Trond E. (2008). Distorted performance measures and dynamic incentives. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy. ISSN 1058-6407. 17(1), p. 149–183. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9134.2008.00174.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Monsen, Anne Lise Bjørke; Gjelsvik, Roar; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Haukland, Hanne Husom & Sandberg, Sverre (2008). Riktigere bruk av laboratorietjenester – medisinske aspekter. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 128(7), p. 810–813. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjelsvik, Roar; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Haukland, Hanne Husom; Monsen, Anne Lise Bjørke & Sandberg, Sverre (2008). Riktigere bruk av laboratorietjenester – økonomiske aspekter. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 128(7), p. 814–817. Full text in Research Archive
• Hehenkamp, Burkhard & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2008). Imitators and optimizers in a changing environment. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. ISSN 0165-1889. 32(5), p. 1357–1380. doi: 10.1016/j.jedc.2007.06.001. Full text in Research Archive

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• Haug, Kjell; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Olsen, Trond E. (2009). Et helsevesen uten grenser? Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 9788202307165. 363 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  2.utg. 1. utg. 2001 med tittel: Helse, økonomi og politikk : utfordringer for det norske helsevesenet.

• Haug, Kjell; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Olsen, Trond E (2009). Et helsevesen uten grenser? Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 9788202307165. 359 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Blomberg, Bjørn; Myklebust, Nikolai Norevik; Oppegaard, Oddvar; Tøndel, Camilla; Cox, Rebecca Jane & Iversen, Arild [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2025). Randomized trial of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir versus placebo for adults with acute COVID-19 to prevent long COVID: PanoramicNOR Trial | Trials | Full Text. doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-09226-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The high prevalence of long-term persisting symptoms after COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), termed long COVID or post-COVID-19 condition, even among those with mild initial disease, may have a large public health impact. Apart from avoiding infection, there is no proven prevention or treatment for long COVID. We will perform a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess whether treatment with the novel antiviral, nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (Paxlovid®) for acute COVID-19 can prevent the development of long COVID. This is a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial that aims to recruit 2000 nonpregnant persons aged 18 to 64&nbsp;years with acute COVID-19 with positive PCR and/or antigen test and symptom duration of not more than 5&nbsp;days. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to a 5-day course of Paxlovid (two tablets 150-mg nirmatrelvir and one tablet 100-mg ritonavir twice daily) or a 5-day course of placebo (similar number of tablets of equal appearance). The primary endpoint will be persistent symptoms compatible with long COVID, assessed as the prevalence of a dichotomous variable corresponding to the presence (1) or absence (0) of one or more of the following symptoms: (i) fatigue, (ii) dyspnea, and (iii) cognitive symptoms (memory and/or concentration problems). The primary outcome will be evaluated at 3-month follow-up and then re-evaluated at 6, 12, and 24&nbsp;months. As more than 750 million people with confirmed COVID-19 have survived globally, the potential burden of long COVID on societies is formidable. If a simple 5-day oral treatment course with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is shown to prevent long COVID, it would be a highly attractive intervention at an individual level and a mitigation of its public health consequences. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05852873. Registered on May 2023.

• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2021). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Siciliani, Luigi (2021). Contracts for primary and secondary care physicians and equity-efficiency trade-offs. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Holter, Marianne Therese Smogeli & Linden, Tord Skogedal (2021). Fritt behandlingsvalg – presentasjon av de viktigste resultatene fra evalueringen. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Carlsen, Fredrik & Holmås, Tor Helge (2020). Socioeconomic Gradients in Waiting Time for Hospital Admissions. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Holmås, Tor Helge & Carlsen, Fredrik (2019). Socioeconomic Gradients in Waiting Time for Hospital Admissions. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2018). Hva kjennetegner bedrifter som kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Siciliani, Luigi (2018). GPs, Contracts and Inequalities. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). GPs, Contracts and Inequalities. Full text in Research Archive
• Hehenkamp, Burkhard & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). Location Choice and Quality Competition in Mixed Hospital Markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). Location choice and quality competition in mixed hospital markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Tynkkynen, Liina-Kaisa; Alexandersen, Nina; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Anell, Anders; Lehto, Juhani S. & Vrangbaek, Karsten (2017). Development of Voluntary Private Health Insurance in Nordic Countries – An Exploratory Study on Country-specific Contextual Factors. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). Hva påvirker ventetider for helsetjenester? Overlegen. ISSN 1503-2663. p. 22–23. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexandersen, Nina; Hagen, Terje P. & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2016). Hvilke bedrifter kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge? Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2016). Hvilke bedrifter kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge? Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2016). Location choice and quality competition in mixed hospital markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2016). Privata sjukvårdsförsäkringar i Norden – vilka är köparna och vilka effekter får dom? Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2016). Location Choice and Quality Competition in Mixed Hospital Markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2015). Socioeconomic status and children's need for hospital services. Implications for need‐based resource allocation models. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2015). Location choice and quality competition in mixed hospital markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2015). Location choice and quality competition in mixed hospital markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Hehenkamp, Burkhard & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2015). Location choice and provider competition in mixed doupolies. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2015). Socioeconomic status and children's need for hospital services. Implications for need‐based resource allocation models. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2014). How do hospitals respond to price changes? Evidence from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2014). Location choice and provider competition in mixed duopolies. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2014). Location choice and provider competition in mixed duopolies. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Carlsen, Fredrik (2012). Waiting time and socioeconomic status. Evidence from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Askildsen, Jan Erik & Januleviciute, Jurgita (2012). How do hospitals respond to price changes? Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Januleviciute, Jurgita & Askildsen, Jan Erik (2012). How ho hospitals respond to price changes? Full text in Research Archive
• Januleviciute, Jurgita; Askildsen, Jan Erik; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Siciliani, Luigi & Sutton, Matt (2011). Do hospitals respond to prices? Evidence from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Januleviciute, Jurgita; Askildsen, Jan Erik; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Siciliani, Luigi & Sutton, Matt (2011). Do hospitals respond to prices? Evidence from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Islam, M. Kamrul & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2011). Hvordan påvirker sosial kapital sykdommer folk får? Presenter: Oddvar Kaarbøe. Full text in Research Archive
• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2009). Prioritering i helsesektoren, Et helsevesen uten grenser?. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202307165. p. 139–160. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  2.utg. 1. utg. 2001 med tittel: Helse, økonomi og politikk : utfordringer for det norske helsevesenet.

• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2009). Prioritering i helsesektoren. In Haug, Kjell; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Olsen, Trond E (Ed.), Et helsevesen uten grenser?. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202307165. p. 139–160. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2009). Er egenandeler i norsk spesialisthelsetjeneste effektivitetsfremmende? In Haug, Kjell; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Olsen, Trond E (Ed.), Et helsevesen uten grenser?. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202307165. p. 185–203. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2009). Er egenandeler i norsk spesialisthelsetjeneste effektivitetsfremmende? Et helsevesen uten grenser?. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202307165. p. 185–203. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  2.utg. 1. utg. 2001 med tittel: Helse, økonomi og politikk : utfordringer for det norske helsevesenet.

• Gjelsvik, Roar; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Haukland, Hanne Husom; Monsen, Anne Lise Bjørke & Sandberg, Sverre (2008). Hvordan kan bruk av laboratorietjenester styres? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 128(7), p. 840–840. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2008). Distributional consequences of prioritization. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2008). Monitoring Prioritization in a Public Health Care Sector. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2008). Monitoring Prioritization in a Public Health Care Sector. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Holmås, Tor Helge & Carlsen, Fredrik (2022). Socioeconomic Gradients in Waiting Time for Hospital Admissions. Universitetet i Bergen. Full text in Research Archive
• Aars, Ole Kristian; Godager, Geir; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Moger, Tron Anders (2022). Sending emails to reduce medical costs? The effect of feedback on general practitioners’ claiming of fees. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Audit and feedback is used as a strategy to guide practices of health care professionals towards certain targets. The outcome of interest can be quality improvements, but also ensuring that health care workers adhere to relevant regulations. We conducted a nationwide field experiment in the Norwegian primary care sector to study the behavioral responses from giving general practitioners feedback (GPs) on their claiming of fees. The email-based feedback intervention targeted GPs who most frequently claimed fees for double consultations and provided them with a reminder of the formal regulations for double consultations. The intervention caused a 2-5 percentage point reduction in the use of the double-consultation fee, reducing the yearly health care spending of the Norwegian government by approximately €877 000 (or €1 270 per GP).

• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Lindén, Tord Skogedal; Ervik, Rune; Holmås, Tor Helge; Iversen, Tor & Holter, Marianne Therese Smogeli [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluering av fritt behandlingsvalg. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagen, Terje P. & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2020). Har bedriftenes kjøp av private helseforsikringer effekter for sykefraværet? Universitetet. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Hagen, Terje P. & Aleksandersen, Nina (2016). Hvilke bedrifter kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge? 7Letras. Full text in Research Archive
• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Holmås, Tor Helge; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Monstad, Karin (2015). Evaluering av kommunal medfinansiering. NORCE Research AS. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Prosjektet «Resultater av samhandlingsreformen: Bedre helse, bedre helsetjenester, bedre samfunnsøkonomi?» er et samarbeid mellom Uni Rokkansenteret, Frischsenteret og Avdeling for helseledelse og helseøkonomi (UiO) og er finansiert av Norges Forskningsråd (NFR‐nummer 220804). Samhandlingsreformen har som målsetting å sikre mer helhetlige og koordinerte helse‐ og omsorgstjenester, at en større del av tjenestene utføres i kommunene, og den skal styrke forebygging og bedre folkehelsen. Formålet med prosjektet er å evaluere om samhandlingsreformen oppfyller disse målsettingene og videre om det er utilsiktede positive eller negative konsekvenser av betydning for pasienter, tjenesteleverandører eller samfunnet ellers. Prosjektet består av flere delprosjekter, og i dette notatet dokumenterer vi resultatene fra evalueringen av kommunal medfinansiering (KMF).

• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Hagen, Terje (2009). Inntektsmodell for Helse Sør-Øst RHF. Heb notatserie. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Siciliani, Luigi (2008). Multitasking, quality and pay for performance. Universitetet i Bergen. Full text in Research Archive

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