Erik Falkum

• Gjerdalen, Oda Skancke; Aas, Erlend Marius; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Ueland, Torill; Arnevik, Espen Ajo & Falkum, Erik [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). A comparison of characteristics of individuals with psychosis and substance use disorders seeking vocational rehabilitation. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 80(3), p. 177–181. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2026.2625696. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerdalen, Oda Skancke; Zucknick, Manuela; Westlie, Ingvild Tvedt; Bull, Helen; Evensen, Stig & Falkum, Erik [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). An exploratory study of the relevance of therapy format and therapist’ training in individual cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 16. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1527549. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) is an evidence-based intervention that can be delivered in various formats, including as part of vocational rehabilitation. However, due to scarcity of resources, CBTp is currently accessible to only a minority of individuals with psychosis. This secondary analysis aims to explore potential differences in clinical outcomes between distinct CBTp formats and to examine whether therapist training influences treatment effect. Exploring these aspects is of importance, as they may influence the scalability and accessibility of CBTp in routine care. Material and methods: Data in this study is sourced from two independent projects; KATOslo and JUMP, comprising a total of 200 participants with broad schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The current study compares CBTp delivered as either symptom-focused individual therapy (KATOslo) or as an add-on to a vocational rehabilitation (VR) program (JUMP), with two reference groups; VR combined with cognitive remediation (JUMP) and treatment as usual (KATOslo). Using a series of mixed effects models for repeated measurements, we examined differences between the groups in terms of general functioning and psychiatric symptom severity. Emphasis was placed on potential differences between the two groups receiving CBTp, considering both average differences across assessment points and trajectories over time. Results: In line with expectations, all groups demonstrated overall improvements in functioning and symptom levels. After adjusting for relevant confounders, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups receiving CBTp following treatment initiation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CBTp may be effective across different delivery formats and levels of therapist training in terms of similar, positive clinical outcomes for this patient group. This has potential implications for service design and broader implementation of CBTp in real-world settings.

• Schjøtt-Pedersen, Olivia; Bull, Helen; Falkum, Erik; Ueland, Torill; Gjerdalen, Oda Skancke & Haaland, Vegard Øksendal [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Measuring the concurrent validity of the norwegian versions of the psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS) and the positive scale from the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2024.2367638. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is one of the most commonly used assessment tools for measuring psychotic symptoms. The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) is another instrument created specifically to assess delusions and auditory hallucinations. However, research on the concurrent validity of PSYRATS with PANSS is limited. There are also inconsistent findings regarding the association between the PSYRATS scales and the PANSS positive scale. The present study aims to add to the understanding of the concurrent validity of these measures, while also incorporating a broader measure of psychiatric symptoms (the symptom scale from the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale – split version, GAF-S). Materials and Methods: Spearman’s Rank Order Correlations (rho) were calculated for scores from the PANSS positive scale, PSYRATS and GAF-S in a sample of 148 participants with psychotic disorders at three time points. Results: The findings indicate concurrent validity between PSYRATS and PANSS, while the PSYRATS scales were not consistently correlated with GAF-S. Conclusions: PSYRATS may be a valid assessment tool for evaluating psychotic symptoms. The utility of PSYRATS in research and clinical practice should be investigated further.

• Schjøtt-Pedersen, Olivia; Bull, Helen; Falkum, Erik; Ueland, Torill; Gjerdalen, Oda Skancke & Haaland, Vegard Øksendal [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Exploring the Benefits of Vocational Activity for People with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder in Norway. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health. ISSN 2198-9834. doi: 10.1007/s40737-024-00389-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vocational activity holds many benefits for people with severe mental illness. The purpose of the present study is to explore potential benefits of vocational activity on self-esteem and benefits as described by employment specialists. Data from 148 adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participating in a comprehensive vocational rehabilitation program was collected as part of the Job Management Program (JUMP) study. Assessments were conducted at inclusion, post intervention (10 months) and 2 years after inclusion. Multiple regressions and mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance were applied to assess potential effects of vocational activity on self-esteem as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. One hundred and twentyone reports submitted by the employment specialists post intervention were assessed through a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis. Statistical analyses indicate that vocational activity might be beneficial for self-esteem. Qualitative analysis indicate that vocational activity may provide opportunities for experiencing capability, achievement, and positive social interaction, and be beneficial for well-being, self-confidence, and self-esteem. Vocational activity may be beneficial for well-being and self-esteem among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Statistical analysis indicate that vocational activity may have a positive effect on self-esteem, and there was a non-significant trend indicating that competitive employment may be particularly favourable. However, more research is needed regarding potential differences in effect between types of vocational activity.

• Heltne, Aleksander; Frans, Niek; Hummelen, Benjamin; Falkum, Erik; Selvik, Sara Germans & Paap, Muirne C. S. (2023). A systematic review of measurement uncertainty visualizations in the context of standardized assessments. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12918. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This systematic review summarized findings of 29 studies evaluating visual presentation formats appropriate for communicating measurement uncertainty associated with standardized clinical assessment instruments. Studies were identified through systematic searches of multiple databases (Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, ERIC, Scopus, and Web of Science). Strikingly, we found no studies which were conducted using samples of clinicians and included clinical decision-making scenarios. Included studies did however find that providing participants with information about measurement uncertainty may increase awareness of uncertainty and promote more optimal decision making. Formats which visualize the shape of the underlying probability distribution were found to promote more accurate probability estimation and appropriate interpretations of the underlying probability distribution shape. However, participants in the included studies did not seem to benefit from the additional information provided by such plots during decision-making tasks. Further explorations into how presentations of measurement uncertainty impact clinical decision making are needed to examine whether findings of the included studies generalize to clinician populations. This review provides an important overview of pitfalls associated with formats commonly used to communicate measurement uncertainty in clinical assessment instruments, and a potential starting point for further explorations into promising alternatives. Finally, our review offers specific recommendations on how remaining research questions might be addressed.

• Gjerdalen, Oda Skancke; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Bull, Helen; Ringen, Petter Andreas; Røssberg, Jan Ivar & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive behavioral therapy or cognitive remediation for individuals with schizophrenia: a 5-year follow-up study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 77(1), p. 23–30. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2042598. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Although employment is an important part of recovery for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the employment rate for this group remains low. Increasing evidence supports the use of augmented vocational rehabilitation (VR) programs to improve occupational outcome. The aim of this study is to explore 5-year follow-up registry data from the JUMP study, a VR program for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, specifically with regard to competitive employment outcome and predictors of competitive employment. The VR was augmented with either cognitive remediation (CR) or elements from cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Methods: One hundred and forty eight participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders from six Norwegian counties received 10 months VR augmented with either CR (n ¼ 64) or CBT (n ¼ 84). Both competitive and sheltered workplaces were used. Assessments were conducted at baseline, at post intervention and at 2-year follow-up. Data on employment status at 5-year follow-up was obtained by registry. Results: At 5-year follow-up 55.4% were engaged in working activity, of which 22.3% had obtained competitive employment. A further 18.2% had work placements in competitive workplaces. Number of received intervention hours and competitive employment at 2-year follow-up emerged as significant predictors of competitive employment. IQ and intervention type in marginal favor of CBT were predictors on trend level. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating competitive employment at 5-year follow-up for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The results add to existing evidence that competitive employment is attainable for this group.

• Heltne, Aleksander; Bode, Christina; Hummelen, Benjamin; Falkum, Erik; Selvik, Sara Germans & Paap, Muirne C. S. (2021). Norwegian Clinicians’ Experiences of Learnability and Usability of SCID-II, SCID-5-PD and SCID-5-AMPD-I Interviews: A Sequential Multi-Group Qualitative Approach. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. p. 1–15. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1975726. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The DSM-5 presents two competing diagnostic frameworks for personality disorders: the standard categorical model and the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). The AMPD was initially criticized for being too complex and theory laden for clinical implementation. Though inter-rater reliability studies have contested initial claims of the model’s complexity, little attention has been paid to how clinicians experience the usability and learnability of either model. We interviewed twenty Norwegian clinicians about their experiences with either the SCID-II/5-PD (n = 9), SCID-5-AMPD-I (n = 8), or both (n = 3). Separate thematic analyses were conducted for SCID-II/5-PD and SCID-5-AMPD-I groups, and group themes were compared. We identified four themes for each group, relating to required skills, training, challenges and information gained through the interview. We found that training and clinical experience were considered to be important for both interviews. Moreover, the SCID-5-AMPD-I was considered to rely more explicitly on theory specific to the development and content of the AMPD model in general and the LPFS specifically We also identified shared and unique challenges and shortcomings of each interview. We comment on how our findings relate to the debate surrounding the AMPD, and recommend development of clear training guidelines for both interviews.

• Klungsøyr, Ole; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Bull, Helen; Evensen, Stig; Ueland, Torill & Falkum, Erik (2021). G-estimation of causal pathways in vocational rehabilitation for adults with psychotic disorders – a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry. 21(1), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03349-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Vocational rehabilitation (VR) has increasingly become an important intervention targeting poor occupational functioning in schizophrenia. The Norwegian Job Management Program (JUMP), sought to enhance occupational outcomes by augmenting VR with either cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques aiming to improve psychotic symptoms or cognitive remediation (CR) aiming to improve cognition. CBT is standard treatment in schizophrenia, but recent meta-analyses question the effect of CBT on negative psychotic symptoms. It is of interest to study the causal role of psychotic symptoms and cognitive functioning on occupational functioning. Methods: Data from the JUMP VR – program, was reanalyzed with a causal inference method to assess the causal effects of reduced symptoms / improved neurocognitive functioning on occupational functioning measured by number of working hours per week. Participants (N = 131) had been randomized to either VR + CBT (N = 68) or VR + CR (N = 63). Large improvements in number of working hours were demonstrated in both intervention groups (nonsignificant group difference). G-estimation was used to assess the strength and nature of the causal effects, adjusted for time-varying confounding and selection – bias from loss to follow-up. Results: Significant causal effects of reduction in each of four dimensions of symptoms and improved neurocognition respectively, on number of working hours were found (separate models). The effect of negative symptoms was the strongest and increased in magnitude during the whole observation period, while the effect of two other symptoms and neurocognition was constant. Adjusted for confounding (including potential feedback), the causal effect of a hypothetical change in negative symptoms equal to the average improvement in the CBT group corresponded to an increase in working hours of 3.2 h per week (95% CI: 1.11, 5.35). Conclusion: High performance of g-estimation in a small psychiatric data set with few repeated measures and time-varying confounding and effects, was demonstrated. Augmented vocational rehabilitation showed causal effects of intervention targets with the strongest and increasing effect from negative symptoms on number of working hours. Combination of therapy and activation (indirect and direct approach) might explain improvement in both cognition and negative symptoms, and shed some light on effective ingredients for improved treatment of negative symptoms.

• Gjerstad, Christer Lunde; Bøe, Hans Jakob; Falkum, Erik; Nordstrand, Andreas Espetvedt; Tønnesen, Arnfinn & Reichelt, Jon Gerhard [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Caring for Coronavirus Healthcare Workers: Lessons Learned from Long-Term Monitoring of Military Peacekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566199. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The current outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is of unprecedented proportions in several regards. Recent reports suggest that many frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) suffer from mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Previous studies have identified several key factors associated with short-term PTSS in pandemic HCWs, yet limited data is available on factors associated with long-term PTSS. Understanding the psychological impact of the pandemic on HCWs is important in planning for future outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. In the current study, we look to findings from a highly relevant subsection of the trauma field, the military domain. Objective: Pandemic HCWs and military peacekeepers may experience similar stressors in the line of duty. This study investigated whether factors linked to short-term PTSS in pandemic HCWs were also associated with long-term PTSS in military peacekeepers. Materials and Methods: Peacekeepers who reported pandemic-relevant stressors during deployment to a UN peacekeeping mission were included in the study (N = 1,627). PTSS was self-reported using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist – Military Version. Descriptive instruments were used to assess possible factors associated with PTSS. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore associations between these factors and PTSS. Results: Our model accounted for 50% of the variance in PTSS, F(1503,11) = 139.00, p < 0.001. Age, relationship and employment status, preparedness, working environment, social support after deployment, barriers to disclose, recognition, and loneliness were all significantly associated with PTSS on average 30 years after deployment. The most important risk factors of long-term PTSS were personal barriers to disclose one’s experiences and current unemployment. Conclusion: Several factors linked to short-term PTSS in pandemic HCWs were associated with long-term PTSS in peacekeepers. We discuss how these findings may be used to prevent long-term PTSS in HCWs involved in the current COVID-19 outbreak.

• Gjerstad, Christer Lunde; Bøe, Hans Jakob; Falkum, Erik; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Nordstrand, Andreas Espetvedt & Tønnesen, Arnfinn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Prevalence and correlates of mental health problems in Norwegian peacekeepers 18–38 years postdeployment. Journal of Traumatic Stress. ISSN 0894-9867. 33(5), p. 762–772. doi: 10.1002/jts.22578. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Peacekeeping missions involve experiences that may impact the mental health of participating soldiers. However, research on the long‐term mental health consequences of peacekeeping is sparse. The present study aimed to find the prevalence of mental health problems (MHPs), possible MHP predictors, and associations between predictors and MHPs in Norwegian peacekeepers 18–38 years after deployment to a United Nations peacekeeping mission. We used data from a cross‐sectional, postdeployment survey of Norwegian peacekeepers who served in Lebanon between 1978 and 1998 (N = 10,605). Participants were assessed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); anxiety; depression; insomnia; alcohol misuse; drug misuse; and exposure to pre‐, peri‐, and postdeployment stressors. Logistic regressions were executed to explore key variables associated with MHPs. Total MHP prevalence was 15.1%, 95% CI [14.4, 15.8]. The estimates for specific disorders were 0.1% for drug misuse, 3.4% for alcohol misuse, 4.0% for depression, 6.2% for PTSD, 6.4% for anxiety, and 9.3% for insomnia. Postdeployment stressors, OR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.79, 2.04]; employment status, OR = 1.41, 95% CI [1.33, 1.48]; and traumatic exposure during deployment, OR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.09, 1.12], were positively related to PTSD, χ2(17, N = 8,568) = 1,791.299, p

• Evensen, Stig; Wisløff, Torbjørn; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Bull, Helen; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Ueland, Torill [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Exploring the potential cost-effectiveness of a vocational rehabilitation program for individuals with schizophrenia in a high-income welfare society. BMC Psychiatry. 19(140), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2130-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Over the past decades research has shown that employment has a positive impact on quality of life, global functioning and recovery in individuals with schizophrenia. However, access to vocational rehabilitation services for this group is limited and unemployment rates remain high. In this study we explore the potential cost-effectiveness of a novel vocational rehabilitation program (The Job Management Program – JUMP) earmarked for individuals with schizophrenia in Norway. Methods The JUMP study was a vocational rehabilitation program augmented with either cognitive behaviour therapy or cognitive remediation. In addition to the JUMP protocol, we extracted treatment cost data from comprehensive and mandatory health and welfare registers. The costs over a two-year follow-up period were compared with the costs over the two-year period prior to inclusion in the study. We also compared the cost-effectiveness of JUMP with a treatment as usual group (TAU). Results We identified significant reductions in inpatient services in the JUMP group, both for those who obtained employment and those who did not. Significant reductions were also found in the TAU group, but adjusted for baseline differences the total cost for JUMP participants were € 10,621 lower than in the TAU group during the follow-up period. Conclusion In addition to supporting individuals with schizophrenia obtain employment, JUMP appears to have reduced the reliance on mental health services, which should be of interest to stakeholders. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01139502 . Retrospectively registered on 6 February 2010.

• Falkum, Erik (2018). Blivende psykiatere bør få veiledning i både psykodynamisk og kognitiv terapi. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(13), p. 1–3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0332. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik (2018). Den terapeutiske alliansen. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(13), p. 1–4. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0331. Full text in Research Archive
• Mohn, Christine; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Ueland, Torill; Falkum, Erik & Rund, Bjørn Rishovd (2017). Factor analyzing the Norwegian MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. ISSN 1323-1316. 71(5), p. 336–345. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12513. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) assesses seven cognitive domains with 10 subtests. This domain structure has not been demonstrated. Three factors have been produced in US samples. We examined the dimensional structure of the Norwegian MCCB. In addition, we studied the contribution of each subtest to the battery sum score. Methods: The participants were 131 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 300 healthy controls. Their Norwegian MCCB test scores were subject to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis. Results: The theoretical MCCB factor structure was not shown. In the patient group, three‐factor and two‐factor models had acceptable fit. In both groups, the Symbol Coding, Spatial Span, Letter–Number Span, and Visual Learning subtests contributed most to the sum score. Conclusion: The theoretical domain structure of the MCCB could not be demonstrated in these Norwegian participants. Consonant with US studies, models with three and two factors had mediocre fit, and in the schizophrenia spectrum disorder group only. In both groups, the subtests Symbol Coding, Working Memory, and Learning were the most sensitive in tapping general neurocognitive performance, supporting US results. We conclude that in both Norway and the USA, the MCCB generates the same cognitive domains through factor analysis, but that these domains are not the ones suggested by the MATRICS project. This research has been published in Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. © 2017 Wiley

• Falkum, Erik; Klungsøyr, Ole; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Bull, Helen Christine; Evensen, Stig & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Vocational rehabilitation for adults with psychotic disorders in a Scandinavian welfare society. BMC Psychiatry. 17:24, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-1183-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: This study examined the outcomes of a vocational rehabilitation program (The Job Management Program, JUMP) for persons with psychotic disorders based on close collaboration between health and welfare services. Methods: Participants (N = 148) with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders (age 18–65) were recruited from six counties in Norway. Three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), while the remaining three counties were randomized to vocational rehabilitation augmented with cognitive remediation (CR). This paper compares the vocational activity of the total group of JUMP participants with a treatment as usual group (N = 341), and further examines differences between the two JUMP interventions. Employment status (working/not working) was registered at the time of inclusion and at the end of the intervention period. Results: The total number of JUMP participants in any kind of vocational activity increased from 17 to 77% during the intervention. Of these, 8% had competitive employment, 36% had work placements in ordinary workplaces with social security benefits as their income, and 33% had sheltered work. The total number of working participants in the TAU group increased from 15.5 to 18.2%. The JUMP group showed significant improvements of positive (t = −2. 33, p = 0.02) and general (t = −2.75, p = 0.007) symptoms of psychosis. Significant differences between the CBT and CR interventions were not demonstrated. Conclusions: The study supports existing evidence that the majority of persons with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders can cope with some kind of work, given that internal and external barriers are reduced. Those who wish to work should be offered vocational rehabilitation.

• Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Falkum, Erik; Haaland, Vegard Øksendal; Bull, Helen Christine; Evensen, Stig & McGurk, Susan R. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Cognitive remediation and occupational outcome in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A 2 year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 185, p. 122–129. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.020. Full text in Research Archive
• Øhre, Beate; Volden, Maj; Falkum, Erik & Tetzchner, Stephen von (2017). Mental Disorders in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adult Outpatients: A Comparison of Linguistic Subgroups. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. ISSN 1081-4159. 22(1), p. 105–117. doi: 10.1093/deafed/enw061. Full text in Research Archive
• Evensen, Stig; Ueland, Torill; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Bull, Helen Christine; Klungsøyr, Ole & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Employment outcome and predictors of competitive employment at 2-year follow-up of a vocational rehabilitation programme for individuals with schizophrenia in a high-income welfare society. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 71(3), p. 180–187. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1247195. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Employment is an important part of recovery for individuals with schizophrenia. The employment rate for this group is as low as 10% in Norway, and major system related barriers to employment are evident. Aims: This study reports the competitive employment outcome at 2-year follow-up of a vocational rehabilitation study augmented with cognitive remediation (CR) or elements from cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. It also investigates if global functioning, self-esteem, and depression at baseline predicts employment outcome, and if change in these variables during the intervention period is associated with employment outcome. Method: One hundred and forty-eight participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in six Norwegian counties received 10 months vocational rehabilitation augmented with either CBT (n = 84) or CR (n = 64). Both competitive and sheltered workplaces were used. Participants were assessed at baseline, at the end of the intervention period, and at 2-year follow-up. Results: At 2-year follow-up, 21.2% had obtained competitive employment. A further 25.3% had work placements in competitive workplaces. Significant improvements were found in global functioning, self-esteem, and depression during the intervention period, but no significant differences between the two intervention groups. High baseline global functioning and self-esteem, as well as positive change in these variables during the intervention period, were significantly associated with higher competitive employment outcome at 2-year follow-up. Conclusion: The results add to existing evidence that competitive employment is attainable for individuals with schizophrenia. High global functioning and self-esteem were strongly associated with competitive employment outcome. “This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry on 24 Oct 2016, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/08039488.2016.1247195

• Evensen, Stig; Wisløff, Torbjørn; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Bull, Helen Christine; Ueland, Toril & Falkum, Erik (2016). Prevalence, employment rate, and cost of schizophrenia in a high-income welfare society: A population-based study using comprehensive health and welfare registers. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 42(2), p. 476–483. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbv141. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Schizophrenia is associated with recurrent hospitalizations, need for long-term community support, poor social functioning, and low employment rates. Despite the wideranging financial and social burdens associated with the illness, there is great uncertainty regarding prevalence, employment rates, and the societal costs of schizophrenia. The current study investigates 12-month prevalence of patients treated for schizophrenia, employment rates, and cost of schizophrenia using a population-based top-down approach. Data were obtained from comprehensive and mandatory health and welfare registers in Norway. We identified a 12-month prevalence of 0.17% for the entire population. The employment rate among working-age individuals was 10.24%. The societal costs for the 12-month period were USD 890 million. The average cost per individual with schizophrenia was USD 106 thousand. Inpatient care and lost productivity due to high unemployment represented 33% and 29%, respectively, of the total costs. The use of mandatory health and welfare registers enabled a unique and informative analysis on true population-based datasets.

• Bull, Helen Christine; Ueland, Torill; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Evensen, Stig; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Falkum, Erik (2016). Vocational functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders does apathy matter? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. ISSN 0022-3018. 204(8), p. 599–605. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000504. Full text in Research Archive
• Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Falkum, Erik; Haaland, Vegard Øksendal; Bull, Helen Christine; Evensen, Stig & Bell, Morris D. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Neurocognition and occupational functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and workplace assessments. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 170(1), p. 143–149. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Williams, Katharine Cecilia; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Falkum, Erik (2015). A cognitive therapy program for hearing-impaired employees suffering from mental distress. International Journal of Audiology. ISSN 1499-2027. 54(4), p. 227–233. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2014.958621. Full text in Research Archive
• Williams, Katharine Cecilia; Falkum, Erik & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm (2015). Fear of negative evaluation, avoidance and mental distress among hearing-impaired employees. Rehabilitation Psychology. ISSN 0090-5550. 60(1), p. 51–58. doi: 10.1037/rep0000028. Full text in Research Archive
• Øhre, Beate; Uthus, Mette Perly; Tetzchner, Stephen von & Falkum, Erik (2015). Traumatization in deaf and hard-of-hearing adult psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. ISSN 1081-4159. 20(3), p. 296–308. doi: 10.1093/deafed/env013. Full text in Research Archive
• Bull, Helen Christine; Ueland, Toril; Lystad, June; Evensen, Stig; Friis, Svein & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Validation of the Work Behavior Inventory. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 69(4), p. 300–306. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2014.973902. Full text in Research Archive
• Øhre, Beate; Saltnes, Hege; Tetzchner, Stephen von & Falkum, Erik (2014). Psychometric properties of a sign language version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). BMC Psychiatry. 14(148). doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-148. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background There is a need for psychiatric assessment instruments that enable reliable diagnoses in persons with hearing loss who have sign language as their primary language. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of the Norwegian Sign Language (NSL) version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Methods The MINI was translated into NSL. Forty-one signing patients consecutively referred to two specialised psychiatric units were assessed with a diagnostic interview by clinical experts and with the MINI. Inter-rater reliability was assessed with Cohen’s kappa and “observed agreement”. Results There was 65% agreement between MINI diagnoses and clinical expert diagnoses. Kappa values indicated fair to moderate agreement, and observed agreement was above 76% for all diagnoses. The MINI diagnosed more co-morbid conditions than did the clinical expert interview (mean diagnoses: 1.9 versus 1.2). Kappa values indicated moderate to substantial agreement, and “observed agreement” was above 88%. Conclusion The NSL version performs similarly to other MINI versions and demonstrates adequate reliability and validity as a diagnostic instrument for assessing mental disorders in persons who have sign language as their primary and preferred language.

• Lystad, June; Falkum, Erik; Mohn, Christine; Haaland, Vegard Øksendal; Bull, Helen & Evensen, Stig [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB): Performance and functional correlates. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 220(3), p. 1094–1101. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.060. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen Melbye & Falkum, Erik (2012). A longitudinal study of the relationship between work engagement and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Stress and Health. ISSN 1532-3005. 28(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1002/smi.1395. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This longitudinal study examined the dynamic relationship between work engagement (vigour and dedication) and symptoms of anxiety and depression. A sample of 3475 respondents from eight different occupational groups (lawyers, physicians, nurses, teachers, church ministers, bus drivers, people working in advertising and people working in information technology) in Norway supplied data at two points in time with a 2-year time interval. The advantages of longitudinal design were utilized, including testing of reversed causation and controlling for unmeasured third variables. In general, the results showed that the hypothesized normal causal relationship was superior to a reversed causation model. In other words, this study supported the assumption that work engagement is more likely to be the antecedent for symptoms of depression and anxiety than the outcome. In particular, the vigour facet of work engagement provides lower levels of depression and anxiety 2 years later. However, additional analyses modelling unmeasured third variables indicate that unknown third variables may have created some spurious effects on the pattern of the observed relationship. Implications of the findings are discussed in the paper.

• Øhre, Beate; Tetzchner, Stephen von & Falkum, Erik (2011). Deaf adults and mental health: A review of recent research on the prevalence and distribution of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in the prelingually deaf adult population. International Journal on Mental Health and Deafness. 1(1), p. 1–22. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen Melbye & Falkum, Erik (2011). The longitudinal effects of individual vulnerability, organisational factors, and work-home interaction on burnout among male church ministers in Norway. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. ISSN 1367-4676. 14(3), p. 241–257. doi: 10.1080/13674670903470621. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik; Hytten, Karsten & Olavesen, Bengt (2011). Anerkjennelsens psykologi. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 48(11), p. 1081–1085. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik; Borge, Lisbet & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm (2011). En biopsykososial forståelseshorisont. In Borge, Lisbet; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Moe, Toril (Ed.), Psykisk helsearbeid – mer enn medisiner og samtaleterapi. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245009538. p. 21–30. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Falkum, Erik & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (2011). Exploring within- and between gender-differences in burnout: 8 different occupational groups. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. ISSN 0340-0131. 84(7), p. 813–824. doi: 10.1007/s00420-011-0667-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Innstrand, Siw Tone; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Falkum, Erik (2011). The predictive value of individual factors, work-related factors, and work-home interaction on burnout in female and male physicians: A longitudinal study. Stress and Health. ISSN 1532-3005. 27(1), p. 73–87. doi: 10.1002/smi.1321. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Espnes, Geir Arild; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Falkum, Erik (2010). Personal vulnerability and work-home interaction: The effect of job performance-based self-esteem on work/home conflict and facilitation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 51(6), p. 480–487. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00816.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Personal vulnerability and work-home interaction: The effect of job performance-based self-esteem on work/home conflict and facilitation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 51, 480-487.The aim of the present study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between job performance-based self-esteem (JPB-SE) and work-home interaction (WHI) in terms of the direction of the interaction (work-to-home vs. home-to-work) and the effect (conflict vs. facilitation). A sample of 3,475 respondents from eight different occupational groups (lawyers, physicians, nurses, teachers, church ministers, bus drivers, and people working in advertising and information technology) supplied data at two points of time with a two-year time interval. The two-wave, cross-lagged structural equations modeling (SEM) analysis demonstrated reciprocal relationships between these variables, i.e., job performance-based self-esteem may act as a precursor as well as an outcome of work-home interaction. The strongest association was between job performance-based self-esteem and work-to-home conflict. Previous research on work-home interaction has mainly focused on situational factors. This longitudinal study expands the work-home literature by demonstrating how individual vulnerability (job performance-based self-esteem) contributes to the explanation of work-home interactions.

• Løvdahl, Hans; Bøen, Erlend; Falkum, Erik; Hynnekleiv, Torfinn & Malt, Ulrik Fredrik (2010). Temperament and character in patients with bipolar II disorder and recurrent brief depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 51(6), p. 607–617. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.03.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Espnes, Geir Arild; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Falkum, Erik (2010). Work-home conflict and facilitation across four different family structures in Norway. Community, Work and Family. ISSN 1366-8803. 13(2), p. 231–249. doi: 10.1080/13668800903314341. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to examine how work-home conflict and facilitation vary among people living in different family structures in Norway, here conceptualized as: two-parent families; single parents; childless couples; and singles. The study used data from a Norwegian study on occupational health (N=2414). We hypothesized that respondents living in two-parent families experience more work-home conflict and facilitation than others due to more complex role expectations. Similarly, we hypothesized that the effect of workload and autonomy on work-home conflict and facilitation would be stronger among this group. The results indicate that conflict between work and home life are more profound among those living in two-parent families and among single parents than among childless couples and singles. Work-to-home facilitation did not vary by family structure, whereas the childless couples reported more home-to-work facilitation. Furthermore, with a few exceptions the effects of workload and autonomy on work-home conflict and facilitation did not differ by family structure.

• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen Melbye & Falkum, Erik (2010). Exploring occupational differences in work-family interaction: Who is at risk? International Journal of Stress Management. ISSN 1072-5245. 17(1), p. 38–55. doi: 10.1037/a0018565. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik; Pedersen, G & Karterud, Sigmund (2009). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; paranoid personality disorder diagnosis: a unitary or a 2-dimensional construct? Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 50, p. 533–541. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.01.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik; Pedersen, Geir & Karterud, Sigmund (2009). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, paranoid personality disorder diagnosis: a unitary or a two-dimensional construct? Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 50(6), p. 533–541. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.01.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Innstrand, Siw Tone; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Falkum, Erik & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (2009). The relationship between burnout and musculoskeletal pain in seven Norwegian occupational groups. WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation. ISSN 1051-9815. 32(2), p. 179–188. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2009-0804. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Occupational and gender differences were investigated in the relationship between burnout and musculoskeletal pain in the head, neck, shoulders, and back. Representative samples of lawyers, physicians, nurses, teachers, church ministers, bus drivers, and information technology workers in Norway (N = 4507) were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The exhaustion dimension of burnout was positively associated with musculoskeletal pain in all groups, and the strength of the relationship ranged from moderate to strong. The disengagement dimension of burnout was negatively associated with musculoskeletal pain in five groups and only ranged from −0.15 to −0.42. Professional efficacy was slightly weaker, and inconsistently (i.e., both positively and negatively) associated with musculoskeletal pain in four of the groups. There were larger differences in the strength of the relationships between the seven occupational groups than between males and females within the same profession. Results suggest that burnout and musculoskeletal pain are related, but the strength of the associations varies according to gender and occupation. Overall, occupational factors appear to be stronger predictors of the co-occurrence of burnout and musculoskeletal pain than gender.

• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Falkum, Erik; Espnes, Geir Arild & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (2009). Gender-specific perceptions of four dimensions of the work/family interaction. Journal of Career Assessment. ISSN 1069-0727. 17(4), p. 402–416. doi: 10.1177/1069072709334238. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik (2008). Phronesis and Techne. The Debate on Evidence-Based Medicine in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology. ISSN 1071-6076. 15(2). doi: 10.1353/ppp.0.0181. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik (2008). Den biopsykososiale modellen. Bør den formuleres på nytt i lys av nevrobiologisk og stressmedisinsk forskning? Michael Quarterly. ISSN 1504-0658. 5(3), p. 255–263. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, EM; Espnes, Geir Arild; Falkum, E & Aasland, Olav Gierløv (2008). Positive and negative work-family interaction and burnout: A longitudinal study of reciprocal relations. Work & Stress - An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations. ISSN 0267-8373. 22(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1080/02678370801975842. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract This study examined the longitudinal relationship between work-family interaction (WFI) in terms of the direction of influence (work-to-family vs. family-to-work) and type of effect (conflict vs. facilitation) and burnout. A sample of 2235 respondents from eight different occupational groups (lawyers, physicians, nurses, teachers, church ministers, bus drivers and people working in advertising and information technology) supplied data at two points in time with a two year time interval. Building upon Hobfoll’s (1989) Conservations of Resources (COR) theory, it proposed three causal models. The results of the SEM-analyses revealed evidence for both a normal (WFI → burnout), a reverse (WFI ← burnout) and a reciprocal (WFI ↔ burnout) relationship. In general, there were found lagged positive effects between the conflict dimensions of WFI and burnout and lagged negative effects between the facilitation dimension of WFI and burnout. One exception was a significant lagged negative effect between disengagement at Time 1 and work-to-family conflict at Time 2, suggesting that distancing one self from job might act as a coping strategy causing lower levels of work-to-family conflict.

• Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Falkum, Erik; Innstrand, Siw Tone & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (2006). The Factorial Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey in Representative Samples of Eight Different Occupational Groups. Journal of Career Assessment. ISSN 1069-0727. 14(3), p. 370–384. Full text in Research Archive
• Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw; Falkum, Erik & Thaulow, Inger Størmer (2006). Hva vet norske leger om egne hjelpe- og støtteordninger? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 126(24), p. 3256–3257. Full text in Research Archive
• Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Falkum, E; Innstrand, Siw Tone & Aasland, Olav Gierløv (2006). The Factorial Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey in Representative Samples of Eight Occupational groups. Journal of Career Assessment. ISSN 1069-0727. 14(3), p. 370–385. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Innstrand, Siw Tone & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (2006). The factorial validity of the Oldenburg Burnout inventory across occupations. Submitted. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. ISSN 1015-5759. Full text in Research Archive
• Gude, Tore; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir & Falkum, Erik (2006). The quality of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition dependent personality disorder prototype. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 47(6), p. 456–462. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2005). The relationship between interpersonal problems and occupational stress in physicians. General Hospital Psychiatry. ISSN 0163-8343. 27, p. 285–291. Full text in Research Archive
• Wiborg, Ida Marianne; Falkum, Erik; Dahl, Alv A & Gullberg, C (2005). Is harm avoidance an essential feature of patients with panic disorder? Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 46(4), p. 311–314. Full text in Research Archive
• Johansen, Merete; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir; Gude, Tore & Falkum, Erik (2004). An investigation of the prototype validity of the borderline DSM-IV construct. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-690X. 109, p. 289–298. Full text in Research Archive
• Førde, Reidun; Aasland, Olaf; Falkum, E; Breivik, H & Kaasa, Stein (2001). Lindrende sedering til døende i Norge. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. p. 1085–1088. Full text in Research Archive
• Forde, R; Aasland, O.G.; Falkum, E; Breivik, H & Kaasa, Stein (2001). Palliative sedation to dying patients in Norway. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 121(9), p. 1085–1088. Full text in Research Archive
• Førde, Reidun & Falkum, Erik (2001). Paternalism, patient autonomy, and moral deliberation in the physician-patient relationship. Attitudes among Norwegian physicians. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 52(2), p. 239–248. Full text in Research Archive
• Førde, Reidun; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw; Falkum, Erik; Breivik, Harald & Kaasa, Stein (2001). Lindrende sedering til døende i Norge. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 121, p. 1085–1088. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Øivind & Falkum, Erik (1999). Helse, medisin og befolkningsutvikling i Norge. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 119(30), p. 4482–4487. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  En oversikt over helsetilstand og medisin i demografisk perspektiv.

• Falkum, Erik & Larsen, Øivind (1999). Hva former befolkningens oppfatninger om helse og sykdom? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 119(30), p. 4488–4491. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Oppfatninger om helse og sykdom drøftes med særlig vekt på de samfunnsmessige rammefaktorene.

• Vaglum, Per & Falkum, Erik (1999). Self-criticism, dependency and depressive symptoms in a nationwide sample of Norwegian physicians. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 52, p. 153–159. Full text in Research Archive
• Førde, Reidun; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Falkum, Erik (1997). The ethics of euthanasia - attitudes and practice among Norwegian physicians. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 45(6), p. 887–892. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The etical guidelines of the Norwegian Medical Association strongly condemn physician participation in euthanasia and assisted suicide. A previous study on attitudes towards euthanasia in the Norwegian population, however, indicates that a substantial part of the population is quite liberal. This study explores Norwegian physicians actually seem to hold quite restrictive attitudes towards euthanasia. Seventeen percent answered yes to a question of whether a physician should have the opportunity to actively end the life of a terminal patient in great pain who requests this help, while 4% agreed that the same could be done to a chronically ill patient with great pain and a poor quality of life who otherwise whould have several more years to live. Six percent of the physicians had performed actions intended to hasten a patient's death, while 76% said that they at least once had treated patients even if they had felt that treatment should have been discontinued. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that treatment should have been discontinued. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that internal medicine specialists, surgeons and psychiatrists were significantly more restrictive attitudes towards patient autonomy had more liberal attitudes towards euthanasia, when gender and time since graduation from medical school were controlled for.

• Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw; Olff, Miranda; Falkum, Erik; Schweder, Tore & Ursin, Holger (1997). Health complaints and job stress in Norwegian physicians: The use of an overlapping questionnaire design. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 45(11), p. 1615–1629. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  An extensive research program has been undertaken in Norway on physician health, sickness, work conditions and quality of life. Data are collected from cross-sectional and longitudinal prospective and retrospective surveys, qualitative studies, and vital statistics. This paper presents findings on subjective experienced health problems, emotional distress, experienced job stress and job satisfaction, based on an extensive cross-sectional questionnaire study in 1993. An overlapping questionnaire design was used to allow many relationships to be estimated without exhausting the recipients. 9266 active physicians were included, which comprise close to the total Norwegian physician work force minus a representative sample of 2100, used for other studies. The primary questionnaire was returned by 6652 (71.8%), the great majority of which also returned the secondary questionnaires. The results indicate that health complaints were significantly more frequent in female physicians and decreased with age. Low job satisfaction, high job stress, and emotional distress were all found to be significant predictors of subjective health complaints, as measured by the Ursin health inventory.

• Akre, Victoria; Falkum, Erik; Hoftvedt, Bjørn Oskar & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (1997). The communication atmosphere between physician colleagues: competitive perfectionism or supportive dialogue? A Norwegian study. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 44, p. 519–526. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Open and supportive communication is probably one of the most important promotors of learning coping, and satisfaction at the workplace. The aim of this paper is to describe and predict the communication atmosphere between Norwegian physicians. Twenty statements describing communication, as perceived by the physicians themselves, were presented to a random sample of the members of the Norwegian Medical Association of which more than 90% of the physicians in the country are members (N=2628). In general, this investigation indicates that the communication atmosphere among Norwegian physicians is characterised by support and mutual respect. More than half of the respondents fully agreed that communication between colleagues in the workplace is marked by solidarity, and that experienced colleagues show respect for the less experienced in both personal and professional matters. Physicians working in hospitals described the communication atmosphere as substantially more selfish and competitive than non-hospital physicians, whilst general practitioners considered the atmosphere between colleagues to be more supportive than non-specialists. In addition, high perceived stress was associated with the perception of a less supportive atmosphere. However, the strongest predictor of the communication atmosphere was clearly the physician's perceived autonomy. The comprehensive retrenchment programmes implemented in Norwegian hospitals during recent years have increased stress and restricted professional autonomy among both physicians and other occupational groups. Our findings indicate that the communication atmosphere necessary to secure continuity of knowledge within the medical profession may have been jeopardised by this process. In the long term, this may prove hazardous to the quality of medical care.

• Falkum, Erik; Olff, Miranda & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (1997). Revisiting the factor structure of the Ways of Coping Checklist: A three-dimensional view of the problem-focused coping scale. A study among Norwegian physicians. Personality and Individual Differences. ISSN 0191-8869. 22, p. 257–267. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The factor structure of the Ways of coping checklist (WCCL) developed by Folkman and Lazarus was re-examined and the emerging factors related to eight different measures of health and stress in a large representative sample of Norwegian physicians (N=1030). The 42-item Vitaliano revision of the WCCL was applied, and a 6-factor solution of the principal component analysis was chosen as the most appropriate one. The traditional comprehensive Problem-focused coping factor was split into three new ones: a narrower, more instrumental Action-oriented factor, an Accomodation factor and a Positive thinking factor. Vitaliano's Seek support and Self-blame scales were reproduced, while the Wishful thinking and Avoidance scales collapsed to one Defense factor. The health related validity of the new solution was examined in two parallel series of regression analyses. Our new WCCL-dimensions were included as hypothetical predictors of health and stress in one series, and the Vitaliano factors in another. Whereas the comprehensive Problem-focused coping dimension predicted the health and stress measures significantly in six of the equations, the new Action-oriented coping factor was not included in any of them. Accomodation and Positive thinking seem to account for most of the variance covered by the comprehensive Problem-focused coping scale. It is argued that Accomodation and Positive thinking are more productive ways of coping when the source of stress is not likely to be eliminated or substantially weakened by individual action.

• Falkum, Erik; Gjerberg, Elisabeth & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (1997). Tidspress blant norske leger. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 117, p. 954–959. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper perceived jobstress is examined in a nationwide representative sample of Norwegian physicians. The subject is generally important because highly stressed physicians are more likely to make diagnostic and therapeutic mistakes. Four questions were posed about how often the doctors perceived that the working conditions were jittery and bothersome, that the workload was unacceptable, that the high number of tasks prevented them from working effectively and that they had problems working reasonably undisturbed. 28% of the respondents stated that their workload was often or fairly often unacceptable, while 43% often or fairly often had problems handling tasks without being disturbed. When the four questions were combined to form a general stress measure, about one fifth of the doctors proved to be highly stressed. In a multiple linear regression analysis (N=2304) the physician's perceived autonomy was the strongest predictor of stress, i.e. doctors who feel they can influence planning and work organization substantially have the lowest stress scores. Heads of hospital departments seem to be more stressed than physicians working outside the hospital, while the contrary is true for residents. Male doctors experienced more stress than female. Perceived workload was neither significantly related to the physician's total working hours nor to the frequency of overtime.

• Nylenna, Magne; Falkum, Erik & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (1996). Keeping professionals updated: Perceived coping and CME profiles among physicans. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. ISSN 0894-1912. 16, p. 241–249. Full text in Research Archive
• Loge, Jon Håvard; Kaasa, Stein; Ekeberg, Øivind; Falkum, Erik & Hytten, Karsten (1996). Attitudes toward informing the cancer patient. A survey of Norwegian physicians. European Journal of Cancer. ISSN 0959-8049. 32 A, p. 1344–1348. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerberg, Elisabeth; Hofoss, Dag; Falkum, Erik & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (1996). Legeres kontroll over egen arbeidssituasjon - en myte? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 116, p. 1800–1804. Full text in Research Archive
• Hofoss, Dag; Falkum, Erik; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Akre, Victoria (1996). Leger og massemedier. Legeoppfatninger om massemedienes omtale av medisin, helsepolitikk og legene som yrkesgruppe. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 116, p. 270–274. Full text in Research Archive

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• Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Falkum, Erik; Haavet, Ole Rikard & Røssberg, Jan Ivar (2016). ABC i kognitiv terapi Startbok for helsearbeidere. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245018622. 112 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik & Berge, Torkil (2013). Se mulighetene. Arbeidsliv og psykisk helse. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISBN 9788205428454. 331 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Førde, Reidun; Breivik, Harald; Falkum, Erik; Halvorsen, Einfrid; Husabø, Erling & Kaasa, Stein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2001). Retningslinjer for lindrende sedering til døende. Den norske lægeforening. ISBN 9788290921960. 44 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiberg, Arvid; Falkum, Erik & Nylenna, Magne (1998). Medisinsk mangfold - mangfoldig medisiner : festskrift til professor dr. med. Øivind Larsen på hans 60-årsdag den 6. september 1998. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788200425519. -1 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Falkum, Erik (2018). E. Falkum svarer :. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(16), p. 1504–1504. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0737. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik; Olavesen, Bengt & Hytten, Karsten (2015). MBT og andre merkevarer. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 52(6), p. 520–521. Full text in Research Archive
• Falkum, Erik; Olavesen, Bengt & Hytten, Karsten (2015). Det integrative perspektivet. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 52(12), p. 1082–1083. Full text in Research Archive
• Lystad, June; Falkum, Erik; Bull, Helen; Mohn, Christine; Evensen, Stig & Rund, Bjørn Rishovd [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) in Norway:Functional Correlates. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, Ellen, M.; Espnes, Geir Arild; Falkum, Erik & Aasland, Olaf, G. (2006). Work-family interference and burnout in eight occupational groups in Norway. Psychology and Health. ISSN 0887-0446. 21, p. 69–69. Full text in Research Archive
• Innstrand, Siw Tone; Langballe, EM; Espnes, Geir Arild; Falkum, E & Aasland, Olav Gierløv (2006). Work-family interference and burnout. A longitudinal study among eight different occupational groups in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Johansen, Merete; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir; Gude, Tore & Falkum, Erik (2003). An investigation of the prototype validity of the borderline DSM-IV construct. Full text in Research Archive
• Johansen, Merete; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir & Falkum, Erik (2003). An insvestiagation of the prototype validity of the borderline DSM-IV construct. Full text in Research Archive
• Gude, Tore; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir; Urnes, Øyvind & Falkum, Erik (2003). Incompetence and fear of abandonment. A two-dimensional model for dependent personality disorder. Full text in Research Archive
• Christiansen, Øystein M; Horn, Kjetil; Hytten, Karsten; Knutsen, Andreas J; Lorentzen, Steinar & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Psykoterapiveiledningen i psykiaterutdanningen - innstilling fra arbeidsutvalg nedsatt av styret i Npf. Dnlf. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjuus, Helge; Falkum, Erik; Leira, Håkon Lasse; Haanes, Jan Vilis; Moen, Bente Elisabeth & Ulvestad, Bente [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). Yrkessykdommer — Yrkessykdomsutvalgets utredning av hvilke sykdommer som bør kunne godkjennes som yrkessykdom. Arbeids og inkluderingsdepartementet. ISSN 9788258309755. Full text in Research Archive

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