Anne Lee Solevåg

• Rød, Irene; Grundt, Hege; Bugge, Kari Elisabeth; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Sørensen, Anne Lene & Tandberg, Bente [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Samskaping med masterstudenter i sykepleie: erfaringer fra et pedagogisk utviklingsarbeid. Uniped - Tidsskrift for universitets- og høgskolepedagogikk. ISSN 1500-4538. 49(3). doi: https:/www.scup.com/doi/10.18261/uniped.49.3.2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn: Studenters rett til medvirkning i høyere utdanning er styrket etter Bologna-erklæringen. Med partnerskap som rammeverk er samskaping blitt en samarbeidsform mellom studenter og undervisere som kan legge til rette for aktiv deltakelse i utviklingen av utdanningstilbud. I dette utviklingsarbeidet ble masterstudenter i sykepleie inkludert som partnere i videreutvikling av emner med et fleksibelt læringsdesign. Hensikt: Hensikten med studien er å utforske hvordan et emneteam i et masterprogram i sykepleie erfarte partnerskapet med studenter i et pedagogisk utviklingsarbeid. Design: Studien har et kvalitativt design forankret i en sosialkonstruktivistisk tilnærming. Metode: Syv individuelle intervjuer ble gjennomført med medlemmer av emneteamet. Analysen er inspirert av Braun og Clarkes refleksive tematiske analyse Resultater. Følgende temaer ble konstruert: (1) samskaping motivert av innsikt og innflytelse, (2) rammer og relasjoner påvirket samskapingsprosessen, (3) betydningen av studentenes erfaringer for utvikling av læringsdesign og (4) erfaring med relevans for den avanserte kliniske sykepleierrollen. Konklusjon: Samskaping med studenter som partnere kan styrke pedagogisk utvikling, fremme reell deltakelse og bidra til inkluderende læringsfellesskap. Det fremstår som en relevant strategi for å utvikle ferdigheter som refleksjon og samarbeid i profesjonsutdanninger på masternivå.B

• Hapnes, Nina; Stensvold, Hans Jørgen; Dalen, Ingvild; Guthe, Hans Jørgen Timm; Støen, Ragnhild & Solevåg, Anne Lee [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2026). Probiotics for extremely preterm infants: a Norwegian population-based study. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2025-330176. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To compare mortality and morbidity in extremely preterm (EPT) and/or extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants receiving or not receiving probiotic supplementation. Design: Nationwide, population-based registry study. Setting: All neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Norway. Participants: All EPT (<28 weeks)/ELBW (<1000 g) infants born between 2014 and 2021, admitted to an NICU. Infants who within the first week of life died, underwent surgery for necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) or did not receive enteral feeds or started with probiotics after the first week of life were excluded from the main analyses. Logistic regression, propensity score matching, inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and clustering analyses were applied. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality after the first week of life. Secondary outcomes were surgical NEC and late-onset sepsis after the first week of life, growth and probiotic sepsis. Results: Among 1596 live-born EPT/ELBW infants, 1268 were included in the main analysis and 676 (53.5%) started probiotics in the first week of life. Probiotics were associated with lower all-cause mortality (IPTW analysis; adjusted OR (aOR) 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97), but no reduction in surgical NEC (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.43). However, in an emulated intention-to-treat scenario, high (>80%) probiotic use versus low (< 30%) was associated with a reduction in surgical NEC (aOR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.86). We found no association between probiotics and sepsis or growth. 5 out of 858 infants (0.58%) exposed to probiotics developed probiotic-associated sepsis, all survived. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation to EPT/ELBW infants was associated with lower all-cause mortality and possibly reduced NEC.

• Zykova, Svetlana; Plaksienko, Anna; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Brigtsen, Anne Karin; Michelsen, Trond Melbye & Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). Neonatal reference intervals for salivary steroids: focus on prematurity, stressful events and perinatal betamethasone. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 14. doi: 10.3389/fped.2026.1808446. Full text in Research Archive
• Karlsen, Marte-Marie Wallander; Rød, Irene; Mariussen, Kari L.; Grundt, Hege; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Sørensen, Anne Lene [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Research efforts within neonatal nursing care in a Nordic context: A scoping review. Journal of Neonatal Nursing. ISSN 1355-1841. 32. doi: 10.1016/j.jnn.2026.101924. Full text in Research Archive
• Hogeveen, Marije; Monnelly, Vix; Binkhorst, Mathijs; Cusack, Jonathan; Fawke, Joe & Kardum, Darjan [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2025). European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Newborn Resuscitation and Support of Transition of Infants at Birth. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 215. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110766. Full text in Research Archive
• Monnelly, Vix; Nakwa, Firdose; Josephsen, Justin B.; Schmölzer, Georg M.; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Rabi, Yacov [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Near-infrared spectroscopy during respiratory support at birth: a systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 110(6), p. 602–609. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2025-328577. Full text in Research Archive
• Nakstad, Britt; Mogomotsi-Pilane, Mbali; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Lusambili, Adelaide (2025). Awareness of neonatal heat illness: a fatal outcome in a late preterm infant. BMJ Case Reports. 18(10). doi: 10.1136/bcr-2025-265923. Full text in Research Archive
• Shaker, Melanie; Solevåg, Anne Lee; O’Reilly, Megan & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2025). Chest compression during sustained inflation versus 3:1 compression-to-ventilation ratio during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asphyxiated piglets. Resuscitation Plus. 26. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.101144. Full text in Research Archive
• Greif, Robert; Lauridsen, Kasper G.; Djärv, Therese; Ek, Jacqueline Eleonora; Monnelly, Vix & Monsieurs, Koenraad G. [Show all 33 contributors for this article] (2025). European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Executive Summary. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 215, p. 110770–110770. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110770. Full text in Research Archive
• Mjelle, Anders Batman; Solberg, Vilde; Rød, Emma; Stenersen, Eydis Oddsdottir; Garberg, Håvard Tetlie & Tølløfsrud, Per Arne [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). C-Reactive Protein Levels of Healthy Term Infants Born After Prolonged Rupture of Membranes. Pediatric Reports. 17(6). doi: 10.3390/pediatric17060133. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background/Objective: Even in the absence of infection, prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) has been associated with elevated neonatal C-reactive protein (CRP). As both the sensitivity and specificity of CRP in predicting early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) may be low, we aimed to describe CRP levels during the first 36 h of life in term infants born after PROM ≥ 24 h. Methods: CRP was measured at 1, 12, and 36 h. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed, taking gestational age, birth weight, sex, delivery mode, and antibiotic treatment into account. Reference CRP values in healthy neonates without sepsis born after PROM were established. Results: Median (range) CRP was 0 (0–62) mg/L, 0 (0–82) mg/L, and 4 (0–92) mg/L at 1, 12, and 36 h, respectively. CRP at 12 and 36 (p < 0.001) but not 1 h was positively correlated with gestational age and birth weight. There was no difference in CRP after C-section vs. vaginal delivery. Among infants without sepsis, CRP was higher at all time points in infants who did vs. those who did not receive antibiotics (p < 0.001). Conclusions: CRP was low in term infants without sepsis born after PROM but with outliers above 60, 80, and 90 mg/L after 1, 12, and 36 h, respectively. Research is needed on the long-term outcomes of infants with inflammation, as evidenced by an elevated CRP after PROM.

• Kvenshagen, Line Norman; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Rettedal, Siren Irene; Kibsgaard-Petersen, Amalie; Eilevstjønn, Joar & Holte, Kari [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Preterm Infants Who Did Not Need Positive Pressure Ventilation Had a Lower Heart Rate Immediately After Birth Than Healthy Term Infants. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 114(8), p. 2035–2043. doi: 10.1111/apa.70079. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim Our aim was to use electrocardiograms immediately after birth to determine the heart rates of healthy newborn infants by gestational age and mode of delivery. Methods This prospective observational study was performed in two Norwegian hospitals from March 2019 to June 2021. We included infants with gestational ages of ≥ 28 weeks and no need for positive pressure ventilation. Continuous heart rate data were collected using dry electrode technology and were used to create percentile charts and compare heart rates by groups. Results We enrolled 214 preterm and 2191 term newborn infants. The median (quartiles) heart rate at 60 s of age was 166 (150–181) beats per minute for preterm infants and 174 (158–187) for term infants (p < 0.05). Term infants born using vacuum extraction, forceps or emergency Caesarean sections had significantly higher heart rates than term infants born by unassisted vaginal deliveries or planned Caesarean sections. The median heart rates of the groups were all within the normal range. Conclusion This study provided normative heart rate data for healthy newborn infants, by gestational age and delivery mode. Although the differences between the groups were statistically significant, they were of limited clinical significance and would not support changes in neonatal resuscitation measures.

• Rød, Irene; Grundt, Hege; Bugge, Kari Elisabeth; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Tandberg, Bente & Aagaard, Hanne (2025). Exploring how flexible learning design influences master's nursing students’ learning: A qualitative design. The Nordic Journal of Nursing Research (NJNR). ISSN 2057-1585. 45, p. 1–9. doi: https:/journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20571585251381288. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Technological advancements and digital accessibility have increased expectations for flexible learning in higher education, requiring pedagogical approaches that support self-regulation and self-directed learning, which are core principles of self-determination theory. The present study aimed to explore how students experienced courses with flexible learning design within a master's nursing programme. Four focus group interviews were conducted with master`s students in advanced clinical neonatal nursing in spring 2023, and the data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. The study adhered to COREQ. Four main themes were identified: “Reflections on Professional Growth”; “Experiences with Flexible Learning Strategies”; “Perceptions of the Learning and Social Environment” and “Balancing Flexibility with Everyday Life”. Flexible learning design supported both autonomy and professional growth. Despite limited face-to-face interaction, students reported a strong sense of relatedness. To meet core psychological needs, a well-structured flexible environment must offer clear communication of structure, expectations and learning opportunities.

• Koo, Jenny; Katheria, Anup C.; Law, Brenda; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Pichler, Gerhard & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2025). Chest Compression Superimposed with Sustained Inflation or 3:1 Compression/Ventilation Ratio During Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Delivery Room: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children. 12(2), p. 1–13. doi: 10.3390/children12020230. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjorth-Johansen, Elin; Børøsund, Elin; Moen, Anne; Martinsen, Ingeborg; Wik, Gunnar & Solevåg, Anne Lee [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). An individualised mobile app was beneficial for the mothers of infants with severe congenital heart defects. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 114(6), p. 1238–1248. doi: 10.1111/apa.17556. Full text in Research Archive
• Koo, Jenny; Cheung, Po-Yin; Pichler, Gerhard; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Law, Brenda Hiu Yan & Katheria, Anup C. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Chest compressions superimposed with sustained inflation during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: are we ready for a clinical trial? Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 110(1). doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326769. Full text in Research Archive
• Greif, Robert; Bray, Janet E.; Djärv, Therese; Drennan, Ian R.; Liley, Helen G. & Ng, Kee-Chong [Show all 157 contributors for this article] (2024). 2024 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: Summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; And First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 150(24), p. e580–e687. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001288. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmölzer, Georg M; Pichler, Gerhard; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Law, Brenda Hiu Yan; Mitra, Souvik & Wagner, Michael [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Sustained inflation and chest compression versus 3:1 chest compression to ventilation ratio during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asphyxiated newborns (SURV1VE): A cluster randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 109(4), p. 428–435. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326383. Full text in Research Archive
• Holtmoen, Hanne Elisabeth Nordli; Aagaard, Hanne & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2023). Initial sykepleie ved hypoksisk-iskemisk encefalopati hos nyfødte – en systematisk oversikt. Sykepleien Forskning. ISSN 1890-2936. 18(94179). doi: 10.4220/sykepleienf.2023.94179. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn: Hypoksisk-iskemisk encefalopati (HIE) er en alvorlig fødselskomplikasjon som forekommer ved cirka 1 av 1000 fødsler i Norge. Mange av barna som rammes, blir født på fødestuer eller sykehus som ikke tilbyr kjølebehandling. Disse barna må stabiliseres før de transporteres til et regionalt kjølesenter for videre behandling. Nevroprotektiv omsorg i denne stabiliserende fasen, også fra et sykepleieperspektiv, er lite dokumentert gjennom forskning. Hensikt: Oppsummere og sammenstille kunnskap til å bruke i spesialisert opplæring av sykepleiere som jobber på fødestuer eller sykehus som ikke tilbyr kjølebehandling. Metode: Systematisk litteraturstudie og rapportering i PRISMA. Litteratursøk er gjennomført i databasene Medline, Embase og CINAHL. Vi foretok en tematisk analyse av kvantitative studier. Resultatene presenteres i en narrativ form. Resultat: Av 1863 identifiserte titler ekskluderte vi 1859. Én studie ble identifisert utenom det systematiske søket, slik at fem kohortstudier ble inkludert. Studiene omfattet 797 nyfødte med moderat til alvorlig HIE. I analysen identifiserte vi følgende temaer: «Spesialisert nevroprotektiv omsorg bygget på kunnskap og klinisk kompetanse», «Sykepleierne har en sentral rolle i å etterleve protokoller, retningslinjer og dokumentasjon» og «Sykepleiernes rolle i å initiere passiv kjøling». I spesialisert opplæring av sykepleiere må man være opptatt av tidlig identifisering, stabilisering og transport. Det kan bidra til redusert dødelighet, færre kramper og kortere sykehusopphold. Sykepleieren har en særskilt rolle knyttet til dokumentasjon og må sørge for at retningslinjer for vurdering og utvelgelse av nyfødte for terapeutisk hypotermi blir fulgt. Konklusjon: Sykepleiere som jobber med nyfødte, bør få spesialisert opplæring og ha klinisk kompetanse i tidlig identifisering, stabilisering og overføring av risikopasienter til tertiærsykehus. Det er viktig å etterleve retningslinjer og dokumentere vurderinger for å sikre at nyfødte som fyller kriterier for terapeutisk hypotermi, blir identifisert. Litteraturstudien viser at sykepleiere har en sentral og aktiv rolle i behandlingsteamet. Den viser også at spesialisert opplæring kan bidra til økt kvalitet i pasientforløpet og bedre utfall for pasientgruppen.

• Berisha, Gazmend; Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Nakstad, Britt; Blakstad, Elin Wahl; Rønnestad, Arild Erland & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2023). Retrospectively Assessed Muscle Tone and Skin Colour following Airway Suctioning in Video-Recorded Infants Receiving Delivery Room Positive Pressure Ventilation. Children. 10(1). doi: 10.3390/children10010166. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Recently, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation published a systematic review that concluded that routine suctioning of clear amniotic fluid in the delivery room might be associated with lower oxygen saturation (SpO2) and 10 min Apgar score. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of delivery room airway suctioning on the clinical appearance, including muscle tone and skin colour, of video-recorded term and preterm infants born through mainly clear amniotic fluid. Methods: This was a single-centre observational study using transcribed video recordings of neonatal stabilizations. All infants who received delivery room positive pressure ventilation (PPV) from August 2014 to November 2016 were included. The primary outcome was the effect of airway suctioning on muscle tone and skin colour (rated 0–2 according to the Apgar score), while the secondary outcome was the fraction of infants for whom airway suction preceded the initiation of PPV as a surrogate for “routine” airway suctioning. Results: Airway suctioning was performed in 159 out of 302 video recordings and stimulated a vigorous cry in 47 (29.6%) infants, resulting in improvements in muscle tone (p = 0.09) and skin colour (p &lt; 0.001). In 43 (27.0%) infants, airway suctioning preceded the initiation of PPV. Conclusions: In this single-centre observational study, airway suctioning stimulated a vigorous cry with resulting improvements in muscle tone and skin colour. Airway suctioning was often performed prior to the initiation of PPV, indicating a practice of routine suctioning and guideline non-compliance.

• Aagaard, Ellisiv Nerdrum; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2023). Significance of Neonatal Heart Rate in the Delivery Room—A Review. Children. 10(9). doi: 10.3390/children10091551. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Heart rate (HR) is considered the main vital sign in newborns during perinatal transition, with a threshold of 100 beats per minute (bpm), below which, intervention is recommended. However, recent changes in delivery room management, including delayed cord clamping, are likely to have influenced normal HR transition. Objective: To summarize the updated knowledge about the factors, including measurement methods, that influence HR in newborn infants immediately after birth. Additionally, this paper provides an overview of delivery room HR as a prognostic indicator in different subgroups of newborns. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar with the terms infant, heart rate, delivery room, resuscitation, pulse oximetry, and electrocardiogram. Results: Seven studies that described HR values in newborn infants immediately after birth were included. Pulse oximetry-derived HR percentiles after immediate cord clamping may not be applicable to the current practice of delayed cord clamping and the increasing use of delivery room electrocardiograms. Mask ventilation may adversely affect HR, particularly in premature and non-asphyxiated infants. Prolonged bradycardia is a negative prognostic factor, especially if combined with hypoxemia in infants &lt;32 weeks of gestation. Conclusions: HR assessment in the delivery room remains important. However, the cardiopulmonary transition is affected by delayed cord clamping, gestational age, and underlying conditions.

• Fløtten, Kjersti Johanne Østrem; Aujoulat, Isabelle; Wyller, Vegard Bruun Bratholm & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2023). “I can’t pose a whole heap of questions that I know I don’t have time to follow up”—Exploring perceptions of an adolescent transition program. PLOS ONE. 18(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293947. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Internal solitary waves (ISWs) of large amplitude moving in the coastal ocean induce sizeable horizontal velocities above the sea bed. In turn, these give rise to instability and vortex formation in the bottom boundary layer (BBL), and sediment resuspension and concentration maintenance in the water column. We present two-dimensional laminar simulations in a numerical tank suitable for internal wave motion, including the processes of the BBL. The combined wave and vorticity field encounters a cloud of tracer particles near the bottom. The tracer particles are moved vertically because of the vorticity field during a first encounter. The reflected wave intercepts a second time with the tracer particles, which are then moved further vertically. Numerical experiments with a kinematic viscosity of 1/100 cm2 s−1 or 1/1000 cm2 s-1 are used to manipulate the scale of the Reynolds number at a moderate and great laboratory scale. The final vertical position of the tracer particles is found below a vertical level of approximately 0.23 times the water depth (H) after the second passage. The result is independent of the scale. This vertical position matches available field measurements of a summer benthic nepheloid layer reaching a height of 0.19H. The laminar model predictions compare very well to the ISW-driven vortex formation measured in a three-dimensional laboratory wave tank. Convergence of the calculated vortex formation is documented.

• Monnelly, Vix; Josephsen, Justin B; Isayama, Tetsuya; Almeida, Maria Fernanda B De; Guinsburg, Ruth & Schmölzer, Georg M [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Exhaled CO<inf>2</inf>monitoring to guide non-invasive ventilation at birth: A systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 109(1), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-325698. Full text in Research Archive
• Stenersen, Eydis Oddsdottir; Olsen, Annette; Melheim, Maria; Solberg, Rønnaug; Dannevig, Ingrid & Schmölzer, Georg [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). A Piglet Perinatal Asphyxia Model to Study Cardiac Injury and Hemodynamics after Cardiac Arrest, Resuscitation, and the Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2023(191). doi: 10.3791/64788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Neonatal piglets have been extensively used as translational models for perinatal asphyxia. In 2007, we adapted a well-established piglet asphyxia model by introducing cardiac arrest. This enabled us to study the impact of severe asphyxia on key outcomes, including the time taken for the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), as well as the effect of chest compressions according to alternative protocols for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Due to the anatomical and physiological similarities between piglets and human neonates, piglets serve as good models in studies of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and hemodynamic monitoring. In fact, this cardiac arrest model has provided evidence for guideline development through research on resuscitation protocols, pathophysiology, biomarkers, and novel methods for hemodynamic monitoring. Notably, the incidental finding that a substantial fraction of piglets have pulseless electrical activity (PEA) during cardiac arrest may increase the applicability of the model (i.e., it may be used to study pathophysiology extending beyond the perinatal period). However, the model generation is technically challenging and requires various skill sets, dedicated personnel, and a fine balance of the measures, including the surgical protocols and the use of sedatives/analgesics, to ensure a reasonable rate of survival. In this paper, the protocol is described in detail, as well as experiences with adaptations to the protocol over the years.

• Brekke, Stine Marie; Halvorsen, Silje Torp; Bjørkvoll, Julie; Thorsby, Per Medbøe; Rønnestad, Arild Erland & Zykova, Svetlana [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). The association between infant salivary cortisol and parental presence in the neonatal intensive care unit during and after COVID-19 visitation restrictions: A cross-sectional study. Early Human Development. ISSN 0378-3782. 182. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: Parent-infant interaction in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) promotes health and reduces infant stress. During the COVID-19 pandemic, however, NICUs restricted parent-infant interaction to reduce viral transmission. This study examined the potential relationship between pandemic visitation restrictions, parental presence and infant stress as measured by salivary cortisol. Methods: A two-NICU cross-sectional study of infants with gestational age (GA) 23–41 weeks, both during (n = 34) and after (n = 38) visitation restrictions. We analysed parental presence with and without visitation restrictions. The relationship between infant salivary cortisol and self-reported parental NICU presence in hours per day was analysed using Pearson's r. A linear regression analysis included potential confounders, including GA and proxies for infant morbidity. The unstandardised B coefficient described the expected change in logtransformed salivary cortisol per unit change in each predictor variable. Results: Included infants had a mean (standard deviation) GA of 31(5) weeks. Both maternal and paternal NICU presence was lower with versus without visitation restrictions (both p ≤0.05). Log-transformed infant salivary cortisol correlated negatively with hours of parental presence (r = − 0.40, p = .01). In the linear regression, GA (B = -0.03, p = .02) and central venous lines (B = 0.23, p = .04) contributed to the variance in salivary cortisol in addition to parental presence (B = -0.04 p = .04). Conclusion: COVID-19–related visitation restrictions reduced NICU parent-infant interaction and may have increased infant stress. Low GA and central venous lines were associated with higher salivary cortisol. The interaction between immaturity, morbidity and parental presence was not within the scope of this study and merits further investigation.

• Berisha, Gazmend; Kvenshagen, Line Norman; Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Nakstad, Britt; Blakstad, Elin Wahl & Rønnestad, Arild Erland [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Video-Recorded Airway Suctioning of Clear and Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid and Associated Short-Term Outcomes in Moderately and Severely Depressed Preterm and Term Infants. Children. 11(1). doi: 10.3390/children11010016. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The aim of this study was to investigate delivery room airway suctioning and associated short-term outcomes in depressed infants. Methods: This is a single-centre prospective observational study of transcribed video recordings of preterm (gestational age, GA < 37 weeks) and term (GA ≥ 37 weeks) infants with a 5 min Apgar score ≤ 7. We analysed the association between airway suctioning, breathing, bradycardia and prolonged resuscitation (≥10 min). For comparison, non-suctioned infants with a 5 min Apgar score ≤ 7 were included. Results: Two hundred suction episodes were performed in 19 premature and 56 term infants. Breathing improved in 1.9% of premature and 72.1% of term infants, and remained unchanged in 84.9% of premature and 27.9% of term infants after suctioning. In our study, 61 (81.3%) preterm and term infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit experienced bradycardia after airway suctioning. However, the majority of the preterm and more than half of the term infants were bradycardic before the suction procedure was attempted. Among the non-airway suctioned infants (n = 26), 73.1% experienced bradycardia, with 17 non-airway suctioned infants being admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. There was a need for resuscitation ≥ 10 min in 8 (42.1%) preterm and 32 (57.1%) term infants who underwent airway suctioning, compared to 2 (33.3%) preterm and 19 (95.0%) term infants who did not receive airway suctioning. Conclusions: In the infants that underwent suctioning, breathing improved in most term, but not preterm infants. More non-suctioned term infants needed prolonged resuscitation. Airway suctioning was not directly associated with worsening of breathing, bradycardia, or extended resuscitation needs.

• Rød, Irene; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Aagaard, Hanne (2022). Masterstudenters læreforutsetninger: en kilde til didaktisk entreprenørskap i høyere utdanning. Uniped - Tidsskrift for universitets- og høgskolepedagogikk. ISSN 1500-4538. 45(4), p. 293–306. doi: 10.18261/uniped.45.4.5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn: Et profesjonelt lærings- og undervisningsmiljø viser interesse for studentenes individuelle læreforutsetninger. Dette er viktige, men ofte neglisjerte faktorer for læring hos voksne. Det sentrale forskningsspørsmålet for denne studien er: Hvilke læreforutsetninger og ambisjoner har studenter ved starten av en masterutdanning? Metode: Data er hentet fra 27 refleksjonsnotater skrevet av masterstudenter i avansert klinisk nyfødtsykepleie ved Lovisenberg diakonale høgskole. Notatene ble analysert med Graneheim og Lundman (2004) sin modell for kvalitative innholdsanalyse. Resultater: Resultatene viser at masterstudenter har et spekter av motivasjon for å starte på en masterutdanning. Både indre og ytre motivasjon kan ha betydning for hvilke læringsaktiviteter studenten opplever at støtter læring. Voksne studenters utfordringer med å kombinere utdanning og familie blir fremhevet, men også hvordan voksne studenter har ressurser som kan bidra til felles læring i studentgruppen. Etter endt utdanning har studentene personlige og profesjonelle ambisjoner for sin nye rolle i klinisk praksis. Konklusjon: Masterstudenter skal møte et læringsmiljø som motiverer til læring og gjennomføring, og oppleve å bli aktiviserte og engasjerte som likeverdige medlemmer av det akademiske fellesskapet. Studien kan tyde på at vi først med kunnskaper om masterstudenters individuelle læreforutsetninger kan utøve didaktisk entreprenørskap i høyere utdanning. Mer kunnskap om studentenes diversitet kan bety at vi må endre vår pedagogiske tankegang fra å tenke «lik utdanning for alle» til «utdanning for hver og en».

• Rød, Irene; Jørstad, Anna-Kristi; Aagaard, Hanne; Rønnestad, Arild Erland & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2022). Advanced Clinical Neonatal Nursing Students’ Transfer of Performance: From Skills Training With Real-Time Feedback on Ventilation to a Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation Scenario. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 10, p. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.866775. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Advanced clinical neonatal nurses are expected to have technical skills including bag-mask ventilation. Previous studies on neonatal bag-mask ventilation skills training focus largely on medical students and/or physicians. The aim of this study was to investigate whether advanced clinical neonatal nursing students’ bag-mask ventilation training with real-time feedback resulted in transfer of bag-mask ventilation performance to a simulated setting without feedback on ventilation. Materials and Methods: Students in advanced clinical neonatal nursing practiced bagmask ventilation on a premature manikin (Premature Anne, Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) during skills training. A flow sensor (Neo Training, Monivent AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was placed between the facemask and the self-inflating bag (Laerdal Medical), and visual feedback on mask leak (%), expiratory tidal volume (VTe in ml/kg), ventilation rate and inflation pressure was provided. Two months later, the students participated in a simulated neonatal resuscitation scenario. The same variables were recorded, but not fed back to the students. We compared ventilation data from skills- and simulation training. A structured questionnaire was used to investigate the students’ self-perceived neonatal ventilation competence before and after the skills- and simulation training. Results: Mask leakage and ventilation rate was higher, and VTe lower and highly variable in the simulated scenario compared with skills training (all p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in inflation pressure (p = 0.92). The fraction of ventilations with VTe within the target range was lower during simulation (21%) compared to skills training (30%) (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the students’ self-perceived competence in bag-mask ventilation before vs. after skills- and simulation training. Conclusion: Skills training with real-time feedback on mask leak, ventilation rate, tidal volume, and inflation pressure did not result in objective or subjective improvements in bag-mask ventilation in a simulated neonatal resuscitation situation. Incorrect VTe delivery was common even when feedback was provided. It would be of interest to study whether more frequent training, and training both with and without feedback, could improve transfer of performance to a simulated resuscitation setting.

• Linde, Jørgen Erland; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Eilevstjønn, Joar; Blacy, Ladislaus; Kidanto, Hussein & Ersdal, Hege Langli [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Delivery Room ST Segment Analysis to Predict Short Term Outcomes in Near-Term and Term Newborns. Children. 9(1). doi: 10.3390/children9010054. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: ST-segment changes to the fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) may indicate fetal acidosis. No large-scale characterization of ECG morphology immediately after birth has been performed, but ECG is used for heart rate (HR) assessment. We aimed to investigate ECG morphology immediately after birth in asphyxiated infants, using one-lead dry-electrode ECG developed for HR measurement. Methods: Observational study in Tanzania, between 2013–2018. Near-term and term infants that received bag-mask ventilation (BMV), and healthy controls, were monitored with one-lead dry-electrode ECG with a non-diagnostic bandwidth. ECGs were classified as normal, with ST-elevations or other ST-segment abnormalities including a biphasic ST-segment. We analyzed ECG morphology in relation to perinatal variables or short-term outcomes. Results: A total of 494 resuscitated and 25 healthy infants were included. ST-elevations were commonly seen both in healthy infants (7/25; 28%) and resuscitated (320/494; 65%) infants. The apparent ST-elevations were not associated with perinatal variables or short-term outcomes. Among the 32 (6.4%) resuscitated infants with “other ST-segment abnormalities”, duration of BMV was longer, 1-min Apgar score lower and normal outcomes less frequent than in the resuscitated infants with normal ECG or ST-elevations. Conclusions: ST-segment elevation was commonly seen and not associated with negative outcomes when using one-lead dry-electrode ECG. Other ST-segment abnormalities were associated with prolonged BMV and worse outcome. ECG with appropriate bandwidth and automated analysis may potentially in the future aid in the identification of severely asphyxiated infants.

• Dahl, Tone-Merete & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2022). A cross-sectional study of neonatal intensive care unit overcrowding and understaffing associated with bacterial outbreaks. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 111(11), p. 2090–2097. doi: 10.1111/apa.16494. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: To study whether overcrowding and/or nurse understaffing preceded four bacterial outbreaks during a 5-year period in a Norwegian university hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: A repeated cross-sectional study based on prospectively collected data from the Norwegian neonatal network's (NNN) web-based electronic database, digital work schedules and information about the outbreaks from logs, reports and publications. Number of admitted patients, category 4–5 patients (i.e., with the highest nurse to patient ratio), rostered nursing staff and nurse specialists were analysed in relation to periods (1) >28 days before individual outbreaks, (2) ≤28 days before, (3) during and (4) after outbreaks. Overcrowding and understaffing were compared between the four periods with Chi-square test and post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction. Results: When all outbreaks were analysed together, overcrowding was more frequent in the periods within 28 days of outbreaks compared to the other periods (p < 0.001). For understaffing, the periods within 28 days of outbreaks were only different from the periods >28 days before outbreaks (p < 0.001). The trends regarding individual outbreaks were less consistent, but there were more category 4–5 patients before and during the outbreaks. Conclusion: Bacterial outbreaks in a 5-year period were weakly associated with overcrowding and understaffing.

• Fløtten, Kjersti Johanne Østrem; Aujoulat, Isabelle; Wyller, Vegard Bruun Bratholm & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2022). But what do we mean by “health”? A critical perspective on the concept of health in the adolescent transition program of a Norwegian university hospital. BMC Health Services Research. 22(1), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08903-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background To understand better what influences the practice of our transition program, we wanted to explore the underlying theory of health. Methods We performed a qualitative content analysis of the written material that guides the program, comprising a quality system guideline, two checklists, a guide to health professionals and managers, and three patient brochures. Results The analysis resulted in the formulation of three themes; “Being on top of medical management”, “Ability to promote own health” and “Awareness of own goals and expectations”. Conclusion Our analysis indicates that the program content revolves mainly around medical management and that other dimensions of health are not emphasised. We question what the goals of the program are and if these goals are explicit and shared among the program stakeholders. An explicit program theory is vital and needs to be evident in material supporting transition programs.

• Berisha, Gazmend; Solberg, Rønnaug; Klingenberg, Claus Andreas & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2022). Neonatal Impedance Cardiography in Asphyxiated Piglets-A Feasibility Study. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 10. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.804353. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a non-invasive method for continuous cardiac output measurement and has the potential to improve monitoring and treatment of sick neonates. PhysioFlow® is a signal-morphology ICG-system showing promising results in adults with low and high cardiac output, but no data from neonates or neonatal models exist. The aim of this study was to investigate PhysioFlow® feasibility in asphyxiated newborn piglets. Methods: Fifteen piglets, under continuous arterial heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) monitoring, were asphyxiated until asystole. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed and the piglets monitored after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Arterial lactate was measured at baseline, every 5 min throughout asphyxiation, at asystole, and at 10 min and later every 30 min after ROSC. PhysioFlow® measured cardiac stroke volume (SV) and HR, and calculated cardiac index (CI) (L/m2/min). Registrations with a signal quality < 75% were excluded, and registrations recorded for 30 min from start of asphyxia analyzed. Pearson correlations were calculated for CI; and HR, mean BP and blood lactate. Results: The piglets were asphyxiated for median (interquartile range) 30 (20-35) min and had a lactate at asystole of 15.0 (9.1-17.0) mmol/L. Out of a total of 20.991 registrations in all animals combined, there were 10.148 (48.3%) registrations with a signal quality ≥ 75%. Signal quality ≥ 75% varied in individual piglets from 7 to 82% of registrations. We analyzed 1.254 registrations recorded 30 min from initiation of asphyxia, i.e., in piglets with brief asphyxia times, this included cardiopulmonary resuscitation and post-ROSC observation. There was a positive correlation between CI and SVI (r = 0.90, p < 0.001), and between CI and HR (r = 0.446, p < 0.001). There was no correlation between CI, or mean BP or lactate (p = 0.98 and 0.51, respectively). Conclusion: About half of ICG-registrations in asphyxiated piglets were of good quality. However, signal quality was highly variable between piglets. In total, there was a higher proportion of reliable ICG-registrations than reported from clinical delivery room studies using electrical velocimetry. Our data are physiologically plausible and supports further research evaluating PhysioFlow® for cardiac output monitoring in perinatal asphyxia. In particular, factors influencing inter-individual variations in signal quality should be explored.

• Batey, Natalie; Henry, Caroline; Garg, Shalabh; Wagner, Michael; Malhotra, Atul & Valstar, Michel [Show all 30 contributors for this article] (2022). The newborn delivery room of tomorrow: emerging and future technologies. Pediatric Research. ISSN 0031-3998. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-01988-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Advances in neonatal care have resulted in improved outcomes for high-risk newborns with technologies playing a significant part although many were developed for the neonatal intensive care unit. The care provided in the delivery room (DR) during the first few minutes of life can impact short- and long-term neonatal outcomes. Increasingly, technologies have a critical role to play in the DR particularly with monitoring and information provision. However, the DR is a unique environment and has major challenges around the period of foetal to neonatal transition that need to be overcome when developing new technologies. This review focuses on current DR technologies as well as those just emerging and further over the horizon. We identify what key opinion leaders in DR care think of current technologies, what the important DR measures are to them, and which technologies might be useful in the future. We link these with key technologies including respiratory function monitors, electoral impedance tomography, videolaryngoscopy, augmented reality, video recording, eye tracking, artificial intelligence, and contactless monitoring. Encouraging funders and industry to address the unique technological challenges of newborn care in the DR will allow the continued improvement of outcomes of high-risk infants from the moment of birth.

• Ek, Vegard Sletten; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Solberg, Marianne Trygg (2022). ICU nurses’ experiences of medication double-checking: A qualitative study. The Nordic Journal of Nursing Research (NJNR). ISSN 2057-1585. 42(4). doi: 10.1177/20571585221107266. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are often on potent medications. According to Norwegian medication administration regulations, all intravenous medications should be subject to double-checking before patient administration. The aim of this study was to explore Norwegian ICU nurses’ perceptions of how medication double-checking is practiced in the ICU. We chose a qualitative and explorative design, used the COREQ reporting guideline and performed two focus group interviews in two ICUs. This study found that barriers to performing double-checking included understaffing, physical unit design and a lack of written medication orders. In clinical practice, informal guidelines exist as to which medications should always be double-checked and which medications can be administered without a prior double-check. The informants felt reluctant to administer medications without prior double-checking. The graded approach to medication double-checking practiced in our two ICUs is not in agreement with Norwegian regulations but is more in line with international recommendations.

• Rød, Emma; Solberg, Vilde; Stenersen, Eydis Oddsdottir; Garberg, Håvard Tetlie; Mjelle, Anders Batman & Tølløfsrud, Per Arne [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Biochemical surveillance versus clinical observation of term infants born after prolonged rupture of membranes – A quality assurance initiative. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 112(3), p. 391–397. doi: 10.1111/apa.16617. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim To examine whether biochemical surveillance vs clinical observation of term infants with prolonged rupture of membranes as a risk factor for early-onset sepsis is associated with differences in patient trajectories in maternity and neonatal intensive care units. Methods A retrospective study of live-born infants with gestational age ≥ 37 + 0 weeks born after prolonged rupture of membranes (≥24 h) in four Norwegian hospitals 2017–2019. Two hospitals used biochemical surveillance, and two used predominantly clinical observation to identify early-onset sepsis cases. Results The biochemical surveillance hospitals had more C-reactive protein measurements (p < 0.001), neonatal intensive care unit admissions (p < 0.001) and antibiotic treatment (p < 0.001). Hospitals using predominantly clinical observation initiated antibiotic treatment earlier in infants with suspected early-onset sepsis (p = 0.04) but not in infants fulfilling early-onset sepsis diagnostic criteria (p = 0.09). There was no difference in antibiotic treatment duration (p = 0.59), fraction of infants fulfilling early-onset sepsis diagnostic criteria (p = 0.49) or length of hospitalisation (p = 0.30), and no early-onset sepsis-related adverse outcomes. Conclusion The biochemical surveillance hospitals had more C-reactive protein measurements, but there was no difference in antibiotic treatment duration, early-onset sepsis cases, length of hospitalisation or adverse outcomes. Personnel resources needed for clinical surveillance should be weighed against the limitation of potentially painful procedures.

• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Cheung, Po-Yin & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2021). Bi-Level Noninvasive Ventilation in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 118(3), p. 264–273. doi: 10.1159/000514637. Full text in Research Archive
• Janner, Catharina; Gaden, Tora Söderström; Nakstad, Britt & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2021). Implementing music therapy in a Norwegian neonatal intensive care unit. Nursing Children and Young People. ISSN 0962-9513. doi: 10.7748/ncyp.2021.e1331. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 238, p. 32–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.044. Full text in Research Archive
• Berisha, Gazmend; Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Blakstad, Elin Wahl; Rønnestad, Arild Erlend & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2021). Management of the Unexpected Difficult Airway in Neonatal Resuscitation. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 9, p. 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.699159. Full text in Research Archive
• Niemuth, Mara; Küster, Helmut; Simma, Burkhard; Rozycki, Henry; Rüdiger, Mario & Solevåg, Anne Lee [Show all 30 contributors for this article] (2021). A critical appraisal of tools for delivery room assessment of the newborn infant. Pediatric Research. ISSN 0031-3998. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01896-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Neonates. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 235, p. 57–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Fløtten, Kjersti Johanne Østrem; Guerreiro, Ana Isabel Fernandes; Simonelli, Ilaria; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Aujoulat, Isabelle (2021). Adolescent and young adult patients as co-researchers: A scoping review. Health Expectations. ISSN 1369-6513. 24(4), p. 1044–1055. doi: 10.1111/hex.13266. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Diagnostic Utility of the Newborn Electrocardiogram. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 229, p. 32–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.073. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Zykova, Svetlana; Thorsby, Per Medbøe & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2021). Metabolomics to diagnose oxidative stress in perinatal asphyxia: Towards a non-invasive approach. Antioxidants. 10(11), p. 1–11. doi: 10.3390/antiox10111753. Full text in Research Archive
• Størdal, Eline Hasselgård; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Bjørnholt, Jørgen; Rønnestad, Arild Erland & Stensvold, Hans Jørgen (2021). Sepsis treatment options identified by 10-year study of microbial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility in a level-four neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. doi: 10.1111/apa.16189. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: This observational study investigated the microbiology of blood culture-positive sepsis episodes and susceptibility to empiric antibiotics in early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS) in a level-four neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 2010 to 2019. Methods: It was based on patient records and data that Oslo University Hospital, Norway, routinely submitted to the Norwegian Neonatal Network database. Clinical data were merged with blood culture results, including antibiotic susceptibility. Results: We studied 5249 infants admitted to the NICU 6321 times and identified 324 positive blood cultures from 287 infants, with 30 EOS and 305 LOS episodes. Frequent causative agents for EOS were group B streptococci (33.3%), Escherichia coli (20.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%). All were susceptible to empiric ampicillin and gentamicin. LOS was most frequently caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) (73.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.7%) and Enterococci (6.9%). CONS, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter represented 91.9% of LOS episodes and were susceptible to vancomycin and cefotaxime (96.1%), vancomycin and gentamicin (97.0%) and cloxacillin and gentamicin (38.1%). Conclusion: Empiric treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin was adequate for EOS. Combining vancomycin and gentamicin may be a safer alternative to cefotaxime for LOS, as this reduces exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics.

• Bhogal, Jagmeet; Solevåg, Anne Lee; O’Reilly, Megan; Lee, Tze-Fun; Joynt, Chloe & Hornberger, Lisa K. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Hemodynamic effects of high frequency oscillatory ventilation with volume guarantee in a piglet model of respiratory distress syndrome. PLOS ONE. 16(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246996. Full text in Research Archive
• Rød, Irene; Kynø, Nina M & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2021). From simulation room to clinical practice: Postgraduate neonatal nursing students’ transfer of learning from in-situ resuscitation simulation with interprofessional team to clinical practice. Nurse Education in Practice. ISSN 1471-5953. 52, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.102994. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate how postgraduate neonatal nursing students transfer learning from in-situ resuscitation simulation with interprofessional teams to clinical practice. It is essential that healthcare professionals involved in stabilization and resuscitation of newborns master technical (e.g.bag-mask ventilation) and non-technical skills (e.g. teamwork and communication). Simulation plays an important role in education as it allows healthcare professionals safe practicing of skills and teamwork under direct supervision. Debriefing is a central component. Eighteen postgraduate neonatal nursing students participated in in-situ simulation with interprofessional team. Subsequently, five students were interviewed individually. A qualitative content analysis was performed. Three descriptive categories were identified, representing the manifest content:‘Non-technical skills’,‘Task management in an acute situation’, and ‘Learning through reflection’. The interviewees highlighted a deeper understanding of the collaboration and mutual dependency in the team after in-situ simulation. One latent content was identified: “Trust and competence in a relational collaboration". It is challenging to choose the best suited learning activities for learning different subject matters, like skills and competencies needed in clinical neonatal resuscitation.Despite this being a small study, the findings can be transferred to similar educational contexts.

• Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Skaare, Christiane; Nakstad, Britt & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2020). Suboptimal heart rate assessment and airway management in infants receiving delivery room chest compressions: A quality assurance project. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 105(5), p. 545–549. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317888. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Cheung, Po-Yin & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2020). Chest Compression in Neonatal Cardiac Arrest: Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements in Experimental Models. Healthcare. 8(17). doi: 10.3390/healthcare8010017. Full text in Research Archive
• Branes, Hanne; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Solberg, Marianne Trygg (2020). Pediatric early warning score versus a paediatric triage tool in the emergency department: A reliability study. Nursing Open. doi: 10.1002/nop2.675. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Aim: In the paediatric emergency department (PED), it is important to correctly prioritize children for physician assessment. The pediatric early warning score (PEWS), although not a triage tool, is often used for PED triage. The scandinavian Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System-pediatric (RETTS-p) is a reliability tested triage tool. We aimed to compare PEWS and RETTS-p in a Norwegian PED. Design: A reliability study. Methods: The PED nurse routinely did PEWS observations, while the principal investigator concomitantly made RETTS-p observations. Inter-tool agreement was calculated for the complete PEWS and RETTS-p and for vital signs scores, disregarding the RETTS-p emergency symptoms and signs (ESS). Results: Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System-pediatric assigned a higher urgency than PEWS. The inter-tool agreement between PEWS and RETTS-p was low (weighted kappa [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 [0.24–0.40]]). Weighted kappa (95% CI) was 0.50 (0.41–0.59) for PEWS and RETTS-p without ESS, indicating that PEWS is not equivalent to five-level triage tools.

• Hidalgo, Catalina Garcia; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Kim, Seung Yeun; Shim, Gyu Hong; Cheung, Po-Yin & Lee, Tze-Fun [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Sustained inflation with 21% versus 100% oxygen during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn piglets - A randomized controlled animal study. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 155, p. 39–47. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.07.015. Full text in Research Archive
• Dretvik, Thomas Bruvoll; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Finvåg, Andreas; Størdal, Eline Hasselgård; Størdal, Ketil & Klingenberg, Claus (2020). Active antibiotic discontinuation in suspected but not confirmed early‐onset neonatal sepsis—A quality improvement initiative. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 109(6), p. 1125–1130. doi: 10.1111/apa.15202. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <i>Aim</i> - To study whether a simple targeted intervention could reduce unwarranted antibiotic treatment in near‐term and term neonates with suspected, but not confirmed early‐onset sepsis.<p> <p><i>Methods</i> - A quality improvement initiative in three Norwegian neonatal intensive care units. The intervention included an inter‐hospital clinical practice guideline for discontinuing antibiotics after 36‐48 hours if sepsis was no longer suspected and blood cultures were negative in neonates ≥ 34+0 weeks of gestation. Two units used procalcitonin in decision‐making. We compared data 12‐14 months before and after guideline implementation. The results are presented as median with interquartile ranges.<p> <p><i>Results</i> - A total of 284 infants (2.5% of all births ≥ 34+0 weeks of gestation) received antibiotics before and 195 (1.8%) after guideline implementation (<i>P</i> = .0018). The two units that used procalcitonin discontinued antibiotics earlier after guideline implementation than the unit without procalcitonin. Neonates not diagnosed with sepsis were treated 49 (31‐84) hours before and 48 (36‐72) hours after guideline implementation (<i>P</i> = .68). In all infants, including those diagnosed with sepsis, antibiotic treatment duration was reduced from 108 (60‐144) to 96 (48‐120) hours (<i>P</i> = .013).<p> <p><i>Conclusion</i> - Antibiotic treatment duration for suspected, but not confirmed early‐onset sepsis did not change. However, treatment duration for all infants and the proportion of infants commenced on antibiotics were reduced.

• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Schmölzer, Georg Marcus & Cheung, Po-Yin (2020). Hypoxia - Reoxygenation in neonatal cardiac arrest: Results from experimental models. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1744-165X. 25:101085(2), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101085. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Ingunn; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Solberg, Marianne Trygg (2019). Simulation-based training promotes higher levels of cognitive control in acute and unforeseen situations. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. ISSN 1876-1399. 34, p. 6–15. doi: 10.1016/j.ecns.2019.05.003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background: Simulation-based training has been recommended to improve patient safety. This study summarizes intensive care nurses’ perceptions of what facilitates learning during simulation-based team training in preparation for acute and unforeseen situations. Methods: This study is a literature review with thematic analysis. Results: Seven qualitative articles were included. Synthesis with a cognitive perspective revealed six key factors for intensive care nurses’ learning: (a) relational coordination, (b) analytical cognition in task management, (c) situational awareness, (d) self-awareness, (e) cognitive control, and (f) highquality communication within the team. Conclusions: The main factor that contributes to learning in simulation-based training is that nurses have cognitive control when time allows the use of analytical thinking.

• Solberg, Marianne Trygg & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2019). Simulation-Based Training Promotes Higher Levels of Cognitive Control in Acute and Unforeseen Situations. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. ISSN 1876-1399. doi: 10.1016/j.ecns.2019.05.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Solberg, Marianne Trygg & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2019). Simulation-Based Training Promotes Higher Levels of Cognitive Control in Acute and Unforeseen Situations. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. ISSN 1876-1399. doi: 10.1016/j.ecns.2019.05.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Solberg, Marianne Trygg (2019). Simulation-Based Training Promotes Higher Levels of Cognitive Control in Acute and Unforeseen Situations. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. ISSN 1876-1399. doi: 10.1016/j.ecns.2019.05.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Solberg, Marianne Trygg & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2019). Simulation-Based Training Promotes Higher Levels of Cognitive Control in Acute and Unforeseen Situations. Clinical Simulation in Nursing. ISSN 1876-1399. doi: 10.1016/j.ecns.2019.05.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Garcia-Hidalgo, Catalina; Cheung, Po-Yin; Lee, Tze-Fun; O'Reilly, Megan & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2019). Ventilation with 18, 21, or 100% oxygen during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asphyxiated piglets: A randomized controlled animal trial. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1159/000504494. Full text in Research Archive
• Schmölzer, Georg M.; Pichler, Gerhard; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Fray, Caroline; Os, Sylvia van & Cheung, Po-Yin (2019). The SURV1VE trial - Sustained inflation and chest compression versus 3:1 chest compression-to-ventilation ratio during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asphyxiated newborns: Study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 20:139, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3240-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Schmölzer, Georg Marcus & Cheung, Po-Yin (2019). Novel interventions to reduce oxidative-stress related brain injury in neonatal asphyxia. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. ISSN 0891-5849. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.028. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Schmölzer, Georg Marcus & Cheung, Po-Yin (2019). Is supplemental oxygen needed in cardiac compression?-The influence of oxygen on cerebral perfusion in severely asphyxiated neonates with bradycardia or cardiac asystole. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 7:486, p. 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00486. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Luong, Deandra; Lee, Tze-Fun; O'Reilly, Megan; Cheung, Po-Yin & Schmölzer, Georg Marcus (2019). Non-perfusing cardiac rhythms in asphyxiated newborn piglets. PLOS ONE. 14(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214506. Full text in Research Archive
• Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Nakstad, Britt (2018). Utfallet etter hjerte-lunge-redning av nyfødte. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(9). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0358. Full text in Research Archive
• Solberg, Marianne Trygg; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Clarke, Sara (2018). Optimal conventional mechanical ventilation in full-term newborns: A systematic review. Advances in Neonatal Care. ISSN 1536-0903. 18(6), p. 451–461. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000525. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Cheung, Po-Yin; Li, Elliott; Xue, Sarah Zhenchun; O'Reilly, Megan & Fu, Bo [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Chest Compression Quality in a Newborn Manikin: A Randomized Crossover Trial. IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine. 6. doi: 10.1109/JTEHM.2018.2863359. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The objective of this paper was to examine the changes in applied force and rate of chest compression (CC) during 5 min of CC with a target CC rate of 90/min (CC90) or 120/min (CC120) with and without metronome guidance during simulated neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We performed a randomized controlled manikin trial. Fourteen neonatal resuscitation program providers performed CC90 and CC120 with or without a metronome in a randomized order. Peak and residual leaning force and CC rate each minute of CPR were analyzed with Friedman's analysis of variance (ANOVA) (within interventions) and two-way repeated measures ANOVA (between interventions). There was a large variability in force application, with no difference between groups. Peak and residual leaning forces in CC90 and CC120 did not change with time with or without a metronome. The CC rate increased with time in all groups except CC90 without a metronome. In conclusion, neither the target CC rate nor using a metronome influenced the peak and residual leaning forces during simulated neonatal CPR.

• Garcia-Hidalgo, Catalina; Cheung, Po-Yin; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Vento, Máximo; O´Reilly, Megan & Saugstad, Ola Didrik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). A review of oxygen use during chest compressions in Newborns-A meta-analysis of animal data. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 6:400, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00400. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: International consensus statements for resuscitation of newborn infants recommend provision of 100% oxygen once chest compressions are required. However, 100% oxygen exacerbates reperfusion injury and reduces cerebral perfusion in newborn babies. Objective: We aimed to establish whether resuscitation with air during chest compression is feasible and safe in newborn infants compared with 100% oxygen. Methods: Systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar and CINAHL for articles examining variable oxygen concentrations during chest compressions in term newborns. Results: Overall, no human studies but eight animal studies (n = 323 animals) comparing various oxygen concentrations during chest compression were identified. The pooled analysis showed no difference in mortality rates for animals resuscitated with air vs. 100% oxygen (risk ratio 1.04 [0.35, 3.08], I2 = 0%, p = 0.94). ROSC was also similar between groups with a mean difference of −3.8 [−29.7–22] s, I2 = 0%, p = 0.77. No difference in oxygen damage or adverse events were identified between groups. Conclusions: Air had similar time to ROSC and mortality as 100% oxygen during neonatal chest compression. A large randomized controlled clinical trial comparing air vs. 100% oxygen during neonatal chest compression is warranted.

• Patel, Sparsh; Cheung, Po-Yin; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Barrington, Keith J.; Kamlin, C. Omar Farouk & Davis, Peter G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Pulseless electrical activity: A misdiagnosed entity during asphyxia in newborn infants? Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-314907. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The 2015 neonatal resuscitation guidelines added ECG as a recommended method of assessment of an infant’s heart rate (HR) when determining the need for resuscitation at birth. However, a recent case report raised concerns about this technique in the delivery room. Objectives To compare accuracy of ECG with auscultation to assess asystole in asphyxiated piglets. Methods Neonatal piglets had the right common carotid artery exposed and enclosed with a real-time ultrasonic flow probe and HR was continuously measured and recorded using ECG. This set-up allowed simultaneous monitoring of HR via ECG and carotid blood flow (CBF). The piglets were exposed to 30 min normocapnic alveolar hypoxia followed by asphyxia until asystole, achieved by disconnecting the ventilator and clamping the endotracheal tube. Asystole was defined as zero carotid blood flow and was compared with ECG traces and auscultation for heart sounds using a neonatal/infant stethoscope. Results Overall, 54 piglets were studied with a median (IQR) duration of asphyxia of 325 (200-491) s. In 14 (26%) piglets, CBF, ECG and auscultation identified asystole. In 23 (43%) piglets, we observed no CBF and no audible heart sounds, while ECG displayed an HR ranging from 15 to 80/min. Sixteen (30%) piglets remained bradycardic (defined as HR of <100/min) after 10 min of asphyxia, identified by CBF, ECG and auscultation. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware of the potential inaccuracy of ECG assessment during asphyxia in newborn infants and should rather rely on assessment using a combination of auscultation, palpation, pulse oximetry and ECG.

• Nordheim, Trond; Rustøen, Tone; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Småstuen, Milada C & Nakstad, Britt (2018). Hope in Parents of Very-Low Birth Weight Infants and its Association with Parenting Stress and Quality of Life. Journal of Pediatric Nursing : Nursing Care of Children and Families. ISSN 0882-5963. 38, p. e53–e58. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.10.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordin, Succora; Donkor, Hilde Mjell; Wyller, Vegard Bruun Bratholm; Farstad, Teresa; Borthne, Arne Sigmund & Moen, Atle [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Pericarditis in a newborn child. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(5). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0555. Full text in Research Archive
• Horter, Thorsten; Nakstad, Britt; Ashtari, Omid & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2017). Right and left ventricular function in hospitalized children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Infection and Drug Resistance. 10, p. 419–424. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S141290. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Extrapulmonary manifestations including cardiac dysfunction have been demonstrated in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection requiring intensive care. The aim of this study was to examine cardiac function in hospitalized children with moderate RSV infection admitted to a regular pediatric ward. Methods: We used echocardiography to determine cardiac output, and right and left ventricular function in 26 patients (aged 2 weeks to 24 months) with RSV infection. The echocardiographic results were compared with s-troponin, the need for supplementary oxygen or noninvasive respiratory support, and capillary refill time. Results: The number of measured s-troponins (ten [38%] of the included children) was too low to assess differences between children with elevated levels and those with normal levels. There were no differences in cardiac function between patients receiving oxygen treatment or respiratory support and those who did not. Capillary refill time did not correlate with any of the echocardiographic parameters. Both left and right ventricular output (mL/kg/min) was higher than published reference values. All other echocardiographic parameters were within the reference range. Conclusion: Children with moderate RSV infection had an increased left and right ventricular output, and cardiac function was well maintained. We conclude that routine cardiac ultrasound is not warranted in children with moderate RSV infection. The role of an elevated s-troponin in these patients remains to be determined.

• Pinto, M.; Solevåg, Anne Lee; O´Reilly, Megan; Aziz, Khalid; Cheung, Po-Yin & Schmölzer, Georg M (2017). Evidence on Adrenaline Use in Resuscitation and Its Relevance to Newborn Infants: A Non-Systematic Review. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 111(1), p. 37–44. doi: 10.1159/000447960. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  AIM: Guidelines for newborn resuscitation state that if the heart rate does not increase despite adequate ventilation and chest compressions, adrenaline administration should be considered. However, controversy exists around the safety and effectiveness of adrenaline in newborn resuscitation. The aim of this review was to summarise a selection of the current knowledge about adrenaline during resuscitation and evaluate its relevance to newborn infants. METHODS: A search in PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar until September 1, 2015, using search terms including adrenaline/epinephrine, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, death, severe brain injury, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and adrenaline versus vasopressin/placebo. RESULTS: Adult data indicate that adrenaline improves the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) but not survival to hospital discharge. Newborn animal studies reported that adrenaline might be needed to achieve ROSC. Intravenous administration (10-30 mug/kg) is recommended; however, if there is no intravenous access, a higher endotracheal dose (50-100 mug/kg) is needed. The safety and effectiveness of intraosseous adrenaline remain undetermined. Early and frequent dosing does not seem to be beneficial. In fact, negative hemodynamic effects have been observed, especially with doses >/=30 mug/kg intravenously. Little is known about adrenaline in birth asphyxia and in preterm infants, but observations indicate that hemodynamics and neurological outcomes may be impaired by adrenaline administration in these conditions. However, a causal relationship between adrenaline administration and outcomes cannot be established from the few available retrospective studies. Alternative vasoconstrictors have been investigated, but the evidence is scarce. CONCLUSION: More research is needed on the benefits and risks of adrenaline in asphyxia-induced bradycardia or cardiac arrest during perinatal transition.

• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Lee, T F; Lu, M.; Schmölzer, Georg M & Cheung, P. Y. (2017). Tidal volume delivery during continuous chest compressions and sustained inflation. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 102, p. F85–F87. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311043. Full text in Research Archive
• Mortensen, Nicolay; Augustsson, Johan Henrik; Ulriksen, Jorunn; Hinna, Unni Tveit; Schmölzer, Georg M. & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2017). Early warning- and track and trigger systems for newborn infants: A review. Journal of Child Health Care. ISSN 1367-4935. 21(1), p. 112–120. doi: 10.1177/1367493516689166. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Tools for clinical assessment and escalation of observation and treatment are insufficiently established in the newborn population. We aimed to provide an overview over early warning- and track and trigger systems for newborn infants and performed a nonsystematic review based on a search in Medline and Cinahl until November 2015. Search terms included 'infant, newborn', 'early warning score', and 'track and trigger'. Experts in the field were contacted for identification of unpublished systems. Outcome measures included reference values for physiological parameters including respiratory rate and heart rate, and ways of quantifying the extent of deviations from the reference. Only four neonatal early warning scores were published in full detail, and one system for infants with cardiac disease was considered as having a more general applicability. Temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, SpO2, capillary refill time, and level of consciousness were parameters commonly included, but the definition and quantification of 'abnormal' varied slightly. The available scoring systems were designed for term and near-term infants in postpartum wards, not neonatal intensive care units. In conclusion, there is a limited availability of neonatal early warning scores. Scoring systems for high-risk neonates in neonatal intensive care units and preterm infants were not identified.

• Phillipos, Emily; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Aziz, Khalid; Os, Sylvia van; Pichler, Gerhard & O´Reilly, Megan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate Ranges in Very Preterm Infants Requiring Respiratory Support at Birth. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 182, p. 41–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.014. Full text in Research Archive
• Huang, Hongmei; Cheung, Po-Yin; O´Reilly, Megan; Os, Sylvia van; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Aziz, Khalid [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Impact of Changing Clinical Practices on Early Blood Gas Analyses in Very Preterm Infants and Their Associated Inpatient Outcomes. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 5(11). doi: 10.3389/fped.2017.00011. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Schmölzer, Georg M.; Nakstad, Britt; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Cheung, Po-Yin (2017). Association between Brain and Kidney Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Early Postresuscitation Mortality in Asphyxiated Newborn Piglets. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 112(1), p. 80–86. doi: 10.1159/000458515. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2017). Optimal chest compression rate and compression to ventilation ratio in delivery room resuscitation: Evidence from newborn piglets and neonatal manikins. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 5:3, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fped.2017.00003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) duration until return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) influences survival and neurologic outcomes after delivery room (DR) CPR. High quality chest compressions (CC) improve cerebral and myocardial perfusion. Improved myocardial perfusion increases the likelihood of a faster ROSC. Thus, optimizing CC quality may improve outcomes both by preserving cerebral blood flow during CPR and by reducing the recovery time. CC quality is determined by rate, CC to ventilation (C:V) ratio, and applied force, which are influenced by the CC provider. Thus, provider performance should be taken into account. Neonatal resuscitation guidelines recommend a 3:1 C:V ratio. CCs should be delivered at a rate of 90/min synchronized with ventilations at a rate of 30/min to achieve a total of 120 events/min. Despite a lack of scientific evidence supporting this, the investigation of alternative CC interventions in human neonates is ethically challenging. Also, the infrequent occurrence of extensive CPR measures in the DR make randomized controlled trials difficult to perform. Thus, many biomechanical aspects of CC have been investigated in animal and manikin models. Despite mathematical and physiological rationales that higher rates and uninterrupted CC improve CPR hemodynamics, studies indicate that provider fatigue is more pronounced when CC are performed continuously compared to when a pause is inserted after every third CC as currently recommended. A higher rate (e.g., 120/min) is also more fatiguing, which affects CC quality. In post-transitional piglets with asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest, there was no benefit of performing continuous CC at a rate of 90/min. Not only rate but duty cycle, i.e., the duration of CC/total cycle time, is a known determinant of CC effectiveness. However, duty cycle cannot be controlled with manual CC. Mechanical/automated CC in neonatal CPR has not been explored, and feedback systems are under-investigated in this population. Evidence indicates that providers perform CC at rates both higher and lower than recommended. Video recording of DR CRP has been increasingly applied and observational studies of what is actually done in relation to outcomes could be useful. Different CC rates and ratios should also be investigated under controlled experimental conditions in animals during perinatal transition.

• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Haemmerle, Enrico; Os, Sylvia van; Bach, Katinka P.; Cheung, Po-Yin & Schmölzer, Georg Marcus (2017). Comparison of positive pressure ventilation devices in a newborn manikin. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1476-7058. 30(5), p. 595–599. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1180360. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Cheung, Po-Yin; O'Reilly, Megan & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2016). A review of approaches to optimise chest compressions in the resuscitation of asphyxiated newborns. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 101(3), p. F272–F276. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309761. Full text in Research Archive
• Nakstad, Britt; Sonerud, Tonje & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2016). Early detection of neonatal group B streptococcus sepsis and the possible diagnostic utility of IL-6,IL-8, and CD11b in a human umbilical cord blood in vitro model. Infection and Drug Resistance. 9, p. 171–179. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S106181. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Schmölzer, G M.; O'Reilly, M; Lu, M; Lee, T F & Hornberger, L K [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Myocardial perfusion and oxidative stress after 21% vs. 100% oxygen ventilation and uninterrupted chest compressions in severely asphyxiated piglets. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 106, p. 7–13. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.06.014. Full text in Research Archive
• Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Jensen, Thomas Hagen; Bjørbekk, Ane Torvik; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Nakstad, Britt (2016). Rescuers’ physical fatigue with different chest compression to ventilation methods during simulated infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1476-7058. 29(19), p. 3202–3207. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1119115. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Haemmerle, Enrico; Os, Sylvia van; Bach, Katinka P.; Cheung, Po-Yin & Schmölzer, Georg M (2016). A Novel Prototype Neonatal Resuscitator That Controls Tidal Volume and Ventilation Rate: A Comparative Study of Mask Ventilation in a Newborn Manikin. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 4(129). doi: 10.3389/fped.2016.00129. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Cheung, Po-Yin; Li, Elliott; Aziz, Khalid; O'Reilly, Megan & Fu, Bo [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Quantifying force application to a newborn manikin during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1476-7058. 29(11), p. 1770–1772. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1061498. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Karlgren, Klas (2016). Competences for enhancing interprofessional collaboration in a paediatrics setting: Enabling and hindering factors. Journal of Interprofessional Care. ISSN 1356-1820. 30(1), p. 129–131. doi: 10.3109/13561820.2015.1066319. Full text in Research Archive
• Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Solevåg, Anne Lee; Aasen, Elisabeth & Nakstad, Britt (2016). Resuscitators who compared four simulated infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods favoured the three-to-one compression-to-ventilation ratio. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 105(8), p. 910–916. doi: 10.1111/apa.13339. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim Suboptimal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with a poor outcome, and international guidelines state that resuscitators should optimise compression and ventilation techniques with as few interruptions as possible. We investigated compression and ventilation quality during simulated CPR with four compression-to-ventilation (C:V) methods. Methods In this crossover manikin study, 42 pairs of doctors, nurses, midwives and sixth-year medical students from two Norwegian hospitals provided two-minute resuscitation using the 3:1, 9:3 and 15:2 C:V methods and continuous chest compressions at 120 per minute with asynchronous ventilations (CCaV-120). We measured chest compression, ventilation mechanics and the resuscitators' preferences. Results C:V methods 3:1 and 9:3 provided comparable chest compressions and ventilation mechanics, whereas 15:2 produced fewer ventilations and lower minute volumes. The CCaV-120 method was significantly less effective than the 3:1 C:V ratio method: the chest compression depth was 1.9 mm lower, there were 25 fewer chest compressions and 21 fewer ventilations per minute, and the minute volume was 69 mL lower. The 3:1 C:V method also provided better coordination between resuscitators. Conclusion Our comparison of four simulated infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods favoured the 3:1 C:V method, and the multidisciplinary group of participants felt it offered the best level of coordination between resuscitators.

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• Ljungblad, Linda Wike; Nissen, Ingrid Benedicte; Ljungblad, Ulf Wike; Trulsen, Lene Nymo; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Vatne, Anlaug (2026). Workshop i nyfødt resuscitering. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hands-on workshop in newborn resuscitation

• Aagaard, Ellisiv Nerdrum; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2024). Correction to: Significance of Neonatal Heart Rate in the Delivery Room—A Review (Children, (2023), 10, 9, (1551), 10.3390/children10091551). Children. 11(1). doi: 10.3390/children11010120. Full text in Research Archive
• Berisha, Gazmend; Boldingh, Anne Marthe; Blakstad, Elin Wahl; Rønnestad, Arild Erland & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2023). Corrigendum: Management of the unexpected difficult airway in neonatal resuscitation(Front Pediatr., (2021), 9, (699159), 10.3389/fped.2021.699159). Frontiers in Pediatrics. 10. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1124050. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee; Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Iron Supplementation in Infants Born at Term. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 245, p. 110–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.020. Full text in Research Archive
• Holtmoen, Hanne Elisabeth Nordli; Aagaard, Hanne & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2022). Nursing in the Initial Phase of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy - A Systematic Review. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Umbilical Arterial Catheter and Umbilical Vessel Catheterization Use and Complications. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 244, p. e9–e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.02.023. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Birth Weight Versus Gestational Age as Outcome Predictors. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 243, p. 60–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.061. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: The Newborn Electrocardiogram. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 228, p. 52–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.074. Full text in Research Archive
• Rød, Irene; Jacobsen, Hilde Kristin; Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Stær-Jensen, Jette & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2021). Pandemien tvang oss til å tenke nytt om simuleringstrening. Sykepleien. ISSN 0039-7628. doi: 10.4220/Sykepleiens.2021.83955. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Vigorous and Repeated Nasopharyngeal Suctioning. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 230, p. 99–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.052. Full text in Research Archive
• Rød, Irene & Solevåg, Anne Lee (2019). Realistisk simuleringstrening i gjenoppliving av nyfødte. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2017). Is 100% oxygen a sticking plaster for sore neonatal ventilation skills? Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 106(10), p. 1548–1549. doi: 10.1111/apa.14011. Full text in Research Archive
• Vento, Maximo; Schmölzer, Georg; Cheung, Po-Yin; Finer, Neil; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Oei, Ju Lee [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). What initial oxygen is best for preterm infants in the delivery room?-A response to the 2015 neonatal resuscitation guidelines. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 101, p. e7–e8. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.12.020. Full text in Research Archive
• Solevåg, Anne Lee & Cheung, Po-Yin (2016). Predicting the outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a SNAP (Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology). Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1529-7535. 17(6), p. 570–571. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000767. Full text in Research Archive

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