Are Martin Holm

• Anderson, Michaela Restivo; Arcasoy, Selim M.; Benden, Christian; Budev, Marie; Cano, Marlene & Chandra, Kam Man Larissa [Show all 33 contributors for this article] (2026). Perspectives: Consensus Statement Addressing the Practical and Logistical Considerations for Performing Frailty Assessments in Lung Transplant Candidates. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 45(10), p. 1532–1536. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2026.05.035.
• Holm, Are Martin; Bello, I.; Sandiumenge, A.; Snell, G. & Gottlieb, J. (2026). An international perspective on allocation rules for combined heart-lung transplantation. JHLT Open. 11. doi: 10.1016/j.jhlto.2025.100475. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While the global numbers of lung transplants have increased, the annual numbers of heart-lung transplants have steadily declined over the last decades, combined transplants globally being only about 2% of heart or lung transplant numbers. Although patients eligible for a combined heart-lung transplant may be sicker than those that may be treated with lung transplant only, the increased resource requirement and the dwindling surgical proficiency may have contributed to the declining number of procedures performed. The priority granted to patients requiring a combined transplant in the different organ allocation systems throughout the world vary. In some areas, the candidates for combined transplants compete with urgently ill heart transplant candidates; in others they compete with the lung transplant candidates, and in some there are no defined rules to prioritize those needing a combined heart-lung transplant. The ethical, legal, and practical justifications for the system chosen is often not explicit.

• Gottlieb, Jens; Vos, Robin; Jaksch, Peter; Hellemons, Merel; Holm, Are Martin & Morlacchi, Letizia Corinna [Show all 40 contributors for this article] (2025). Chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation: prevention, diagnosis and treatment in 44 European centres. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 11(3). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00675-2024. Full text in Research Archive
• Zajacova, Andrea; Schoemans, Hélène; Greer, Mark; Greinix, Hildegard; Jaksch, Peter & Shtraichman, Osnat [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Lung transplantation for pulmonary chronic graft-versus-host disease: a missed opportunity? JHLT Open. 7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhlto.2025.100209. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chronic graft-versus-host disease is a common complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with pulmonary chronic graft-versus-host disease (PcGvHD) particularly associated with a dismal prognosis. Lung transplantation (LuTx) is a final therapeutic option for well-selected patients affected by this condition. Nevertheless, only a small group of PcGvHD patients are referred for LuTx. This review addresses common concerns regarding referral and listing of PcGvHD patients for LuTx (such as risk of relapse of hematological malignancy, infectious complications and rejection) and survival outcomes of this specific cohort of patients. Importantly, LuTx for PcGvHD has comparable outcomes to other indications. The establishment of specific LuTx indication criteria for PcGvHD patients may improve referral rates and timing of both referral and listing of suitable candidates.

• Gottlieb, Jens; Sybrecht, Charlotte & Holm, Are Martin (2025). Heart-lung transplantation—global activity between 2003 and 2023, indications and outcomes. JHLT Open. 10. doi: 10.1016/j.jhlto.2025.100405. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Historically, heart-lung transplantation (HLTx) was the primary treatment for end-stage cardiopulmonary disease. However, advancements in surgery and postoperative care have increasingly enabled the use of bilateral lung transplantation (LTx) instead. This article reviews recent global trends, indications, and outcomes of HLTx. Methods Global transplant activity was analyzed using data from the European Committee on Organ Transplantation (CD-P-TO). Outcome data were drawn from international registries. Results From 2003 to 2023, 103 countries reported transplant activity to CD-P-TO, covering a population that grew from 3.22 to 6.07 billion. Between 2019 and 2023, 27 countries reported performing HLTx, with 94 to 108 procedures annually worldwide—equivalent to 0.02 per million population (pmp). In comparison, isolated heart and lung transplants occurred at 1.42-1.75 pmp and 1.05-1.39 pmp, respectively. In Europe, HLTx rates declined from 0.15-0.16 pmp (2003-2008) to 0.04-0.06 pmp (2019-2023). In the U.S., while in the US it slightly increased from 0.08-0.13 pmp to 0.13-0.16 pmp. Pulmonary vascular disease is now the leading indication for HLTx, with recipients averaging 15 years younger than those undergoing isolated thoracic transplants. One-year survival after HLTx is still lower than LTx but slowly increasing. Long-term survival improves in those surviving the first year is better in comparison to isolated LTx. Conclusion HLTx is currently performed in about one-quarter of reporting countries, accounting for just 1.3%-1.6% of thoracic transplant volume. Despite lower early survival, younger HLTx recipients who survive the initial year show promising long-term outcomes.

• Holmen, Heidi; Holm, Are Martin; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum; Kilvær, Thomas Karsten; Ljoså, Tone Marte & Ekholdt, Christopher [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). A Digital Outpatient Service With a Mobile App for Tailored Care and Health Literacy in Adults With Long-Term Health Service Needs: Multicenter Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 27. doi: 10.2196/60343. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Patients with long-term health needs are often expected to actively participate in outpatient care, assuming that they have appropriate health literacy and digital health literacy. However, the association between participation in a digital outpatient service and health literacy remain unclear.<p> <p>Objective: This study aims to evaluate whether digital outpatient care for 6 months improved health literacy, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), digital/eHealth literacy, and the use of health care services compared with usual care.<p> <p>Methods: We conducted a multicenter nonrandomized trial with 1 intervention arm and 1 control arm. Patients aged ≥18 years receiving outpatient care in the pain, lung, neurology, or cancer departments at 2 Norwegian university hospitals were allocated in a 1:2 ratio, favoring the intervention arm. The intervention arm received digital outpatient care using tailored patient-reported outcome measures, self-monitoring, and chats for timely contact with the outpatient clinic. Patient responses were assessed by health care workers via a dashboard with a traffic light system to draw attention to the most urgent reports. The control arm received usual care. The data were collected at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome was the change in health literacy according to the Health Literacy Questionnaire domain understanding health information well enough to know what to do from baseline to 6 months. The mean difference in change between the 2 treatment arms was the effect measure. The secondary outcomes were additional domains from the Health Literacy Questionnaire, digital/eHealth literacy, HRQoL, acceptability of the digital intervention, and health service use.<p> <p>Results: Overall, 162 patients were recruited, 55 (34%) in the control arm and 107 (66%) in the intervention arm, with a 17.3% attrition rate after 6 months. There was no statistically significant difference in the primary outcome, “understanding health information well enough to know what to do,” between the arms at 6 months (mean difference –0.05, 95% CI –0.20 to 0.10; P=.53). After 3 months, the health literacy domains actively managing my own health (–0.15, 95% CI –0.30 to –0.00; P=.048) and understanding health information well enough to know what to do (–0.17, 95% CI –0.34 to –0.00; P=.03), as well as both physical (–3.29, 95% CI –5.62 to –0.96; P=.006) and mental HRQoL (–3.08, 95% CI –5.64 to –0.52; P=.02), improved in the digital outpatient intervention arm compared with the control arm.<p> <p>Conclusions: This study explored digital outpatient care. Although no statistical differences were observed in patients’ health literacy after 6 months, our data indicate an improvement in health literacy domains and HRQoL at 3 months. The participants reported high satisfaction with the digital outpatient care intervention, and our findings highlight the potential of digital interventions in outpatient care.

• Holm, Are Martin (2024). Candidate selection for lung transplantation - Considerations beyond the medical evidence. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. ISSN 1070-5287. 30(4), p. 405–409. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000001084. Full text in Research Archive
• Luong, Me-Linh; Nakamachi, Yoshiko; Silveira, Fernanda P.; Morrissey, Catherine O.; Danziger-Isakov, Lara & Verschuuren, Erik A. M [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2024). Management of infectious disease syndromes in thoracic organ transplants and mechanical circulatory device recipients: a Delphi panel. Transplant Infectious Disease. ISSN 1398-2273. doi: 10.1111/tid.14251. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin (2024). Allocation of donor lungs. ERS Monograph. ISSN 2312-508X. 2024(106), p. 103–117. doi: 10.1183/2312508X.10001624. Full text in Research Archive
• Fløystad, Hans Kristian; Holter, Jan Cato; Husebye, Einar; Siljan, William Ward; Berild, Dag & Holm, Are Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Nausea Predicts Bacteremia in Immunocompetent Patients with Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Secondary Data Analysis from a Prospective Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 12(12). doi: 10.3390/jcm12123924. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: In pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacteremia is associated with increased mortality, but initial clinical severity scores frequently fail to identify bacteremic patients at risk. We have previously shown that gastrointestinal symptoms are common among patients admitted to the hospital with pneumococcal bacteremia. The aim of this study was to examine gastrointestinal symptoms and inflammatory responses in bacteremic and non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP in a prospective cohort of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients hospitalized with CAP. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the predictive value of gastrointestinal symptoms for pneumococcal bacteremia in patients with CAP. The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare inflammatory responses in patients with bacteremic vs. non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP. Results: Eighty-one patients with pneumococcal CAP were included, of whom 21 (26%) had bacteremia. Immunocompetent patients with pneumococcal CAP had an odds ratio of 16.5 (95% CI 3.0–90.9, p = 0.001) for bacteremia if nausea was present, whereas no such association was found in the immunocompromised patients (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.02–2.05, p = 0.18). The serum levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and interleukin 6 were significantly higher in the patients with bacteremic pneumococcal CAP compared to non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP patients (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, and p = 0.019, respectively). Conclusions: In immunocompetent patients hospitalized with pneumococcal CAP, nausea may be a predictor of bacteremia. Bacteremic pneumococcal CAP patients display an increased inflammatory response compared to non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP patients.

• Leuckfeld, Inga; Holm, Are Martin; Nilsen-Hoel, Tom & Fiane, Arnt Eltvedt (2023). Lungetransplantasjon i Norge 1999–2020. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 143(14). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0775. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BAKGRUNN I 2009 ble det på ventelisten for lungetransplantasjon innført en høyere prioritet for pasienter med raskt progredierende lungesykdom. Formålet med vår studie var å undersøke diagnosefordeling, ventelistetid, dødelighet og overlevelse for pasienter på venteliste i perioden 1999–2020. MATERIALE OG METODE Vi utførte en deskriptiv retrospektiv studie av pasienter meldt til venteliste for lungetransplantasjon i periodene 1999–2008 og 2009–2020. RESULTATER Det ble utført totalt 557 lungetransplantasjoner: 185 i 1999–2008 (median 17,5 per år) og 372 i 2009–2020 (median 32,5 per år). I periodene 1999–2008 og 2009–2020 var andelen pasienter med kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdom (kols) / emfysem henholdsvis 67 % og 49 %. Tilsvarende tall for lungefibrose var 13 % og 23 % og for cystisk fibrose 5 % og 11 %. Ventelistedødeligheten var 27 % i 1999–2008 og 16 % i 2009–2020. Tilsvarende for de to periodene var ventelistedødeligheten for pasienter med lungefibrose 45 % og 22 % og for cystisk fibrose 41 % og 2 %. Ventetiden var kortere for alle diagnoser i perioden etter prioriteringsendringene og lengst for pasienter med kols/emfysem (median 381 dager). Median overlevelse etter lungetransplantasjon i studieperioden var ti år. FORTOLKNING For pasienter med lungefibrose og cystisk fibrose kan endring i prioritering til transplantasjon fra 2009 ha bidratt til å redusere ventelistedødeligheten.

• Holm, Are Martin; Courtwright, Andrew; Olland, Anne; Zuckermann, Andreas & Raemdonck, Dirk Van (2022). ISHLT position paper on thoracic organ transplantation in controlled donation after circulatory determination of death (cDCD). The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.03.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Rustøen, Tone; Thoresen, Magne; Holm, Are Martin & Bentsen, Signe Berit (2022). Stability of distinct symptom experiences in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 201, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106944. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose This study aimed to examine reclassification rates among classes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients based on their distinct symptom experiences and to assess how these subgroups differed in symptom scores and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes over one year. Moreover, we wished to assess how these subgroups differed in demographic and clinical characteristics at 12 months. Patients and methods This is a follow-up study of 267 patients with moderate, severe, and very severe COPD. Based on their distinct symptom experiences using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS), three subgroups (i.e., “high”, “intermediate”, and “low”) were identified at baseline. In the present study, transitions between the subgroups at three, six, nine, and 12 months were investigated and calculated as reclassification rates. Differences among the subgroups in symptom scores and HRQoL at each time point and demographic and clinical characteristics at 12 months were evaluated using analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons. Results Almost 65% were still in the “high” class after 12 months. At 12 months, pairwise comparisons for respiratory function measurements were not significantly different. Compared to the “intermediate” and “low” class, patients in the “high” class were more likely to be women and had significantly more comorbidities, reported a significantly higher number of symptoms at all time points, and worse HRQoL scores. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the pattern of a high symptom burden in COPD is consistent over time. The patients' individual symptom experiences should be the primary focus of treatment.

• Fraz, Mai Sasaki Aanensen; Michelsen, Annika Elisabet; Moe, Natasha; Aaløkken, Trond Mogens; Macpherson, Magnhild Eide & Nordøy, Ingvild [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Raised Serum Markers of T Cell Activation and Exhaustion in Granulomatous-Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Journal of Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0271-9142. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s10875-022-01318-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose About 20–30% of patients with common variable immunodefciency (CVID) develop granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) as one of several non-infectious complications to their immunodefciency. The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers that could distinguish GLILD from other non-infectious complications in CVID.<p> <p>Methods We analyzed serum biomarkers related to infammation, pulmonary epithelium injury, fbrogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and compared three subgroups of CVID: GLILD patients (n=16), patients with other non-infectious complications (n=37), and patients with infections only (n=20). <p>Results We found that GLILD patients had higher levels of sCD25, sTIM-3, IFN-γ, and TNF, refecting T cell activation and exhaustion, compared to both CVID patients with other infammatory complications and CVID with infections only. GLILD patients also had higher levels of SP-D and CC16, proteins related to pulmonary epithelium injury, as well as the ECM remodeling marker MMP-7, than patients with other non-infectious complications. <p>Conclusion GLILD patients have elevated serum markers of T cell activation and exhaustion, pulmonary epithelium injury, and ECM remodeling, pointing to potentially important pathways in GLILD pathogenesis, novel targets for therapy, and promising biomarkers for clinical evaluation of these patients.

• Sikkeland, Liv Ingunn Bjoner; Durheim, Michael; Riste, Tonje Bøyum; Kongerud, Johny; Alexis, Neil E. & Holm, Are Martin (2021). Relation of sputum neutrophilia to the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 35(3), p. 1–5. doi: 10.1111/ctr.14188. Full text in Research Archive
• Crespo, Maria M.; Lease, Erika D.; Sole, Amparo; Sandorfi, Nora; Snyder, Laurie D. & Berry, Gerald J. [Show all 31 contributors for this article] (2021). ISHLT consensus document on lung transplantation in patients with connective tissue disease: Part I: Epidemiology, assessment of extrapulmonary conditions, candidate evaluation, selection criteria, and pathology statements. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 40(11), p. 1251–1266. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.07.014. Full text in Research Archive
• Leard, Lorriana E.; Holm, Are Martin; Valapour, Maryam; Glanville, Allan R.; Attawar, Sandeep & Aversa, Meghan [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). Consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: An update from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 40(11), p. 1349–1379. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.07.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Pavec, Jérôme Le; Valeyre, D; Gazengel, Pierre; Holm, Are Martin; Schultz, Hans Henrik & Perch, Michael [Show all 26 contributors for this article] (2021). Lung transplantation for sarcoidosis: Outcome and prognostic factors. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 58(2). doi: 10.1183/13993003.03358-2020. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Jul Eirik; Auråen, Henrik; Durheim, Michael; Fiane, Arnt E & Holm, Are Martin (2020). Predictors of long intensive care need after lung transplantation. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. doi: 10.1111/ctr.14152. Full text in Research Archive
• Watne, Torstein; Chellappa, Stalin; Leuckfeld, Inga; Fiane, Arnt E & Holm, Are Martin (2020). Flow-Cytometric Assessment of T Cell Response to Monitor Immunosuppression. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 39(4), p. S472–S473. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.013. Full text in Research Archive
• Jönsson, Åsa Lina M.; Bendstrup, Elisabeth; Mogensen, Susie; Kopras, Elizabeth J.; McCormack, Francis X. & Campo, Ilaria [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2020). Eight novel variants in the SLC34A2 gene in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 55(2), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00806-2019. Full text in Research Archive
• Coiffard, Benjamin; Prud'Homme, Eloi; Hraiech, Sami; Cassir, Nadim; Pavec, Jérôme Le & Kessler, Romain [Show all 108 contributors for this article] (2020). Worldwide clinical practices in perioperative antibiotic therapy for lung transplantation. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12890-020-1151-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Sikkeland, Liv Ingunn Bjoner; Durheim, Michael Thomas; Riste, Tonje Bøyum; Kongerud, Johny; Alexis, Neil E. & Holm, Are Martin (2020). Relation of sputum neutrophilia to the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. doi: 10.1111/ctr.14188. Full text in Research Archive
• Fløystad, Hans Kristian; Berild, Jacob Dag; Brandsæter, Bjørn Jardar; Vestrheim, Didrik Frimann; Berild, Dag & Holm, Are Martin (2020). Gastrointestinal symptoms in invasive pneumococcal disease: A cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05211-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The study aimed to assess whether gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms at admission are associated with increased short-term mortality in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Methods We included all patients with IPD at Aker University Hospital in Oslo, Norway, from 1993 to 2008. Clinical data were registered. Survival data were retrieved from official registries. We used Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curve to compare mortality within 28 days of admission in patients with and without GI symptoms. Results Four hundred sixteen patients were included. Of these, 108 patients (26%) presented with GI symptoms, and 47 patients (11%) with GI symptoms only. Patients with GI symptoms were younger (p < 0.001) and had less cardiovascular disease (p < 0.001), pulmonary disease (p = 0.048), and cancer (p = 0.035) and received appropriate antibiotic treatment later. After adjusting for risk factors, we found an increased hazard ratio of 2.28 (95% CI 1.31–3.97) in patients presenting with GI symptoms. In patients with GI symptoms only there was an increased hazard ratio of 2.24 (95% CI 1.20–4.19) in univariate analysis, which increased to 4.20 (95% CI 2.11–8.39) after multivariate adjustment. Fewer patients with GI symptoms only received antibiotics upon admission. Conclusions A large proportion of IPD patients present with GI symptoms only or in combination with other symptoms. GI symptoms in IPD are associated with increased short-term mortality.

• Bentsen, Signe Berit; Holm, Are Martin; Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Henriksen, Anne Hildur; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova & Rustøen, Tone (2020). Changes in and predictors of pain and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 171. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106116. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This longitudinal study of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aimed to investigate changes in pain characteristics (i.e., occurrence, intensity, and interference) and covariates associated with pain from study enrollment to 12 months, and to investigate if the different pain characteristics were associated with 5-year mortality. In total, 267 patients with COPD completed questionnaires five times over 1 year. The mean age of the patients was 63 years (standard deviation: 9.0), 53% were women, and 46% had very severe COPD. Median number of comorbidities was 2.0 (range: 0–11) and 47% of patients reported back/neck pain. Mixed models and Cox regression models were used for analyses. In total, 60% of the patients reported pain at baseline, and 61% at 12 months. The mixed model analyses revealed that those with better forced expiratory volume in 1 s (% predicted), more comorbidities, only primary school education, and more respiratory symptoms reported significantly higher average pain intensity. Moreover, those with more comorbidities, more respiratory symptoms, and more depression reported higher pain interference with function. At the 5-year follow-up, 64 patients (24%) were deceased, and the cumulative 5-year mortality rate was 22% (95% confidence interval [19–25]). Older age, lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (% predicted), and higher pain interference at enrollment were all independently and significantly associated with higher 5-year mortality. Our findings show that many patients with COPD have persistent pain, and awareness regarding comorbidities and how pain interferes with their lives is needed.

• Holm, Are Martin; Andreassen, Siw Lillevik; Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Kongerud, Johny; Almås, Øystein & Auråen, Henrik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Hypogammaglobulinemia and risk of exacerbation and mortality in patients with COPD. The International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ISSN 1176-9106. 15, p. 799–807. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S236656. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may, in some patients, be characterized by recurring acute exacerbations. Often these exacerbations are associated with airway infections. As immunoglobulins (Ig) are important parts of the immune defence against airway infections, the aim of this study was to relate the levels of circulating immunoglobulins to clinical features in unselected patients with COPD included in a Norwegian multicenter study. Methods: Clinical and biological data, including circulating levels of immunoglobulins, were assessed in 262 prospectively included patients with COPD GOLD stage II–IV at five hospitals in south-eastern Norway. A revisit was done after one year, and survival was assessed after five years. Clinical features and survival of those with immunoglobulin levels below reference values were compared to those with normal levels. Results: In total, 11.5% of all COPD patients and 18.5% of those with GOLD stage IV had IgG concentrations below reference values. These patients were more likely to use inhaled or oral steroids, had lower BMI, and lower FEV1%. Moreover, they had significantly more COPD-related hospital admissions (2.8 vs 0.6), number of prednisolone courses (3.9 vs 1.2), and antibiotic treatments (3.7 vs 1.5) in the preceding year. Importantly, hypogammaglobulinemia was significantly associated with reduced survival in a log-rank analysis. In multivariate regression analysis, we found that the higher risk for acute exacerbations in these patients was independent of other risk factors and was associated with impaired survival. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study suggests that hypogammaglobulinemia may be involved in poor outcome in COPD and may thus be a feasible therapeutic target for interventional studies in COPD.

• Holm, Are Martin; Immer, Franz & Benden, Christian (2020). Lung allocation for transplant: The European perspective. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 34(7). doi: 10.1111/ctr.13883. Full text in Research Archive
• Lay, Cecilia; Law, Nancy; Holm, Are Martin; Benden, Christian & Aslam, Saima (2019). Outcomes in cystic fibrosis lung transplant recipients infected with organisms labeled aspan-resistant: An ISHLT Registry-based analysis. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. p. 545–552. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.1306. Full text in Research Archive
• Auråen, Henrik; Durheim, Michael; Dellgren, Gøran; Hämmäinen, Pekka; Larsson, H & Geiran, Odd [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Effect of Donor Age on Outcome of Lung Transplantation Stratified by Recipient Diagnosis: A Nordic Multicenter Study. Transplantation. ISSN 0041-1337. 103(4), p. 807–814. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000002402. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Organs from older donors are increasingly used in lung transplantation, and studies have demonstrated that this could be safe in selected recipients. However, which recipient groups that have the largest benefit of older organs are unclear. This multicenter study reviews all bilateral lung transplantations (BLTx) from donors 55 years or older stratified by recipient diagnosis and compares outcomes with transplantations from younger donors. Methods: All BLTx recipients (excluding retransplantation) at 5 Scandiatransplant centers between 2000 and 2013 were included (n = 913). Recipients were stratified to diagnosis groups including cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD), and “other.” Intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and survival were assessed. Results: Overall, there was no difference in survival among patients transplanted from donors 55 years or older compared with younger donors. However, in CF recipients, donor age 55 years or older was associated with inferior survival (P = 0.014), and this remained significant in a multivariate model (hazard ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–14.1; P = 0.002). There was no significant effect of donor age on survival in recipients with COPD, ILD, or in the “other” group in multivariate models. Utilization of older donors was associated with increased ICU LOS for recipients with CF and ILD, but not in the COPD or “other” group. Conclusions: The BLTx recipients with CF had inferior survival and longer ICU LOS when receiving organs from donors 55 years or older. Recipients with COPD, ILD, or in the “other” group did not have inferior survival in multivariate models.

• Bentsen, Signe Berit; Miaskowski, Christine; Cooper, Bruce A.; Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Henriksen, Anne Hildur & Holm, Are Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Distinct pain profiles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ISSN 1176-9106. 13(13), p. 801–811. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S150114. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Few studies have examined changes in the pain experience of patients with COPD and predictors of pain in these patients. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to examine whether distinct groups of COPD patients could be identified based on changes in the occurrence and severity of pain over 12 months and to evaluate whether these groups differed on demographic, clinical, and pain characteristics, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Patients and methods: A longitudinal study of 267 COPD patients with very severe COPD was conducted. Their mean age was 63 years, and 53% were females. The patients completed questionnaires including demographic and clinical variables, the Brief Pain Inventory, and the St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire at enrollment, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months follow-up. In addition, spirometry and the 6 Minute Walk Test were performed. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients with distinct pain profiles based on pain occurrence and worst pain severity. Results: Most of the patients (77%) reported pain occurrence over 12 months. Of these, 48% were in the “high probability of pain” group, while 29% were in the “moderate probability of pain” group. For the worst pain severity, 37% were in the “moderate pain” and 39% were in the “mild pain” groups. Females and those with higher body mass index, higher number of comorbidities, and less education were in the pain groups. Patients in the higher pain groups reported higher pain interference scores, higher number of pain locations, and more respiratory symptoms. Few differences in HRQoL were found between the groups except for the symptom subscale. Conclusion: Patients with COPD warrant comprehensive pain management. Clinicians may use this information to identify those who are at higher risk for persistent pain.

• Auråen, Henrik; Schultz, Hans Henrik Lawaetz; Hämmäinen, Pekka; Riise, Gerdt C.; Larsson, Hillevi & Hansson, Lennart [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Urgent lung allocation system in the Scandiatransplant countries. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.08.002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND: Throughout the world, the scarcity of donor organs makes optimal allocation systems necessary. In the Scandiatransplant countries, organs for lung transplantation are allocated nationally. To ensure shorter wait time for critically ill patients, the Scandiatransplant urgent lung allocation system (ScULAS) was introduced in 2009, giving supranational priority to patients considered urgent. There were no pre-defined criteria for listing a patient as urgent, but each center was granted only 3 urgent calls per year. This study aims to explore the characteristics and outcome of patients listed as urgent, assess changes associated with the implementation of ScULAS, and describe how the system was utilized by the member centers. METHODS: All patients listed for lung transplantation at the 5 Scandiatransplant centers 5 years before and after implementation of ScULAS were included. RESULTS: After implementation, 8.3% of all listed patients received urgent status, of whom 81% were transplanted within 4 weeks. Patients listed as urgent were younger, more commonly had suppurative lung disease, and were more often on life support compared with patients without urgent status. For patients listed as urgent, post-transplant graft survival was inferior at 30 and 90 days. Although there were no pre-defined criteria for urgent listing, the system was not utilized at its maximum. CONCLUSIONS: ScULAS rapidly allocated organs to patients considered urgent. These patients were younger and more often had suppurative lung disease. Patients with urgent status had inferior short-term outcome, plausibly due to the higher proportion on life support before transplantation.

• Pradere, Pauline; Tudorache, Igor; Magnusson, Jesper; Savale, Laurent; Brugiere, Olivier & Douvry, Benoit [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2018). Lung transplantation for scleroderma lung disease: An international, multicenter, observational cohort study. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 37(7), p. 903–911. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.03.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Greer, Mark; Berastegui, Cristina; Jaksch, Peter; Benden, Christian; Aubert, John & Roux, Antoine [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2018). Lung transplantation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a pan-European experience. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 51:1701330(2), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01330-2017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications (LONIPCs) affect 6% of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) recipients within 5 years, conferring subsequent 5-year survival of 50%. Lung transplantation is rarely performed in this setting due to concomitant extrapulmonary morbidity, excessive immunosuppression and concerns about recurring malignancy being considered contraindications. This study assesses survival in highly selected patients undergoing lung transplantation for LONIPCs after SCT.SCT patients undergoing lung transplantation at 20 European centres between 1996 and 2014 were included. Clinical data pre- and post-lung transplantation were reviewed. Propensity score-matched controls were generated from the Eurotransplant and Scandiatransplant registries. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression models evaluating predictors of graft loss were performed.Graft survival at 1, 3 and 5 years of 84%, 72% and 67%, respectively, among the 105 SCT patients proved comparable to controls (p=0.75). Sepsis accounted for 15 out of 37 deaths (41%), with prior mechanical ventilation (HR 6.9, 95% CI 1.0–46.7; p&lt;0.001) the leading risk factor. No SCT-specific risk factors were identified. Recurring malignancy occurred in four patients (4%). Lung transplantation &lt;2 years post-SCT increased all-cause 1-year mortality (HR 7.5, 95% CI 2.3–23.8; p=0.001).Lung transplantation outcomes following SCT were comparable to other end-stage diseases. Lung transplantation should be considered feasible in selected candidates. No SCT-specific factors influencing outcome were identified within this carefully selected patient cohort.

• Stang, Julie; Sikkeland, Liv Ingunn Bjoner; Tufvesson, Ellen; Holm, Are Martin; Stensrud, Trine & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2018). The Role of Airway Inflammation and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Athlete's Asthma. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 50(4), p. 659–666. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001478. Full text in Research Archive
• Fløystad, Hans Kristian; Holm, Are Martin; Sandvik, Leiv; VESTRHEIM, DIDRIK FRIMANN; Brandsæter, Bjørn Jardar & Berild, Dag (2017). Increased long-term mortality after survival of invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based study. Infectious Diseases. ISSN 2374-4235. 49(5), p. 365–372. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1271997. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: We studied if patients surviving hospitalization for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) have an increased long-term mortality. Methods: In this population-based case-control study, we assessed adults discharged from Aker University Hospital in Oslo, Norway, from 1993 to 2008 after surviving IPD. Mortality among the study population was compared to the general Norwegian population using standardized mortality ratios (SMR). Median follow-up time was 7.2 years (range 5 days to 21.1 years). Associated factors were also investigated. Results: We assessed 372 patients of whom 184 patients died during the observation period. Mortality was increased for 10 years after surviving hospitalization for IPD. Patients aged 18-64 years had a one-year SMR of 18.8 (95% CI: 10.0-32.1) and a 10-year SMR of 6.0 (95% CI: 4.4-8.0). SMR for the first five years among patients with and without underlying conditions were 10.7 (95% CI: 7.0-15.5) and 2.8 (95% CI: 0.9-6.4), respectively. Patients older than 65 years had a one-year SMR of 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2-2.7) and a 10-year SMR of 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4-1.9). Conclusions: Patients surviving IPD had an increased long-term mortality compared to the general population. This was particularly pronounced in patients with known underlying conditions. These findings suggest that IPD is a negative prognostic marker, and that a closer follow-up of patients who have suffered IPD is warranted.

• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Holm, Are Martin; Kongerud, Johny; Bentsen, Signe Berit; Paul, Steven M. & Miaskowski, Christine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Occurrence, Characteristics, and Predictors of Pain in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pain Management Nursing. ISSN 1524-9042. 17(2), p. 107–118. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2016.01.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Ruttens, David; Verleden, Stijn E.; Bijnens, Esmée M.; Winckelmans, Ellen; Gottlieb, Jens & Warnecke, Gregor [Show all 43 contributors for this article] (2016). An association of particulate air pollution and traffic exposure with mortality after lung transplantation in Europe. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 49(1). doi: 10.1183/13993003.00484-2016. Full text in Research Archive
• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Holm, Are Martin; Cooper, Bruce; Paul, Steven M.; Miaskowski, Christine & Rustøen, Tone (2016). Differences in Symptom Burden among Patients with Moderate, Severe, or Very Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. ISSN 0885-3924. 51(5), p. 849–859. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.324. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Context The symptom experience of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is extremely complex. It is characterized by multiple co-occurring symptoms. However, very few studies have described this experience in COPD patients. Objectives The aims of this study were to evaluate for differences in symptom occurrence rates, as well as ratings of symptom severity, frequency, and distress among patients (n = 267) with moderate, severe, and very severe COPD. Methods The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale was used to evaluate the multiple dimensions of the patient's symptom experience. Binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses with stage of disease as an ordinal predictor variable were used to evaluate for differences in symptom occurrence rates and ratings of symptom severity, frequency, and distress. Results Regardless of the severity of their disease, patients reported an average of 12 co-occurring symptoms. Shortness of breath and lack of energy were the only two symptoms that differed significantly among the three disease severity groups in terms of occurrence, severity, frequency, and distress. Patients with very severe COPD reported the highest ratings for shortness of breath and lack of energy across all four symptom dimensions. Conclusion Regardless of stage of disease, the high symptom burden identified in this study underscores the need for COPD patients to be screened for multiple co-occurring symptoms.

• Halvorsen, Ann Rita; Bjaanæs, Maria Moksnes; LeBlanc, Marissa; Holm, Are Martin; Bolstad, Nils & Rubio, Luis [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2016). A unique set of 6 circulating microRNAs for early detection of non-small cell lung cancer. OncoTarget. 7(24), p. 37250–37259. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9363. Full text in Research Archive
• Eguiluz-Gracia, Ibon; Schultz, Hans Henrik Lawaetz; Sikkeland, Liv Ingunn Bjoner; Danilova, Elena; Holm, Are Martin & Pronk, Cornelis J H [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Long-term persistence of human donor alveolar macrophages in lung transplant recipients. Thorax. ISSN 0040-6376. 71(11), p. 1006–1011. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208292. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Alveolar macrophages (AMFs) are critical regulators of lung function, and may participate in graft rejection following lung transplantation. Recent studies in experimental animals suggest that most AMFs are self-maintaining cells of embryonic origin, but knowledge about the ontogeny and life span of human AMFs is scarce. Methods To follow the origin and longevity of AMFs in patients with lung transplantation for more than 100 weeks, we obtained transbronchial biopsies from 10 gender-mismatched patients with lung transplantation. These were subjected to combined in situ hybridisation for X/Y chromosomes and immunofluorescence staining for macrophage markers. Moreover, development of AMFs in humanised mice reconstituted with CD34+ umbilical cord-derived cells was assessed. Results The number of donor-derived AMFs was unchanged during the 2 year post-transplantation period. A fraction of the AMFs proliferated locally, demonstrating that at least a subset of human AMFs have the capacity to self-renew. Lungs of humanised mice were found to abundantly contain populations of human AMFs expressing markers compatible with a monocyte origin. Moreover, in patients with lung transplantation we found that recipient monocytes seeded the alveoli early after transplantation, and showed subsequent phenotypical changes consistent with differentiation into proliferating mature AMFs. This resulted in a stable mixed chimerism between donor and recipient AMFs throughout the 2-year period. Conclusions The finding that human AMFs are maintained in the lung parenchyma for several years indicates that pulmonary macrophage transplantation can be a feasible therapeutic option for patients with diseases caused by dysfunctional AMFs. Moreover, in a lung transplantation setting, long-term persistence of donor AMFs may be important for the development of chronic graft rejection.

• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Rustøen, Tone; Cooper, Bruce A.; Miaskowski, Christine; Henriksen, Anne Hildur & Bentsen, Signe Berit [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Distinct symptom experiences in subgroups of patients with COPD. The International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ISSN 1176-9106. 11(1), p. 1801–1809. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S105299. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: In addition to their respiratory symptoms, patients with COPD experience multiple, co-occurring symptoms. Objectives: The aims of this study were to identify subgroups of COPD patients based on their distinct experiences with 14 symptoms and to determine how these subgroups differed in demographic and clinical characteristics and disease-specific quality of life. Patients and methods: Patients with moderate, severe, and very severe COPD (n = 267) completed a number of self-report questionnaires. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients with distinct symptom experiences based on the occurrence of self-reported symptoms using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Results: Based on the probability of occurrence of a number of physical and psychological symptoms, three subgroups of patients (ie, latent classes) were identified and named “high”, “intermediate”, and “low”. Across the three latent classes, the pairwise comparisons for the classification of airflow limitation in COPD were not significantly different, which suggests that measurements of respiratory function are not associated with COPD patients’ symptom burden and their specific needs for symptom management. While patients in both the “high” and “intermediate” classes had high occurrence rates for respiratory symptoms, patients in the “high” class had the highest occurrence rates for psychological symptoms. Compared with the “intermediate” class, patients in the “high” class were younger, more likely to be women, had significantly more acute exacerbations in the past year, and reported significantly worse disease-specific quality of life scores. Conclusion: These findings suggest that subgroups of COPD patients with distinct symptom experiences can be identified. Patients with a higher symptom burden warrant more detailed assessments and may have therapeutic needs that would not be identified using current classifications based only on respiratory function.

• Gregersen, Stina; Holm, Are Martin; Fevang, Børre; Ueland, Thor; Sikkeland, Liv Ingunn Bjoner & Aaløkken, Trond Mogens [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). Lung disease, T-cells and inflammation in common variable immunodeficiency disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. ISSN 0036-5513. 73(6), p. 514–522. doi: 10.3109/00365513.2013.819523. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Riise, GC; Hansson, L.; Brinch, Lorentz; Bjørtuft, Øystein & Iversen, M. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allo-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplantation. ISSN 0268-3369. 48(5), p. 703–707. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2012.197. Full text in Research Archive
• Auråen, Henrik; Mollnes, Tom Eirik; Bjørtuft, Øystein; Bakkan, Per Arne; Geiran, Odd & Kongerud, Johny [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Multiorgan procurement increases systemic inflammation in brain dead donors. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 27(4), p. 613–618. doi: 10.1111/ctr.12175. Full text in Research Archive
• Gregersen, Stina; Aaløkken, TM; Mynarek, Georg; Fevang, Børre; Holm, Are Martin & Ueland, Thor [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Development of pulmonary abnormalities in patients with common variable immunodeficiency: associations with clinical and immunologic factors. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. ISSN 1081-1206. 104(6), p. 503–510. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.04.015. Full text in Research Archive
• Fevang, Børre; Yndestad, Arne; Damås, Jan Kristian; Bjerkeli, Vigdis; Ueland, Thor & Holm, Are Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2009). Chemokines and common variable immunodeficiency; possible contribution of the fractalkine system (CX3CL1/CX3CR1) to chronic inflammation. Clinical Immunology. ISSN 1521-6616. 130(2), p. 151–161. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.09.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Fevang, Børre; Yndestad, Arne; Damås, Jan Kristian; Halvorsen, Bente; Holm, Are Martin & Beiske, K [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2009). Chemokines and common variable immunodeficiency; possible contribution of CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 to immune dysregulation. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. ISSN 0009-9104. 158(2), p. 237–245. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04013.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Dahl, Christen Peder; Gullestad, Lars; Fevang, Børre; Holm, Are Martin; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland & Vinge, Leif Erik [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2008). Increased expression of LIGHT/TNFSF 14 and its receptors in experimental and clinical heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. ISSN 1388-9842. 10, p. 352–359. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.02.010. Full text in Research Archive
• Fevang, Børre; Yndestad, Arne; Sandberg, Wiggo Johan; Holm, Are Martin; Muller, Fredrik & Aukrust, Pål [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2007). Low numbers of regulatory T cells in common variable immunodeficiency: association with chronic inflammation in vivo. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. ISSN 0009-9104. 147. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03314.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Tjønnfjord, Geir Erland; Yndestad, Arne; Beiske, Klaus; Muller, Fredrik & Aukrust, Pål [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2006). Polyclonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes in common variable immunodeficiency - association with neutropenia. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. ISSN 0009-9104. 144, p. 418–424. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Aukrust, Pål; Damås, Jan Kristian; Muller, Fredrik; Halvorsen, Bente & Frøland, Stig Sophus (2005). Abnormal interleukin-7 function in common variable immunodeficiency. Blood. ISSN 0006-4971. 105(7), p. 2887–2890. Full text in Research Archive
• Fevang, Børre; Mollnes, Tom Eirik; Holm, Are Martin; Ueland, Thor; Heggelund, Lars & Damås, Jan Kristian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2005). Common variable immunodeficiency and the complement system; low mannose-binding lectin levels are associated with bronchiectasis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. ISSN 0009-9104. 142(3), p. 576–584. Full text in Research Archive
• Heggelund, L; Damås, Jan Kristian; Damas, JK; Yndestad, A; Holm, AM & Muller, F [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2004). Stimulation of toll-like receptor 2 in mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients induces chemokine responses: possible pathogenic consequences. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. ISSN 0009-9104. 138(1), p. 116–121. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Sivertsen, Einar; Tunheim, SH; Haug, T; Bjerkeli, Vigdis & Yndestad, Arne [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2004). Gene expression analysis of peripheral T cells in a subgroup of common variable immunodeficiency shows predominance of CCR7(-) effector-memory T cells. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. ISSN 0009-9104. 138, p. 278–289. Full text in Research Archive
• Wæhre, Torgun; Damås, Jan Kristian; Gullestad, Lars; Holm, Are Martin; Pedersen, Terje Rolf & Arnesen, Kjell E [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2003). Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors down-regulate chemokines and chomokine receptors in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 41(9), p. 1460–1467. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Aukrust, Pål; Aandahl, Einar Martin; Muller, Fredrik; Tasken, Kjetil & Frøland, Stig Sophus (2003). Impaired secretion of interleukin-10 in T cells from patients with common variable immunodeficiency � possible involvement of protein kinase A type I. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 170, p. 5772–5777. Full text in Research Archive
• Yndestad, Arne; Holm, Are Martin; Muller, Fredrik; Simonsen, Svein; Frøland, Stig Sophus & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2003). Enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation markers in T-cells from patients with chronic heart failure. Cardiovascular Research (CVR). ISSN 0008-6363. 60(1), p. 141–146. Full text in Research Archive
• Damås, Jan Kristian; Wæhre, Torgun; Yndestad, Arne; Ueland, Thor; Muller, Fredrik & Eiken, Hans Geir [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2002). Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alfa in unstable angina - potential anti-inflammatory and matrix stabilizing effects. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 106, p. 36–42. Full text in Research Archive
• Damås, Jan Kristian; Wæhre, Torgun; Yndestad, Arne; Ueland, Thor; Muller, Fredrik & Eiken, Hans Geir [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2002). Stromal cel-derived factor-1alfa in unstable angina. Potential antiinflammtrory and matrix-stabilizing effect. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 106, p. 36–42. Full text in Research Archive

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• Fedson, Savitri; Lavee, Jacob; Bryce, Kelly; Egan, Tom; Olland, Anne & Kanwar, Manreet [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Ethical considerations in xenotransplantation of thoracic organs – a call for a debate on value based decisions. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 43(7), p. 1033–1038. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.03.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Fedson, Savitri; Bryce, Kelly; Courtwright, Andrew; Dark, Jon; Egan, Tom & Holm, Are Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). The relevance of the ethics statement of the ISHLT. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.08.013. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoff, Ingrid; Rath, Eivind; Pena-Karan, Slobodanka; Nginamau, Elsabeth Sivy; Holm, Are Martin & Thune, Turid Jorunn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Atypical presentation of varicella-zoster virus reactivation in a lung transplant patient: a case report. Access Microbiology. 6(7). doi: 10.1099/acmi.0.000763.v3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human neurotropic virus which commonly causes infection during childhood, presenting as chickenpox. Later in life it may reactivate as herpes zoster. We report a rare manifestation of reactivation of VZV infection presenting as cutaneous vasculitis and varicella pneumonia in a lung transplant recipient. Case presentation. A 65-year-old man was lung transplanted bilaterally for emphysema and had repeated posttransplant chest infections and colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nine months post-transplant he presented with dyspnoea and a cutaneous vasculitis-like eruption with a predilection over face, thorax and distal extremities. Initially, VZV reactivation was not suspected due to absence of the typical vesicular eruptions. The diagnosis was confirmed by VZV PCR from the swabs of the ulcer after skin punch biopsy of a lesion and from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The histology of skin biopsy demonstrated epithelial damage and vascular damage but no typical epithelial virus associated changes. The patient responded to antiviral therapy with total remission of rash and VZV DNA was finally not detectable from repeated BAL after 29 days of therapy. However, the pulmonary radiological features and dyspnoea persisted due to reasons possibly unrelated to the VZV infection. Conclusion. Had it not been for the patient to mention the resemblance of the vasculitic rash with his primary VZV infection, the diagnosis would easily have been overlooked. In this case, the biopsy did not show typical histopathologic findings of VZV-vasculitis. What led the diagnosis was a PCR from the wound swab taken after the punch biopsy. This case serves as a reminder for atypical presentation of common conditions in immunosuppressed patients and that extensive diagnostic sampling may be warranted in this group.

• Standberg, Margrethe; Holmen, Heidi; Holm, Are Martin & Overgaard, Saida Alfrida Martinez (2023). Digital hjemmeoppfølging: Positive til Dignio-appen. [Internet]. https://oslo-universitetssykehus.no/om-oss/nyheter/digital-h. Full text in Research Archive
• Holmen, Heidi; Holm, Are Martin; Kilvær, Thomas Karsten; Ljoså, Tone Marte; Granan, Lars-Petter Ness & Ekholdt, Christopher [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Digital Outpatient Services for Adults: Development of an Intervention and Protocol for a Multicenter Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols. 12. doi: 10.2196/46649. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Health care services are being challenged by an increasing number of patients and limited resources. Hence, research investigating options to reduce costs and increase effectiveness is warranted. Digital outpatient services can provide flexible and tailored follow-up, improve patients’ health literacy, and facilitate the identification of adverse courses of disease. However, previous research largely focused on disease-specific contexts and outcomes. Therefore, research on digital services investigating generic outcomes such as health literacy is warranted.<p> <p>Objective: This article aims to describe the “digital outpatient service” intervention and present the protocol for an ongoing multicenter, nonrandomized trial evaluating this intervention.<p> <p>Methods: Based on previous experiences and evidence-based knowledge, we developed this intervention through patient-journey maps in collaboration with each clinical specialty. The patients gain access to a mobile app for self-monitoring and patient-reported outcomes and a chat for contact between the patients and health care workers. The health care workers’ dashboard includes a traffic light system to draw attention to the most urgent patient reports. In this multicenter, non–randomized controlled trial, patients are allocated to the control group receiving standard care or the 6-month intervention. Eligible patients are aged 18 years or older who receive outpatient care at the neurology, lung, pain, or cancer departments at 2 university hospitals in Norway. Our evaluation will include patient-reported outcomes, qualitative interviews, and clinical measures. The primary outcome will be health literacy using the Health Literacy Questionnaire. A sample size of 165 participants is split into a 1:2 ratio in favor of the intervention. We will analyze quantitative data in SPSS (IBM Corp) using descriptive statistics and logistic regression, and qualitative data using thematic analysis.<p> <p>Results: This trial started in September 2021, and the intervention started in January 2022. Recruitment has ended, with 55 patients in the control group and 107 patients in the intervention group. Follow-up is expected to end in July 2023, with results expected to be obtained in December 2023.<p> <p>Conclusions: This study will evaluate an intervention facilitated by an already certified digital multicomponent solution, with intervention content based on patient-reported outcomes, health literacy, and self-monitoring. The intervention is specifically tailored to each participating center and the needs of their patients using patient journey maps. The comprehensive and generic evaluation of this digital outpatient service intervention is a strength as it targets a heterogeneous sample of patients. Thus, this study will provide important knowledge about the applicability and effects of digital health care services. As a result, patients and health care workers will gain a new, evidence-based understanding of whether and how digital tools may be used in clinical care.Background: Health care services are being challenged by an increasing number of patients and limited resources. Hence, research investigating options to reduce costs and increase effectiveness is warranted. Digital outpatient services can provide flexible and tailored follow-up, improve patients’ health literacy, and facilitate the identification of adverse courses of disease. However, previous research largely focused on disease-specific contexts and outcomes. Therefore, research on digital services investigating generic outcomes such as health literacy is warranted.<p>

• Holm, Are Martin; Fedson, Savitri; Courtwright, Andrew; Olland, Anne; Bryce, Kelly & Kanwar, Manreet [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). International society for heart and lung transplantation statement on transplant ethics. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.05.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Holmen, Heidi; Hurrød, Anna; Ekholdt, Christopher; Holm, Are Martin; Kilvær, Thomas Karsten & Larsen, Lotte Sandberg [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Digital outpatient services: development of an intervention and a multicenter controlled trial. Full text in Research Archive
• Holmen, Heidi; Hurrød, Anna; Ekholdt, Christopher; Holm, Are Martin; Overgaard, Saida Alfrida Martinez & Larsen, Lotte Sandberg [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Digital poliklinikk - utvikling av en intervensjon og en multisenterstudie. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Mehra, Mandeep R.; Courtwright, Andrew; Teuteberg, Jeffrey; Sweet, Stuart & Potena, Luciano [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Ethical considerations regarding heart and lung transplantation and mechanical circulatory support during the COVID-19 pandemic: an ISHLT COVID-19 Task Force statement. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 39(7), p. 619–626. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.04.019. Full text in Research Archive
• Aslam, Saima; Grossi, Paolo A.; Schlendorf, Kelly; Holm, Are Martin; Woolley, Ann E & Blumberg, Emily [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Utilization of hepatitis C virus-infected organ donors in cardiothoracic transplantation: An ISHLT expert consensus statement. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin & Gottlieb, Jens (2019). Saving those who can't wait. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 54:1901668(5), p. 1–4. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01668-2019. Full text in Research Archive
• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Holm, Are Martin; Miaskowski, Christine & Rustøen, Tone (2017). Symptomer hos pasienter med kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdom (KOLS). Full text in Research Archive
• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Holm, Are Martin; Kongerud, Johny; Bentsen, Signe Berit; Paul, Steven M & Miaskowski, Christine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Smerter hos pasienter med kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdom (KOLS). Full text in Research Archive
• Greer, Mark; Riise, Gerdt C.; Hansson, Lennart; Perch, Michael; Hämmäinen, Pekka & Roux, Antoine [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2016). Dichotomy in pulmonary graft-versus-host disease evident among allogeneic stem-cell transplant recipients undergoing lung transplantation. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 48(6), p. 1807–1810. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01121-2016. Full text in Research Archive
• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Holm, Are Martin; Miaskowski, Christine; Aouizerat, Bradley E & Rustøen, Tone (2014). Characteristics and predictors of pain in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Riise, Gerdt C.; Brinch, Lorentz; Bjørtuft, Øystein; Iversen, Martin & Simonsen, Svein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Lung Transplantation for Bronchiolitis Obliterans After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Unresolved Questions. Transplantation. ISSN 0041-1337. 96(4), p. E21–E22. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31829df2c0. Full text in Research Archive
• Christensen, Vivi Lycke; Holm, Are Martin & Rustøen, Tone (2013). Pain in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin (2013). Lung. Transplantation. ISSN 0041-1337. 96"(21). doi: 10.1038/bmt.2012.197. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin; Riise, Gerdt C.; Hansson, Lars; Bjørtuft, Øystein; Brinch, Lorentz & Simonsen, Svein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Lung Transplantation for Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 31(4), p. S58–S59. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.01.151. Full text in Research Archive
• Auråen, Henrik; Mollnes, Tom Eirik; Kongerud, Johny; Bjørtuft, Øystein; Geiran, Odd & Fiane, Arnt E [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Procedure for solid organ recovery leads to systemic inflammatory response. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 31(4), p. S220–S220. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.01.651. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin (2008). Monitoring of the immune system in solid organ transplantation. Full text in Research Archive
• Dahl, Christen Peder; Gullestad, Lars; Øie, Erik; Fevang, Børre; Holm, Are Martin & Damås, Jan Kristian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2007). The TNF superfamily cytokine LIGHT: a new inflammatory mediator in heart failure. Full text in Research Archive
• Maul-Pavicic, Andrea; Cunningham-Rundles, Charlotte; Lee, Wen I; Ochs, Hans D; Salzer, Ulrich & Urschel, Simon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2003). Incidence of ICOS Deficiency among Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) and Idiopathic Hyper IgM Syndrome (HIGM5) and Screen for Mutations in ICOS-L in These Patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Holm, Are Martin (2006). T cell dysfunction in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788280728388. Full text in Research Archive

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