Trond H Diseth

• Henriksen, Mari Wold; Breck, Hilde; Sejersted, Yngve; Diseth, Trond H; von Tetzchner, Stephen; Paus, Benedicte & Skjeldal, Ola, Hunsbeth (2020). Genetic and clinical variations in a Norwegian sample diagnosed with Rett syndrome. Brain & development (Tokyo. 1979).  ISSN 0387-7604.  42, s 484- 495
• Larsen, Kenneth; Aasland, Astrid; Schjølberg, Synnve; Hansen, Ulla & Diseth, Trond H (2019). Piloting the use of a short observation list for ASD-symptoms in day-care: Challenges and further possibilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.  ISSN 0162-3257.  s 1- 11 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-019-04313-5
• Lofstad, Grete Elisabeth; Reinfjell, Trude; Weider, Siri; Diseth, Trond H & Hestad, Knut (2019). Neurocognitive Outcome and Compensating Possibilities in Children and Adolescents Treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Chemotherapy Only. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  10 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01027 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Aim: To examine the neurocognitive outcomes in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission who were treated with systemic chemotherapy only (CTO). Methods: Neurocognitive performances in 36 children and adolescents, aged 8.4–15.3 years, in long-term remission from ALL 4.3–12.4 years post diagnosis, without relapse, and with no pre-diagnosis history of neurodevelopmental disorder were compared with 36 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and parents’ socio-economic status. The former patients and the healthy controls completed an extensive battery of standardized neuropsychological tests. Results: Survivors who were treated by CTO obtained significantly lower scores than did healthy controls on the domains of Copy and drawing (p = 0.001; Cohen’s d 0.85; after controlling for Type 1 errors q = 0.006), Arithmetic (p = 0.001; Cohen’s d 0.80; after controlling for Type 1 errors, q = 0.006), and Tactile sensory functions (p = 0.008; Cohen’s d 0.65; after controlling for Type 1 errors, q = 0.03). Fifty percent of the ALL group were more than 1 SD below the control groups mean on Copy and drawing. There was an interaction between age and group (ALL vs. Control, p = 0.042) on Copy and drawing, indicating that the youngest ALL patients exhibited the worst performance. The oldest ALL patients performed equal to or better than the controls. A tendency in the same direction was seen for Arithmetic and Tactile sensory functions. The ALL survivors exhibited a steeper rising learning slope on repeated tests, with lower scores on a tactile problem-solving task, tactile sensory tests, verbal memory, and visual attention, but they performed as well as the controls when stimuli were repeated. Conclusion: The results indicate that neurocognitive long-term sequelae in ALL survivors are limited to specific domains – particularly complex drawing, arithmetic, and tactile processing, and novelty processing. Cognitive deficits are shown among the youngest ALL patients. Intervention programs and school programs should account for difficulties with processing new information and taking advantage of repetitions as a strength, which may prevent survivors from falling behind their peers.

• Munkhaugen, Ellen Kathrine; Torske, Tonje; Gjevik, Elen; Nærland, Terje; Pripp, Are Hugo & Diseth, Trond H (2019). Individual characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorders and school refusal behavior. Autism.  ISSN 1362-3613.  23(2), s 413- 423 . doi: 10.1177/1362361317748619
• Smeland, Anja Hetland; Rustøen, Tone; Næss, Torgun; Nybro, Lill; Lundeberg, Stefan; Reinertsen, Hanne; Diseth, Trond H & Twycross, Alison (2019). Children's views on postsurgical pain in recovery units in Norway: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN).  ISSN 0962-1067.  28, s 2157- 2170 . doi: 10.1111/jocn.14788 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Weissner, Kristin Howlid; Diseth, Trond H; Boye, Birgitte; Færden, Ann & Ekeberg, Øivind (2019). Examining the organization and quality of the psychiatric consultative service in Norway. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  73(1), s 9- 15 . doi: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1525426 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Bugge, Ingrid; Jensen, Tine Kristin; Nilsen, Lisa Govasli; Ekeberg, Øivind; Dyb, Grete & Diseth, Trond H (2018). Psychosocial care for hospitalized young survivors after the terror attack on Utøya Island: A qualitative study of the survivors’ experiences. Injury.  ISSN 0020-1383.  s 1- 8 . doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.10.024
• Larsen, Kenneth Røed; Aasland, Astrid & Diseth, Trond H (2018). Identification of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life at Day-Care Centres by Day-Care Staff: Step One in the Development of a Short Observation List. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.  ISSN 0162-3257.  48, s 2267- 2277 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3489-x
• Reinfjell, Trude & Diseth, Trond H (2018). Pre-procedure Evaluation and Psychological Screening of Children and Adolescents in Pediatric Clinics, In Anthony P. S. Guerrero; Paul C. Lee & Nobert Skokauskas (ed.),  Pediatric Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry - A Global, Healthcare Systems-Focused, and Problem-Based Approach.  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-319-89488-1.  Chapter 11.  s 193 - 215
• Thorsteinsdottir, Hjørdis; Diseth, Trond H; Lie, Anine; Tangeraas, Trine; Matthews, Iren; Åsberg, Anders & Bjerre, Anna Kristina (2018). Small effort, high impact: Focus on physical activity improves oxygen uptake (VO2peak), quality of life, and mental health after pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation.  ISSN 1397-3142.  22:e13242(6), s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1111/petr.13242 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Bugge, Ingrid; Dyb, Grete; Stensland, Synne; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Diseth, Trond H (2017). Physical Injury and Somatic Complaints: The Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Young Survivors of a Terror Attack. Journal of Traumatic Stress.  ISSN 0894-9867.  30(3), s 229- 236 . doi: 10.1002/jts.22191
• Diseth, Trond H & Emblem, Ragnhild (2017). Long-term psychosocial consequences of surgical congenital malformations. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery.  ISSN 1055-8586.  26(5), s 286- 294 . doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.09.009
• Larsen, Kenneth; Aasland, Astrid & Diseth, Trond H (2017). Brief report: agreement between parents and day-care professionals on early symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.  ISSN 0162-3257.  48(4), s 1063- 1068 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3355-2
• Munkhaugen, Ellen Kathrine; Gjevik, Elen; Pripp, Are Hugo; Sponheim, Eili & Diseth, Trond H (2017). School refusal behaviour: Are children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder at a higher risk?. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders.  ISSN 1750-9467.  41-42, s 31- 38 . doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2017.07.001 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Eilertsen, Mary-Elizabeth Bradley; Hjemdal, Odin; Le, Thien Thanh; Diseth, Trond H & Reinfjell, Trude (2016). Resilience factors play an important role in the mental health of parents when children survive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Acta Paediatrica.  ISSN 0803-5253.  105(1), s e30- e34 . doi: 10.1111/apa.13232
• Misund, Aud R.; Bråten, Stein Leif; Nerdrum, Per; Pripp, Are Hugo & Diseth, Trond H (2016). A Norwegian prospective study of preterm mother–infant interactions at 6 and 18 months and the impact of maternal mental health problems, pregnancy and birth complications. BMJ Open.  ISSN 2044-6055.  6(e009699) . doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009699 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Ramstad, Kjersti; Jahnsen, Reidun & Diseth, Trond H (2016). Associations between recurrent musculoskeletal pain and visits to the family doctor (GP) and specialist multi-professional team in 74 Norwegian youth with cerebral palsy. Child: Care, Health and Development.  ISSN 0305-1862.  42(5), s 735- 741 . doi: 10.1111/cch.12366
• Bugge, Ingrid; Dyb, Grete; Stensland, Synne; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Diseth, Trond H (2015). Physical injury and posttraumatic stress reactions. A study of the survivors of the 2011 shooting massacre on Utøya Island, Norway. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.  ISSN 0022-3999.  79(5), s 384- 390 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.09.005 Vis sammendrag

  OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between physical injury (no, moderate and severe) and posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) at 4-5months after the attack in survivors of the terror attack at Utøya Island, Norway, 22 July 2011, adjusting for sociodemographic, psychosocial and trauma-related factors. METHODS: Overall, 325 young survivors (47% women, mean age 19.4years) were interviewed 4-5months (T1) and 14-15months (T2) after the attack. Variables concerning physical injury, PTSR (UCLA PTSD-RI scale, 0-4), peritraumatic exposure, sociodemographic and psychosocial backgrounds were measured. To evaluate the role of injury, multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The physically injured (n=60) reported higher levels of PTSR than did the non-injured. The difference was statistically significant between the moderately injured (n=37, mean 1.9) and the non-injured (n=265, mean 1.5). No significant differences were found between the moderately and the severely (n=23, mean 1.8) injured. Higher levels of peritraumatic events, peritraumatic reactions and loss of close, female sex and non-Norwegian ethnicity were significantly related to higher levels of PTSR in the full regression model. CONCLUSION: Physical injury was associated with higher PTSR after the terror attack. Moderately injured survivors may, as those severely injured, exhibit high levels of PTSR, and this should be taken into account when targeting early psychosocial health care after terror.

• Ramstad, Kjersti; Jahnsen, Reidun & Diseth, Trond H (2015). Ungdom med cerebral parese og deres kontakt med fastlege og habiliteringstjeneste :. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  135(5), s 429- 433 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0434
• Ramstad, Kjersti; Loge, Jon Håvard; Jahnsen, Reidun & Diseth, Trond H (2015). Self-reported mental health in youth with cerebral palsy and associations to recurrent musculoskeletal pain. Disability and Rehabilitation.  ISSN 0963-8288.  37(2), s 144- 150 . doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.913703
• Dyb, Grete; Jensen, Tine Kristin; Nygaard, Egil; Ekeberg, Øivind; Diseth, Trond H; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Thoresen, Siri (2014). Post-traumatic stress reactions in survivors of the 2011 massacre on Utøya Island, Norway. British Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0007-1250.  204(5), s 361- 367 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.133157
• Misund, Aud R.; Nerdrum, Per & Diseth, Trond H (2014). Mental health in women experiencing preterm birth. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.  ISSN 1471-2393.  14:263 . doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-263 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Reinfjell, Trude; Vikan, Arne & Diseth, Trond H (2014). Barns forståelse og tilpasning til alvorlig sykdom og død. Omsorg: Nordisk tidsskrift for Palliativ Medisin.  ISSN 0800-7489.  4, s 11- 16
• Isaksen, Jørn; Bryn, Vesna; Diseth, Trond H; Heiberg, Arvid; Schjølberg, Synnve & Skjeldal, Ola (2013). Children with autism spectrum disorders - The importance of medical investigations. European journal of paediatric neurology.  ISSN 1090-3798.  17(1), s 68- 76 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.08.004
• Isaksen, Jørn; Diseth, Trond H; Schjølberg, Synnve & Skjeldal, Ola (2013). Autism Spectrum Disorders - Are they really epidemic?. European journal of paediatric neurology.  ISSN 1090-3798.  17(4), s 327- 333 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.03.003
• Misund, Aud R.; Nerdrum, Per; Bråten, Stein Leif; Pripp, Are Hugo & Diseth, Trond H (2013). Long-term risk of mental health problems in women experiencing preterm birth: a longitudinal study of 29 mothers. Annals of General Psychiatry.  ISSN 1744-859X.  12:33 . doi: 10.1186/1744-859X-12-33 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Bastian, Uta; Neumer, Simon-Peter & Diseth, Trond H (2012). Mestringskatten - en kognitiv behandlingsmetode for barn med angst. Paidos: Tidsskrift for Norsk barnelegeforening.  ISSN 1503-5360.  30(4), s 194- 197
• Isaksen, Jørn; Diseth, Trond H; Schjølberg, Synnve & Skjeldal, Ola (2012). Observed prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in two Norwegian counties. European journal of paediatric neurology.  ISSN 1090-3798.  16(6), s 592- 598 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.014
• Ramberg, Brith Klæboe & Diseth, Trond H (2012). Barn med langvarig smerte: fanget i vonde sirkler - veier ut. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  49(3), s 241- 246
• Ramstad, Kjersti; Jahnsen, Reidun; Skjeldal, Ola & Diseth, Trond H (2012). Mental health, health related quality of life and recurrent musculoskeletal pain in children with cerebral palsy 8-18 years old. Disability and Rehabilitation.  ISSN 0963-8288.  34(19), s 1589- 1595 . doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.656794
• Ramstad, Kjersti; Jahnsen, Reidun; Skjeldal, Ola & Diseth, Trond H (2012). Parent-reported participation in children with cerebral palsy: the contribution of recurrent musculoskeletal pain and child mental health problems. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.  ISSN 0012-1622.  54(9), s 829- 835 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04341.x
• Diseth, Trond H; Tangeraas, Trine; Reinfjell, Trude & Bjerre, Anna Kristina (2011). Kidney transplantation in childhood: mental health and quality of life of children and caregivers. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, West).  ISSN 0931-041X.  26(10), s 1881- 1892 . doi: 10.1007/s00467-011-1887-9
• Gjems, Solveig & Diseth, Trond H (2011). Forebygging og behandling av psykologiske traumer hos somatisk syke barn :. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  48(9), s 857- 862
• Gjone, Inger Helene; Diseth, Trond H; Fausa, Olav; Nøvik, Torunn Stene & Heiberg, Astrid Nøklebye (2011). Familial adenomatous polyposis: mental health, psychosocial functioning and reactions to genetic risk in adolescents. Clinical Genetics.  ISSN 0009-9163.  79(1), s 35- 43 . doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01534.x
• Ramstad, Kjersti; Jahnsen, Reidun Birgitta; Skjeldal, Ola & Diseth, Trond H (2011). Characteristics of recurrent musculoskeletal pain in children with cerebral palsy aged 8 to 18 years. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.  ISSN 0012-1622.  53(11), s 1013- 1018 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04070.x
• Tønseth, Kim Aleksander; Bjark, Therese Halvorsen; Kratz, Gunnar; Gross, Annika; Kirschner, Rolf Steinar; Schreiner, Thomas; Diseth, Trond H & Haraldsen, Ira Hebold (2010). Kjønnskorrigerende kirurgi ved transseksualisme. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  130(4), s 376- 379 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.08.0670
• Fredriksen, Per Morten; Diseth, Trond H & Thaulow, Erik (2009). Children and adolescents with congenital heart disease: assessment of behavioural and emotional problems. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.  ISSN 1018-8827.  18(5), s 292- 300 . doi: 10.1007/s00787-008-0730-8
• Faugli, Anne; Bjørnland, Kristin; Emblem, Ragnhild; Nøvik, Torunn Stene & Diseth, Trond H (2009). Mental health and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with esophageal atresia. Journal of Pediatric Surgery.  ISSN 0022-3468.  44(4), s 729- 737 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.09.027
• Faugli, Anne; Emblem, Ragnhild; Bjørnland, Kristin & Diseth, Trond H (2009). MENTAL HEALTH IN INFANTS WITH ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA. Infant Mental Health Journal.  ISSN 0163-9641.  30(1), s 40- 56 . doi: 10.1002/imhj.20202
• Lofstad, Elisabeth G; Reinfjell, Trude; Hestad, Knut & Diseth, Trond H (2009). Cognitive outcome in children and adolescents treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with chemotherapy only. Acta Paediatrica.  ISSN 0803-5253.  98, s 180- 186 . doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01055.x
• Skjeldal, Ola; Capjon, Hilde; Dahl, Arve & Diseth, Trond H (2009). Therapy in a subtropical climate for children with cerebral palsy. Evidence of physical and psychosocial effects?. Acta Paediatrica.  ISSN 0803-5253.  98(4), s 670- 674 . doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01114.x
• Diseth, Trond H (2008). Barn født med uklare kjønnskarakteristika. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  128(5), s 576- 580
• Faugli, Anne; Emblem, Ragnhild; Veenstra, Marijke; Bjørnland, Kristin & Diseth, Trond H (2008). Does esophageal atresia influence the mother-infant interaction?. Journal of Pediatric Surgery.  ISSN 0022-3468.  43(10), s 1796- 1801 . doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.04.011
• Huynh, Melanie E; Vandvik, Inger Helene & Diseth, Trond H (2008). Hypnotherapy in Child Psychiatry: The State of the Art. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry.  ISSN 1359-1045.  13(3), s 377- 393 . doi: 10.1177/1359104508090601
• Diseth, Trond H & Malt, Ulrik Fredrik (2007). Dissosiative og somatoforme lidelser, I: Leif Gjerstad; Ola Skjeldal & Eirik Helseth (red.),  Nevrologi og nevrokirurgi (4. utg).  Forlaget Vett & Viten AS.  ISBN 8241206283.  Kapittel 16.  s 219 - 228
• Diseth, Trond H & Malt, Ulrik Fredrik (2007). Nevropsykiatri, I: Leif Gjerstad; Ola Skjeldal & Eirik Helseth (red.),  Nevrologi og nevrokirurgi (4. utg).  Forlaget Vett & Viten AS.  ISBN 8241206283.  Kapittel 15.  s 203 - 218
• Diseth, Trond H (2006). Dissociation following traumatic medical treatment procedures in childhood: A longitudinal follow-up. Development and Psychopathology.  ISSN 0954-5794.  18(1), s 233- 251 . doi: 10.1017/S0954579406060135 Vis sammendrag

  Chronic illnesses often involve repeated hospitalization and invasive treatment procedures that can have a traumatic impact on child development. To explore possible consequences of treatment procedures, three groups of patients with congenital anomalies were examined longitudinally. At first admission, adolescents (ages 10–20, mean 15) with anorectal anomalies (n = 14), adolescents with Hirschsprung disease (n = 14), and hospitalized controls (n = 14) were assessed for treatment procedures, somatic function, mental health, and dissociative experiences. The assessment included the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES). At 10-year follow-up, the patients completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Somatoform Dissociative Questionnaire (SDQ-20). Anal dilatation, an invasive medical treatment procedure performed daily by the parents the first 4 years, was correlated with the frequency and severity of persisting dissociative symptomatology. The procedure was the only significant predictor of A-DES and SDQ-20 scores, and one of two significant predictors of DES scores. This “experiment of nature” permitted a specific and unique opportunity to examine the impact of early traumatic exposure on child development in the absence of parental malevolence, and on later dissociative outcome in adolescence and adulthood. The findings might be valuable theoretically to our understanding of the development of psychopathology, and may lend itself for comparison with data on sexually abused children

• Diseth, Trond H (2005). Dissociation in children and adolescents as reaction to trauma � an overview of conceptual issues and neurobiological factors. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  59(2), s 79- 91 Vis sammendrag

  The discovery of trauma as an aetiological factor in mental dissociation is more than a century old, but neurobiological research in the last decade has started to clarify a neurobiological basis that may shed light on the complex symptomatology observed in traumatized children. Dysfunctional stress responses, emotional-based style of functioning, hyperarousal, anxiety, irritability, impulsivity, disengaged attention and educational underachievement may thus begin to be better understood. The aim of this overview is to give an update on the concept of dissociation and the links to new neurobiological findings, hopefully to reduce unawareness, wrong diagnostics or even neglect of dissociative symptomatology by clinicians in child and adolescent psychiatry in the Nordic countries. A systematic overview of studies of mental dissociation in children and adolescents published over the last decade disclosed a total of 1019 references; 309 papers regarding the concept of dissociation, memory, trauma and the neurobiological correlates were studied in detail. The assumption of a trauma-genic basis of dissociation is still most discussed in the literature. The importance of other childhood trauma in addition to sexual abuse is outlined, focusing on childhood interpersonal trauma. Recent research on traumatized children and adolescents has demonstrated some permanent neurochemical as well as functional and structural abnormalities in brain areas that are involved in the integrative process of cognition and memory. This research begins to clarify the cerebral basis and mechanisms for the trauma-related dissociation observed in dissociative (conversion) disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and somatoform disorders. New perspectives on the nature of subcortical processes linking the phenomena of dissociation and traumatic experiences may have important implications for the understanding of dissociative disorders in children and adolescents. They may be regarded as complex environmentally induced developmental, supporting the view that PTSD and somatization disorders may be specific forms of dissociative processes to be categorized together with dissociative (conversion) disorders as "trauma-related dissociative disorders".

• Faugli, Anne; Aamodt, Geir; Bjørnland, Kristin; Emblem, Ragnhild & Diseth, Trond H (2005). Assessment of early mother-child relation in infants with oesophageal atresia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  49(6), s 498- 503 Vis sammendrag

  Fifteen one-year old infants with oesophageal atresia and their parents were used to demonstrate how the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA) can be used to explore the mother-child interaction in a clinical sample of children. The infants and their mothers were videotaped for 5-min episodes during feeding and free play, and the quality of the mother-infant interactions was assessed by PCERA. The results showed areas of strength regarding most of the maternal, infant and dyadic components. There was concern about maternal positive physical contact, maternal quality of verbalizations to or about the child, maternal social initiative, infant's communicative competence and infant's visual contact with mother. This concern of social proximity between infants and their mothers was most prominent in the feeding situation. The present study indicates that oesophageal atresia in infants may constitute stressors impinging on the parent-infant relationship. PCERA was found to be an adequate assessment tool with acceptable reliability to evaluate the mother-infant interaction

• Diseth, Trond H & Christie, Helen Johnsen (2005). Trauma-related dissociative (conversion) disorders in children and adolescents: an overview of assessment tools and treatment principles. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  59(4), s 278- 292 . doi: 10.1080/08039480500213683 Vis sammendrag

  A high proportion of patients in child and adolescent psychiatry with significant dissociative symptomatology after early childhood traumatization may go undiagnosed, be wrongly diagnosed and/or inappropriately treated. The diagnostics and treatment of dissociative disorders have been limited by lack of comprehensive, reliable and valid instruments and the ongoing polarization and fierce controversy regarding treatment. However, recent neurobiological findings of neurochemical, functional and structural cerebral consequences of early stressful childhood experiences point out a need for active, early and effective identification and treatment interventions. We present an update on assessment tools available in the Nordic countries, and an overview of different appropriate therapeutic intervention models for children and adolescents. A systematic overview of studies of dissociation in children and adolescent published over the last decade disclosed a total of 1019 references. The 465 papers describing aspects of assessment tools and/or treatment were studied in detail. Reliable and valid screening questionnaires and diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents now allow for effective early identification of dissociative disorders. A combination of individual psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and family therapy are often required to handle dissociative disorders in children and adolescents. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, hypnotherapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization-Reprocessing (EMDR), psychodynamic therapy and an integrated approach are the main described psychotherapeutic approaches, but treatment of dissociation in children and adolescent does not require allegiance to any one particular treatment model. However, achievement of physical safety by providing a safe environment is a primary goal that supersedes any other therapeutic work. Assessments tools are now available, and appropriate therapeutic intervention models may hopefully contribute to reduce the risk of wrong diagnoses and inappropriate treatment of dissociative symptomatology in children and adolescents. However, controlled clinical trials of the various interventions and longitudinal outcome studies are needed.

• Capjon, Hilde; Diseth, Trond H & Skjeldal, Ola (2004). Habiliteringsopphold i varmt klima for barn med Cerebral Parese - foreldre og barnas opplevelse av deltakelse og mestring. Fysioterapeuten.  ISSN 0016-3384.  12, s 22- 27
• Diseth, Trond H & Vandvik, Inger Helene (2004). Hypnoterapi ved behandlingsrefraktær enuresis nocturna. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  124, s 488- 491 Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn. Vi ønsket å vurdere nytten av hypnoterapi i behandling av behandlingsrefraktær enuresis nocturna. Materiale. 12 gutter, median alder 12 år (spredning 8 - 16 år), åtte med primær enuresis nocturna og fire med primær enuresis nocturna og diurna, rapporterte ved henvisningstidspunkt median 0 tørre netter (spredning 0 - 3 tørre netter) per uke. Alle hadde en familiær forekomst og hadde brukt alarmmatte og desmopressin, mens 50 % hadde brukt imipramin. Åtte hadde vært henvist til pedagogisk-psykologisk tjeneste (PPT) og/eller barne- og ungdomspsykiatrisk poliklinikk (BUP) for behandling. Metode. Alle var bredt somatisk utredet av pediater, barnekirurg eller urolog før hypnoterapi ble igangsatt. Etter en forberedende samtale med vurdering av motivasjon gjennomgikk pasientene hypnoterapi over median seks ganger (spredning 2 - 8 ganger) i tillegg til median en måneds påfølgende utprøvning av selvhypnose. Resultater. Tre måneder etter avsluttet behandling hadde ni av 12 pasienter oppnådd 6 - 7/7 tørre netter, og ved ett års oppfølging 7/7 tørre netter per uke. Av de tre med enuresis etter tre måneder, ble to henvist til barnekirurgisk vurdering pga. hyperaktiv blære, og en henvist til lokal BUP poliklinikk pga. foreldrekonflikt. Fortolkning. Hypnoterapi kan ha en rask og varig effekt hos gutter med kroniske og sammensatte former for enuresis nocturna. Hypnoterapi bør integreres i retningslinjer for behandlingsopplegg ved enuresis

• Aksnes, Gunnar; Diseth, Trond H; Helseth, Are; Edvin, Bjørn; Stange, Marianne; Aafos, Gabrielle & Emblem, Ragnhild (2002). Appendicostomy for antegrade enema: effects on somatic and psychosocial functioning in children with meningomyelocel. Pediatrics.  ISSN 0031-4005.  109, s 484- 489
• Blomhoff, Svein; Diseth, Trond H; Jacobsen, M.B. & Vatn, Morten H (2002). Irritabelt tarmsyndrom-en multifaktoriell sykdom hos barn og voksne. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  122(12), s 1213- 1217 Vis sammendrag

  Irritable bowel syndrome is the most frequent gastrointestinal disorder in Norway. Though there has been huge research activity in the field, no proven single aetiology or effective treatment has emerged. Consensus-based clinical diagnostic criteria have not yet brought diagnostic clarity. Possibly, there are dysfunctions in the processing of sensory stimuli in the "brain-gut" axis that may cause visceral hypersensitivity and secondary motility changes. In some patients, a multifactorial explanation of the mechanisms is useful, including stressful life events or other psychological factors. Psychiatric co-morbidity is probably the most important maintaining factor. Irritable bowel syndrome may serve as a model for the study of the interaction between biological, psychological and social factors in functional disorders. A good therapeutic relationship between the physician and the patient is an important element in the treatment approach

• Strømholm, Per & Diseth, Trond H (2000). Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with mental retardation: data from a population-based study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.  ISSN 0012-1622.  42, s 266- 270
• Aasland, Astrid & Diseth, Trond H (1999). Can the Harter Self-Perception Profile for adolescents (SPPA) be used as an indicator of psychosocial outcome in adolescents with chronic physical disrders?. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.  ISSN 1018-8827.  8, s 78- 85
• Diseth, Trond H; Emblem, Ragnhild & Schultz, Alexander (1999). Mental health, psychosocial functioning and quality of life in patients with bladder exstrophy and epispadias - An overview. World journal of urology.  ISSN 0724-4983.  17, s 239- 248
• Strømholm, Per & Diseth, Trond H (1999). Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with mental retardation: Data from a population-based study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.  ISSN 0012-1622.
• Bjørnland, Kristin; Diseth, Trond H & Emblem, Ragnhild (1998). Long-term functional, manometric, and endosonographic evaluation of patients operated upon with the Duhamel technique. Pediatric surgery international (Print).  ISSN 0179-0358.  13(1), s 24- 28 Vis sammendrag

  Long-term functional results, anal endosonography (AES), and anal canal manometry were recorded in 48 patients aged 10 to 24 years (median 18) operated upon with the Duhamel technique for Hirschsprung's disease; 60.4% had perfect fecal control, 31.3% occasional staining and/or gas incontinence, and 8.3% constant fecal soiling, and 10.4% complained of constipation. Compared to normals, the patients had significantly reduced anal canal resting and squeeze pressures. AES visualized scar tissue in both the internal and external anal sphincter.

• Diseth, Trond H; Bjordal, R.; Schultz, Alexander; Stange, Marit & Emblem, Ragnhild (1998). Somatic function, mental health and psychosocial functioning in 22 adolescents with bladder exstrophy and epispadias. Journal of Urology.  ISSN 0022-5347.  159(5), s 1689- 1690 Vis sammendrag

  PURPOSE: We report the long-term somatic outcome, mental health and psychosocial adjustment in adolescents with bladder exstrophy and epispadias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 22 adolescents 11 to 20 years old (median age 14.5), including 19 with bladder exstrophy and 3 with epispadias, were assessed for urogenital status, stoma, renal and bowel function, anorectal physiology, mental health and psychosocial functioning by physical examinations, semistructured interviews and standardized questionnaires. The parents of 21 patients were interviewed and completed questionnaires. Information was also obtained on control groups. RESULTS: Of the 22 patients 9 (41%) had no urinary diversion and were urinary incontinent, 6 (27%) had persistent fecal staining and anal canal pressures that were lower than the controls, 10 (59%) were dissatisfied with the penile appearance and 11 (50%) met the criteria for psychiatric diagnoses. The main predictors of mental health were parental warmth and patient genital appraisal in the 11 to 14-year age group, and parental warmth and urinary continence function in the 15 to 20-year age group. Psychosocial dysfunction was predicted by fecal incontinence in the younger group and worries about future sexual relationships in the older group. CONCLUSIONS: The present multimodal outcome study revealed that adolescents with bladder exstrophy and epispadias had significant physical and mental problems. Genital malformation, and urinary and fecal incontinence may have a negative impact on mental health and psychosocial functioning. Our findings emphasize the need to include psychosocial experts on health care teams to reveal the amount of distress caused by these anomalies and to offer psychosocial support.

• Diseth, Trond H; Egeland, Thore & Emblem, Ragnhild (1998). Effects of anal invasive treatment and incontinence on mental health and psychosocial functioning of adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease and low anorectal anomalies. Journal of Pediatric Surgery.  ISSN 0022-3468.  33(3), s 468- 475 Vis sammendrag

  BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Recent studies of adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease (HD) and low anorectal anomalies (LARA) showed persistent impairment of fecal control in both groups, but very different mental and psychosocial outcome. METHODS: To explore possible reasons for these differences, 19 adolescents with HD (aged 10 to 20 years; median, 16) operated on by the Duhamel technique were compared with 17 adolescents with LARA (aged 12 to 20 years; median, 15). The 36 adolescents were assessed for treatment procedures, bowel function, and mental and psychosocial outcome by data collected from medical records, physical examination, semistructured interview, and standardized questionnaires. The parents of 30 adolescents were also interviewed and completed questionnaires. RESULTS: Duration of anal invasive treatment procedure and current bowel function were associated with mental and psychosocial outcome. The treatment variable, duration of anal dilation, was the most significant predictor of the adolescents's mental health (R2 = .41, P < .01), whereas chronic family difficulties and parental warmth together with the current bowel function variables, fecal and flatus continence function, best explained the variance in psychosocial outcome (R2 = .77, P < .0001). Thus, the differences in treatment procedures and continence function between the HD and LARA groups may partially explain differences in mental and psychosocial outcome. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that anal dilatation and continence dysfunction may have negative impact on mental health and psychosocial functioning. Indications for and ways of performing the procedure of dilation, and the treatment of persistent incontinence problems, are questioned.

• Diseth, Trond H; Bjørnland, Kristin; Nøvik, Torunn Stene & Emblem, Ragnhild (1997). Bowel function, mental health and psychosocial function in adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood.  ISSN 0003-9888.  76, s 1- 7
• Diseth, Trond H; Bjørnland, Kristin; Nøvik, Torunn Stene & Emblem, Ragnhild (1997). Bowel function, mental health, and psychosocial function in adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood.  ISSN 0003-9888.  76(2), s 100- 106 Vis sammendrag

  Congenital intestinal malformations are uncommon and may pose lasting somatic difficulties. Patients with anorectal anomalies have a high frequency of persistent faecal dysfunction and psychosocial problems. This study examined whether adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease have more psychosocial problems than their healthy peers. Nineteen adolescents (mean age 15.7 years) with Hirschsprung's disease were assessed for bowel function, anorectal physiology, mental health, and psychosocial functioning by physical examinations, semistructured interview, and standardised questionnaires. The adolescents were compared with controls. The parents of 13 adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease were interviewed and completed questionnaires. Thirty two per cent of the adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease had significant impairment of continence, but no more psychopathology (16%) nor psychosocial dysfunction as a group than their healthy peers. Faecal incontinence was associated with poorer psychosocial functioning and parental criticism. The fact that a significant number of patients with Hirschsprung's disease have incontinence into adulthood indicates the need for parental counselling, encouraging realistic expectations about continence.

• Emblem, Ragnhild; Diseth, Trond H & Mørkrid, Lars (1997). Anorectal anomalies: anorectal manometric function and anal endosonography in relation to functional outcome. Pediatric surgery international (Print).  ISSN 0179-0358.  12, s 516- 519
• Diseth, Trond H & Emblem, Ragnhild (1996). Somatic function, mental health and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with anorectal anomalies. Journal of Pediatric Surgery.  ISSN 0022-3468.  31, s 638- 643
• Emblem, Ragnhild; Diseth, Trond H & Schulz, A (1996). Klinisk og fysiologisk anorectalfunksjon hos pasienter med blæreexstrofi. Vitenskapelige forhandlinger - De norske kirurgiske foreninger.  ISSN 0801-5902.  s 253

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• Bjørnland, Kristin; Diseth, Trond H & Emblem, Ragnhild (1996). Long term evaluation of patients operated with Duhamel procedure. Scand. association of Pediatric surgeons.  ISBN 91-630-2498-5.

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• Diseth, Trond H; Bøen, Erlend & Malt, Eva (2019). Psykosomatikk og nevropsykiatri, I: Eirik Helseth; Terje Rootwelt & Hanne Flinstad Harbo (red.),  Nevrologi og nevrokirurgi ; fra barn til voksen.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 9788245024739.  s 169 - 180
• Smeland, Anja Hetland; Twycross, Alison; Lundeberg, Stefan; Reinertsen, Hanne; Nybro, Lill; Næss, Torgun; Carlsen, Eva; Diseth, Trond H & Rustøen, Tone (2017). Pediatric Postoperative Pain Management. Children`s views about pain after surgery: A qualitative study..
• Bjørndal, Arild; Diseth, Trond H & Holte, Arne (2016). Varsko om skolestress. Tilbeste.no.
• Bjørndal, Arild; Diseth, Trond H & Holte, Arne (2016). Varsko om skolestress. VG : Verdens gang.  ISSN 0805-5203.
• Eilertsen, Mary-Elizabeth Bradley; Reinfjell, Trude; Hjemdal, Odin; Le, thien Thanh & Diseth, Trond H (2015). Resilience and mental health in parents of children surviving Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia.
• Reinfjell, Trude; lofsstad, G.E.; Eilertsen, Mary-Elizabeth Bradley; Diseth, Trond H & Hestad, Knut (2015). Neuropsychological outcome in children and adolescents treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia with chemotherapy only.
• Diseth, Trond H (2014). Kronisk somatisk sykdom og symptomatologi hos barn og unge, I:  Psykiske reaksjoner ved somatisk sykdom.  Cappelen Damm Akademisk.  ISBN 9788202418786.  kapittel.  s 674 - 694
• Diseth, Trond H & Malt, Eva (2014). Psykosomatikk og nevrologi, I:  Nevrologi og nevrokirurgi fra barn til voksen, 6.utgave.  Forlaget Vett & Viten AS.  ISBN 978-82-412-0709-9.  kapittel.  s 235 - 245
• Dyb, Grete; Jensen, Tine Kristin; Nygaard, Egil; Ekeberg, Øyvind; Diseth, Trond H & Thoresen, Siri (2013). Post-traumatic stress reactions (PTSR) in survivors from a terror attack in Norway: Exploring the meaning of gender, age, traumatic exposure and social support in an unselected and highly exposed group..
• Ekeberg, Øivind; Bjartveit, M; Diseth, Trond H; Eide, E; Skogstad, Laila & Small, T (2012). Psychosocial interventions in a University hospital after the act of terror in Oslo 22 July 2011. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.  ISSN 0022-3999.  72(6), s 477- 477
• Haveraaen, Sissel Berg & Diseth, Trond H (2012). Stønad ved barns sykdom - mer besvær enn støtte?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  132(14), s 1633- 1636 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0714
• Diseth, Trond H; Haraldsen, Ira Hebold; Schreiner, Thomas & Tønseth, Kim Aleksander (2010). Udokumenterte påstander om GID-klinikken. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  130(10), s 1014
• Reinfjell, Trude; Eilertsen, Mary-Elizabeth Bradley; Hestad, Knut & Diseth, Trond H (2010). Cognitive outcome in children and adolescents in long-term remission from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and treated with chemotherapy.
• Reinfjell, Trude; Lofstad, Grete Elisabeth; Eilertsen, Mary-Elizabeth & Diseth, Trond H (2010). CHILDREN IN REMISSION FROM ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA: MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT. Pediatric Blood & Cancer.  ISSN 1545-5009.  55(5), s 968- 968
• Faugli, Anne; Bjørnland, Kristin; Aamodt, Geir; Emblem, Ragnhild & Diseth, Trond H (2006). The impact of medical illness and invasive treatment procedures on early parent-child interaction assessed by PCERA and CARE-Index. Vis sammendrag

  THE IMPACT OF MEDICAL ILLNESS AND INVASIVE TREATMENT PROCEDURES ON EARLY PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION ASSESSED BY PCERA AND CARE-INDEX Faugli A., Bjørnland K., Aamodt, G., Emblem R., Diseth, T.H. A serious medical illness that occurs during infancy creates adversities in the infant and represents emotional responses by parents, being challenging to the parent-child interaction. It is essential to use a reliable and valid standardized instrument as PCERA and CARE-index in assessing this parent-child relationship. Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital anomaly requiring neonatal surgery. Typical symptoms are frothing and bubbling of saliva, coughing, and respiratory distress. Feeding exacerbate these symptoms. Invasive procedures may be necessary to prevent nutritional problems. Little is known about long-term psychosocial function of children with EA, and the emotional response the parent brings into the parent child interaction and relationship. Aim of the study was to compare the parent-child interaction in infants with EA with infants with minor urological diseases submitted to the surgical ward using CARE-index and PCERA. The sample consists of 39 one year old infants with EA born in 1999-2003, and their mothers and fathers. The comparison group consists of 10 infants healthy at birth, submitted at the surgery unit, matched for age and gender, and their parents. GHQ and STAI assessing parent well being, depression and anxiety were used. Registration of medical data was done prospectively from first admission. The dyadic profiles of the two groups on the CARE-index will be compared with those on the PCERA.

• Faugli, Anne; Bjørnland, Kristin; Skreden, Marianne; Skari, Hans; Björk, Merethe Dalholt; Emblem, Ragnhild & Diseth, Trond H (2006). Comparison of parental psychological distress among children diagnosed with surgical congenital malformations and children in the general population. Vis sammendrag

  Faugli, A., Bjørnland, K., Skreden, M., Skari, H., Emblem, R., Diseth, T.H. Anne Faugli, M.D., The National Hospital/University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway anne.faugli@medisin.uio.no COMPARISON OF PARENT PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AMONG CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH SURGICAL CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS AND CHILDREN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION Background: The birth of an infant with a congenital anomaly is a stressful and emotionally demanding experience for parents. Parenting stress is an important factor influencing parenting behavior and parent-child interaction. This kind of stress may arise from child, parent, and environmental characteristics. Little is known about parental stress around and after the birth of a baby with a surgical anomaly. Aim of the study: To assess psychological stress in parents of one year old children with a severe congenital malformation and parents of children with minor congenital malformations compared to psychological stress in parents of children in the general population. Material and methods: As part of a prospective, longitudinal follow up study of children with esophageal atresia we assessed psychological stress in their parents. 18 one year old children with esophageal atresia, 10 children matched on age and gender with minor urological problems, and 100 1-2 year old children in the general population and their parents were included. The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire study. Standardized psychometric self report instruments (GHQ 30, STAI-X1 and SPSQ) were used, assessing depression, anxiety and parenting stress. Child medical data were registered from medical reports. Results: Multidimensional outcome variables will be tested, searching for predictors of parent stress among children with surgical congenital anomalies and normal children. The results will be presented.

• Faugli, Anne; Bjørnland, Kristin; Veenstra, Marijke; Emblem, Ragnhild & Diseth, Trond H (2006). Relational patterns and predictors of maternal anxiety and sensitivity among infants with esophageal atresia.
• Refsum, Sigvald B; Gudmundsson, Kolbeinn & Diseth, Trond H (2003). Ble det gutt eller pike?. Vis sammendrag

  Sigvald Refsum, Kolbeinn Gudmundsson og Trond H. Diseth, alle tilknyttet Barnekirurgisk seksjon, ble tildelt vårens stabsmøtepris for foredraget "Ble det gutt eller pike?" Øyvind Skraastad begrunner tildelingen slik: � Et meget godt foredrag som illustrerer behovet for tverrfaglighet og som viser Rikshospitalets kompetanse innen en komplisert pasientgruppe.

• Diseth, Trond H (2001). Hyperaktivitet sett innenfra. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  121, s 855- 856
• Aksnes, Gunnar; Helseth, Are; Edvin, Bjørn; Stange, Marianne; Diseth, Trond H; Aafos, Gabrielle & Emblem, Ragnhild (2000). Appendicostomy for antegrade enema in children with meningomyelocele.
• Bjørnland, Kristin; Diseth, Trond H & Emblem, Ragnhild (1997). Langtidsresultater etter radikaloperasjon for Hirschprungs sykdom.
• Diseth, Trond H (1997). Adolescents with congenital malformations in the anorecto-urogenital region. A clinical bio-psycho-social study.
• Diseth, Trond H; Bjørnland, Kristin & Emblem, Ragnhild (1997). Mental and psychosocial consequences of treatment procedures and bowel function in adolescents with congenital intestinal anomalies.
• Emblem, Ragnhild & Diseth, Trond H (1996). Psychological adjustment in adolescents treated for anorectal anomalies.
• Emblem, Ragnhild; Schultz, Alexander & Diseth, Trond H (1996). Clinical and physiological anorectal function in bladder extrophy.

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