Helga Refsum

• Olsen, Thomas; Vinknes, Kathrine Jørgensen; Barvíková, Kristýna; Stolt, Emma Theresia Kjelland; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre & Troensegaard, Hannibal [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2024). Dietary sulfur amino acid restriction in humans with overweight and obesity: Evidence of an altered plasma and urine sulfurome, and a novel metabolic signature that correlates with loss of fat mass and adipose tissue gene expression. Redox Biology. ISSN 2213-2317. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103192.
• Olsen, Thomas; Stolt, Emma Theresia Kjelland; Øvrebø, Bente; Elshorbagy, Amany; Tore, Elena C. & Lee-Ødegård, Sindre [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2024). Dietary sulfur amino acid restriction in humans with overweight and obesity: a translational randomized controlled trial. Journal of Translational Medicine. ISSN 1479-5876. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04833-w.
• Grande, Giulia; Hooshmand, Babak; Vetrano, Davide Liborio; Smith, David A; Refsum, Helga & Fratiglioni, Laura [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Association of Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Dementia Risk: The Role of Homocysteine, Methionine, and Cardiovascular Burden. Neurology. ISSN 0028-3878. 101(12), p. E1231–E1240. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207656. Full text in Research Archive
• Fung, Erik; Ng, Kwan Hung; Kwok, Timothy; Lui, Leong-Ting; Palaniswamy, Saranya & Chan, Queenie [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Divergent Survival Outcomes Associated with Elevated Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels among Older Adults with or without Hypertension and Diabetes: A Validated, Prospective, Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. Biomolecules. ISSN 2218-273X. 13(8). doi: 10.3390/biom13081252. Full text in Research Archive
• Turner, Cheryl; Refsum, Helga & Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah (2023). Determination of underivatized amino acids in human plasma using ion pair liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. B. ISSN 1570-0232. 1229, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123893. Full text in Research Archive
• Vinknes, Kathrine Jørgensen; Olsen, Thomas; Zare, Hasse Khiabani; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Stolt, Emma Theresia Kjelland & Dahl, Anja Falkenhaug [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Cysteine-lowering treatment with mesna against obesity: Proof of concept and results from a human phase I, dose-finding study. Diabetes, obesity and metabolism. ISSN 1462-8902. 25(11), p. 3161–3170. doi: 10.1111/dom.15210. Full text in Research Archive
• Tore, Elena C.; Eussen, Simone; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Dagnelie, Pieter; Elshorbagy, Amany K & Grootswagers, Pol [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). The Associations of Habitual Intake of Sulfur Amino Acids, Proteins and Diet Quality with Plasma Sulfur Amino Acid Concentrations: The Maastricht Study. Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0022-3166. 153(7), p. 2027–2040. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.008.
• Elshorbagy, Amany; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Øvrebø, Bente; Haj Yasein, Nadia & Svendsen, Karianne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). The association of fasting plasma thiol fractions with body fat compartments, biomarker profile, and adipose tissue gene expression. Amino Acids. ISSN 0939-4451. doi: 10.1007/s00726-022-03229-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Nichenametla, Sailendra N.; Mattocks, Dwight A.L.; Cooke, Diana; Midya, Vishal; Malloy, Virginia L. & Mansilla, Wilfredo [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). Cysteine restriction-specific effects of sulfur amino acid restriction on lipid metabolism. Aging Cell. ISSN 1474-9718. 21(12). doi: 10.1111/acel.13739. Full text in Research Archive
• Tore, Elena C.; Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Bakers, Frans CH; Brouwers, Marin C.G.J.; Dagnelie, Pieter & Eussen, Simone J. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2022). Associations between plasma sulfur amino acids and specific fat depots in two independent cohorts: CODAM and The Maastricht Study. European Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 1436-6207. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-03041-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Su, Yi; Elshorbagy, Amany; Turner, Cheryl; Refsum, Helga & Kwok, Timothy (2022). The Association of Circulating Amino Acids and Dietary Inflammatory Potential with Muscle Health in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older People. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 14(12). doi: 10.3390/nu14122471. Full text in Research Archive
• Wu, Yuanyuan; Smith, A. David; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Refsum, Helga & Kwok, Timothy (2022). The dihydrofolate reductase 19-bp deletion modifies the beneficial effect of B-vitamin therapy in mild cognitive impairment: Pooled study of two randomized placebo-controlled trials. Human Molecular Genetics. ISSN 0964-6906. 31(7), p. 1151–1158. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddab246. Full text in Research Archive
• Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Turner, Cheryl; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Refsum, Helga & Kwok, Timothy (2022). The association of serum sulfur amino acids and related metabolites with incident diabetes: a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 1436-6207. 61, p. 3161–3173. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02872-5.
• Włoczkowska, Olga; Perła-Kaján, Joanna; Smith, A. David; de Jager, Celeste; Refsum, Helga & Jakubowski, Hieronim (2021). Anti-N-homocysteine-protein autoantibodies are associated with impaired cognition. Alzheimer's and Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions. ISSN 2352-8737. 7(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1002/trc2.12159. Full text in Research Archive
• Perła-Kaján, Joanna; Włoczkowska, Olga; Zioła-Frankowska, Anetta; Frankowski, Marcin; Smith, A. David & de Jager, Celeste [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Paraoxonase 1, B Vitamins Supplementation, and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. ISSN 1387-2877. 81(3), p. 1211–1229. doi: 10.3233/JAD-210137. Full text in Research Archive
• Smith, A. David; Jernerén, Fredrik & Refsum, Helga (2021). ω-3 fatty acids and their interactions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0002-9165. 113(4), p. 775–778. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab013.
• Alshahawy, Rasha; Habachi, Nihal El; Allam, Eman; Jernerén, Fredrik; Refsum, Helga & Elshorbagy, Amany K (2021). Changes in plasma fatty acids and related biomarkers during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy adults. Nutrition - The International Journal of Applied and Basic Nutritional Sciences. ISSN 0899-9007. 90. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111306.
• Jakubowski, Hieronim; Zioła-Frankowska, Anetta; Frankowski, Marcin; Perła-Kaján, Joanna; Refsum, Helga & De Jager, Celeste A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). B Vitamins Prevent Iron-Associated Brain Atrophy and Domain-Specific Effects of Iron, Copper, Aluminum, and Silicon on Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. ISSN 1387-2877. 84(3), p. 1039–1055. doi: 10.3233/JAD-215085. Full text in Research Archive
• Smith, A.D. & Refsum, Helga (2021). Homocysteine – from disease biomarker to disease prevention. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 290(4), p. 826–854. doi: 10.1111/joim.13279.
• Wu, Y.; Smith, A.D.; Refsum, H. & Kwok, Timothy (2021). Effectiveness of B Vitamins and Their Interactions with Aspirin in Improving Cognitive Functioning in Older People with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Pooled Post-Hoc Analyses of Two Randomized Trials. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. ISSN 1279-7707. 25, p. 1154–1160. doi: 10.1007/s12603-021-1708-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Elkafrawy, Hagar; Mehanna, Radwa; Ali, Fayrouz; Barghash, Ayman; Dessouky, Iman & Jernerén, Fredrik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Extracellular cystine influences human preadipocyte differentiation and correlates with fat mass in healthy adults. Amino Acids. ISSN 0939-4451. 53, p. 1623–1634. doi: 10.1007/s00726-021-03071-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Stolt, Emma Theresia Kjelland; Olsen, Thomas; Elshorbagy, Amany; Kozich, Viktor; Van Greevenbroek, Marleen M.J. & Øvrebø, Bente [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Sulfur amino acid restriction, energy metabolism and obesity: a study protocol of an 8-week randomized controlled dietary intervention with whole foods and amino acid supplements. Journal of Translational Medicine. ISSN 1479-5876. 19. doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-02824-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Vinknes, Kathrine; Refsum, Helga; Turner, Cheryl; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Wareham, Nicholas J. & Forouhi, Nita G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Plasma Sulfur Amino Acids and Risk of Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Nested Case-Control Study in the EPIC-Norfolk Cohort. Stroke. ISSN 0039-2499. 52(1), p. 172–180. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029177.
• Olsen, Thomas; Øvrebø, Bente; Turner, Cheryl; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Refsum, Helga & Vinknes, Kathrine (2021). Effects of short-term methionine and cysteine restriction and enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids on oral glucose tolerance, plasma amino acids, fatty acids, lactate and pyruvate: results from a pilot study. BMC Research Notes. ISSN 1756-0500. 14(43). doi: 10.1186/s13104-021-05463-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Calderón-Larranãga, Amaia; Saadeh, Marguerita; Hooshmand, Babak; Refsum, Helga; Smith, A. David & Marengoni, Alessandra [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Association of Homocysteine, Methionine, and MTHFR 677C>T Polymorphism with Rate of Cardiovascular Multimorbidity Development in Older Adults in Sweden. JAMA Network Open. ISSN 2574-3805. 3(5), p. 1–14. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5316.
• Pérez, Laura M.; Hooshmand, Babak; Mangialasche, Francesca; Mecocci, Patrizia; Smith, A David & Refsum, Helga [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Glutathione Serum Levels and Rate of Multimorbidity Development in Older Adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. ISSN 1079-5006. 75(6), p. 1089–1094. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glz101. Full text in Research Archive
• Elshorbagy, Amany; Graham, Ian & Refsum, Helga (2020). Body mass index determines the response of plasma sulfur amino acids to methionine loading. Biochimie. ISSN 0300-9084. 173, p. 107–113. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.001.
• Olsen, Thomas; Sollie, Ove; Nurk, Eha; Turner, Cheryl; Jernerén, Fredrik & Ivy, John L. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Exhaustive Exercise and Post-exercise Protein Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Affect Plasma and Urine Concentrations of Sulfur Amino Acids, the Ratio of Methionine to Homocysteine and Glutathione in Elite Male Cyclists. Frontiers in Physiology. ISSN 1664-042X. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.609335. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Plasma and tissue sulfur amino acid (SAA) availability are crucial for intracellular methylation reactions and cellular antioxidant defense, which are important processes during exercise and in recovery. In this randomized, controlled crossover trial among eight elite male cyclists, we explored the effect of exhaustive exercise and post-exercise supplementation with carbohydrates and protein (CHO+PROT) vs. carbohydrates (CHO) on plasma and urine SAAs, a potential new marker of methylation capacity (methionine/total homocysteine ratio [Met/tHcy]) and related metabolites. The purpose of the study was to further explore the role of SAAs in exercise and recovery. Athletes cycled to exhaustion and consumed supplements immediately after and in 30 min intervals for 120 min post-exercise. After ~18 h recovery, performance was tested in a time trial in which the CHO+PROT group cycled 8.5% faster compared to the CHO group (41:53 ± 1:51 vs. 45:26 ± 1:32 min, p

• Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Gulseth, Hanne Løvdal; Langleite, Torgrim Mikal; Norheim, Frode; Olsen, Thomas & Refsum, Helga [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Branched-chain amino acid metabolism, insulin sensitivity and liver fat response to exercise training in sedentary dysglycaemic and normoglycaemic men. Diabetologia. ISSN 0012-186X. 64, p. 410–423. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05296-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Thomas; Turner, Cheryl; Øvrebø, Bente; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Refsum, Helga & Vinknes, Kathrine (2020). Postprandial effects of a meal low in sulfur amino acids and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to a meal high in sulfur amino acids and saturated fatty acids on stearoyl CoA-desaturase indices and plasma sulfur amino acids: a pilot study. BMC Research Notes. ISSN 1756-0500. 13. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-05222-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Thomas; Øvrebø, Bente; Haj Yasein, Nadia; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Svendsen, Karianne & Hjorth, Marit [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Effects of dietary methionine and cysteine restriction on plasma biomarkers, serum fibroblast growth factor 21, and adipose tissue gene expression in women with overweight or obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Translational Medicine. ISSN 1479-5876. 18(122). doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02288-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Henjum, Sigrun; Manger, Mari Skar; Hampel, Daniela; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Shahab-Ferdows, Setareh & Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Vitamin B12 concentrations in milk from Norwegian women during the six first months of lactation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0954-3007. 74(5), p. 749–756. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0567-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Human milk vitamin B12 (B12) concentrations depend on maternal status and intake; only few data are available in high-income countries. Objective: We assessed human milk B12 concentrations during the first 6 months postpartum in Norwegian women and its association with maternal dietary B12 intake and maternal urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentration. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 175 mothers, exclusively (80%) or partially (20%) breastfeeding, were included. Milk B12 was measured by IMMULITE®/IMMULITE® 1000 B12 competitive protein binding assay and urinary MMA relative to creatinine (MMA/Cr) by liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry. Maternal habitual B12 intake and supplement use were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Mean human milk B12 concentration was 327 pmol/L (range 140-1089), with 402 pmol/L at 1 month (n = 21), 333 pmol/L at four months (n = 32), and 299 pmol/L at 6 months (n = 21). Maternal B12 intake was 5 µg/d, 89% met the Estimated Average Requirement, and supplement use did not affect milk B12 concentrations. MMA/Cr was low in all women compared with published data. In exclusively breastfeeding women, MMA/Cr (beta (95% CI) -42.5 (-82.5, -2.5) and time since birth (-4.9 (-9.6, -0.3)) were significant predictors of human milk B12 concentrations. There was no association between total B12 intake and milk B12 concentration or between total B12 intake and MMA/Cr. Conclusions: Maternal B12 status and human milk B12 concentrations are likely sufficient, based on adequate maternal B12 dietary intake combined with low urinary MMA concentrations. Nevertheless, milk B12 concentration fell during 6 months postpartum while maternal B12 status did not change.

• Jernerén, Fredrik; Cederholm, Tommy; Refsum, Helga; Smith, A David; Turner, Cheryl & Palmblad, Jan [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Homocysteine status modifies the treatment effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognition in a randomized clinical trial in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: The OmegAD Study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. ISSN 1387-2877. 69(1), p. 189–197. doi: 10.3233/JAD-181148.
• Hooshmand, Babak; Refsum, Helga; Smith, A David; Kalpouzos, Gregoria; Mangialasche, Francesca & Von Arnim, Christine A.F. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Association of Methionine to Homocysteine Status With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures and Risk of Dementia. JAMA psychiatry. ISSN 2168-6238. 76(11), p. 1198–1205. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1694. Show summary

  The methionine to homocysteine status was associated with dementia development and structural brain changes during the 6-year study period, suggesting that a higher methionine to homocysteine ratio may be important in reducing the rate of brain atrophy and decreasing the risk of dementia in older adults.

• Su, Yi; Elshorbagy, Amany; Turner, Cheryl; Refsum, Helga; Chan, Ruth & Kwok, Timothy (2019). Circulating amino acids are associated with bone mineral density decline and ten-year major osteoporotic fracture risk in older community-dwelling adults. Bone. ISSN 8756-3282. 129, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115082.
• Olsen, Thomas; Vinknes, Kathrine; Blomhoff, Rune; Lysne, Vegard; Midttun, Øivind & Dhar, Indu [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Creatinine, total cysteine and uric acid are associated with serum retinol in patients with cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 1436-6207. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-02086-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Hanvold, Susanna; Vinknes, Kathrine; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Hjartåker, Anette; Klungsøyr, Ole & Birkeland, Eline [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Does Lifestyle Intervention After Gastric Bypass Surgery Prevent Weight Regain? A Randomized Clinical Trial. Obesity Surgery. ISSN 0960-8923. 29(11), p. 3419–3431. doi: 10.1007/s11695-019-04109-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Olsen, Thomas; Vinknes, Kathrine; Refsum, Helga; Gulseth, Hanne Løvdal & Birkeland, Kåre I. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Plasma Sulphur-Containing Amino Acids, Physical Exercise and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Dysglycemic and Normal Weight Normoglycemic Men. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 11(1). doi: 10.3390/nu11010010. Full text in Research Archive
• Solvang, Stein-Erik Hafstad; Nordrehaug, Jan Erik; Tell, Grethe S.; Nygård, Ottar; Mccann, Adrian & Ueland, Per Magne [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). The kynurenine pathway and cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. The Hordaland Health Study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. ISSN 0889-1591. 75, p. 155–162. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Elshorbagy, Amany; Samocha-Bonet, D.; Jernerén, Fredrik; Turner, Cheryl; Refsum, Helga & Heilbronn, Leonie K. (2018). Food Overconsumption in Healthy Adults Triggers Early and Sustained Increases in Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Changes in Cysteine Linked to Fat Gain. Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0022-3166. 148(7), p. 1073–1080. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy062.
• Allen, Lindsay H.; Miller, Joshua W.; de Groot, Lisette; Rosenberg, Irwin H.; Smith, A. David & Refsum, Helga [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND): Vitamin B-12 Review. Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0022-3166. 148(4), p. 1995S–2027S. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy201.
• Sollie, Ove; Jeppesen, Per Bendix; Tangen, Daniel S.; Jernerén, Fredrik; Nellemann, Birgitte & Valsdottir, Thorhildur [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Protein intake in the early recovery period after exhaustive exercise improves performance the following day. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 125(6), p. 1731–1742. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01132.2017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of protein and carbohydrate ingestion during early recovery from exhaustive exercise on performance after 18-h recovery. Eight elite cyclists (V̇o2max: 74.0 ± 1.6 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed two exercise and diet interventions in a double-blinded, randomized, crossover design. Participants cycled first at 73% of V̇o2max (W73%) followed by 1-min intervals at 90% of V̇o2max until exhaustion. During the first 2 h of recovery, participants ingested either 1.2 g carbohydrate·kg−1·h−1 (CHO) or 0.8 g carbohydrate + 0.4 g protein·kg−1·h−1 (CHO + PROT). The diet during the remaining recovery period was similar for both interventions and adjusted to body weight. After an 18-h recovery, cycling performance was assessed with a 10-s sprint test, 30 min of cycling at W73%, and a cycling time trial (TT). The TT was 8.5% faster (41:53 ± 1:51 vs. 45:26 ± 1:32 min; P < 0.03) after CHO + PROT compared with CHO. Mean power output during the sprints was 3.7% higher in CHO + PROT compared with CHO (1,063 ± 54 vs. 1,026 ± 53 W; P = 0.01). Nitrogen balance in the recovery period was negative in CHO and neutral in CHO + PROT (−82.4 ± 11.5 vs. 7.0 ± 15.4 mg/kg; P < 0.01). In conclusion, TT and sprint performances were improved 18 h after exhaustive cycling by CHO + PROT supplementation during the first 2 h of recovery compared with isoenergetic CHO supplementation. Our results indicate that intake of carbohydrate plus protein after exhaustive endurance exercise more rapidly converts the body from a catabolic to an anabolic state than carbohydrate alone, thus speeding recovery and improving subsequent cycling performance.

• Olsen, Thomas; Øvrebø, Bente; Turner, Cheryl; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Refsum, Helga & Vinknes, Kathrine (2018). Combining Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Restriction with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake in Humans: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 10(12), p. 1–15. doi: 10.3390/nu10121822. Full text in Research Archive
• Wanders, Anne J.; Alssema, Marjan; De Hoon, Sabine E.M.; Feskens, Edith J.M.; van Woudenbergh, Geertruida J. & Van Der Kallen, Carla J. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2018). Circulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Dietary Intake across Subgroups: The CODAM and Hoorn Studies. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. ISSN 0250-6807. 72(2), p. 117–125. doi: 10.1159/000486244.
• Olsen, Thomas; Vinknes, Kathrine; Svingen, Gard Frodahl Tveitevåg; Pedersen, Eva Ringdal; Dhar, Indu & Tell, Grethe S. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). The risk association of plasma total homocysteine with acute myocardial infarction is modified by serum vitamin A. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (EJPC). ISSN 2047-4873. 25(15), p. 1612–1620. doi: 10.1177/2047487318788587. Full text in Research Archive
• Smith, A. David; Refsum, Helga; Bottiglieri, Teodoro; Fenech, Michael; Hooshmand, Babak & McCaddon, Andrew [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. ISSN 1387-2877. 62(2), p. 561–570. doi: 10.3233/JAD-171042. Full text in Research Archive
• Vann Jones, Simon; Banerjee, Subimal; Smith, David; Refsum, Helga & Lennox, Belinda (2017). Elevated homocysteine and N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor antibodies as a cause of behavioural and cognitive decline in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Oxford Medical Case Reports. ISSN 2053-8855. 2017(12), p. 262–264. doi: 10.1093/omcr/omx076.
• Elshorbagy, Amany; Jernerén, Fredrik; Basta, Marianne; Basta, Caroline; Turner, Cheryl & Khaled, Maram [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Amino acid changes during transition to a vegan diet supplemented with fish in healthy humans. European Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 1436-6207. 56(5), p. 1953–1962. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1237-6.
• Vinknes, Kathrine; Nurk, Eha; Tell, Grethe S.; Sulo, Gerhard; Refsum, Helga & Elshorbagy, Amany K. (2017). The relation of CUN-BAE index and BMI with body fat, cardiovascular events and diabetes during a 6-year follow-up: The hordaland health study. Clinical Epidemiology. ISSN 1179-1349. 9, p. 555–566. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S145130.
• Holm, Maia Blomhoff; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Holme, Ane Moe; Zucknick, Manuela; Jansson, Thomas & Refsum, Helga [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Uptake and release of amino acids in the fetal-placental unit in human pregnancies. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185760. Full text in Research Archive
• Hanvold, Susanna; Vinknes, Kathrine; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Turner, Cheryl; Løken, Elin Bjørge & Mala, Tom [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Plasma amino acids, adiposity, and weight change after gastric bypass surgery: are amino acids associated with weight regain? European Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 1436-6207. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-017-1533-9.
• Melvær, Giil Lasse; Midttun, Øivind; Refsum, Helga; Ulvik, Arve; Advani, Rajiv & Smith, A. David [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Kynurenine pathway metabolites in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. ISSN 1387-2877. 60(2), p. 495–504. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170485.
• Haj Yasein, Nadia; Berg, Ole; Jerneren, Fredrik; Refsum, Helga; Nebb, Hilde Irene & Dalen, Knut Tomas (2017). Cysteine deprivation prevents induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 and adipose differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. ISSN 1388-1981. 1862(6), p. 623–635. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.009.
• Olsen, Thomas; Vinknes, Kathrine; Svingen, Gard Frodahl Tveitevåg; Pedersen, Eva Ringdal; Tell, Grethe S. & Blomhoff, Rune [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). Cardiovascular disease risk associated with serum apolipoprotein B is modified by serum vitamin A. Atherosclerosis. ISSN 0021-9150. p. 325–330. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.020.
• Kumar, Tivendra; Taneja, Sunita; Sachdev, Harshpal S; Refsum, Helga; Yajnik, Chittaranjan S. & Bhandari, Nita [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Supplementation of vitamin B12 or folic acid on hemoglobin concentration in children 6-36 months of age: A randomized placebo controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0261-5614. 36(4), p. 986–991. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.002.
• Parr, Christine Louise; Magnus, Maria Christine; Karlstad, Øystein; Haugen, Alice Margaretha; Refsum, Helga & Ueland, Per Magne [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). Maternal folate intake during pregnancy and childhood asthma in a population-based cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 195(2), p. 221–228. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0788OC.
• Zhang, Weihua; Jernerén, Fredrik; Lehne, Benjamin C.; Chen, Ming-Huei; Luben, Robert N. & Johnston, Carole [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2016). Genome-wide association reveals that common genetic variation in the kallikrein-kinin system is associated with serum L-arginine levels. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. ISSN 0340-6245. 116(6), p. 1041–1049. doi: 10.1160/TH16-02-0151.
• Elshorbagy, Amany K; Jernerén, Fredrik; Scudamore, Cheryl L.; McMurray, Fiona; Cater, Heather & Hough, Tertius [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Exploring the lean phenotype of glutathione-depleted mice: Thiol, amino acid and fatty acid profiles. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 11(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163214.
• Cabout, Mieke; Alssema, Marjan; Nijpels, Giel; Stehouwer, Coen D.A.; Zock, Peter L. & Brouwer, Ingeborg A. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Circulating linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid and glucose metabolism: the Hoorn Study. European Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 1436-6207. Published ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1261-6.
• Hooshmand, Babak; Mangialasche, Francesca; Kalpouzos, Grégoria; Solomon, Alina; Kåreholt, Ingemar & Smith, A. David [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2016). Association of Vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;, folate, and sulfur amino acids with brain magnetic resonance imaging measures in older adults a longitudinal population-based study. JAMA psychiatry. ISSN 2168-6238. 73(6), p. 606–613. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0274.
• Smith, A. David & Refsum, Helga (2016). Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Impairment. Annual review of nutrition. ISSN 0199-9885. 36, p. 211–239. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050947.
• Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Jernerén, Fredrik; Samocha-Bonet, D.; Refsum, Helga & Heilbronn, L.K. (2016). Serum S-adenosylmethionine, but not methionine, increases in response to overfeeding in humans. Nutrition and Diabetes. ISSN 2044-4052. 6. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2015.44.
• Oulhaj, Abderrahim; Jernerén, Fredrik; Refsum, Helga; Smith, A. David & de Jager, Celeste A. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acid status enhances the prevention of cognitive decline by B Vitamins in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. ISSN 1387-2877. 50(2), p. 547–557. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150777.
• Jernerén, Fredrik; Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Oulhaj, Abderrahim; Smith, Stephen M.; Refsum, Helga & Smith, A. David (2015). Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: The importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0002-9165. 102(1), p. 215–221. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103283.
• Strand, Tor; Taneja, Sunita; Kumar, Tivendra; Manger, Mari Skar; Refsum, Helga & Yajnik, Chittaranjan S. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Vitamin B-12, folic acid, and growth in 6- to 30-month-old children: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. ISSN 0031-4005. 135(4), p. e918–e926. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1848.
• Kvestad, Ingrid; Taneja, Sunita; Kumar, Tivendra; Hysing, Mari; Refsum, Helga & Yajnik, Chittaranjan S. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Vitamin B12 and folic acid improve gross motor and problem-solving skills in young North Indian children: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129915. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate are associated with delayed development and neurological manifestations. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of daily supplementation of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid on development in young North Indian children. Methods In a randomized, double blind trial, children aged six to 30 months, received supplement with placebo or vitamin B12 and/or folic acid for six months. Children were allocated in a 1:1:1:1 ratio in a factorial design and in blocks of 16. We measured development in 422 children by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd ed. at the end of the intervention. Results Compared to placebo, children who received both vitamin B12 and folic acid had 0.45 (95% CI 0.19, 0.73) and 0.28 (95% CI 0.02, 0.54) higher SD-units in the domains of gross motor and problem solving functioning, respectively. The effect was highest in susceptible subgroups consisting of stunted children, those with high plasma homocysteine (> 10 μmol/L) or in those who were younger than 24 at end study. With the exception of a significant improvement on gross motor scores by vitamin B12 alone, supplementation of either vitamin alone had no effect on any of the outcomes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that supplementation of vitamin B12 and folic acid benefit development in North Indian Children. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00717730

• Hanvold, Susanna; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Paus, Sofie Flottorp; de Brisis, Eva Rustad; Bjerkan, Kirsti & Refsum, Helga [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Great Health Benefits But No Change in Employment or Psychopharmaceutical Drug Use 2 Years After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obesity Surgery. ISSN 0960-8923. 25(9), p. 1672–1679. doi: 10.1007/s11695-015-1583-0. Show summary

  Abstract Background The aim was to examine health benefits and lifestyle factors after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods Patients (n=165) were investigated 2 years after RYGB in relation to psychopharmaceutical drugs, employment status, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, metabolic syndrome (MetS), body weight, physical activity (PA), and energy intake. Results Excess weight loss (EWL) was 71.4±20.6 %. Prevalence of T2DM, hypertension, and MetS was reduced (P<0.001 for all). There were no changes in the use of psychopharmaceutical drugs (20.6 vs. 18.8 %, P=0.549) or in the proportion of unemployed participants (37.7 vs. 33.3 %, P=0.189) from pre- to post-surgery. Eighty-three percent achieved EWL ≥50 %. These subjects had a lower presurgery BMI. We found no differences in the prevalence of hypertension, T2DM, and MetS pre-surgery, but the prevalence was lower after surgery compared with subjects with EWL <50 %. Conclusion RYGB induced remission of T2DM, hypertension, and MetS 2 years after surgery. The benefit was greatest in the group with EWL ≥50 %. Despite excellent weight loss, there was no change in the use of psychopharmaceutical drugs or proportion of unemployed participants.

• Yajnik, Chittaranjan S; Chandak, Giriraj R; Joglekar, Charudatta V; Katre, Prachi; Bhat, Dattatray S & Singh, Suraj N [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2014). Maternal homocysteine in pregnancy and offspring birthweight: Epidemiological associations and Mendelian randomization analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 43(5), p. 1487–1497. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu132.
• Ulak, Manjeswori; Chandyo, Ram Krishna; Adhikari, Ramesh K.; Sharma, Pushpa R.; Sommerfelt, Halvor & Refsum, Helga [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Cobalamin and folate status in 6 to 35 months old children presenting with acute diarrhea in Bhaktapur, Nepal. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 9(3:e90097). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090079. Full text in Research Archive
• Doets, EL; Ueland, Per Magne; Tell, Grethe S; Vollset, Stein Emil; Nygård, Ottar & van't Veer, Pieter [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). Interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and markers of vitamin B12 status with cognitive performance in elderly people not exposed to folic acid fortification: the Hordaland Health Study. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 111(6), p. 1085–1095. doi: 10.1017/S000711451300336X.
• Vogiatzoglou, Anna; Smith, David; Nurk, Eha; Drevon, Christian A; Ueland, Per Magne & Vollset, Stein Emil [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Cognitive function in an elderly population: Interaction between vitamin B12 status, depression and apolipoprotein E4. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Psychosomatic Medicine. ISSN 0033-3174. 75(1), p. 20–29. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182761b6c.
• Vinknes, Kathrine; Elshorbagy, Amany K; Nurk, Eha; Drevon, Christian A; Gjesdal, Clara Gram & Tell, Grethe S [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Plasma stearoyl-CoA desaturase indices: Association with lifestyle, diet and body composition. Obesity. ISSN 1930-7381. 21(3), p. E294–E302. doi: 10.1002/oby.20011.
• Nurk, Eha; Refsum, Helga; Bjelland, Ingvar; Drevon, Christian A; Tell, Grethe S & Ueland, Per Magne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Plasma free choline, betaine and cognitive performance: the Hordaland Health Study. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 109(3), p. 511–519. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001249. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Bjørn Heine; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Hjellvik, Vidar; Handal, Marte; Næss, Øyvind & Knudsen, Gun Peggy [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2013). Midlife vascular risk factors and their association with dementia deaths: Results from a Norwegian prospective study followed up for 35 years. Journal of Neurological Sciences. ISSN 1302-1664. 324(1-2), p. 124–130. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.10.018.
• Reinders, Ilse; van Ballegooijen, Adriana J.; Visser, Marjolein; Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Refsum, Helga & Henry, Ronald M.A. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Associations of serum n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with echocardiographic measures among older adults: the Hoorn Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0954-3007. 67(12), p. 1277–1283. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.167.
• Haj-Yasein, Nadia Nabil; Dalen, Knut Tomas; Berg, Ole; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Refsum, Helga & Nebb, Hilde Irene (2013). Low Cysteine Interferes With PPARγ Activity And Reduces Adipocyte Differentiation. The Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease (JIMD). ISSN 0141-8955. 36. doi: 10.1007/s10545-013-9631-1.
• Reinders, I; Ballegooijen, A J van; Visser, M; Elshorbagy, AK; Refsum, Helga & Henry, R.M.A. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Low Cysteine Interferes With PPARγ Activity And Reduces Adipocyte Differentiation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0954-3007. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.167.
• Elshorbagy, AK; Nijpels, G; Valdivia-Garcia, Maria; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; Ocké, Marga C & Refsum, Helga [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). S-Adenosylmethionine Is Associated with Fat Mass and Trunkal Adiposity in Older Adults. Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0022-3166. 143(12), p. 1982–1988. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.179192.
• Vinknes, Kathrine; Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Drevon, Christian A; Nurk, Eha; Tell, Grethe S & Nygård, Ottar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Associations between plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids, plasma stearoyl-CoA desaturase indices and body fat. Obesity. ISSN 1930-7381. 21(9), p. E512–E519. doi: 10.1002/oby.20457.
• Vinknes, Kathrine; Dekker, Jacqueline M.; Drevon, Christian A; Refsum, Helga; Nurk, Eha & Nijpels, Giel [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2013). Plasma sulfur amino acids and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in two caucasian populations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. ISSN 0952-3278. 89(5), p. 297–303. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.09.007.
• Taneja, Sunita; Strand, Tor A; Kumar, Tivendra; Mahesh, Madhu; Mohan, Sanjana & Manger, Mari Skar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation and common infections in 6-30-mo-old children in India: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0002-9165. 98(3), p. 731–737. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.059592.
• Douaud, Gwenaëlle; Refsum, Helga; de Jager, Celeste; Jacoby, Robin; Nichols, Thomas E & Smith, Stephen M. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ISSN 0027-8424. 110(23), p. 9523–9528. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301816110.
• Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Valdivia-Garcia, Maria; Mattocks, Dwight A.L.; Plummer, Jason D.; Orentreich, David S. & Orentreich, Norman [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Effect of taurine and N-acetylcysteine on methionine restriction-mediated adiposity resistance. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. ISSN 0026-0495. 62(4), p. 509–517. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.10.005.
• Rajagopalan, Priya; Refsum, Helga; Hua, Xue; Toga, Arthur W.; Jack, Clifford R. & Weiner, Michael W [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Mapping creatinine- and cystatin C-related white matter brain deficits in the elderly. Neurobiology of Aging. ISSN 0197-4580. 34(4), p. 1221–1230. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.022.
• Vinknes, Kathrine; Elshorbagy, Amany K.; Drevon, Christian A; Gjesdal, Clara Gram; Tell, Grethe S & Nygård, Ottar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Evaluation of the body adiposity index in a caucasian population: the Hordaland Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0002-9262. 177(6), p. 586–592. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws271.
• Strand, Tor A; Taneja, Sunita; Ueland, Per Magne; Refsum, Helga; Bahl, Rajiv & Schneede, Jørn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Cobalamin and folate status predicts mental development scores in North Indian children 12-18 mo of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0002-9165. 97(2), p. 310–317. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.032268.
• Elshorbagy, AK; Valdivia-Garcia, Maria; Graham, I. M.; Reis, R Palma; Luis, A Sales & Smith, A.D. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). The association of fasting plasma sulfur-containing compounds with BMI, serum lipids and apolipoproteins. NMCD. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. ISSN 0939-4753. 22(12), p. 1031–1038. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.01.008.
• Elshorbagy, Amany K; Valdivia-Garcia, Maria; Refsum, Helga & Butte, Nancy (2012). The Association of Cysteine with Obesity, Inflammatory Cytokines and Insulin Resistance in Hispanic Children and Adolescents. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 7(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044166. Full text in Research Archive
• de Jager, Celeste; Oulhaj, Abderrahim; Jacoby, Robin; Refsum, Helga & Smith, A. David (2012). Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. ISSN 0885-6230. 27(6), p. 592–600. doi: 10.1002/gps.2758.

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• Skålhegg, Bjørn Steen & Refsum, Helga (2012). Mat og Medisin. Kapittel 11, B-vitaminer. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 978-82-7634-967-2. 18 p.

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• Elshorbagy, Amany; Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Øvrebø, Bente; Haj Yasein, Nadia & Svendsen, Karianne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Correction to: The association of fasting plasma thiol fractions with body fat compartments, biomarker profile, and adipose tissue gene expression (Amino Acids, (2022), 10.1007/s00726-022-03229-2). Amino Acids. ISSN 0939-4451. 55, p. 547–548. doi: 10.1007/s00726-023-03244-x.
• Bastani, Nasser Ezzatkhah; Refsum, Helga; Olsen, Thomas; Vinknes, Kathrine Jørgensen; Retterstøl, Kjetil & Zare, Hasse Khiabani (2022). Determination of plasma thiols using LC-MS/MS: Cysteine-lowering treatment with mesna against obesity: Preliminary results from a phase I dose-finding stud.
• Smith, David; Sobczyńska-Malefora, Agata; Green, Ralph; Reynolds, Edward H & Refsum, Helga (2022). Mandatory food fortification with folic acid. The Lancet Global Health. ISSN 2572-116X. 10(10). doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00378-3.
• Smith, A. David; Refsum, Helga & Miller, Joshua W. (2019). Dietary Supplements for Brain Health. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). ISSN 0098-7484. 321(24). doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.4963.
• Refsum, Helga & Smith, A. David (2017). To the editor. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 171(7), p. 710–711. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0866.
• Smith, A. David; Refsum, Helga; Selhub, Jacob & Rosenberg, Irwin H. (2016). Decision on folic acid fortification in Europe must consider both risks and benefits. The BMJ. ISSN 1756-1833. 352:i734, p. 1–2. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i734.
• Smith, A. David; Refsum, Helga & Jacoby, Robin (2016). Evidence-based prevention and treatment of dementia. Lancet Neurology. ISSN 1474-4422. 15(10), p. 1005–1006. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30074-6.
• Smith, David A; de Jager, Celeste A.; Refsum, Helga & Rosenberg, Irwin H. (2015). Homocysteine lowering, B vitamins, and cognitive aging. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0002-9165. 101(2), p. 415–416. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.098467.
• Strand, Tor; Taneja, Sunita; Kumar, Tivendra; Manger, Mari Skar; Refsum, Helga & Yajnik, Chittaranjan S [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). The Effect of Daily Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Supplementation on Growth in 6-30 Month Old Children in India: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
• Dalen, Knut Tomas; Haj-Yasein, Nadia Nabil; Berg, Ole; Refsum, Helga & Nebb, Hilde Irene (2014). Cysteine and adipocyte differentiation.

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