Ahmed Ali Madar

• Czapka, Elzbieta; Herrero-Arias, Raquel; Younes, Jasmin Haj; Hasha, Wegdan Hamed Nasser; Madar, Ahmed Ali & Møen, Kathy Ainul Mashrooka [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). ‘Who is telling the truth?’ Migrants’ experiences with COVID-19 related information in Norway: a qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/14034948221135237.
• Madar, Ahmed Ali; Benavente, Pierina; Czapka, Elżbieta; Herrero-Arias, Raquel; Younes, Jasmin Haj & Hasha, Wegdan Hamed Nasser [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). COVID-19: information access, trust and adherence to health advice among migrants in Norway. Archives of Public Health. ISSN 0778-7367. 80(15). doi: 10.1186/s13690-021-00764-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhou, Bin; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Danaei, Goodarz; Riley, Leanne M.; Paciorek, Christopher J. & Stevens, Gretchen A. [Show all 100 contributors for this article] (2021). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 398(10304), p. 957–980. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2821%2901330-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Iurilli, Maria Laura Caminia; Zhou, Bin; Bennett, James E.; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Sophiea, Marisa K. & Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea [Show all 77 contributors for this article] (2021). Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight. eLIFE. ISSN 2050-084X. 10. doi: 10.7554/eLife.60060. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.

• Heen, Espen Kolstad; Romøren, Maria; Yassin, Amal A & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2021). Household Water is the Main Source of Iodine Consumption Among Women in Hargeisa, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0022-3166. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab377. Show summary

  Background: Iodine status surveys of women in Somaliland present widely conflicting results. Previous research indicates elevated concentrations of iodine (IQR 18-72 µg/L) in groundwater used for drinking and cooking, but the relationship with iodine intake is not characterized well. Objective: We aimed to investigate the contribution of household water iodine concentration (WIC), breastfeeding, total fluid intake, hydration levels, and urine volume on urinary iodine concentration and excretion (UIC, UIE) during 24 hours, and to define iodine status from iodine intake estimates and median UIC, normalized to a mean urine volume of 1.38L/day (hydration-adjusted). Methods: The study sample comprised 118 nonpregnant, healthy women aged 15-69. All resided in Hargeisa; 27 breastfeeding. Data collection consisted of a 24-hour (24-h) urine collection, a 24-h fluid intake diary, a beverage frequency questionnaire, and a structured recall interview. We measured UIC and WIC in all urine and in 49 household-water samples using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Results: WIC ranged between 3 and 188 μg/L, with significant median differences across the water sources and city districts (P

• Heen, Espen Kolstad; Madar, Ahmed Ali; Yassin, Amal A & Romøren, Maria (2021). Estimates of fluid intake, urine output and hydration-levels in women from Somaliland: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Nutritional Science (JNS). ISSN 2048-6790. doi: 10.1017/jns.2021.54. Show summary

  The study objective was to measure fluid intake and associations with background characteristics and hydration biomarkers in healthy, free-living, non-pregnant women aged 15–69 years from Hargeisa city. We also wanted to estimate the proportion of euhydrated participants and corresponding biomarker cut-off values. Data from 136 women, collected through diaries and questionnaires, 24h urine samples and anthropometric measurements, were obtained with a cross-sectional, purposeful sampling from fifty-two school and health clusters, representing approximately 2250 women. The mean (95 % CI) 24 h total fluid intake (TFI) for all women was 2⋅04 (1⋅88, 2⋅20) litres. In multivariate regression with weight, age, parity and a chronic health problem, only weight remained a predictor (P 0.034, B 0.0156 (l/kg)). Pure water, Somali tea and juice from powder and syrup represented 49⋅3, 24⋅6 and 11⋅7 % of TFI throughout the year, respectively. Mean (95 % CI) 24 h urine volume (Uvol) was 1⋅28 (1⋅17, 1⋅39) litres. TFI correlated strongly with 24 h urine units (r 0.67) and Uvol (r 0.59). Approximately 40 % of the women showed inadequate hydration, using a threshold of urine specific gravity (Usg) of 1⋅013 and urine colour (Ucol) of 4. Five percent had Usg > 1⋅020 and concomitant Ucol > 6, indicating dehydration. TFI lower cut-offs for euhydrated, non-breast-feeding women were 1⋅77 litres and for breast-feeding, 2⋅13 litres. Euhydration cut-off for Uvol was 0⋅95 litre, equalling 9⋅2 urine units. With the knowledge of adverse health effects of habitual hypohydration, Somaliland women should be encouraged to a higher fluid intake.

• Taddei, Cristina; Zhou, Bin; Bixby, Honor; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Danaei, Goodarz & Jackson, Rod T. [Show all 55 contributors for this article] (2020). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol . Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 582, p. 73–77. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea; Zhou, Bin; Sophiea, Marisa K.; Bentham, James; Paciorek, Christopher J. & Turilli, Maria L.C. [Show all 54 contributors for this article] (2020). Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 396(10261), p. 1511–1524. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2820%2931859-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Madar, Ahmed Ali; Strand, Bjørn Heine & Meyer, Haakon E (2020). Self-reported health and associated factors among the immigrant populations in Norway. Journal of Public Health (Berlin). ISSN 2198-1833. doi: 10.1007/s10389-020-01266-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Madar, Ahmed Ali; Heen, Espen Kolstad; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter; Carlsen, Monica Hauger & Meyer, Haakon E (2020). Iodine intake in Norwegian women and men: The population-based Tromsø Study 2015–2016. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 12(11), p. 1–13. doi: 10.3390/nu12113246. Full text in Research Archive
• Heen, Espen Kolstad & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2020). Bottled Water from National Manufacturers in Somaliland: Water Quality and Health Implications. ScienceOpen. ISSN 2199-1006. doi: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PPRWQPU.v1.
• Itkonen, Suvi T.; Andersen, Rikke; Björk, Anne K.; Konde, Åsa Brugård; Eneroth, Hanna & Erkkola, Maijaliisa [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Vitamin D status and current policies to achieve adequate vitamin D intake in the Nordic countries. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. p. 1–12. doi: 10.1177/1403494819896878. Full text in Research Archive
• Ahmed , Hassan Soheir; Marjerrison, Niki; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg; Stigum, Hein; Htet, Aung Soe & Bjertness, Espen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Somalis Living in Norway and Somaliland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 16(13), p. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16132353. Full text in Research Archive
• Ahmed, Soheir H.; Meyer, Haakon E; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg; Marjerrison, Niki; Mdala, Ibrahimu & Htet, Aung Soe [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). The prevalence of selected risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Hargeisa, Somaliland: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7101-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Hassan Ahmed, Soheir; Meyer, Haakon E; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2018). Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity among Somalis in Norway and Somaliland: A Comparative Study. Journal of Obesity. ISSN 2090-0708. 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/4539171. Full text in Research Archive
• Chen, Sairah Lai Fa; Dahl, Cecilie; Meyer, Haakon E & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2018). Estimation of Salt Intake Assessed by 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion among Somali Adults in Oslo, Norway. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 10(7). doi: 10.3390/nu10070900. Full text in Research Archive
• Addawe, Mohammed-nur-Ahmed; Mburu, Christina Brux & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2018). Barriers to cervical cancer screening: A qualitative study among Somali women in Oslo Norway. Health and Primary Care (HPC). ISSN 2515-107X. 2(1), p. 1–5. doi: 10.15761/HPC.1000128.
• Madar, Ahmed Ali; Meltzer, Helle Margrete; Heen, Espen K & Meyer, Haakon E (2018). Iodine Status among Somali Immigrants in Norway. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 10(3). doi: 10.3390/nu10030305. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Tine Mejdell; Mburu, Christina Brux; Kongelf, Anine; Tingberg, Tonje; Sannoh, Fatmata & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2017). Red Cross volunteers’ experience with a mobile community event- based surveillance (CEBS) system in Sierra Leone during-and after the Ebola outbreak- A qualitative study. Health and Primary Care (HPC). ISSN 2515-107X. doi: 10.15761/hpc.1000114. Full text in Research Archive
• Madar, Ahmed Ali; Gundersen, Thomas E; Haug, Anne M & Meyer, Haakon E (2017). Vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D status in children of immigrant background in Norway. Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. 20(16), p. 2887–2892. doi: 10.1017/S136898001700180X. Full text in Research Archive
• Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg; Madar, Ahmed Ali; Brekke, Mette; Meyer, Haakon E; Eggemoen, Åse Ruth & Mdala, Ibrahimu [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Effect of Vitamin D on Thyroid Autoimmunity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial Among Ethnic Minorities. Journal of the Endocrine Society (JES). ISSN 2472-1972. 1 (5), p. 470–479. doi: 10.1210/js.2017-00037.
• Meyer, Haakon E; Skram, Kristina; Berge, Ingvill Almås; Madar, Ahmed Ali & Bjørndalen, Hilde (2017). Nutritional rickets in Norway: a nationwide register-based cohort study. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 7(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015289. Full text in Research Archive
• Løvlie, Astrid Louise & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2016). Postpartum Depression Among Somali Women in Norway. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. ISSN 1557-1912. p. 1–7. doi: 10.1007/s10903-016-0487-y.
• Madar, Ahmed Ali; Stene, Lars Christian; Meyer, Haakon E; Brekke, Mette; Lagerløv, Per & Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg (2016). Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among ethnic minorities living in Norway. Nutrition Journal. ISSN 1475-2891. 15. doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0192-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Madar, Ahmed Ali; Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg; Stene, Lars Christian; Brekke, Mette; Lagerløv, Per & Meyer, Haakon E [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Effect of vitamin D3-supplementation on bone markers (serumP1NP and CTX): A randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial among healthy immigrants living in Norway . Bone Reports. ISSN 2352-1872. 2, p. 82–88. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2015.05.004.
• Avagyan, Diana; Neupane, Sudan Prasad; Gundersen, Thomas & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2015). Vitamin D status in pre-school children in rural Nepal. Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. p. 1–7. doi: 10.1017/S136898001500083X.
• Avagyan, Diana; Neupane, Sudan Prasad; Gundersen, Thomas Erik & Madar, Ahmed Ali (2014). Vitamin D status in pre-school children in rural Nepal. Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. 19(3), p. 470–476. doi: 10.1017/S136898001500083X.
• Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg; Madar , Ahmed Ali; Brekke, Mette; Meyer, Haakon E; Natvig, Bård & Mdala, Ibrahimu [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Effect of vitamin D on musculoskeletal pain and headache: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among adult ethnic minorities in Norway. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 155(12), p. 2591–2598. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.024.
• Madar , Ahmed Ali; Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg; Stene, Lars Christian; Brekke, Mette; Meyer, Haakon E & Lagerløv, Per (2014). Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fructosamine, serum lipids, and body mass index: a randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled trial among healthy immigrants living in Norway. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. ISSN 2052-4897. 2. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000026. Full text in Research Archive
• Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg; Madar , Ahmed Ali; Lagerløv, Per; Brekke, Mette; Raastad, Truls & Stene, Lars Christian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Does Vitamin D Improve Muscle Strength in Adults? A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial Among Ethnic Minorities in Norway. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM). ISSN 0021-972X. 99(1), p. 194–202. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-2647.
• Holvik, Kristin; Madar , Ahmed Ali; Meyer, Haakon E; Lofthus, Cathrine Marie & Stene, Lars Christian (2012). Changes in the vitamin D endocrine system and bone turnover after oral vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults: results of a randomised trial. BMC Endocrine Disorders. ISSN 1472-6823. 12. doi: 10.1186/1472-6823-12-7. Show summary

  Background: There is uncertainty as to which intake of vitamin D is needed to suppress PTH and maintain normal bone metabolism throughout winter at northern latitudes. We aimed to investigate whether four weeks’ daily supplementation with 10 μg vitamin D3 from fish oil produced a greater change in serum vitamin D metabolites, parathyroid hormone, and bone turnover in healthy adults compared with solid multivitamin tablets. Furthermore, it was studied whether age, gender, ethnic background, body mass index, or serum concentrations at baseline predicted the magnitude of change in these parameters. Methods: Healthy adults aged 19–48 years living in Oslo, Norway (59°N) were randomised to receive a daily dose of 10 μg vitamin D3 given as fish oil capsules or multivitamin tablets during four weeks in late winter. Serum samples from baseline and after 28 days were analysed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (s-1,25(OH)2D), intact parathyroid hormone (s-iPTH), and osteoclast-specific tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (s-TRACP). Fifty-five eligible participants completed the intervention (74% of those randomised). Results: S-25(OH)D increased by mean 34.1 (SD 13.1) nmol/l, p < 0.001; s-iPTH decreased by mean 1.2 (SD 2.5) pmol/l, p = 0.001; s-1,25(OH)2D increased by mean 13 (SD 48) pmol/l, p = 0.057; and s-TRACP increased by mean 0.38 (SD 0.33) U/l, p < 0.001. For all these parameters, there was no difference between fish oil and multivitamin formulation. Baseline concentrations were the only independent predictors of changes in biochemical parameters. Conclusions: Four weeks of daily supplementation with 10 μg vitamin D3 decreased mean s-iPTH and increased s-TRACP concentration, and this did not differ by mode of administration. Our results suggest an increased bone resorption following vitamin D supplementation in young individuals, despite a decrease in parathyroid hormone levels. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01482689

• Madar , Ahmed Ali; Klepp, Knut Inge & Meyer, Haakon E (2011). The effect of tailor-made information on vitamin D status of immigrant mothers in Norway: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition. ISSN 1740-8695. 7(1), p. 92–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00238.x.
• Madar, AA; Klepp, KI & Meyer, Haakon E (2009). Effect of free vitamin D-2 drops on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants with immigrant origin: a cluster randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0954-3007. 63(4), p. 478–484. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602982.
• Madar, Ahmed A; Stene, Lars Christian & Meyer, Haakon E (2009). Vitamin D status among immigrant mothers from Pakistan, Turkey and Somalia and their infants attending child health clinics in Norway. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 101(7), p. 1052–1058. doi: 10.1017/S0007114508055712.
• Holvik, Kristin; Madar, Ahmed A; Meyer, Haakon E; Lofthus, Cathrine M & Stene, Lars Christian (2007). A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 mu g cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 98(3), p. 620–625. doi: 10.1017/S000711450773074X.

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• Diaz, Esperanza; Nørredam, Marie; Aradhya, Siddartha; Benfield, T.L.; Krasnik, Allan & Madar, Ahmed Ali [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Situational Brief: Migration and Covid-19 in Scandinavian Countries. Lancet ERA - International Health.
• Chol, Ri Hak; Madar, Ahmed Ali; Slettedal, J.K; Bjertness, Kjersti B.; Sundby, Johanne & Bjertness, Espen (2019). Drivers of health transition in the DPRK. The Lancet Planetary Health. ISSN 2542-5196. 3 (3), p. 118–119. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196%2819%2930013-0..
• Holvik, Kristin; Meyer, Haakon E; Madar, Ahmed Ali & Brustad, Magritt (2019). Ikke nødvendig med høydosetilskudd av vitamin D. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(7), p. 602–604. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0749.
• Holst, Christine; Sukums, Felix; Ngowi, Helena; Radovanović, Danica; Mwakapeje, Elibariki & Mdala, Ibrahimu [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Free access to digital health information in Iringa, Tanzania: Development, provision and testing the effect of digital health messages to rural communities.
• Torheim, Liv Elin; Meltzer, Helle Margrete; Dahl, Lisbeth; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Madar, Ahmed Ali & Abel, Marianne Hope (2017). - Gode grunner til å ha melk og sjømat i kostholdet. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X.
• Abel, Marianne Hope; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Dahl, Lisbeth; Torheim, Liv Elin; Madar, Ahmed Ali & Meltzer, Helle Margrete (2017). Jodsituasjonen i Norge -Et akutt behov for tiltak. Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring (NTFE). ISSN 1503-5034. p. 24–29.
• Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg; Madar, Ahmed Ali; Brekke, Mette; Meyer, Haakon E; Natvig, Bård & Mdala, Ibrahimu [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Effect of vitamin D on musculoskeletal pain and headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among adult ethnic minorities in Norway.
• Bjertness, Espen & Madar , Ahmed Ali (2014). North Korea: A challenge for global solidarity. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 383(9926), p. 1381–1382. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2814%2960677-2.
• Knutsen, Kirsten Irene Valebjørg; Madar , Ahmed Ali; Meyer, Haakon E; Brekke, Mette; Raastad, Truls & Stene, Lars Christian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Effekt av vitamin D-tilskudd på muskelstyrke, muskelskjelettsmerter og hodepine hos immigranter i Norge. En randomisert, dobbelt blindet, kontrollert studie. Frie foredrag, forskningsdagen. Tildelt AFUs forskningpris.
• Holvik, Kristin; Madar , Ahmed Ali; Stene, Lars Christian; Lofthus, Cathrine Marie & Meyer, Haakon E (2010). Changes in the vitamin D endocrine system and bone turnover (serum tracp) after four weeks of daily vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults: Are there ethnic differences? Osteoporosis International. ISSN 0937-941X. 21, p. 99–99. doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1247-9.
• Holvik, Kristin; Madar, Ahmed Ali; Meyer, Haakon E; Lofthus, Cathrine Marie & Stene, Lars Christian (2007). Effect of Four Weeks of Vitamin D3 Supplementation During Late Winter on Markers of the Vitamin D Endocrine System and Bone Turnover. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. ISSN 0884-0431. 22.
• Holvik, Kristin; Madar, AA; Meyer, HE; Lofthus, CM & Stene, Lars Christian (2007). Effect of four weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation during late winter on markers of the vitamin D endocrine system and bone turnover. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. ISSN 0884-0431. 22.
• Holvik, Kristin; Madar, Ahmed Ali; Meyer, Haakon E; Lofthus, Cathrine Marie & Stene, Lars Christian (2006). A Randomized Comparison of Increase in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D after Oral Intake of 10 µg Vitamin D3 from Multivitamin Tablets or Fish Oil Capsules in Healthy Young Adults. Show summary

  Many types of vitamin supplements are available on the market, but little is known about whether vitamin D3 obtained from fat-containing capsules differs in bioavailability from that of solid tablets. We performed a randomized trial in order to compare two common vitamin D supplements. Our objective was to test whether four weeks of daily supplementation with 10 µg vitamin D3 given as a fish oil capsule produces a larger increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels compared with the same dose of vitamin D3 given as a multivitamin tablet. A total of 55 healthy subjects aged 19-48 yr (mean 28.5 yr) completed the study during late winter 2005. After completing a self-administered questionnaire about diet and sun exposure and having a non-fasting venous blood sample drawn, participants were randomized to receive either multivitamin tablets of type Vitaplex ABCD, or fish oil capsules. A second blood sample was drawn after 28 days of supplementation. The vitamin D3 content of both supplements was assessed by an independent laboratory; mean (SD) 9.79 (1.51) µg and 9.99 (0.23) µg, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression analysis with change in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D as the dependent variable and intervention supplement as the independent variable, adjusted for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at baseline. In the total sample, mean (95% CI) serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 44.3 (38.0, 50.7) nmol/l at baseline, and it increased by 34.1 (30.5, 37.6) nmol/l during the intervention. The increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.33). We conclude that fish oil capsules and multivitamin tablets containing 10 µg vitamin D3 produced a similar increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels over a 4-week period.

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