Torleif Ruud

• Skar-Fröding, Regina; Clausen, Hanne Kristin; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Ruud, Torleif; Slade, Mike & Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik (2022). Associations between personal recovery and service user-rated versus clinician-rated clinical recovery, a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03691-y.
• Andersson, Helle Wessel; Lilleeng, Solfrid; Ruud, Torleif & Ose, Solveig Osborg (2022). Suicidal ideation in patients with mental illness and concurrent substance use: analyses of national census data in Norway. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03663-8.
• Nordin, Håkan; Rørtveit, Kristine; Mathisen, Gro Ellen; Joa, Inge; Johannessen, Jan Olav & Ruud, Torleif [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Frontline leadership for implementing clinical guidelines in Norwegian mental health services: a qualitative study. Journal of Health Organisation and Management. ISSN 1477-7266. doi: 10.1108/JHOM-08-2021-0286.
• Haugom, Espen Woldsengen; Stensrud, Bjørn; Beston, Gro; Ruud, Torleif & Landheim, Anne Signe (2022). Experiences of shared decision making among patients with psychotic disorders in Norway: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03849-8.
• Hasselberg, Nina; Klevan, Trude Gøril; Weimand, Bente; Uverud, Gunn-Marit; Holgersen, Katrine Høyer & Siqveland, Johan [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Similarities and differences between service users’ and carers’ experiences of crisis resolution teams in Norway: a survey. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 22(1), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03928-w. Vis sammendrag

  Background Crisis resolution team (CRT) care in adult mental health services is intended to provide accessible and flexible short-term, intensive crisis intervention to service users experiencing a mental health crisis and involve their carers (next of kin). Research on users’ and especially carers’ experiences with CRT care is scarce and is mostly qualitative in nature. Methods Altogether, 111 service users and 86 carers from 28 Norwegian CRTs were interviewed with The Service User and Carer Structured Interviews of the CORE Crisis Resolution Team Fidelity Scale Version 2. Their experiences with different aspects of CRT care were reported with descriptive statistics, and differences between service users’ and carers’ experiences were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U Test. Results The service users and carers reported that the CRT care mostly reflected their needs and what they wanted. The experiences of service users and carers were mostly similar, except for significant differences in received information and how the termination of CRT care appeared. Both groups experienced the organization of the CRT care as accessible, with continuity, reliability, and flexibility, but without a high intensity of care. Both groups found the content of the CRT care supportive, sensitive, with a choice of treatment type and a range of interventions beyond medication, but a lack of written treatment plans and discharge plans. Carers were rarely involved in discharge meetings. Regarding the role of CRTs within the care system, both groups agreed upon the lack of facilitation of early discharge from inpatient wards and lack of home treatment, but both groups confirmed some collaboration with other mental health services. Conclusion Service users and carers found that the CRTs were accessible, reliable, flexible, supportive, sensitive, and provided a range of interventions beyond medication. Limitations were lack of a high intensity of care, limited written treatment and discharge plans, limited provision of home treatment, and lack of gatekeeping of acute beds. Both groups experienced the CRT care as mostly similar, but with significant differences regarding involvement in care planning and discharge preparation.

• Ruud, Torleif & Friis, Svein (2021). Community-based Mental Health Services in Norway. Consortium Psychiatricum. ISSN 2713-2919. 2(1), s. 47–54. doi: 10.17816/CP43.
• Ruud, Torleif; Haugom, Espen Woldsengen; Pincus, Harold Alan & Hynnekleiv, Torfinn (2021). Measuring Seclusion in Psychiatric Intensive Care: Development and Measurement Properties of the Clinical Seclusion Checklist. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.768500.
• Haavet, Ole Rikard; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Gjelstad, Svein; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Piiksi Dahli, Mina & Kates, Nick [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Detecting young people with mental disorders: a cluster-randomised trial of multidisciplinary health teams at the GP office. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 11(12), s. 1–7. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050036. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ruud, Torleif; Drake, Robert E.; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Drivenes, Karin; Hartveit, Miriam & Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). The Effect of Intensive Implementation Support on Fidelity for Four Evidence‑Based Psychosis Treatments: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. ISSN 0894-587X. 48, s. 909–920. doi: 10.1007/s10488-021-01136-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Purpose: Service providers need effective strategies to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs) with high fidelity. This study aimed to evaluate an intensive implementation support strategy to increase fidelity to EBP standards in treatment of patients with psychosis. Methods: The study used a cluster randomized design with pairwise assignment of practices within each of 39 Norwegian mental health clinics. Each site chose two of four practices for implementation: physical health care, antipsychotic medication management, family psychoeducation, illness management and recovery. One practice was assigned to the experimental condition (toolkits, clinical training, implementation facilitation, data-based feedback) and the other to the control condition (manual only). The outcome measure was fidelity to the EBP, measured at baseline and after 6, 12, and 18 months, analyzed using linear mixed models and effect sizes. Results: The increase in fidelity scores (within a range 1-5) from baseline to 18 months was significantly greater for experimental sites than for control sites for the combined four practices, with mean difference in change of 0.86 with 95% CI (0.21; 1.50), p = 0.009). Effect sizes for increase in group difference of mean fidelity scores were 2.24 for illness management and recovery, 0.68 for physical health care, 0.71 for antipsychotic medication management, and 0.27 for family psychoeducation. Most improvements occurred during the first 12 months. Conclusions: Intensive implementation strategies (toolkits, clinical training, implementation facilitation, data-based feedback) over 12 months can facilitate the implementation of EBPs for psychosis treatment. The approach may be more effective for some practices than for others. Keywords: Evidence-based practice; Fidelity scale; Implementation support; Mental health services; Psychoses. © 2021. The Author(s).

• Lickiewicz, Jakub; Husum, Tonje Lossius; Ruud, Torleif; Siqveland, Johan; Musiał, Zofia & Makara-Studzińska, Marta (2021). Measuring Staff Attitudes to Coercion in Poland. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.745215. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Piiksi Dahli, Mina; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Haavet, Ole Rikard; Ruud, Torleif & Brekke, Mette (2021). Somatic symptoms and associations with common psychological diagnoses: a retrospective cohort study from Norwegian urban general practice. Family Practice. ISSN 0263-2136. 38(6), s. 766–772. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmab038. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Maybery, Darryl; Jaffe, Irene Casey; Cuff, Rose; Duncan, Zoe; Grant, Anne & Kennelly, Melissa [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Mental health service engagement with family and carers: what practices are fundamental? BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 21(1), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-07104-w.
• Reupert, Andrea; Bee, Penny; Hosman, Clemens M. H.; Doesum, Karin van; Drost, Louisa M. & Falkov, Adrian [Vis alle 24 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Editorial Perspective: Prato Research Collaborative for change in parent and child mental health – principles and recommendations for working with children and parents living with parental mental illness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 0021-9630. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13521. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fröding, Regina; Clausen, Hanne Kristin; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Ruud, Torleif; Slade, Mike & Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik (2021). The importance of personal recovery and perceived recovery support among service users with psychosis. Psychiatric Services. ISSN 1075-2730. 72(6), s. 661–668. doi: 10.1176/APPI.PS.202000223.
• Tveit, Ole Gunnar; Ruud, Torleif; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Haavet, Ole Rikard & Hussain, Ajmal (2021). An explorative study of factors associated with treatment in specialized mental health care centers among GP patients in Norway. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 21(1), s. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06982-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Birkeland, Bente; Weimand, Bente; Ruud, Torleif; Maybery, Darryl & Vederhus, John-Kåre (2021). Perceived family cohesion, social support, and quality of life in patients undergoing treatment for substance use disorders compared with patients with mental and physical disorders. Addiction science & clinical practice. ISSN 1940-0632. 16(1), s. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s13722-021-00252-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hasselberg, Nina Eide; Holgersen, Katrine Høyer; Uverud, Gunn-Marit; Siqveland, Johan; Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor & Johnson, Sonia [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Fidelity to an evidence-based model for crisis resolution teams: a cross-sectional multicentre study in Norway. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03237-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Crisis resolution teams (CRTs) are specialized multidisciplinary teams intended to provide assessment and short-term outpatient or home treatment as an alternative to hospital admission for people experiencing a mental health crisis. In Norway, CRTs have been established within mental health services throughout the country, but their fidelity to an evidence-based model for CRTs has been unknown. Methods: We assessed fidelity to the evidence-based CRT model for 28 CRTs, using the CORE Crisis Resolution Team Fidelity Scale Version 2, a tool developed and first applied in the UK to measure adherence to a model of optimal CRT practice. The assessments were completed by evaluation teams based on written information, interviews, and review of patient records during a one-day visit with each CRT. Results: The fidelity scale was applicable for assessing fidelity of Norwegian CRTs to the CRT model. On a scale 1 to 5, the mean fidelity score was low (2.75) and with a moderate variation of fidelity across the teams. The CRTs had highest scores on the content and delivery of care subscale, and lowest on the location and timing of care subscale. Scores were high on items measuring comprehensive assessment, psychological interventions, visit length, service users’ choice of location, and of type of support. However, scores were low on opening hours, gatekeeping acute psychiatric beds, facilitating early hospital discharge, intensity of contact, providing medication, and providing practical support. Conclusions: The CORE CRT Fidelity Scale was applicable and relevant to assessment of Norwegian CRTs and may be used to guide further development in clinical practice and research. Lower fidelity and differences in fidelity patterns compared to the UK teams may indicate that Norwegian teams are more focused on early interventions to a broader patient group and less on avoiding acute inpatient admissions for patients with severe mental illness.

• Fröding, Regina; Clausen, Hanne Kristin; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Ruud, Torleif; Slade, Mike & Heiervang, Kristin S. (2021). Relationship between satisfaction with mental health services, personal recovery and quality of life among service users with psychosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06409-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Fröding, Regina; Ruud, Torleif; Clausen, Hanne Kristin & Heiervang, Kristin S. (2021). The INSPIRE Support sub-scale: A critical view of the psychometric properties focusing on dimensionality. Current Psychology. ISSN 1046-1310. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-01916-z. Vis sammendrag

  The statistical methods previously used for assessing dimensionality of the INSPIRE Support sub-scale are often not valid, which may lead to inaccurate conclusions. The first aim of this paper was to present and discuss the methods for assessing the dimensionality of the scale. The second aim was to illustrate these methods using data from a Norwegian translation of the INSPIRE Support sub-scale. Exploratory factor analysis with several extraction and rotation methods was used to identify the dimensionality of the scale. Cronbach’s alpha and omega coefficient were employed to assess the internal consistency. Using the recognized statistical approach, there was no clear structure found in the Support sub-scale, indicating that the scale might be one-dimensional. While single items or sum score of the INSPIRE Support sub-scale might cover important aspects of the personal recovery concept, there is no evidence of the five CHIME dimensions of this scale as published earlier. A more thorough assessment is called for, and results from studies using the five dimensions should be interpreted with caution. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

• Hestmark, Lars; Heiervang, Kristin S.; Pedersen, Reidar; Hansson, Kristiane Myckland; Ruud, Torleif & Romøren, Maria (2021). Family involvement practices for persons with psychotic disorders in community mental health centres – a cross-sectional fidelity-based study. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 21, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03300-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hoel, Tone Larsen; Ruud, Torleif; Skjeldal, Eskil & Lauveng, Arnhild (2021). Helsepersonells egenerfaringer innen psykisk helse og rus – En pilotstudie. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 58(5), s. 390–397.
• Nyttingnes, Olav; Saltyte Benth, Jurate & Ruud, Torleif (2021). Patient-controlled admission contracts: a longitudinal study of patient evaluations. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 21, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-06033-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Klevan, Trude Gøril; Karlsson, Bengt Eirik; Hasselberg, Nina Eide & Ruud, Torleif (2021). ‘No service is an island’: experiences of collaboration with crisis resolution teams in Norway. Journal of Interprofessional Care. ISSN 1356-1820. s. 1–7. doi: 10.1080/13561820.2021.1888900. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Frøkedal, Hilde; Stifoss-Hanssen, Hans; deMarinis, Valerie; Ruud, Torleif; Visser, Anja & Sørensen, Torgeir (2021). Participation in existential groups led by Norwegian healthcare chaplains: Relations to psychological distress, crisis of meaning and meaningfulness. The international journal for the psychology of religion. ISSN 1050-8619. s. 1–15. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1844966.
• Lauveng, Arnhild & Ruud, Torleif (2020). Hvilken tilrette legging gjøres for at personer med alvorlige psykososiale funksjons nedsettelser skal kunne delta ved nasjonale valg? Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 57(10), s. 740–749.
• Clausen, Hanne Kristin; Ruud, Torleif; Odden, Sigrun; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Heiervang, Kristin S. & Stuen, Hanne Kilen [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Improved Rehabilitation Outcomes for Persons With and Without Problematic Substance Use After 2 Years With Assertive Community Treatment—A Prospective Study of Patients With Severe Mental Illness in 12 Norwegian ACT Teams. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.607071. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugom, Espen Woldsengen; Stensrud, Bjørn; Beston, Gro; Ruud, Torleif & Landheim, Anne (2020). Mental health professionals’ experiences with shared decision-making for patients with psychotic disorders: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05949-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Faugli, Anne; Kufås, Elin; Haukland, Magne; Kallander, Ellen Katrine; Ruud, Torleif & Weimand, Bente (2020). ‘I have cried a lot’: a qualitative study on children experiencing severe parental illness. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. doi: 10.1111/scs.12938. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyttingnes, Olav & Ruud, Torleif (2020). When patients decide the admission - A four year pre-post study of changes in admissions and inpatient days following patient controlled admission contracts. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05101-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Joa, Inge; Johannessen, Jan Olav; Heiervang, Kristin S.; Sviland, Åse Karin; Nordin, Håkan & Landers, Matthew [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The Family Psychoeducation Fidelity Scale: Psychometric Properties. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. ISSN 0894-587X. 47, s. 894–900. doi: 10.1007/s10488-020-01040-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Heiervang, Kristin S.; Egeland, Karina M.; Landers, Matthew; Ruud, Torleif; Joa, Inge & Drake, Robert E. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Psychometric Properties of the General Organizational Index (GOI): A Measure of Individualization and Quality Improvement to Complement Program Fidelity. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. ISSN 0894-587X. 47, s. 920–926. doi: 10.1007/s10488-020-01025-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Drivenes, Karin; Vederhus, John-Kåre; Haaland, Vegard Øksendal; Ruud, Torleif; Hauge, Yina Luk & Regevik, Hilde [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Enabling patients to cope with psychotropic medication in mental health care: Evaluation and reports of the new inventory MedSupport. Medicine. ISSN 0025-7974. 99(1), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018635. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ruud, Torleif; Drake, Robert & Bond, Gary R. (2020). Measuring fidelity to evidence-based practices: Psychometrics. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. ISSN 0894-587X. 47(6), s. 871–873. doi: 10.1007/s10488-020-01074-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersson, Helle Wessel; Lilleeng, Solfrid; Ruud, Torleif & Ose, Solveig Osborg (2020). Substance use among patients in specialized mental health services in Norway: prevalence and patient characteristics based on a natinal census. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. s. 1–11. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1817553. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hestmark, Lars; Romøren, Maria; Heiervang, Kristin S.; Weimand, Bente; Ruud, Torleif & Norvoll, Reidun [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Implementation of guidelines on family involvement for persons with psychotic disorders in community mental health centres (IFIP): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 20:934, s. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05792-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rugkåsa, Jorun; Tveit, Ole Gunnar; Berteig, Julie; Hussain, Ajmal & Ruud, Torleif (2020). Collaborative care for mental health: a qualitative study of the experiences of patients and health professionals. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 20(844), s. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05691-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ruud, Torleif; Drivenes, Karin; Drake, Robert E.; Haaland, Vegard Øksendal; Landers, Matthew & Stensrud, Bjørn [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The Antipsychotic Medication Management Fidelity Scale: Psychometric properties. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. ISSN 0894-587X. doi: 10.1007/s10488-020-01018-1.
• Dahli, Mina Piiksi; Brekke, Mette; Ruud, Torleif & Haavet, Ole Rikard (2020). Prevalence and distribution of psychological diagnoses and related frequency of consultations in Norwegian urban general practice. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2020.1783477. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ruud, Torleif; Høifødt, Tordis Sørensen; Hendrick, Delia Cimpean; Drake, Robert E.; Høye, Anne & Landers, Matthew [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The Physical Health Care Fidelity Scale: Psychometric Properties. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. ISSN 0894-587X. 47, s. 901–910. doi: 10.1007/s10488-020-01019-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kallander, Ellen Katrine; Weimand, Bente; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Van Roy, Betty & Ruud, Torleif (2020). Factors associated with quality of life for children affected by parental illness or substance abuse. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. doi: 10.1111/scs.12868. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Weimand, Bente; Birkeland, Bente; Ruud, Torleif & Høie, Magnhild (2020). “It’s like being stuck on an unsafe and unpredictable rollercoaster” : Experiencing substance use problems in a partner. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. ISSN 1455-0725. 37(3), s. 227–242. doi: 10.1177/1455072520904652. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kann, Inger Cathrine; Dahli, Mina Piiksi & Ruud, Torleif (2019). Ny samhandlingsmodell for pasienter med psykiske lidelser: påvirkes sykefravær eller arbeidsavklaringspenger? Arbeid og Velferd. ISSN 1504-8217.
• Frøkedal, Hilde; Sørensen, Torgeir; Ruud, Torleif; deMarinis, Valerie & Stifoss-Hanssen, Hans (2019). Addressing the existential dimension in treatment settings: Mental health professionals’ and healthcare chaplains’ attitudes, practices, understanding and perceptions of value. Archive for the Psychology of Religion/ Archiv für Religionspsychologie. ISSN 0084-6724. 41(3), s. 253–276. doi: 10.1177/0084672419883345.
• Egeland, Karina M.; Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik; Landers, Matthew; Ruud, Torleif; Drake, Robert E & Bond, Gary R. (2019). Psychometric Properties of a Fidelity Scale for Illness Management and Recovery. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. ISSN 0894-587X. doi: 10.1007/s10488-019-00992-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, Sigrun; Landheim, Anne; Clausen, Hanne Kristin; Stuen, Hanne Kilen; Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik & Ruud, Torleif (2019). Model fidelity and team members' experiences of assertive community treatment in Norway: A sequential mixed-methods study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. ISSN 1752-4458. 13(65), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s13033-019-0321-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugom, Espen Woldsengen; Ruud, Torleif & Hynnekleiv, Torfinn (2019). Ethical challenges of seclusion in psychiatric inpatient wards: a qualitative study of the experiences of Norwegian mental health professionals. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 19(879). doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4727-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogøy, Bjørg Eva; Ogden, Terje; Weimand, Bente; Ruud, Torleif; Sørgaard, Knut W. & Maybery, Darryl (2019). Predictors of family focused practice: organisation, profession, or the role as child responsible personnel? BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 19:793, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4553-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hartveit, Miriam; Hovlid, Einar; Nordin, Håkan; Øvretveit, John; Bond, Gary R. & Biringer, Eva Aaker [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Measuring implementation: development of the implementation process assessment tool (IPAT). BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 19:721, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4496-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Karina M.; Hauge, Mona-Iren; Ruud, Torleif; Ogden, Terje & Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik (2019). Significance of Leaders for Sustained Use of Evidence-Based Practices: A Qualitative Focus-Group Study with Mental Health Practitioners. Community mental health journal. ISSN 0010-3853. 55. doi: 10.1007/s10597-019-00430-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kann, Inger Cathrine; Dahli, Mina Piiksi & Ruud, Torleif (2019). Ny samhandlingsmodell for pasienter med psykiske lidelser: Påvirkes sykefravær eller arbeidsavklaringspenger? Arbeid og Velferd. ISSN 1504-8217. Vis sammendrag

  We have investigated whether closer collaboration at general practitioner centres in the treatment of mental disorders has affected the number of days with sickness absence and work assessment allowance. The collaboration model consisted of a psychologist and a psychiatrist working part-time at the centre and in collaboration with services in the borough. The model was tested at one general practitioner centre in each of three boroughs in Groruddalen in Oslo, while three centres in the same boroughs constitute the control group. The purpose of the collaboration model is for patients to have a better overall health service, with earlier identification of mental health problems, faster access to health care, more effective dialogue between the health services and increased assistance in the primary health care without having to be referred to the specialist health services. Identification of mental health problems in more patients and earlier intervention can probably contribute to a greater proportion of sickness absence being linked to diagnoses of mental health problems, but more adequate treatment can probably also limit long-term sick leave and drop-out from working life. We find that fewer people are on sick leave in the intervention group, but still see an increase in the number of sick days of almost 4 per cent, due to increased duration of sick leave and reduced use of graded sick leave. We also find an 8 percent reduction in the number of days with work clarification money. Both the increase in the number of sick days and the reduction in days with work assessment allowance are among those with mental disorders, which suggests that the change is due to the intervention. Closer collaboration between the primary health care and mental health services may be able to improve the health service, with earlier identification and treatment of mental health problems. Although sickness absence is increased, it is conceivable that earlier and more targeted interventions will prevent mental health problems from developing into more serious and prolonged disorders and to prevent transition to work clarification or disability benefits.

• Keet, René; de Vetten-Mc Mahon, Marjonneke; Shields-Zeeman, Laura; Ruud, Torleif; van Weeghel, Jaap & Bahler, Michiel [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Recovery for all in the community; Position paper on principles and key elements of community-based mental health care. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 19:174, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2162-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ruud, Torleif; Maybery, Darryl; Reupert, Andrea; Weimand, Bente; Foster, Kim & Grant, Anne [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Adult mental health outpatients who have minor children: Prevalence of parents, referrals of their children, and patient characteristics. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 10:163, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00163. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lau, Bjørn; Shiryaeva, Olga; Ruud, Torleif & Victor, Mattias Erik (2019). What Are They Returning To? Psychosocial Work Environment as a Predictor of Returning to Work Among Employees in Treatment for Common Mental Disorders: A prospective observational pre–post study. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215354. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ådnanes, Marian; Kalseth, Jorid; Ose, Solveig Osborg; Ruud, Torleif; Rugkåsa, Jorun & Puntis, Stephen Robert (2019). Quality of life and service satisfaction in outpatients with severe or non-severe mental illness diagnoses. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. 28(3), s. 713–724. doi: 10.1007/s11136-018-2039-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Our study investigated quality of life (QoL) in patients with severe or non-severe mental illness diagnoses (SMI and non-SMI) and the association between QoL and service satisfaction measured as patients’ perception of continuity of care (CoC), therapeutic relationship, and unmet service needs. Methods We conducted a national cross-sectional survey among 3836 mental health outpatients, of whom 1327 (34.6%)responded. We assessed QoL with the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA), CoC with the CONTINUUM, the therapeutic relationship with the Therapeutic Relationship in Community Mental Health Care (STAR-P) and developed a simple scale to measure unmet service needs. Results Outpatients with SMI (n = 155) reported significantly better QoL than those with non-SMI (n = 835) (p = 0.003). In both groups, QoL was positively associated with cohabitation (p = 0.007 for non-SMI and p = 0.022 for SMI), good contact with family and friends (p < 0.001 for both) and positive ratings of CoC (p < 0.001 for non-SMI and p = 0.008 for SMI). A positive association between QoL and therapeutic relationship (p = 0.001) and a negative association between QoL and unmet needs for treatment (p = 0.009) and activity (p = 0.005) was only found in the non-SMI group. Conclusion Our study highlights the important differences between those with SMI and those with non-SMI in their reported QoL and in the relationship between QoL and service satisfaction, with only non-SMI patients’ QoL influenced by the therapeutic relationship and unmet needs for treatment and activity. It also shows the importance of continuity of care and social factors for good QoL for both groups.

• Kates, Nick; Arroll, Bruce; Currie, Elisabeth; Hanlon, Charlotte; Gask, Linda & Klasen, Henrikje [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Improving collaboration between primary care and mental health services. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. ISSN 1562-2975. s. 1–18. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1471218.
• Hagen, Kristine Amlund; Hilsen, Marit; Kallander, Ellen Katrine & Ruud, Torleif (2018). Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children of ill or substance abusing parents: examining factor structure and sub-group differences. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. doi: 10.1007/s11136-018-2067-1.
• Skogøy, Bjørg Eva; Maybery, Daryl; Ruud, Torleif; Sørgaard, Knut W.; Peck, Gro Christensen & Kufås, Elin [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Differences in implementation of family focused practice in hospitals: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. ISSN 1752-4458. 12(77). doi: 10.1186/s13033-018-0256-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Hauff, Edvard; Ruud, Torleif & Brennen, Timothy John (2018). Posttraumatic stress and autobiographical memory in chronic pain patients. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0044.
• Harris, Meredith G.; Sparti, Claudia; Scheurer, Roman; Coombs, Tim; Pirkis, Jane & Ruud, Torleif [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Measurement properties of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) family of measures: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 8(4). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021177. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Birkeland, Bente; Foster, Kim; Selbekk, Anne Schanche; Høie, Magnhild; Ruud, Torleif & Weimand, Bente (2018). The quality of life when a partner has substance use problems: a scoping review. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. ISSN 1477-7525. 16:219, s. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-1042-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kallander, Ellen Katrine; Weimand, Bente; Ruud, Torleif; Becker, Saul; Van Roy, Betty & Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil (2018). Outcomes for children who care for a parent with a severe illness or substance abuse. Child & Youth Services. ISSN 0145-935X. 39(4), s. 228–249. doi: 10.1080/0145935X.2018.1491302.
• Skogøy, Bjørg Eva; Sørgaard, Knut W.; Maybery, Darryl; Ruud, Torleif; Stavnes, Kristin Anne & Kufås, Elin [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Hospitals implementing changes in law to protect children of ill parents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 18:609, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3393-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyttingnes, Olav; Ruud, Torleif; Norvoll, Reidun; Rugkåsa, Jorun & Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil (2018). A cross-sectional study of experienced coercion in adolescent mental health inpatients. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 18(389). doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3208-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Involuntary care and coercive measures are frequently present in mental healthcare for adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent adolescents perceive or experience coercion during inpatient mental health care, and to examine predictors of experienced coercion. Methods A cross-sectional sample of 96 adolescent inpatients from 10 Norwegian acute and combined (acute and sub-acute) psychiatric wards reported their experienced coercion on Coercion Ladder and the Experienced Coercion Scale in questionnaires. Staff reported use of formal coercion, diagnoses, and psychosocial functioning. We used two tailed t-tests and mixed effects models to analyze the impact from demographics, alliance with parents, use of formal coercion, diagnostic condition, and global psychosocial functioning. Results High experienced coercion was reported by a third of all patients. In a mixed effects model, being under formal coercion (involuntary admission and / or coercive measures); a worse relationship between patient and parent; and lower psychosocial functioning, significantly predicted higher experienced coercion. Twenty-eight percent of the total sample of patients reported a lack of confidence and trust both in parents and staff. Conclusions Roughly one third of patients in the sample reported high experienced coercion. Being under formal coercion was the strongest predictor. The average scores of experienced coercion in subgroups are comparable with adult scores in similar care situations. There was one exception: Adolescents with psychosis reported low experienced coercion and almost all of them were under voluntary care.

• Lofthus, Ann-Mari; Weimand, Bente; Ruud, Torleif; Rose, Diana & Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik (2018). "This is not a life anyone would want" - A qualitative study of Norwegian ACT users' experience With mental Health treatment. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. ISSN 0161-2840. 39(6), s. 519–526. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1413459.
• Lofthus, Ann-Mari; Westerlund, Heidi; Bjørgen, Dagfinn; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Lauveng, Arnhild & Rose, Diana [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Recovery concept in a Norwegian setting to be examined by the assertive community treatment model and mixed methods. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. ISSN 1445-8330. 27(1), s. 147–157. doi: 10.1111/inm.12304.
• Klevan, Trude Gøril; Karlsson, Bengt Eirik; Ness, Ottar; Grant, Alec & Ruud, Torleif (2018). Between a rock and a softer place - A discourse analysis of helping cultures in crisis resolution teams. Qualitative Social Work. ISSN 1473-3250. 17(2), s. 252–267. doi: 10.1177/1473325016668962. Vis sammendrag

  Crisis resolution teams are a community-based service, targeting adults experiencing acute mental health crises. The rationale for the development of crisis resolution teams is both value and efficacy-based: crisis resolution teams should contribute to the humanizing of mental health services and to enhanced efficacy. This diversity in purpose appears to affect the practices of help that are offered by crisis resolution teams, which research has shown to vary greatly. A discursive approach recognizes that practices are shaped by external paradigms and structures, and clinicians’ construction of professional identities and practices through their talk and meaning making. Thus, this study used a discursive psychological approach to identify discourses through which crisis resolution team clinicians talk about and understand helpful help in mental health crises. Focus group interviews with clinicians from eight crisis resolution teams revealed two broad and contradictory discourses: helpful help as something ‘‘made’’ with crisis resolution team workers as creators of collaborative and innovative practices, andhelpful help as something ‘‘given’’ with the crisis resolution team workers as representatives of a predefined specialist mental health service culture. The contradictions between these discourses reflect the diverse rationale for the development of crisis resolution teams and the possible tensions and pressures under which crisis resolution team work is conducted. In this overall context, the study further critically examined the tensions between the discourse of constructing new practices, and existing practices constituted by the specialist mental health services’ traditional discourse. Failing to constantly reflect upon and question these tensions in collaboration with service users, carers, and other services can impair creativity and the development of humanizing helpful help

• Hustoft, Kjetil; Larsen, Tor Ketil; Brønnick, Kolbjørn Selvåg; Joa, Inge; Johannessen, Jan Olav & Ruud, Torleif (2017). Voluntary or involuntary acute psychiatric hospitalization in Norway: A 24 h follow up study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. ISSN 0160-2527. 56, s. 27–34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.10.011.
• Siqveland, Johan; Ruud, Torleif & Hauff, Edvard (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder moderates the relationship between trauma exposure and chronic pain. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. ISSN 2000-8066. 8(1). doi: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1375337.
• Biringer, Eva Aaker; Hartveit, Miriam; Sundfør, Bengt; Ruud, Torleif & Borg, Marit (2017). Continuity of care as experienced by mental health service users - A qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 17(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2719-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: People who struggle with mental health problems can provide valuable insight into understanding and improving the coordination of mental health and welfare services. The aims of the study were to explore service users’ experiences and perceptions of continuity of care within and across services relevant to personal recovery, to elicit which dimensions of continuity of care are most essential to service users, and to generate ideas for improving service users’ experiences of continuity of care. Methods: In the context of a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach, ten service users at a community mental health centre were interviewed about their experiences of continuity of care in and across services. Eight of these were re-interviewed two years later. A collaborative research approach was adopted. Data were analysed by means of a data-driven stepwise approach in line with thematic analysis. Results: Following the analysis five themes representing experiences of continuity of care were developed. Each theme ranged from poor to good experiences of continuity of care: Relationship – from experiencing frequent setbacks and anxiety due to breaks in relationships, to feeling safe in an ongoing personal relationship; Timeliness – from experiencing frustrating waiting times with worsening of problems, to getting help when needed; Mutuality – from having a one-sided struggle, to a situation in which both professionals and service users take initiatives; Choice – from not having the opportunity to make practical arrangements within the context of one’s everyday life, to having an array of support options to choose from; Knowledge – from feeling confused and insecure because one does not know what is happening, to feeling safe because one is informed about what is going to happen. Participants provided a range of suggestions for improving experiences of continuity of care. Conclusions: A discrepancy between aspects of continuity that are essential for service users and their experiences of actual practice was revealed. The valid evidence generated in the present collaborative study therefore offers knowledge to policy makers, professionals and service users that may be of help in their future efforts in orienting primary care, mental health, addiction and welfare services towards recovery.

• Victor, Mattias Erik; Lau, Bjørn & Ruud, Torleif (2017). Predictors of Return to Work 6 Months After the End of Treatment in Patients with Common Mental Disorders: A Cohort Study. Journal of occupational rehabilitation. ISSN 1053-0487. s. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s10926-017-9747-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Frøkedal, Hilde; Stifoss-Hanssen, Hans; Ruud, Torleif; DeMarinis, Valerie & Gonzalez, Marianne Thorsen (2017). Existential group practice run by mental healthcare chaplains in Norway: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. ISSN 1367-4676. 20(8), s. 713–727. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2017.1400528. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Existential groups run by healthcare chaplains within mental healthcare have a long tradition in Norway. By using a national cross-sectional survey design, this study explored and described both quantitatively and qualitatively these groups’ characteristics. Quantitative data were analysed by descriptive statistics and content analysis inspired by Graneheim and Lundman was used to analyse the qualitative data. The current existential group practice was present in 11 of 25 Norwegian health authorities and across service levels. Five different group approaches, all addressing patients’existential, spiritual and religious needs and issues, were identified and described. The existential groups were in general eclectic and applied a variety of therapeutic strategies representing group psychotherapy, existential therapy and clinical pastoral care. The findings suggest that this Norwegian existential group practice can be regarded as a well- established and integrated part of the Norwegian mental healthcare. Researchers are challenged to further qualitatively explore this Norwegian existential group practice

• Ose, Solveig Osborg; Lilleeng, Solfrid; Pettersen, Ivar; Ruud, Torleif & van Weeghel, Jaap (2017). Risk of violence among patients in psychiatric treatment: results from a national census. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 71(8), s. 551–560. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1352024. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Adverse media coverage of isolated incidents affects the public perception of the risk of violent behavior among people with mental illness. However, the risk of violence is studied most frequently among inpatients, which falsely exaggerates the prevalence of people with mental illness because the majority of individuals receive treatment as outpatients. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of the risk of violence among inpatients and outpatients in psychiatric treatment, as well as the associations with gender, age, socio-economic status and co-morbid substance use disorders in all major diagnostic categories. Methods: We conducted a national census of patients in specialist mental health services in Norway, which included 65% of all inpatients (N = 2,358) and 60% of all outpatients (N = 23,124). Results: The prevalence of the risk of violence was 32% among inpatients and 8% among outpatients, where 80% of the patients in specialist mental health services were outpatients. If we weight the prevalence rates accordingly, less than 2% of the patients in specialist mental health services had a high risk of violent behavior. Conclusions: The stigma attached to those with mental illness is not consistent with the absence or low to modest risk of violent behavior in 98% of the patient group. Substance use disorders must be given priority in the treatment of all patient groups. Mental health care in general and interventions that target violent behavior in particular should address the problems and needs of these patients better, especially those who are unemployed, have a low level of education and have a background of being a refugee or an immigrant.

• Siqveland, Johan; Hussain, Ajmal; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Ruud, Torleif & Hauff, Edvard (2017). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with chronic pain: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 8:164, s. 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00164.
• Kallander, Ellen Katrine; Weimand, Bente; Becker, Saul; Van Roy, Betty; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil & Stavnes, Kristin Anne [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Children with ill parents: extent and nature of caring activities . Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 32(2), s. 793–804. doi: 10.1111/scs.12510. Vis sammendrag

  Rationale Previous studies have shown that children may take on higher extents of caring activities if their parents are affected by severe illness or disability, especially when their parents lack access to formal and informal care. Aims and objectives This study examined the extent and nature of caring activities done by patients’ children; differences in caring activities between different types of parental illness; factors associated with caring activities. Design An explorative cross-sectional multicentre study. Methods Parents as patients in specialised healthcare services, and their children, were recruited from five health trusts in Norway. The sample included 246 children aged 8–17 years and their 238 parents with severe physical illness (neurological disease or cancer) (n = 135), mental illness (n = 75) or substance abuse (n = 28). Main outcome measure Multidimensional Assessment of Caring Activities (MACA-YC18). Results A large number of children with ill parents are performing various caring activities. Increased caring activities among children due to their parent's illness were confirmed by their parents, especially with regard to personal care. We found no significant differences in the extent of caring activities between illness types, but there were some differences in the nature of these activities. Factors significantly associated with the extent and nature of caring activities were as follows: better social skills and higher external locus of control among the children; and poorer physical parental health. Parent's access to home-based services was limited. Study limitations In recruitment of participants for the study, a sampling bias may have occurred. Conclusion To promote coping and to prevent inappropriate or extensive caring activities among children with ill parents, there is a need for increased access to flexible home-based services adapted to the type of parental illness.

• Birkeland, Bente; Weimand, Bente; Ruud, Torleif; Høie, Magnhild & Vederhus, John-Kåre (2017). Perceived quality of life in partners of patients undergoing treatment in somatic health, mental health, or substance use disorder units: A cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. ISSN 1477-7525. 15(1). doi: 10.1186/s12955-017-0750-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Victor, Mattias Erik; Lau, Bjørn & Ruud, Torleif (2017). Predictors of return to work among patients in treatment for common mental disorders: a pre-post study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 18(27). doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4581-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Karina M.; Ruud, Torleif; Ogden, Terje; Färdig, Ove Rickard; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer & Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik (2017). How to implement Illness Management and Recovery (IMR) in mental health service settings: Evaluation of the implementation strategy. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. ISSN 1752-4458. 11:13, s. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13033-017-0120-z.
• Klevan, Trude Gøril; Karlsson, Bengt Eirik & Ruud, Torleif (2017). “At the extremities of life” – Service user experiences of helpful help in mental health crises. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation (AJPR). ISSN 1548-7768. 20(2), s. 87–105. doi: 10.1080/15487768.2017.1302370. Vis sammendrag

  Mental health services have recently undergone a transition from institution- to community-based care, and crisis resolution teams (CRTs) represent a community-based service that targets users experiencing an acute mental health crisis. The current study was undertaken to explore the service user experiences of helpful help provided by CRTs in a mental health crisis context. Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 service users to elucidate how mental health crises are experienced as devastating and multilayered events. Suicidal thoughts and/or intentions were commonly reported, seemingly regardless of whether the crisis was related to a serious mental illness. The important issues relating to help that were emphasized by the participants in this study were practical support and help with daily structure, establishing a foundation of safety, and strengthening the sense of self. The authors elaborate in the discussion on how these different issues of help are connected, showing that practical help plays an important role in supporting self-worth and the sense of safety, but that practical and structural issues have been rarely addressed by CRTs, at least in the context of this study. Thus, a broadened and social contextual-oriented perspective on mental health crises is important in developing helping practices that are perceived as more recovery oriented and helpful.

• Nyttingnes, Olav; Rugkåsa, Jorun; Holmen, Aina & Ruud, Torleif (2017). The Development, Validation, and Feasibility of the Experienced Coercion Scale. Psychological Assessment. ISSN 1040-3590. 29(10), s. 1210–1220. doi: 10.1037/pas0000404.
• Lauveng, Arnhild; Tveiten, Sidsel; Ekeland, Tor-Johan & Ruud, Torleif (2017). How can context and discourse affect teachers' and mental Health Professionals interactions With adults with mental illness?.. Social Work in Mental Health. ISSN 1533-2985. 15(4), s. 435–456. doi: 10.1080/15332985.2016.1231155. Vis sammendrag

  Patients with severe mental illness may have needs different from those of patients with more limited illnesses and might benefit from other types of intervention than traditional treatment. We interviewed health care professionals from two open, short-term psychiatric wards and teachers from two schools for adults with psychiatric diagnoses. The focus was to explore how differences in contextual factors such as time, tasks, and organizational demands might affect the actions and attitudes of health care professionals and teachers as well as the potential consequences for patients and students. Data were collected through qualitative interviews. Participants included 14 health care professionals and 14 teachers. The informants worked with patients and students with similar diagnoses and illness durations. All interviews were conducted during the informants’ work time. Findings and interpretations showed that both teachers and health care professionals were engaged in their work and in the wellbeing of students and patients. However, they described marked differences in practice, including the amount of time spent with students/patients, the organization of their work, main tasks, amount of control over their tasks, and social structure. These differences seemed to affect relationships with students/patients, attitudes toward students/patients, norms and values, and opportunities for patient empowerment. Our findings suggest that while existing psychiatric health care might be appropriate for limited short-term problems such as single-episode depression, a model with a supportive environment, based on stable relations and possibility for learning, may improve personal development and mental health for persons with severe mental illness and disturbances in self-experience

• Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor; Bond, Gary R.; Ruud, Torleif; Ivanecka, Ada; Gray, Richard & Osborn, David [Vis alle 23 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Development of a measure of model fidelity for mental health Crisis Resolution Teams. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-1139-4.
• Biringer, Eva Aaker; Davidson, Larry; Sundfør, Bengt; Ruud, Torleif & Borg, Marit (2016). Experiences of support in working toward personal recovery goals: A collaborative, qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-1133-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pincus, Harold Alan; Spaeth-Rublee, Brigitta; Sara, Grant; Goldner, Elliot M.; Prince, Pamela N. & Ramanuj, Parashar [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). A review of mental health recovery programs in selected industrialized countries. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. ISSN 1752-4458. 10:73, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s13033-016-0104-4.
• Nyttingnes, Olav; Ruud, Torleif & Rugkåsa, Jorun (2016). ‘It's unbelievably humiliating’—Patients' expressions of negative effects of coercion in mental health care. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. ISSN 0160-2527. 49, s. 147–153. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.08.009.
• Clausen, Hanne Kristin; Ruud, Torleif; Odden, Sigrun; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Heiervang, Kristin Sverdvik & Stuen, Hanne Kilen [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Hospitalisation of severely mentally ill patients with and without problematic substance use before and during Assertive Community Treatment: an observational cohort study . BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 16(125). doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0826-5. Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Background Co-occurring substance use increases the risk of hospitalisation in people with severe mental illness, whereas Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) generally reduces hospitalisation in patients with severe mental illness and high inpatient service use. Because the superiority of ACT over standard services amongst patients with problematic substance use is uncertain, the present study examined inpatient service use amongst patients with and without problematic substance use in the 2 years before and the 2 years after they enrolled into ACT teams. Methods This naturalistic observational study included 142 patients of 12 different ACT teams throughout Norway. The teams assessed the patients upon enrolment into ACT using clinician-rated and self-reported questionnaires. We obtained hospitalisation data from the Norwegian Patient Register for the 2 years before and the 2 years after enrolment into ACT. We used linear mixed models to assess changes in hospitalisation and to explore associations between problematic substance use and changes in hospitalisation, controlling for socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Results A total of 84 (59 %) participants had problematic substance use upon enrolment into the ACT teams. In the 2 years after ACT enrolment both participants with and without problematic substance use experienced a reduction in total inpatient days. Those with problematic substance use also had fewer involuntary inpatient days. Exploratory analyses suggested that symptom severity and functioning level interacted with problematic substance use to influence change in total inpatient days. Conclusion These findings may suggest that ACT teams successfully support people with complex mental health problems in the community, including those with problematic substance use, and thereby contribute to a reduction in inpatient service use.

• Biringer, Eva Aaker; Davidson, Larry; Sundfør, Bengt; Ruud, Torleif & Borg, Marit (2016). Service users’ expectations of treatment and support at the Community Mental Health Centre in their recovery. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 31(3), s. 505–513. doi: 10.1111/scs.12364. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Focus on service users’ needs, coping and empowerment, user involvement, and comprehensiveness are supposed to be key elements of the Community Mental Health Centres in Norway. Taking a user-oriented approach means acknowledging the individual’s own expectations, aims and hopes. However, studies that have investigated service users’ expectations of treatment and support at Community Mental Health Centres are hard to find. Objective: The aim of the study was therefore to explore service users’ expectations at the start of treatment at a Community Mental Health Centre. Method: Within a collaborative framework, taking a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach, ten service users participated in in-depth interviews about their expectations, hopes and aims for treatment and recovery. The participants sought help due to various mental health issues that had interfered with their lives and created disability and suffering. A data-driven stepwise approach in line with thematic analysis was used. The study was approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Results: The following four main themes representing participants’ expectations at the start of treatment were elicited: hope for recovery, developing understanding, finding tools for coping and receiving counselling and practical assistance. Participants’ expectations about treatment were tightly interwoven with their personal aims and hopes for their future life, and expectations were often related to practical and financial problems, the solution of which being deemed necessary to gain a safe basis for recovery in the long run. Limitations: The transferability of the results may be limited by the small number of participants. Conclusions: The study emphasises how important it is that service users’ personal aims and expectations guide the collaborative treatment process. In addition to providing treatment aimed at improving symptoms, Community Mental Health Centres should take a more comprehensive approach than today by providing more support with family issues, social life, education, work and financial issues.

• Victor, Mattias Erik; Lau, Bjørn & Ruud, Torleif (2016). Patient characteristics in a return to work programme for common mental disorders: a cross-sectional study . BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3431-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Mental health problems are a growing cause of sickness absence. There are programmes in many countries to facilitate return to work (RTW) after sickness absence. In Norway, there has been some controversy about patients on sick-leave being prioritized over other patient groups, such as those with more severe diagnoses. However, it is not clear whether patients in RTW programmes actually do differ from patients in regular services. Methods This study compared 270 patients treated in an RTW outpatient clinic and 86 patients treated in a regular outpatient clinic, both in specialized mental health care, on patient characteristics, history of treatment and mental health status. Analyses of differences between groups were done by ANOVA tests, chi-square test and logistic regression. Results Patients in the RTW clinic had lower scores on the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). There was no difference in health-related quality of life. RTW patients were somewhat older and more likely to live in relationships and have children, and they had higher incomes. Work participation, previous psychiatric hospitalization and present diagnosis contributed uniquely to an explanation of which patients were included in the respective clinics. The RTW clinic seems to reach its intended target group. Almost all of the patients in this group participated in the work arena, and their psychopathologies were clearly dominated by common mental disorders. Most RTW patients’ general practitioners had followed them fairly closely in the year before referral, suggesting previous attempts at treatment in primary care settings. Conclusions Relative to outpatients in a specialized mental health care setting, RTW patients had lower symptoms, but still in the same moderate range of severity. They suffered the same reduction in quality of life. Almost all of the RTW patients were diagnosed with illnesses that can be treated effectively, about half of them had recurring mental health problems and many of them had been treated in primary care settings before referral. These findings indicate that this group has significant health problems that can benefit from treatment in specialized health care settings.

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• Dahli, Mina Piiksi; Brekke, Mette; Ruud, Torleif & Haavet, Ole Rikard (2019). Forekomst og distribusjon av psykologiske diagnoser og relatert hyppighet av konsultasjoner i norsk allmennpraksis. .
• Birkeland, Bente; Høie, Magnhild; Ruud, Torleif & Weimand, Bente (2019). Quality of life – why does it matter? Perceived quality of life in partners of patients undergoing treatment in physical health, mental health, or substance use disorder units: a crosssectional study. Vis sammendrag

  To explore (1) differences in socio-demographic, social/familial, and health variables, and perceived quality of life (QoL) among partners of patients with physical illness, mental illness, or substance use disorders (SUD); and (2) identify factors associated with QoL. Why is this important? Studies comparing the QoL between partners to patients in different illness populations seems to be limited, especially when they share parenthood for children. Examining the partner's QoL, and factors associated with QoL is important to get a broadened picture of these families’ situation and needs in times of parental illness. What are the main discussion points you will raise in this presentation? • No QoL differences between groups but poorer scores on income/work for SUD-partners • 13 % had markedly low QoL indicating a very difficult situation • QoL covers domains in addition to strict health outcomes• Brief QoL tools might give valuable information about partners’ needs for support

• Bjerke, Espen; Gjelstad, Kari & Ruud, Torleif (2019). Færre tvangsinnleggelser i psykisk helsevern? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(4), s. 339–341. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0657.
• Ruud, Torleif; Selbekk, Anne Schanche; Løvås, Maren; Faugli, Anne & Kufås, Elin (2017). Life situation and available support for children and partners/spouse of persons with substance use problems. PROSPERO International prospectie register of systematic reviews.
• Haugom, Espen Woldsengen; Hynnekleiv, Torfinn & Ruud, Torleif (2017). The Norwegian Shielding Project. A national consensus project on shielding practice of acute psychiatric patients in Norway.
• Ruud, Torleif; Aarre, Trond F.; Boeskov, Berit; Husvåg, Pernille; Klepp, Rigmor & Kristiansen, Synnøve Alet [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Erratum: Satisfaction with primary care and mental health care among individuals with severe mental illness in a rural area: A seven-year follow-up study of a clinical cohort [Int J Ment Health Syst, (2016), 10, 33 ] DOI: 10.1186/s13033-016-0064-8. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. ISSN 1752-4458. 10:323, s. 1–1. doi: 10.1186/S13033-016-0072-8.
• Victor, Mattias Erik; Lau, Bjørn; Ruud, Torleif & Lerdal, Anners Vetle (2020). Patient characteristics and factors associated with post-treatment work participation in a Norwegian return to work programme for common mental disorders. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Kyte Fjellstad, Ingrid & Ruud, Torleif (2020). Rapport om utvikling og utprøving av skjemaet «Pasienters erfaringer fra psykiatriske døgnavdelinger for eldre» (PEPDE) . Akershus universitetssykehus HF. Vis sammendrag

  Sammendrag Formålet har vært å utvikle et pålitelig spørreskjema/intervjuskjema om pasienterfaringer ved alderspsykiatrisk avdeling, slik at dette kan brukes i arbeid med kvalitetsforbedring og i forskning. Bakgrunn: Ledelsen og ansatte ved alderspsykiatrisk døgnavdeling, Akershus universitetssykehus HF (Ahus) ønsket informasjon om pasienters erfaringer med behandlingstilbudet. Vi gjorde en pilotundersøkelse med to eksisterende spørreskjema om pasienterfaringer i psykiatriske døgnavdelinger for voksne, men fant at disse ikke fungerte for målgruppen. Ved litteratursøk fant vi heller ikke noe skjema om pasienterfaringer ved alderspsykiatriske avdelinger, og vi besluttet derfor å utvikle et eget skjema for målgruppen. Skjemautvikling og datainnsamling: Vi utviklet et intervjuskjema/spørreskjema på bakgrunn av litteraturgjennomgang, erfaringene fra utprøvingen av de to skjemaene for voksne, diskusjoner i en referansegruppe, og kunnskap og egne erfaringer med utvikling av spørreskjema/intervjuskjema. Skjemaet dekket de temaene som vi fant ved litteraturgjennomgang av forhold som kunne ha betydning for alderspsykiatriske døgnpasienter. Utkastet til et eget skjema for alderspsykiatriske pasienter ble så utprøvd i et samarbeid mellom alderspsykiatriske avdelinger ved helseforetak. I alt 151 pasienter ble intervjuet om sine erfaringer ved bruk av skjemaet, og det ble også registrert hvordan pasientene og intervjuerne opplevde spørsmålene og skjemaet. Skjemaet som ble prøvd ut er med som vedlegg bakerst i rapporten. Analyser, vurderinger og revisjon av skjemaet: Kommentarene fra pasienter og intervjuere ble gjennomgått, og uegnede spørsmål ble ikke tatt med i videre analyser og vurderinger. Vi gjorde så psykometriske analyser av spørsmål med gradert svarskala for å identifisere hvilke tema (faktorer) disse dekket og undersøkte den interne konsistensen mellom spørsmål om samme tema. Vi vurderte også om noen av spørsmålene burde reformuleres for å gjøre dem lettere å forstå. Ved en samlet vurdering basert på de nevnte forhold utformet vi så et kortere og bedre skjema som kunne fungere som spørreskjema og intervjuskjema om pasienters erfaringer i alderspsykiatriske døgnavdelinger. Utprøving og vurdering av ferdig skjema: Det ferdige skjemaet har så vært brukt rutinemessig i flere år ved Alderspsykiatrisk avdeling ved Ahus for tilbakemeldinger fra pasienter og som ledd i videreutviklingen av avdelingen. Vi fikk tilgang til en anonymisert del av dette materialet og har gjort psykometriske analyser av hvordan det ferdige reviderte skjemaet og spørsmålene i dette fungerer. De 20 spørsmålene i det ferdige skjemaet er dokumentert å gi pålitelige målinger av pasientenes erfaringer av medbestemmelse, bedring, relasjoner og om de har mottatt informasjon om pasientrettigheter. Svært få ubesvarte spørsmål tyder på at spørsmål og svarskala er godt forståelige. Ferdig skjema med veiledning: Skjemaet Pasienters erfaringer fra psykiatriske døgnavdelinger for eldre (PEPDE) med en kort orientering om utviklingen og en veiledning om bruk er med som vedlegg i rapporten. Skjemaet med orienteringen og veiledningen er også tilgjengelig på http://www.helsebiblioteket.no En engelsk versjon (Patients Experiences from Psychiatric Departments for Elderly, PEPDE) vil bli publisert i en vitenskapelig artikkel om skjemaet og utviklingen av skjemaet. Skjemaet er gjort tilgjengelig med Creative Commons lisens (lenke nederst på skjemaet) og kan brukes fritt så lenge utvikleren krediteres, at skjemaet ikke distribueres i endret form, og at det ikke brukes kommersielt.

• Selbekk, Anne Schanche; Faugli, Anne; Kufås, Elin; Løvås, Maren & Ruud, Torleif (2019). Kunnskapsoppsummering om situasjon og hjelp til barn og partnere av personer med rusproblemer. Akershus universitetssykehus.
• Ruud, Torleif; Rognaldsen, Maren; Haugom, Espen Woldsengen & Hynnekleiv, Torfinn (2019). Hva er skjerming? Utvikling av kunnskapsbasert og pålitelig måling av skjerming i døgnavdelinger i psykisk helsevern. Akuttnettverket.
• Nyttingnes, Olav; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Ruud, Torleif & Rugkåsa, Jorun (2018). Patients' Experience of Coercion in Mental Health Care. Doktoravhandling, Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-8377-228-9.
• Ruud, Torleif & Weimand, Bente (2018). Helsehjelp til barn i barneverninstitusjoner i Helse Sør-Øst. Evaluering av et prosjekt med tre pilotprosjekter og et forslag til en nasjonal modell for samhandling om bedre helsehjelp ved barneverninstitusjoner fra psykisk helsevern for barn og unge. Helse Sør-Øst og Helsedirektoratet.
• Lauveng, Arnhild & Ruud, Torleif (2017). Growing as a person. The possibility of personal development for adults in treatment and education. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788283770667.

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