Publications
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Grepperud, Sverre Ole & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2025).
The role of pay-for-performance in promoting integrated care.
Public Sector Economics.
49(4),
p. 563–590.
doi:
10.3326/pse.49.4.3.
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This work discusses the role pay-for-performance schemes (P4Ps) have in mitigating
coordination problems between two sequentially organized providers (first and second). We analyse global budgets as well as three P4Ps that differ with respect to the
targeted provider (the first, the second or both). It follows that global budgets introduce coordination problems being reduced when P4Ps are brought in. With respect to
coordination, P4Ps that target the first provider do better than P4Ps that target the second provider due to the first provider having sole responsibility for some coordination problems. Furthermore, the optimal P4Ps are found, not only to define optimal quality levels, but also to depend on the providers’ altruism, the providers’ productivity, their position in the production chain and spill-over effects. The collection of relevant information will thus be costly for P4Ps, and it cannot be ruled out that global budgets do better than the optimal P4Ps.
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Grepperud, Sverre Ole & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2024).
Contracting with sequential care providers.
Health Economics Review.
14(1),
p. 1–21.
doi:
10.1186/s13561-024-00572-w.
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Background The literature on care coordination refers to high service costs, low quality, and consumer dissatisfaction, as the consequences of institutional fragmentation and uncoordinated care. Objectives In this work we are concerned with the role financial incentives (reimbursement schemes) might play in promoting coordinated care when providers are organized sequentially along a care pathway and the clients (patients) are transferred from one caregiver to another. Methods We apply a game-theoretic framework to analyze the situation where three providers provide services to a patient group and there are interdependencies between the providers in terms of cost-externalities and altruistic patient preferences. Results For activity-based contracts, the incentives for cost containment are efficient (internal efficiency), while the incentives for quality provision are inefficient due to preference misalignments and poor coordination that derive from funding costs, imperfect altruism, the presence of externalities and strategic behavior. The optimal cost-based contracts are mixed contracts that vary across providers according to their position in the production chain, and they consist of the following three elements; (i) fixed budgets, (ii) payments contingent upon the treatment costs of production chain followers (integrated penalties), and (iii) payments contingent upon the providers’ own treatment costs (positive or negative cost-sharing). For these contracts, the providers are typically internally inefficient, while the inefficiencies associated with preference misalignments and poor coordination are solved. Conclusions Our production chain perspective, when compared to single-provider approaches, enhances the appeal of cost-based contracts relative to pure prospective contracts.
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Kagaigai, Alphoncina; Mori, Amani Thomas; Anaeli, Amani & Grepperud, Sverre Ole
(2023).
Whether or not to enroll, and stay enrolled? A Tanzanian cross-sectional study on voluntary health insurance.
Health policy OPEN.
4(20).
doi:
10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100097.
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Kagaigai, Alphoncina; Anaeli, Amani; Grepperud, Sverre Ole & Mori, Amani Thomas
(2023).
Healthcare utilization and catastrophic health expenditure in rural Tanzania: does voluntary health insurance matter?
BMC Public Health.
23(1).
doi:
10.1186/s12889-023-16509-7.
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Background Over 150 million people, mostly from low and middle-income countries (LMICs) suffer from catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) every year because of high out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. In Tanzania, OOP payments account for about a quarter of the total health expenditure. This paper compares healthcare utilization and the incidence of CHE among improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) members and non-members in central Tanzania. Methods A survey was conducted in 722 households in Bahi and Chamwino districts in Dodoma region. CHE was defined as a household health expenditure exceeding 40% of total non-food expenditure (capacity to pay). Concentration index (CI) and logistic regression were used to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in the distribution of healthcare utilization and the association between CHE and iCHF enrollment status, respectively. Results 50% of the members and 29% of the non-members utilized outpatient care in the previous month, while 19% (members) and 15% (non-members) utilized inpatient care in the previous twelve months. The degree of inequality for utilization of inpatient care was higher (insured, CI = 0.38; noninsured CI = 0.29) than for outpatient care (insured, CI = 0.09; noninsured CI = 0.16). Overall, 15% of the households experienced CHE, however, when disaggregated by enrollment status, the incidence of CHE was 13% and 15% among members and non-members, respectively. The odds of iCHF-members incurring CHE were 0.4 times less compared to non-members (OR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.27–0.63). The key determinants of CHE were iCHF enrollment status, health status, socioeconomic status, chronic illness, and the utilization of inpatient and outpatient care. Conclusion The utilization of healthcare services was higher while the incidence of CHE was lower among households enrolled in the iCHF insurance scheme relative to those not enrolled. More studies are needed to establish the reasons for the relatively high incidence of CHE among iCHF members and the low degree of healthcare utilization among households with low socioeconomic status.
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Grepperud, Sverre Ole
(2023).
Ex-ante and ex-post regulation: Does the joint use improve on social welfare?
Nordic Journal of Health Economics.
ISSN 1892-9729.
doi:
10.5617/njhe.9986.
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A principle-agent model is applied to discuss the relationship between ex-ante regulation (standards) and ex-post regulation (firm and worker fines). Accident risks (e.g. medical errors) are affected by decisions made both by the firm (hospital) itself and the employees of the firm (healthcare workers), the regulator observes the safety efforts of the firm and (a share of) the occurrences of accidents, while worker safety efforts are non-contractible. We find that standards and firm fines are substitutes since their joint use does not improve social welfare relatively to their exclusive use. However, standards and worker fines become complements (the joint use improves social welfare relative to their exclusive use) in the presence of firm-related accident costs.
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Kagaigai, Alphoncina & Grepperud, Sverre Ole
(2023).
The role of risk preferences: voluntary health insurance in rural Tanzania.
Health Economics Review.
13(20).
doi:
10.1186/s13561-023-00432-z.
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Background Lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) have a common goal to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) through voluntary health insurance schemes. This is important to improve access to healthcare services and ensure financial protection for all by reducing out-of-pocket expenditures. This study aimed to examine the role of risk preferences on enrollment status (currently insured, previously insured, and never insured) into a Tanzanian voluntary health insurance scheme targeted at the informal sector. Methods Data were collected from households in a random sample of 722 respondents. The risk preference measure was based on a hypothetical lottery game which applies the BJKS instrument. This instrument measures income risk where the respondents are to choose between a certain income and a lottery. Both multinomial and simple logistic regression models have been used to analyze the relationship between risk aversion and enrollment status. Results On average, the respondents have a high degree of risk aversion, and the insured are more risk averse than the uninsured (previously insured and never insured). There is a weak tendency for the wealthiest, measured by household income or total household expenditure, to be somewhat more risk averse than the less wealthy. Logistic and multinomial logistic regressions show that risk aversion is strongly associated with enrollment status. A higher degree of risk aversion significantly increases the probability of being insured, relative to being previously insured, and relative to being never insured. Conclusion Risk aversion matters in a decision to enroll into the iCHF scheme. Strengthening the benefit package for the scheme, might increase the enrollment rate and hence improve access to healthcare services for people in rural areas and those employed in the informal sector.
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Grepperud, Sverre Ole & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2022).
Performance Pay and Multiple Tasks; Inner Motivations and Participation Constraints.
Journal of Applied Business and Economics (JABE).
ISSN 1499-691X.
24(5),
p. 126–148.
doi:
10.33423/jabe.v24i5.5619.
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Kagaigai, Alphoncina; Anaeli, Amani; Mori, Amani Thomas & Grepperud, Sverre
(2021).
Do household perceptions influence enrolment decisions into community-based health insurance schemes in Tanzania?
BMC Health Services Research.
21.
doi:
10.1186/s12913-021-06167-z.
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Background Several countries including Tanzania, have established voluntary non-profit insurance schemes, commonly known as community-based health insurance schemes (CBHIs), that typically target rural populations and the informal sector. This paper considers the importance of household perceptions towards CBHIs in Tanzania and their role in explaining the enrolment decision of households. Methods This was a cross-sectional household survey that involved 722 households located in Bahi and Chamwino districts in the Dodoma region. A three-stage sampling procedure was used, and the data were analyzed using both factor analysis (FA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Statistical tests such as Bartlett’s test of sphericity, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) for sampling adequacy, and Cronbach’s alpha test for internal consistency and scale reliability were performed to examine the suitability of the data for PCA and FA. Finally, multivariate logistic regressions were run to determine the associations between the identified factors and the insurance enrolment status. Results The PCA identified seven perception factors while FA identified four factors. The quality of healthcare services, preferences (social beliefs), and accessibility to insurance scheme administration (convenience) were the most important factors identified by the two methods. Multivariate logistic regressions showed that the factors identified from the two methods differed somewhat in importance when considered as independent predictors of the enrollment status. The most important perception factors in terms of strength of association (odds ratio) and statistical significance were accessibility to insurance scheme administration (convenience), preferences (beliefs), and the quality of health care services. However, age and income were the only socio-demographic characteristics that were statistically significant. Conclusion Household perceptions were found to influence households’ decisions to enroll in CBHIs. Policymakers should recognize and consider these perceptions when designing policies and programs that aim to increase the enrolment into CBHIs.
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Grepperud, Sverre Ole & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2021).
First and second mover advantages and the degree of conflicting interests.
Managerial and Decision Economics (MDE).
ISSN 0143-6570.
doi:
10.1002/mde.3494.
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We introduce games consisting of two players where each player's payoff might be differently affected by changes in the decision variable of the rival. The games are classified into three categories: The high-conflict category is characterized by both players having a first mover advantage, the medium-conflict category by (at least) one player having a first mover advantage, and, the low-conflict category by (at least) one player having a second mover advantage. The categories give rise to different equilibria in a prior game where the players are supposed to commit themselves to draw as early or as late as possible.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2020).
Transportstandardbegrepet - noen refleksjoner.
In Mathisen, Terje Andreas & Pedersen, Pål Andreas (Ed.),
Transport i interaksjon mellom marked og offentlig regulering. Festskrift til Finn Jørgensen.
Fagbokforlaget.
ISSN 9788245032130.
p. 61–78.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2020).
Accreditation in regulated markets.
Managerial and Decision Economics (MDE).
ISSN 0143-6570.
41,
p. 1287–1304.
doi:
10.1002/mde.3175.
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We study firms that supply a vertically and horizontally differentiated service in a market with regulated prices. The incentives for seeking accreditation are more significant for sellers of below‐average quality services relative to sellers of above‐average quality services. For homogenous firms, profits are lower in equilibria where both firms seek accreditation relatively to equilibria where neither does. Private and social accreditation incentives typically differ. The welfare optimal reimbursement rate is independent of a firm's actual accreditation decision but dependent on the accreditation decision of the rival. Hence, policies that give extra financial support to firms that accredit are likely to promote inefficiency.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2020).
Positioning and negotiations: The case of pharmaceutical pricing.
European Journal of Political Economy.
ISSN 0176-2680.
62:101853(March),
p. 1–13.
doi:
10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101853.
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We study a positioning game prior to negotiations where each party invests into influential activities in order to raise voter support for their preferred bargaining outcome. The case chosen for our analysis is a bilateral monopoly where a purchaser meets a pharmaceutical firm and where the two negotiate on the price of a new and innovative medicine. We identify factors that influence on the negotiated price such as treatment effects of the new and the existing drug, production costs of the new drug, the price of the existing drug, the marginal cost of public funds and patient group size. Furthermore, it is shown that the negotiated price, depending on the characteristics of a political cost function with regard to the influential activities, is influenced by the order of moves taken by the parties. Regardless of the strategic interrelationships between the two parties, likely positioning games to be played are those where one of the two negotiating parties acts as a leader while the rival acts as a follower.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2020).
Individual - or enterprise liability? the role of sanctions and liability under contractible and non-contarctible safety efforts.
Review of Law & Economics.
ISSN 2194-6000.
2(17).
doi:
10.1515/rle-2016-0068.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the social effectiveness of fines (sanctions) and awards (liability) where accident risks are influenced by decisions made by both the enterprise and the employees of the enterprise (individuals). The regulator observes a proportion of accidents and the safety decision of the individual can be contractible or non-contractible for the enterprise. All sanction regimes yield the first best, given contractible individual care. The liability regimes, however, produce sub-optimal solutions. Given non-contractible individual care, the combined use of an individual sanction and an enterprise sanction (joint use) produces the first best. The exclusive use of an individual sanction produces the first best if the enterprise does not suffer any direct harm. The exclusive use of an enterprise sanction does not, however, produce the first best. If both decision-makers are solvent and have similar liability probabilities, then individual and enterprise liability do equally well under contractible individual care. Individual liability does, however, best for non-contractible individual care.
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Grepperud, Sverre; Mathisen, Terje Andreas & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2019).
Accreditation in a differentiated duopoly.
Managerial and Decision Economics (MDE).
ISSN 0143-6570.
40(3),
p. 336–349.
doi:
10.1002/mde.3005.
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Accreditation is increasingly important worldwide; however, some industries have higher accreditation rates than others. We suggest a duopoly model to discuss how market characteristics affect the incentive for firms to seek accreditation. The discussion relates to the effects accreditation might have on the costs and demands in the markets, the degree of product differentiation (addressing both substitutable and complementary goods), type of competition (various Cournot and Bertrand games), and welfare for society. It follows that markets with high accreditation rates are either characterized by fierce competition (price competition in substitutable goods) or by a high degree of coordination (complementarity).
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2019).
Pay-for-performance schemes: Should optimal prices vary across system and clinical quality indicators?
Nordic Journal of Health Economics.
ISSN 1892-9729.
doi:
10.5617/njhe.5932.
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Munkerud, Siri Fauli; Grepperud, Sverre & Sandberg, Sverre
(2018).
Hjemmetjenesten driver omfattende laboratorievirksomhet.
Sykepleien Forskning.
ISSN 1890-2936.
13,
p. 1–15.
doi:
10.4220/Sykepleienf.2018.65107.
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Bakgrunn: Det er lite kunnskap i helsetjenesten om hvilke laboratorietjenester som ytes for de om lag 145 000 norske brukere av hjemmetjenesten som mottar hjemmesykepleie. Hensikt: Denne studien har kartlagt laboratorievirksomheten i hjemmetjenesten i Nordland, Sogn og Fjordane og Østfold. Metode: Vi hentet inn data om laboratorievirksomhet i hjemmetjenesten ved å sende ut en nettbasert undersøkelse til 165 hjemmetjenesteenheter og 220 fastlegekontorer i de tre fylkene i 2014. Svarprosenten var på henholdsvis 89 og 84. Resultat: Nittifem prosent av enhetene utfører laboratoriearbeid. Av disse analyserer 99 prosent kapillære prøver. Nittiseks prosent utfører urinstrimmeltest, mens 89 prosent tar venøse prøver. Av dem som tar kapillære prøver, analyserer 99 prosent glukose, 56 prosent C-reaktivt protein (CRP), 46 prosent hemoglobin, mens 32 prosent analyserer protrombintid internasjonal normalisert ratio (INR). Hovedsakelig er det fastlegene som rekvirerer venøse prøver og kapillær INR, glukose og hemoglobin, mens hjemmetjenesten ofte selv rekvirerer urinstrimmeltest og CRP. Fastlegekontorene tror de selv rekvirerer en høyere andel av CRP enn de faktisk gjør. Konklusjon: Hjemmetjenesteenhetene har en omfattende laboratorievirksomhet med et analyserepertoar ganske likt det som finnes på sykehjemmene. Gitt det omfattende tilbudet av laboratorietjenester som utføres av hjemmetjenesten og det høye antallet ansatte involvert i slike aktiviteter, er det viktig med kvalitetssikringssystemer kombinert med tilstrekkelig faglig kompetanse.
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Wangen, Knut Reidar & Grepperud, Sverre
(2018).
Supply factors as determinants of treatment costs: clinicians’ assessments of a given set of referrals to community mental health centers in Norway.
BMC Health Services Research.
18(60).
doi:
10.1186/s12913-018-2884-5.
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Background Previous works that uses patterns of prior spending to predict future mental health care expenses (utilization models) are mainly concerned with demand (need) variables. In this paper, we introduce supply variables, both individual rater variables and center variables. The aim is to assess these variables’ explanatory power, and to investigate whether not accounting for such variables could create biased estimates for the effects of need variables. Methods We employed an observational study design where the same set of referrals was assessed by a sample of clinicians, thus creating data with a panel structure being particularly relevant for analyzing supply factors. The referrals were obtained from Norwegian Community Mental Health Centers (outpatient services), and the clinicians assessed the referrals with respect to recommended treatment costs and health status. Results Supply variables accounted for more than 10% of the total variation and about one third of the explained variation. Two groups of supply variables, individual rater variables and center variables (institutions) were equally important. Conclusions Our results confirm that supply factors are important but ignoring such variables, when analyzing demand variables, do not generally seem to produce biased (confounded) coefficients.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2017).
Grønn omsorg - økonomisk evaluering, regulering og kontrakter.
Michael.
ISSN 1893-9651.
14,
p. 210–218.
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I denne artikkelen drøftes forhold som bør tas i betraktning når man vurderer en økt fremtidig satsing på grønn omsorg. Brukere av grønne tjenester er typisk svakt informert om tjenestekvalitet, samtidig som leverandører kan ha mangelfull kompetanse, noe som i sum nødvendiggjør regulering. Selve utformingen av kontrakter mellom leverandører og sponsorer er viktig for å sikre målsettinger om kostnadsbevissthet, kvalitet og rekruttering. Mer forskning på effekter og ressursbruk av slike tjenester er nødvendig. (Tilgjengeliggjort i DUO etter avtale med utgiver)
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Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Grepperud, Sverre; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd
(2015).
Effects on length of stay and costs with same-day retransfer to the referring hospitals for patients with acute coronary syndrome after angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention.
European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care.
ISSN 2048-8726.
doi:
10.1177/2048872615593386.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2015).
Is the hospital decision to seek accreditation an effective one?
International Journal of Health Planning and Management.
ISSN 0749-6753.
30(1),
p. E56–E68.
doi:
10.1002/hpm.2263.
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Grepperud, Sverre; Holman, Per Arne & Wangen, Knut Reidar
(2014).
Factors explaining priority setting at community mental health centres: a quantitative analysis of referral assessments.
BMC Health Services Research.
14,
p. 620–623.
doi:
10.1186/s12913-014-0620-3.
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Background Clinicians at Norwegian community mental health centres assess referrals from general practitioners and classify them into three priority groups (high priority, low priority, and refusal) according to need where need is defined by three prioritization criteria (severity, effect, and cost-effectiveness). In this study, we seek to operationalize the three criteria and analyze to what extent they have an effect on clinical-level priority setting after controlling for clinician characteristics and organisational factors. Methods Twenty anonymous referrals were rated by 42 admission team members employed at 14 community mental health centres in the South-East Health Region of Norway. Intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated and logistic regressions were performed. Results Variation in clinicians’ assessments of the three criteria was highest for effect and cost-effectiveness. An ordered logistic regression model showed that all three criteria for prioritization, three clinician characteristics (education, being a manager or not, and “guideline awareness”), and the centres themselves (fixed effects), explained priority decisions. The relative importance of the explanatory factors, however, depended on the priority decision studied. For the classification of all admitted patients into high- and low-priority groups, all clinician characteristics became insignificant. For the classification of patients, into those admitted and non-admitted, one criterion (effect) and “being a manager or not” became insignificant, while profession (“being a psychiatrist”) became significant. Conclusions Our findings suggest that variation in priority decisions can be reduced by: (i) reducing the disagreement in clinicians’ assessments of cost-effectiveness and effect, and (ii) restricting priority decisions to clinicians with a similar background (education, being a manager or not, and “guideline awareness”).
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2014).
Hva fremmer pasientsikkerheten - ansvarlighet eller åpenhet?
In Botten, Grete Synøve; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (Ed.),
Helsetjenestens nye logikk.
Akademika forlag.
ISSN 9788232103485.
p. 205–214.
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Desser, Arna S.; Olsen, Jan Abel & Grepperud, Sverre
(2013).
Eliciting Preferences for Prioritizing Treatment of Rare Diseases: the Role of Opportunity Costs and Framing Effects.
PharmacoEconomics (Auckland).
ISSN 1170-7690.
31,
p. 1051–1061.
doi:
10.1007/s40273-013-0093-y.
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Berget, Bente; Grepperud, Sverre; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Braastad, Bjarne Olai
(2013).
Animal-assisted interventions and psychiatric disorders: knowledge and attitudes among general practitioners, psychiatrists, and psychologists.
Society & Animals.
ISSN 1063-1119.
21(3),
p. 284–293.
doi:
10.1163/15685306-12341244.
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Holman, Per Arne; Ruud, Torleif & Grepperud, Sverre
(2012).
Horizontal equity and mental health care: a study of priority ratings by clinicians and teams at outpatient clinics.
BMC Health Services Research.
12(162).
doi:
10.1186/1472-6963-12-162.
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Background: In Norway, admission teams at Community Mental Health Centres (CMHCs) assess referrals from General Practitioners (GPs), and classify the referrals into priority groups according to treatment needs, as defined in the Act of Patient Rights. In this study, we analyzed classification of similar referrals to determine the reliability of classification into priority groups (i.e., horizontal equity). Methods: Twenty anonymous case vignettes based on representative referrals were classified by 42 admission team members at 16 CMHCs in the South-East Health Region of Norway. All clinicians were experienced, and were responsible for priority setting at their centres. The classifications were first performed independently by the 42 clinicians (i.e., individual rating), and then evaluated utilizing team consensus within each CMHC (i.e., team rating). Interrater reliability was estimated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) while the reliability of rating across raters and units (generalizability) were estimated using generalizability analysis. Results: The ICCs (2.1 single measure, absolute agreement) varied between 0.40 and 0.51 using individual ratings and between 0.39 and 0.58 using team ratings. Our findings suggest a fair (low) degree of interrater reliability, and no improvement of team ratings was observed when compared to individual ratings. The generalizability analysis, for one rater within each unit, yields a generalizability coefficient of 0.50 and a dependability coefficient of 0.53 (D study). These findings confirm that the reliability of ratings across raters and across units is low. Finally, the degree of inconsistency, for an average measurement, appears to be higher within units than between units (G study). Conclusion: The low interrater reliability and generalizability found in our study suggests that horizontal equity to mental health services is not ensured with respect to priority. Priority -setting in teams provides no significant improvement compared to individual rating, and the additional use of these resources may be questionable. Improved guidelines, tutorials, training and calibration of clinicians may be utilized to improve the reliability of priority-setting.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Bei, Honghong
(2012).
Mange tjenester til få - eller færre til flere?
Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet).
ISSN 0332-6470.
49(12),
p. 1162–1165.
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Holman, Per Arne; Grepperud, Sverre & Tanum, Lars
(2011).
Using Referrals and Priority-Setting Rules to Risk Adjust Budgets: The Case of Regional Psychiatric Centers.
Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics.
ISSN 1091-4358.
14(1),
p. 25–38.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Iversen, Tor
(2011).
Hvem har arbeidsgiverfinansiert behandlingsforsikring?
Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning.
ISSN 0809-2052.
14(1),
p. 15–24.
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Antallet private behandlingsforsikringer, både arbeidsgiverfinansierte og egenfinansierte, fortsetter å
øke. Med data fra Statistisk Sentralbyrås levekårsundersøkelse 2008 viser vi at det å være en yngre
til middelaldrende mann (25–44 år) med høy inntekt,
lavere utdanning og ledende stilling bidrar til å
øke sjansen for å være dekket av en arbeidsgiverbetalt
behandlingsforsikring. Kronisk sykdom reduserer
sjansen noe for å ha slik helseforsikring, mens det er ingen
påviste effekter fra egenrapportert helse. Vi tar
også hensyn til hvilken sektor og næring en arbeidstaker
er ansatt i, og finner da at det å være ansatt i privat
sektor, og i finansnæringen spesielt, medfører en betydelig
økning i sjansen for å ha en arbeidsgiverbetalt
behandlingsforsikring. Samtidig forsvinner nå effektene
av å være mann med lavere utdanning, mens effektene
av inntekt og ledende stilling består. Disse resultatene
synes å bekrefte at en betydelig andel av
denne type av forsikringer kun gjelder for utvalgte ansatte (selektiv forsikring)
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Berget, Bente & Grepperud, Sverre
(2011).
Animal-Assisted Interventions for psychiatric patients: Beliefs in treatment effects among practitioners.
European Journal of Integrative Medicine.
ISSN 1876-3820.
3(2),
p. E91–E96.
doi:
10.1016/j.eujim.2011.03.001.
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Desser, Arna S.; Gyrd-Hansen, Dorte; Olsen, Jan Abel; Grepperud, Sverre & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø
(2010).
Societal views on orphan drugs: cross sectional survey of Norwegians aged 40 to 67.
BMJ. British Medical Journal.
ISSN 0959-8146.
341(c4715).
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2007).
Environmental voluntary behaviour and crowding-out effects: regulation or laissez-faire?
European Journal of Law and Economics.
ISSN 0929-1261.
23(2),
p. 135–149.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2007).
Optimal prevention when informal penalties matter: the case of medical errors.
The B.E. Journals in Economic Analysis & Policy.
7(1).
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Grepperud, Sverre & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2006).
Crowding-effects and work ethics.
Labour.
ISSN 1121-7081.
20(1),
p. 125–138.
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Pedersen, Pål Andreas & Grepperud, Sverre
(2006).
Crowding effects and work ethics.
Labour.
ISSN 1121-7081.
20(1),
p. 125–138.
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This paper analyses optimal contracts in a principal?agent model where the agent is intrinsically motivated, and there is an endogenous relationship between the structure of incentive payments and intrinsic motivation (crowding effects). The analysis shows that crowding effects have implications for the optimal contract, and that, under some conditions, the principal can make better achievements without implementing any economic incentives. Furthermore, it is shown that when high-powered incentives reduce intrinsic motivation (crowding-out), the first-best solution in a principal?agent framework is unattainable.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2005).
Medical errors: getting the incentives right.
International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics.
ISSN 1389-6563.
5,
p. 307–326.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2005).
Medical errors: mandatory reporting, voluntary reporting, or both?
European Journal of Law and Economics.
ISSN 0929-1261.
20,
p. 99–112.
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Gjerde, Jon; Grepperud, Sverre & Kverndokk, Snorre
(2005).
On adaptation and the demand for health.
Applied Economics.
ISSN 0003-6846.
37.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Rasmussen, I
(2004).
A general equilibrium assessment of rebound effects.
Energy Economics.
ISSN 0140-9883.
26,
p. 261–282.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2004).
Medical errors: responsibility and informal penalties.
Harvard Health Policy Review.
ISSN 1533-774X.
5(1),
p. 89–95.
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Botten, Grete Synøve; Grepperud, Sverre & Nerland, Sølve Mikal
(2004).
Trading patients lessons from Scandinavia.
Health Policy.
ISSN 0168-8510.
69,
p. 317–327.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2003).
Avvik og feilbehandling: hva vet vi?
In Berg, O; Søgaard, Anne Johanne; Selikowitz, HS & Aasland, OG (Ed.),
Medisin og samfunn. Festskrift til Grete Botten i anledning hennes 60-årsdag.
Unipub forlag.
ISSN 9788274771406.
p. 263–275.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2003).
Voluntary environmental agreements: Taking up positions and meeting pressure.
Economics & Politics.
ISSN 0954-1985.
15(3),
p. 303–321.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(2003).
Voluntary environmental agreements: Taking up positions and meeting pressure.
?.
15(2),
p. 303–321.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2002).
Voluntary environmental agreements: Bargaining over more than emissions.
European Journal of Political Economy.
ISSN 0176-2680.
p. 545–559.
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Gjerde, Jon; Grepperud, Sverre & Kverndokk, Snorre
(2001).
On adaptation on life-extension possibilities and the demand for health.
Ukjent.
p. 36–36.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(2000).
Optimal soil depletion with output and price uncertainy.
Environment and Development Economics.
ISSN 1355-770X.
5,
p. 221–240.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(1998).
Grenser for Vekst og Vår Felles Framtid: Noen paraleller?
Forskningsrapporter - Program for forskning og utredning av etærekraftig samfunn (ProSus).
ISSN 0806-8992.
p. 83–93.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(1998).
Frivillige avtaler.
Forskningsrapporter - Program for forskning og utredning av etærekraftig samfunn (ProSus).
ISSN 0806-8992.
p. 5–15.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(1997).
The impact of policy on farm conservation incentives in developing countries. What can be learned from theory?
Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture.
ISSN 0049-8599.
36(1),
p. 59–80.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(1997).
Land degradation and climatic uncertainty.
Oxford Economic Papers.
ISSN 0030-7653.
49,
p. 586–608.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(1997).
Soil conservation as an investment in land.
Journal of Development Economics.
ISSN 0304-3878.
p. 455–467.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(1996).
Population pressure and land degradation: the case of Ethiopia.
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.
ISSN 0095-0696.
p. 18–33.
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Grepperud, Sverre
(1995).
Soil conservation and governmental policies: does aid weaken the incentives for arresting erosion?
Agricultural Economics.
ISSN 0169-5150.
p. 129–140.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Mathisen, Terje Andreas
(2019).
A Hotelling model for accreditation incentives – the case of hospitals.
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Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Grepperud, Sverre; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd
(2014).
Effekten på liggetid og kostnader ved samme dags retur av pasienter med Akutt Koronarsyndrom som henvises fra lokalsykehus til koronarangiografi /PCI ved OUS - Ullevål
POSTER.
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Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Grepperud, Sverre; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd
(2014).
Effects on length of stay and costs with same-day retransfer to the referring hospitals for patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome after angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention.
Oral presentation at the workshop.
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Desser, Arna S.; Olsen, Jan Abel & Grepperud, Sverre
(2013).
Eliciting preferences for prioritizing rare diseases: the role of opportunity costs and framing effects.
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Holman, Per Arne; Grepperud, Sverre & Ruud, Torleif
(2011).
Horizontal Equity and Mental Health Services: The Degree of Agreement In Priority-Setting.
Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics.
ISSN 1091-4358.
14,
p. S11–S12.
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Berget, Bente; Grepperud, Sverre; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Braastad, Bjarne Olai
(2011).
Dyreassisterte intervensjoner og psykiske lidelser- kjennskap og holdninger blant leger og psykologer.
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Berget, Bente; Grepperud, Sverre; Aasland, Olaf G. & Braastad, Bjarne Olai
(2011).
Dyreassisterte intervensjoner og psykiske lidelser - kjennskap og holdninger blant leger og psykologer.
In Brodin, Janne Karin & Fog, Megumi Ohta (Ed.),
Husdyrforsøksmøtet 2011.
Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap.
ISSN 9788274790247.
p. 220–223.
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Gjerde, Jon; Grepperud, Sverre & Kverndokk, Snorre
(1999).
Optimal climate policy under the possibility of a catastrophe.
Resource and Energy Economics.
ISSN 0928-7655.
21,
p. 289–317.
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Gjerde, Jon; Grepperud, Sverre & Kverndokk, Snorre
(1997).
Optimal climate policy under the possibility of catastrophes.
Ukjent.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Godager, Geir
(2010).
Har leger realistiske oppfatninger om tilsynsmyndighetenes bruk av reaksjoner?
Statens helsetilsyn.
ISSN 9788290919271.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Pedersen, Pål
(2001).
The crowding-out of work ethics.
Department of economics, University of Kent at Canterbury.
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Grepperud, Sverre & Pedersen, Pål Andreas
(1999).
Posisjonering og trusler i frivillige miljøavtaler.
Prosus.
ISSN 9788274800694.
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Gjerde, Jon; Grepperud, Sverre & Kverndokk, Snorre
(1997).
Optimal Climate Policy under the Possibility of a Catastrophe.
Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB).
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This paper concerns optimal emissions of greenhouse gases when catastrophic consequences are possible. A numerical model is presented which takes into account both continuous climate-feedback damages as well as the possibility of a catastrophic outcome. The uncertainty in the model concerns whether or not a future catastrophe will occur. However, the welfare losses imposed by such an outcome are assumed known to the decision-maker. An important result is that the possibility of a climate catastrophe is a major argument for greenhouse gas abatement even in absence of continuous damage. Special attention is given to analyses on the probability of a catastrophe and the pure rate of time preferences, and the implicit values of these parameters are calculated if the Rio stabilisation target is assumed to be optimal. Finally, the expected value of perfect information about the probability of the arrival of a catastrophe is estimated.
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Published
Apr. 13, 2011 2:45 PM
- Last modified
Oct. 17, 2019 11:22 AM
