Eva Maria Rehbinder

• Vallevik, Elin Ørbeck; Holten-Andersen, Mads Nikolaj; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Vettukattil, Riyas & Rueegg, Corina Silvia [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2026). Oscillometric blood pressure values in infants at 3, 6 and 12 months of age: a cohort study. BMJ Paediatrics Open. 10(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004761. Full text in Research Archive
• Berents, Frida Victoria; Skram, Marius Kurås; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Granum, Berit Brunstad; Haugen, Guttorm Nils & Hedlin, Gunilla [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2026). Maternal BMI, early-life growth, and atopic dermatitis by age 3 years. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global (JACI: Global). 5(3). doi: 10.1016/j.jacig.2026.100693. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Childhood atopic dermatitis is associated with maternal gestational weight gain, whereas an association with prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) or fetal and newborn anthropometric measurements is unclear. Objective: Our aim was to determine whether, primarily, maternal ppBMI and, secondarily, offspring newborn anthropometric measurements or fetal growth are associated with atopic dermatitis by age 3 years. Methods: In 2107 mother-child pairs (54% boys) from the general population–based Scandinavian PreventADALL (Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies) cohort, maternal ppBMI was reported at time of enrollment (at midpregnancy). Thoracic and abdominal circumferences were measured by ultrasound at midpregnancy and again at birth, as were weight and length. Fetal growth, including thoracic and abdominal growth and fetal weight gain, was estimated from midpregnancy to birth. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed using standard criteria at 3, 6, 12, 24, and age 36 months. Results: Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in 525 of the 2107 children (25%) by age 3 years, with a positive association with increasing maternal BMI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per BMI unit = 1.03 [95% CI = 1.00-1.06]). Furthermore, increasing birth length (mean = 50.5 ± 2.0 cm) was positively associated with atopic dermatitis (aOR = 1.06 [95% CI = 1.01-1.12]), whereas short birth length (<48 cm) was inversely associated with atopic dermatitis (aOR = 0.71 [95% CI = 0.51-1.0]). Neither birth weight nor thoracic, abdominal, or upper arm circumference at birth nor fetal growth was associated with atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Increasing maternal ppBMI and increasing birth length were positively associated with offspring atopic dermatitis by age 3 years, whereas short birth length was associated with a lower risk of atopic dermatitis.

• Wollenberg, A.; Kinberger, M.; Arents, B.; Aszodi, N.; Barbarot, S. & Bieber, T. [Show all 32 contributors for this article] (2025). European Guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema: Living update. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. ISSN 0926-9959. 39(9), p. 1537–1566. doi: 10.1111/jdv.20639. Full text in Research Archive
• Augustin, Matthias; Bewley, Anthony; Bruggen, Marie Charlotte; Bruin-Weller, Marjolein S. De; Ezzedine, Khaled & Ferrucci, Silvia M. [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2025). European, multicentre, prospective observational phase IV clinical study to assess the impact of lebrikizumab on health-related well-being and control of skin manifestations in patients with moderate-to- severe atopic dermatitis (ADTrust): Study protocol. BMJ Open. 15(7), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-102155. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, heterogeneous skin disease affecting 2%–7% of adults, with roughly 30% having moderate-to-severe disease. AD symptoms, like intense itching and skin pain, carry a substantial disease burden that negatively impacts patients’ quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial well-being. Lebrikizumab is a novel, high-affinity monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to and neutralises interleukin-13 with high potency. Three clinical trials with lebrikizumab (ADvocate 1 and 2; ADhere) demonstrated significant clinical benefit in patients with AD, while the 3-year long-term extension study of lebrikizumab (ADjoin) further demonstrated long-term efficacy and safety in patients with AD. The ADTrust study will evaluate patient well-being, their relationship with their skin, long-term effectiveness, and safety of lebrikizumab, treatment satisfaction, and long-term effect of lebrikizumab treatment on different aspects of patients’ lives, including itch, pain, sleep, fatigue, work impairment and overall QoL among adult patients with moderate-to-severe AD in a real-world setting. Methods and analysis This non-interventional, prospective, observational, real-world evidence study will involve approximately 150 sites across Europe and approximately 1200 adults with moderate-to-severe AD treated with lebrikizumab for 2 years. The primary endpoint is patient well-being assessed by the 5-item WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaire. Key secondary endpoints include clinical effectiveness (Eczema Area and Severity Index and Investigator’s Global Assessment Scale), disease symptomatology and control (Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure, 24-hour peak pruritus, skin pain, fatigue and sleep quality Numerical Rating Scale, and safety and tolerability. Other validated endpoints will evaluate physician-reported and patient-reported QoL and treatment satisfaction (Dermatology Life Quality Index, Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire-9), patients’ work productivity and impairment (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI)-AD) and disease control (AD Control Tool). Novel experimental endpoints will also be evaluated with the aim to assess patients’ relationship with their skin (SkinLove questionnaire), disease control (intensity and frequency of flares) and an Effectiveness Diary+© (a brief monthly survey on a voluntary basis with the aim to assess the long-term impact of lebrikizumab on three fundamental aspects of the patients’ life: the well-being (WHO-5), the itch intensity (24 hours peak pruritus) and the frequency and intensity of flares). Statistical analyses will be descriptive and explorative and based on observed cases. Missing data imputation may be used to handle missing data for primary endpoints and secondary effectiveness endpoints. Ethics and dissemination This study will be conducted according to the protocol, which has ethics committee approval (Hamburg Ethic Committee in Germany: 2024-101358-BO-ff), and all applicable laws and regulatory requirements for each participating country. The results will be disseminated through scientific publications and congress presentations.

• Sundet, Birgitte Kordt; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Haugen, Guttorm Nils; Hedlin, Gunilla; Hilde, Katarina & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). Midpregnancy maternal circulating angiogenic biomarkers: Associations with placental dysfunction-related pregnancy complications and fetal sex. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 171, p. 52–61. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2025.09.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup (2025). Tidlig introduksjon av små mengder mat forebygger matallergi. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 145(6), p. 1–4. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.25.0204. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Konradsen, Jon R.; Borres, Magnus P.; Granum, Berit & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2025). The Effect of Early Food Introduction and Skin Emollients on Pollen Sensitization: A Randomized Trial (PreventADALL) Sub-Study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. 13(6), p. 1325–1334. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2025.03.046. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Pollen sensitization may be directed toward proteins also found in plant foods. Objective We explored whether early food introduction and skin emollients prevented birch and grass sensitization at age 3 years and whether the effect was mediated by skin barrier function or modified by season of birth. Methods In the population-based, randomized, controlled Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergy in Children trial, information on allergic sensitization by age 3 years was available in 2,066 children. Newborns were randomized (1:1:1:1) to no (controls); to food (tastes of peanut, cow’s milk, wheat, and egg from 3 months) or skin (oil baths and facial cream from 2 weeks); or to both interventions. Sensitization was defined as specific IgE 0.1 kUA/L or greater and/or skin prick test wheal 3 mm or greater. A mediator analysis assessed the skin intervention’s effect through transepidermal water loss at 3 months. An interaction analysis estimated effect modification by month of birth. Results At age 3 years, 117 of 1,492 children (7.8%) were sensitized to birch and 40 of 1,482 children (2.7%) to timothy. Compared with controls, crude odds ratio (95% CI) in the food, skin, and combined intervention groups, respectively, was 1.10 (0.63-1.93), 2.38 (1.43-3.95), and 0.70 (0.37-1.34) for birch, and 0.58 (0.21-1.60), 1.73 (0.77-3.91), and 1.00 (0.40-2.49) for grass sensitization. A significant indirect effect of the skin intervention through transepidermal water loss was observed, but there was no significant modification by month of birth for either intervention. Conclusions Early food introduction did not affect the risk of pollen sensitization. Infants with skin intervention had increased risk only of birch sensitization, mediated by reduced skin barrier function in early infancy.

• Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Kreyberg, Ina; Färdig, Martin; Granum, Berit; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2024). Maternal use of snus as smokeless tobacco in pregnancy and infant lung function. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 10(4). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00958-2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Smoking in pregnancy has detrimental effects on infant respiratory health, while the effects of other nicotine-containing products on infant lung function are unclear. We aimed to explore if smokeless tobacco such as snus used in pregnancy increased the risk of lower lung function in infancy and if the associations differed by sex. Methods From the Scandinavian population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children birth cohort, we included 1163 infants with available tidal flow-volume measurements at 3 months of age and maternal self-reported use of nicotine-containing products in pregnancy. The risk of a ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time <25th percentile by any nicotine exposure, snus exclusively and cigarette smoking with or without other nicotine-containing products was explored by regression analyses adjusting for maternal age, education and asthma. Results Overall 120 out of 1163 (10.3%) infants were exposed to any nicotine in utero, 71 out of 120 by snus exclusively and 49 out of 120 by smoking, with six also exposed to snus. By pregnancy week 6, 85.8% of mothers reported stopping nicotine use. The risk of lower lung function was higher in children exposed in utero to nicotine-containing products with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.59) with a similar tendency for snus exclusively (OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.88–2.71) and smoking (OR 1.79, 0.84–3.84). Effect estimates were similar after adjusting for covariates. No differences of the effect by sex were observed. Conclusion Our study suggests that in utero exposure to not only cigarettes, but also snus, may negatively affect infant lung function.

• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Hoyer, Angela; Bradley, Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Granum, Berit [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2024). Frequent oil baths and skin barrier during infancy in the PreventADALL study. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. 191(1), p. 49–57. doi: 10.1093/bjd/ljae091. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background In the general population randomized controlled trial PreventADALL, frequent emollient bath additives from 2 weeks of age did not prevent atopic dermatitis, while the effect on skin barrier function throughout infancy is not established. Objectives The primary aim of this exploratory substudy was to assess the effect of mineral-based oil baths on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and dry skin through infancy, and secondarily to explore if filaggrin (FLG) mutations modified the effect. Methods Overall, 2153 infants were included and randomized to either the ‘Skin intervention’ (SI) group (n = 995) (oil bath 4 times weekly from 2 weeks through 8 months) or ‘No skin intervention’ (NSI) group (n = 1158), with TEWL measurements at 3, 6 and/or 12 months of age. Information on FLG mutation status was available for 1683 of these infants. Effects of the skin intervention on TEWL and dry skin through infancy were assessed by mixed-effects regression modelling. Background characteristics and protocol adherence were collected from electronic questionnaires, birth records and weekly diaries. Results The TEWL (95% confidence interval) was on average 0.42 g m–2 h–1 (0.13–0.70, P = 0.004) higher in the SI group compared with the NSI group through the first year of life, with significantly higher levels at 3 months [8.6 (8.3–9.0) vs. 7.6 (7.3–7.9)], but similar at 6 and 12 months. Dry skin was observed significantly more often in the NSI group compared with the SI group at 3 months (59% vs. 51%) and at 6 months of age (63% vs. 53%), while at 12 months of age, the difference was no longer significant. At 3 months, the TEWL of FLG mutation carriers was similar to the TEWL in the SI group. No interaction between SI and FLG mutation was found in the first year of life. Conclusions Infants given frequent oil baths from 2 weeks of age had reduced skin barrier function through infancy compared with controls, largely attributed to higher TEWL at 3 months of age, while the skin at 3 and 6 months appeared less dry in infants subjected to the skin intervention.

• Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Wiik, Johanna; Sjøborg, Katrine Dønvold; Rüegg, Corina Silvia & Sugulle, Meryam [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2024). Placental human papillomavirus infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 152, p. 23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.05.126. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Knowledge on prevalence and association of human papillomavirus (HPV) in third trimester placentae and adverse pregnancy outcomes is limited. We investigated the prevalence of placental HPV at delivery, explored urine HPV characteristics associated with placental HPV and whether placental HPV increased the risk adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Pregnant women were enrolled in the Scandinavian PreventADALL mother-child cohort study at midgestation. Human papillomavirus genotyping was performed on placental biopsies collected at delivery (n = 587) and first-void urine at midgestation and delivery (n = 556). Maternal characteristics were collected by questionnaires at gestational week 18 and 34. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were registered from chart data including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus and newborns small for gestational age. Uni- and multivariable regression models were used to investigate associations. Results Placental HPV was detected in 18/587 (3 %). Twenty-eight genotypes were identified among the 214/556 (38 %) with midgestational urine HPV. Seventeen of the 18 women with placental HPV were midgestational HPV positive with 89 % genotype concordance. Midgestational high-risk-(HR)-HPV and high viral loads of Any- or HR-HPV were associated with placental HPV. Persisting HPV infection from midgestation to delivery was not associated with placental HPV. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were seen in 2/556 (0.4 %) of women with placental HPV. Discussion In this general cohort of pregnant women, the prevalence of placental HPV was 3 %, and midgestational urinary HPV 38 %. High HPV viral load increased the risk for placental HPV infections. We observed no increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with placental HPV.

• Argenziano, Giuseppe; Cusano, Francesco; Corazza, Monica; Amato, Salvatore; Amerio, Paolo & Naldi, Luigi [Show all 47 contributors for this article] (2024). Italian S3-Guideline on the treatment of atopic eczema Part 2: non-systemic treatments and treatment recommendations for special AE patient populations, adapted from EuroGuiDerm by the Italian Society of Dermatology and STD (SIDEMAST), the Italian Association of Hospital Dermatologists (ADOI) and the Italian Society of Allergological and Occupational Dermatology (SIDAPA). Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology. ISSN 2784-8671. 159(3), p. 251–278. doi: 10.23736/S2784-8671.24.07666-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Argenziano, Giuseppe; Cusano, Francesco; Corazza, Monica; Amato, Salvatore; Amerio, Paolo & Naldi, Luigi [Show all 47 contributors for this article] (2024). Italian S3-Guideline on the treatment of Atopic Eczema - Part 1: Systemic therapy, adapted from EuroGuiDerm by the Italian Society of Dermatology and STD (SIDEMAST), the Italian Association of Hospital Dermatologists (ADOI) and the Italian Society of Allergological and Environmental Dermatology (SIDAPA). Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology. ISSN 2784-8671. 159(3), p. 223–250. doi: 10.23736/S2784-8671.24.07664-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Argenziano, Giuseppe; Cusano, Francesco; Corazza, Monica; Amato, Salvatore; Amerio, Paolo & Naldi, Luigi [Show all 47 contributors for this article] (2024). Italian S3-Guideline on the treatment of Atopic Eczema - First Update, adapted from EuroGuiDerm by the Italian Society of Dermatology and STD (SIDEMAST), the Italian Association of Hospital Dermatologists (ADOI) and the Italian Society of Allergological and Occupational Dermatology (SIDAPA). Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology. ISSN 2784-8671. doi: 10.23736/S2784-8671.24.07667-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Wiik, Johanna; Sjøborg, Katrine Dønvold; Rueegg, Corina Silvia & Sugulle, Meryam [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2024). Human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a Scandinavian prospective mother-child cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06958-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Human papillomaviruses are common in the urogenital tract amongst women of childbearing age. A few studies indicate a possible association between human papillomavirus infections in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes whilst other studies find no such association. We aimed to investigate the association between human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes linked to placental dysfunction, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus and newborns small for gestational age. Materials and methods Pregnant women from the general population in Norway and Sweden were enrolled at the time of routine mid-gestational ultrasound examination. Urine samples collected at mid-gestation in 950 and at delivery in 753 participants, were analyzed for 28 human papillomavirus genotypes, including 12 high-risk genotypes. Participants completed electronic questionnaires at enrollment and medical records were reviewed for background characteristics and for the following adverse pregnancy outcomes: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, superimposed preeclampsia, eclampsia and Hemolysis Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome, gestational diabetes mellitus, and newborns small for gestational age. Associations between adverse pregnancy outcomes and (a) any human papillomavirus, high-risk human papillomavirus and human papillomavirus genotype 16 infection at mid-gestation, (b) multiple genotype infections at mid-gestation, and (c) persisting infections during pregnancy were assessed with univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Missing covariates were imputed using multiple imputation. Results At mid-gestation, 40% (377/950) of women were positive for any of the 28 genotypes, 24% (231/950) for high-risk genotypes and human papillomavirus 16 was found in 6% (59/950) of the women. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was observed in 9% (83/950), gestational diabetes mellitus in 4% (40/950) and newborns small for gestational age in 7% (67/950). Human papillomavirus infection with any genotype, high-risk or human papillomavirus genotype 16 at mid-gestation was not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. No associations were found for multiple genotype infections at mid-gestation or persisting infections. Conclusion In a general population of pregnant women, we found no evidence of human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy being associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, or newborns small for gestational age. Trial registration Trial registration The study is registered at ClincialTrials.gov; NCT02449850 on May 19th, 2015. Graphical Abstract

• Färdig, Martin; Hoyer, Angela; Almqvist, Catarina; Bains, Karen Eline S.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2024). Infant lung function and early skin barrier impairment in the development of asthma at age 3 years. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 79(3), p. 667–678. doi: 10.1111/all.16024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Largely unexplored, we investigated if lower lung function, impaired skin barrier function by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), eczema, and filaggrin (FLG) mutations in infancy were associated with asthma in early childhood. Methods From the factorially designed randomized controlled intervention study PreventADALL, we evaluated 1337/2394 children from all randomization groups with information on asthma at age 3 years, and at age 3 months either lung function, TEWL, eczema, and/or FLG mutations. Lower lung function was defined as the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) <0.25, and skin barrier impairment as a high TEWL >9.50 g/m2/h. Eczema was clinically observed, and DNA genotyped for FLG mutations. Asthma was defined as asthma-like symptoms (≥3 episodes of bronchial obstruction) between age 2–3 years as well as a history of doctor-diagnosed asthma and/or asthma medication use. Associations were analyzed in logistic regression models, presented with adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Lower lung function and skin barrier impairment were associated with asthma in general; aOR (95% CI) 5.4 (2.1, 13.7) and 1.6 (1.1, 2.5), while eczema and FLG mutations were associated with asthma in children with atopic dermatitis or allergic sensitization only. Stratifying for sex, the risk of asthma was only increased in boys with lower lung function; aOR (95% CI) 7.7 (2.5, 23.6), and in girls with FLG mutations; aOR (95% CI) 3.5 (1.5, 8.2). Conclusion Lower lung function and impaired skin barrier function in infancy may increase the risk of asthma at age 3 years.

• Färdig, Martin; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Hoyer, Angela; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Almqvist, Catarina & Jonassen, Christine Genevieve Monceyron [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Skin Barrier Function and Infant Tidal Flow-Volume Loops—A Population-Based Observational Study. Children. 10(1). doi: 10.3390/children10010088. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The relationship between the skin barrier- and lung function in infancy is largely unexplored. We aimed to explore if reduced skin barrier function by high transepidermal water loss (TEWL), or manifestations of eczema or Filaggrin (FLG) mutations, were associated with lower lung function in three-month-old infants. Methods: From the population-based PreventADALL cohort, 899 infants with lung function measurements and information on either TEWL, eczema at three months of age and/or FLG mutations were included. Lower lung function by tidal flow-volume loops was defined as a ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) &lt;0.25 and a tPTEF &lt;0.17 s (&lt;25th percentile). A high TEWL &gt;8.83 g/m2/h (&gt;75th percentile) denoted reduced skin barrier function, and DNA was genotyped for FLG mutations (R501X, 2282del4 and R2447X). Results: Neither a high TEWL, nor eczema or FLG mutations, were associated with a lower tPTEF/tE. While a high TEWL was associated with a lower tPTEF; adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.61 (1.08, 2.42), the presence of eczema or FLG mutations were not. Conclusions: Overall, a high TEWL, eczema or FLG mutations were not associated with lower lung function in healthy three-month-old infants. However, an inverse association between high TEWL and tPTEF was observed, indicating a possible link between the skin barrier- and lung function in early infancy.

• Hilde, Katarina; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Färdig, Martin & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). Third trimester fetal lung volume, thoracic circumference, and early infant lung function. Pediatric Pulmonology. ISSN 8755-6863. 58(7), p. 2050–2058. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26431. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background We aimed to investigate the relationship between fetal third trimester lung volume (LV), thoracic circumference (TC), fetal weight, as well as fetal thoracic and weight growth, and early infant lung function. Methods Fetal LV, TC and estimated weight were measured with ultrasound at 30 gestational weeks in 257 fetuses from the general population‐based prospective cohort study Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children (PreventADALL). Fetal thoracic growth rate and weight increase were calculated using TC and estimated fetal weight measured by ultrasound during pregnancy, and TC and birthweight of the newborn. Lung function was assessed by tidal flow‐volume measurement in awake infants at 3 months of age. The associations between fetal size (LV, TC, and estimated weight) and growth (thoracic growth rate and fetal weight increase) measures and the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time ratio ( t PTEF / t E ) as well as tidal volume standardized for body weight ( V T /kg) were analyzed using linear and logistic regression models. Results We observed no associations between fetal LV, TC or estimated fetal weight and t PTEF / t E as a continuous variable, t PTEF / t E  &lt; 25th percentile, or V T /kg. Similarly, fetal thoracic growth and weight increase were not associated with infant lung function. Analyses stratified for sex showed a significant inverse association between fetal weight increase and V T /kg ( p  = 0.02) in girls. Conclusion Overall, fetal third trimester LV, TC, estimated fetal weight, thoracic growth rate and weight increase were not associated with infant lung function at 3 months of age.

• Rapin, Alexis; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Macowan, Matthew; Pattaroni, Céline; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Harris, Nicola L. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). The skin microbiome in the first year of life and its association with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 78(7), p. 1949–1063. doi: 10.1111/all.15671. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background Early‐life microbial colonization of the skin may modulate the immune system and impact the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic diseases later in life. To address this question, we assessed the association between the skin microbiome and AD, skin barrier integrity and allergic diseases in the first year of life. We further explored the evolution of the skin microbiome with age and its possible determinants, including delivery mode. Methods Skin microbiome was sampled from the lateral upper arm on the first day of life, and at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Bacterial communities were assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in 346 infants from the PreventADALL population‐based birth cohort study, representing 970 samples. Clinical investigations included skin examination and skin barrier function measured as trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) at the site and time of microbiome sampling at 3, 6, and 12 months. Parental background information was recorded in electronic questionnaires, and delivery mode (including vaginal delivery (VD), VD in water, elective caesarean section (CS) and emergency CS) was obtained from maternal hospital charts. Results Strong temporal variations in skin bacterial community composition were found in the first year of life, with distinct patterns associated with different ages. Confirming our hypothesis, skin bacterial community composition in the first year of life was associated with skin barrier integrity and later onsets of AD. Delivery mode had a strong impact on the microbiome composition at birth, with each mode leading to distinct patterns of colonization. Other possible determinants of the skin microbiome were identified, including environmental and parental factors as well as breastfeeding. Conclusion Skin microbiome composition during infancy is defined by age, transiently influenced by delivery mode as well as environmental, parental factors and breastfeeding. The microbiome is also associated with skin barrier integrity and the onset of AD.

• Wiik, Johanna; Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Jonassen, Christine M; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Granum, Berit [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2023). Maternal human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy and preterm delivery: A mother–child cohort study in Norway and Sweden. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 102(3), p. 344–354. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14509. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common in women of reproductive age. Infection and inflammation are leading causes for preterm delivery (PTD), but the role of HPV infection in PTD and prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) is unclear. We aimed to explore whether HPV infection during pregnancy in general, and high-risk-HPV (HR-HPV) infection specifically, increased the risk of PTD, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), PROM at term, and/or chorioamnionitis. Material and Methods In pregnant women, who were participating in a prospective multicenter cohort study from a general population in Norway and Sweden (PreventADALL, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02449850), HPV DNA was analyzed in available urine samples at mid-gestation (16–22 weeks) and at delivery, and in the placenta after delivery with Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 PCR assay. The risk of PTD, PPROM, PROM, and chorioamnionitis was analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses for any 28 HPV genotypes, including 12 HR-HPV genotypes, compared with HPV-negative women. Further, subgroups of HPV (low-risk/possibly HR-HPV, HR-HPV-non-16 and HR-HPV-16), persistence of HR-HPV from mid-gestation to delivery, HR-HPV-viral load, and presence of multiple HPV infections were analyzed for the obstetric outcomes. Samples for HPV analyses were available from 950 women with singleton pregnancies (mean age 32 years) at mid-gestation and in 753 also at delivery. Results At mid-gestation, 40% of women were positive for any HPV and 24% for HR-HPV. Of the 950 included women, 23 had PTD (2.4%), nine had PPROM (0.9%), and six had chorioamnionitis (0.6%). Of the term pregnancies, 25% involved PROM. The frequency of PTD was higher in HR-HPV-positive women (8/231, 3.5%) than in HPV-negative women (13/573, 2.3%) at mid-gestation, but the association was not statistically significant (odds ratio 1.55; 95% confidence interval 0.63–3.78). Neither any HPV nor subgroups of HPV at mid-gestation or delivery, nor persistence of HR-HPV was significantly associated with increased risk for PTD, PPROM, PROM, or chorioamnionitis. No HPV DNA was detected in placentas of women with PTD, PPROM or chorioamnionitis. Conclusions HPV infection during pregnancy was not significantly associated with increased risk for PTD, PPROM, PROM, or chorioamnionitis among women from a general population with a low incidence of adverse obstetric outcomes.

• Despriee, Åshild; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Glavin, Kari; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Magi, Caroline Aleksi Olsson & Söderhäll, Cilla [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Infant colic and abdominal pain; associations with infant multimorbidity and maternal perceived stress up to 3 months postpartum—A cross-sectional/cohort study in the PreventADALL study. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 32(19-20), p. 7605–7617. doi: 10.1111/jocn.16825. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims and Objectives: The primary aim was to explore whether infants with pain symptoms (colic, abdominal pain and visit to healthcare provider with pain or other discomforts) had increased multimorbidity (common infections, eczema and food sen- sitivity) compared with infants without these conditions. Secondarily, we aimed to determine whether infant pain symptoms were associated with maternal perceived stress in pregnancy and 3 months postpartum. Background: Infant colic and abdominal pain are common concerns in early infancy. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, little research exists on the relationship between in- fant pain and common infant infections, eczema and food sensitization as comorbidi- ties, and the impact of infant pain on the development of maternal perceived stress from pregnancy to infancy is inconsistent. Design: This study was cross-sectional and partly prospective. Methods: The sample consisted of mother–infant pairs (N = 1852); information re- garding infant pain and multimorbidity was collected from the 3-month questionnaire and postpartum visits in the PreventADALL prospective cohort study. Chi-square tests and regression analyses were conducted. The STROBE checklist was followed. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant higher proportion of respiratory and other infections in infants with pain symptoms. The odds of infant pain were higher for infants with multimorbidity compared to those with no comorbidity. Mothers of infants with colic and of infants visiting healthcare with pain and other discomforts reported statistically significant higher perceived stress by 3 months compared with mothers of infants with no reported pain. Conclusion: Our results indicate an association between infant pain symptoms and the presence of infections. Mothers of infants with colic and visiting healthcare had higher perceived stress compared to the no pain group. Implications for Practice: Our study indicates that infant pain is associated with infant multimorbidity and maternal perceived stress, which may be useful when planning diagnostic, treatment and coping strategies in infant and family care. Patient or Public Contribution: The PreventADALL is a collaborative study with gov- ernmental and patient organisation representation. Selected infants with parents were also contributing during calibrating courses on eczema assessment for the data collectors.

• Hilde, Katarina; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Fetal pulmonary artery Doppler blood flow velocity measures and early infant lung function. A prospective cohort study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1476-7058. 36(1). doi: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2213796. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Reduced lung function at birth has evident antenatal origins and is associated with an increased risk of wheezing and asthma later in life. Little is known about whether blood flow in the fetal pulmonary artery, may impact postnatal lung function. Objective Our primary aim was to investigate the potential associations between fetal Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the fetal branch pulmonary artery, and infant lung function by tidal flow-volume (TFV) loops at three months of age in a low-risk population. Our secondary aim was to explore the association between Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries, and the same lung function measures. Methods In 256 non-selected pregnancies from the birth cohort study Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children (PreventADALL) we performed fetal ultrasound examination with Doppler blood flow velocity measurements at 30 gestational weeks (GW). We recorded the pulsatility index, peak systolic velocity, time-averaged maximum velocity, acceleration time/ejection time ratio, and time velocity integral primarily in the proximal pulmonary artery close to the pulmonary bifurcation. The pulsatility index was measured in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and the peak systolic velocity in the middle cerebral artery. The cerebro-placental ratio (ratio between pulsatility index in the middle cerebral and umbilical arteries) was calculated. Infant lung function was assessed using TFV loops in awake, calmly breathing three months old infants. The outcome was the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time ratio (tPTEF/tE), tPTEF/tE <25th percentile, and tidal volume per kg body weight (VT/kg). Potential associations between fetal Doppler blood flow velocity measures and infant lung function were assessed using linear and logistic regressions. Results The infants were born at median (min - max) 40.3 (35.6 − 42.4) GW, with a mean (SD) birth weight of 3.52 (0.46) kg, and 49.4% were females. The mean (SD) tPTEF/tE was 0.39 (0.1) and the 25th percentile was 0.33. Neither univariable nor multivariable regression models revealed any associations between fetal pulmonary blood flow velocity measures and tPTEF/tE, tPTEF/tE <25th percentile, or VT/kg at three months of age. Similarly, we did not observe associations between Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and infant lung function measures. Conclusion In a cohort of 256 infants from the general population, fetal third-trimester Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the branch pulmonary, umbilical, and middle cerebral arteries were not associated with infant lung function measures at three months of age.

• Saunders, Carina Madelen; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Jonassen, Christine M; Leblanc, Marissa Erin & Nordlund, Bjørn Kristian [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Feeding Practices and Dietary Diversity in the First Year of Life: PreventADALL, a Scandinavian Randomized Controlled Trial and Birth Cohort Study. Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0022-3166. 153(8), p. 2463–2471. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Breastmik is considered the optimal source of nutrition in early infancy. However, recommendations and practices for when and how complementary food should be introduced in the first year of life vary worldwide. Early introduction of allergenic foods may prevent food allergies, but if early food introduction influences infant feeding practices is less known. Objectives We sought to assess infant feeding practices in the first year of life and to determine if early interventional food introduction influences breastfeeding and dietary diversity. Methods Dietary intake was assessed in infants from the population-based clinical trial Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies (PreventADALL) in children study. A total of 2397 infants were cluster-randomized at birth into 4 different groups: 1) control, 2) skin intervention, 3) introduction to 4 allergenic foods between 3 and 4 mo of age: peanut, cow milk, wheat, and egg, as small tastings until 6 mo, and 4) combined skin and food interventions. Dietary data were available from at least one of the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-mo questionnaires in 2059 infants. In the present analysis, groups 1 and 2 constitute the No Food Intervention group, whereas groups 3 and 4 constitute the Food Intervention group. We used the log-rank test and Cox regression to assess the impact of food intervention on age of breastfeeding cessation. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to compare dietary diversity, defined as the number of food categories consumed, between intervention groups. Results At 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo, 95%, 88%, 67%, and 51% were breastfed, respectively, and breastfeeding duration was not affected by the food intervention. In the No Food Intervention group, mean age of complementary food introduction was 18.3 wk (confidence interval [CI]: 18.1, 18.5). In the Food Intervention group, the dietary diversity score was 1.39 units (CI: 1.16, 1.62) higher at 9 mo (P < 0.001) and 0.7 units (CI: 0.5, 0.9) higher at 12 mo (P < 0.001) compared to the No Food Intervention group. Conclusions Early food intervention did not affect breastfeeding rates and increased dietary diversity at 9 and 12 mo.

• Nilsen, Morten; Nygaard, Unni Cecilie; Brodin, Petter; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Fredheim, Cecilie & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2023). Gut bacteria at 6 months of age are associated with immune cell status in 1-year-old children. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. doi: 10.1111/sji.13346. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Age-related gut bacterial changes during infancy have been widely studied, but it remains still unknown how these changes are associated with immune cell composition. This study's aim was to explore if the temporal development of gut bacteria during infancy prospectively affects immune cell composition. Faecal bacteria and short-chain fatty acids were analysed from 67 PreventADALL study participants at four timepoints (birth to 12 months) using reduced metagenome sequencing and gas chromatography. Immune cell frequencies were assessed using mass cytometry in whole blood samples at 12 months. The infants clustered into four groups based on immune cell composition: clusters 1 and 2 showed a high relative abundance of naïve cells, cluster 3 exhibited increased abundance of classical- and non-classical monocytes and clusters 3 and 4 had elevated neutrophil levels. At all age groups, we did observe significant associations between the gut microbiota and immune cell clusters; however, these were generally from low abundant species. Only at 6 months of age we observed significant associations between abundant (>8%) species and immune cell clusters. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Porphyromonadaceae are associated with cluster 1, while Bacteroides fragilis and Bifidobacterium longum are associated with clusters 3 and 4 respectively. These species have been linked to T-cell polarization and maturation. No significant correlations were found between short-chain fatty acids and immune cell composition. Our findings suggest that abundant gut bacteria at 6 months may influence immune cell frequencies at 12 months, highlighting the potential role of gut microbiota in shaping later immune cell composition.

• Färdig, Martin; Lie, Anine; Borres, Magnus P.; Ekenkrantz, Tina; Granum, Berit & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels in early childhood and association with preschool asthma – A prospective observational study. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 53(11), p. 1198–1211. doi: 10.1111/cea.14409. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Introduction Eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN) is related to childhood asthma, while normal values are lacking. We aimed to document serum EDN levels at 1 and 3 years in general and in non‐atopic children, and explore if EDN levels differed by sex or were associated with preschool asthma at 3 years. Methods From the PreventADALL birth cohort, we included 1233 children with EDN analysed using ImmunoCAP at 1 and/or 3 years. Non‐atopic children had no history of wheeze, asthma, allergic sensitization or atopic dermatitis. Preschool asthma was defined as having ≥3 episodes of bronchial obstruction between 2 and 3 years, plus doctor diagnosed asthma and/or asthma medication use by 3 years. The upper limit of normal (ULN) of EDN was defined as the 95th percentile. With Youden Index we calculated EDN cut‐off levels for risk of preschool asthma. Results The overall median (ULN) EDN levels were 27.4 (121) μg/L at 1 year ( n  = 787), and 20.1 (87.8) μg/L at 3 years ( n  = 857). Non‐atopic children had EDN levels of 24.0 (107) μg/L at 1 year ( n  = 147), and 17.3 (84.6) μg/L at 3 years ( n  = 173). EDN levels were higher in boys compared to girls; 32.0 (133) versus 24.5 (97.0) μg/L at 1 year, and 20.9 (96.3) versus 19.0 (72.4) μg/L at 3 years. Preschool asthma was observed in 109/892 (12.2%) children. Higher EDN levels at 1 (&gt;26.7 μg/L) and 3 (≥20.5 μg/L) years were associated with preschool asthma; adjusted OR (95% CI) 2.20 (1.09, 4.41) and 4.68 (2.29, 9.55), respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance We report EDN values in early childhood, demonstrating higher levels at 1 compared to 3 years and in boys compared to girls at both ages. Higher EDN levels at both ages were associated with preschool asthma. However, EDN cut‐off levels for preschool asthma were overall lower than the ULN of non‐atopic children, limiting translation into clinical practice.

• Nilsen, Morten; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Haugen, Guttorm Nils; Hedlin, Gunilla & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). A Globally Distributed Bacteroides caccae Strain Is the Most Prevalent Mother-Child Shared Bacteroidaceae Strain in a Large Scandinavian Cohort. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. ISSN 0099-2240. 89(7), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1128/aem.00789-23. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bacteroides and Phocaeicola, members of the family Bacteroidaceae, are among the first microbes to colonize the human infant gut. While it is known that these microbes can be transmitted from mother to child, our understanding of the specific strains that are shared and potentially transmitted is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the shared strains of Bacteroides and Phocaeicola in mothers and their infants. We analyzed fecal samples from pregnant woman recruited at 18 weeks of gestation from the PreventADALL study, as well as offspring samples from early infancy, including skin swab samples taken within 10 min after birth, the first available fecal sample (meconium), and fecal samples at 3 months of age. We screened 464 meconium samples for Bacteroidaceae, with subsequent selection of 144 mother-child pairs for longitudinal analysis, based on the presence of Bacteroidaceae, longitudinal sample availability, and delivery mode. Our results showed that Bacteroidaceae members were mainly detected in samples from vaginally delivered infants. We identified high prevalences of Phocaeicola vulgatus, Phocaeicola dorei, Bacteroides caccae, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in mothers and vaginally born infants. However, at the strain level, we observed high prevalences of only two strains: a B. caccae strain and a P. vulgatus strain. Notably, the B. caccae strain was identified as a novel component of mother-child shared strains, and its high prevalence was also observed in publicly available metagenomes worldwide. Our findings suggest that mode of delivery may play a role in shaping the early colonization of the infant gut microbiota, in particular the colonization of Bacteroidaceae members.

• Hoel, Sveinung Torsteinsen; Wiik, Johanna; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2023). Birth mode is associated with development of atopic dermatitis in infancy and early childhood. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global (JACI: Global). 2(3). doi: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100104. Full text in Research Archive
• Mägi, Caroline-Aleksi Olsson; Despriee, Åshild W.; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Almqvist, Catarina; Bahram, Fuad & Bakkeheim, Egil [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2022). Maternal Stress, Early Life Factors and Infant Salivary Cortisol Levels. Children. 9(5). doi: 10.3390/children9050623. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Salivary cortisol (SC), a commonly used biomarker for stress, may be disrupted by negative events in pregnancy, at birth and in infancy. We aimed to explore if maternal perceived stress (PSS) in or after pregnancy and SC levels in pregnancy were associated with SC in early infancy, and, secondly, to identify early life factors associated with infants' SC levels (iSC). Methods: At 3 months of age, SC was analyzed in 1057 infants participating in a Nordic prospective mother-child birth cohort study. Maternal PSS was available from questionnaires at 18- and 34-week gestational age (GA) and 3-month post-partum, and SC was analyzed at 18-week GA. Early life factors included sociodemographic and infant feeding from questionnaires, and birth data from medical charts. Associations to iSC were analyzed by Spearman correlation and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results: In this exploratory study neither PSS at any time point nor maternal SC (mSC) were associated with iSC. Higher birth weight was associated with higher levels of iSC, while inverse associations were observed in infants to a mother not living with a partner and mixed bottle/breastfeeding. Conclusions: Maternal stress was not associated with iSC levels, while birth weight, single motherhood and infant feeding may influence iSC levels. Keywords: PreventADALL; infant; perceived stress; salivary cortisol. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

• Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Almqvist, Catarina; Hedlin, Gunilla & Nordhagen, Live Solveig [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Infant tidal flow–volume parameters and arousal state. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 8:00163-2022(4), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00163-2022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Infant lung function can be assessed with tidal flow–volume (TFV) loops. While TFV loops can be measured in both awake and sleeping infants, the influence of arousal state in early infancy is not established. The aim of the present study was to determine whether TFV loop parameters in healthy infants differed while awake compared to the sleeping state at 3 months of age. Methods From the population-based Scandinavian Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children (PreventADALL) birth cohort, 91 infants had reproducible TFV loops measured with Exhalyzer® D in both the awake and sleeping state at 3 months of age. The TFV loops were manually selected according to a standardised procedure. The ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow (tPTEF) to expiratory time (tE) and the corresponding volume ratio (VPTEF/VE), as well as tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate were compared using nonparametric tests. Results The mean (95% CI) tPTEF/tE was significantly higher while awake compared to the sleeping state: 0.39 (0.37–0.41) versus 0.28 (0.27–0.29); with the corresponding VPTEF/VE of 0.38 (0.36–0.40) versus 0.29 (0.28–0.30). The VT was similar, while the respiratory rate was higher while awake compared to the sleeping state: 53 (51–56) breaths·min−1 versus 38 (36–40) breaths·min−1. Conclusion Higher tPTEF/tE, VPTEF/VE and respiratory rate, but similar VT while awake compared to the sleeping state suggests that separate normative TFV loop values according to arousal state may be required in early infancy.

• Nordhagen, Live Solveig; Løfsgaard, Vibeke; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Glavin, Kari; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Monica Hauger [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2022). Maternal food-avoidance diets and dietary supplements during breastfeeding. Nursing Open. 10(1), p. 230–240. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1298. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims To identify maternal food-avoidance diets and dietary supplement use during breastfeeding, and to explore factors associated with food avoidance diets. Design A prospective mother–child birth cohort study. Methods Electronic questionnaires were answered by 1,462 breastfeeding mothers 6 months postpartum in the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) study from 2014–2016. Demographic and antenatal factors were analysed for associations with food avoidance diets in 1,368 women by multiple logistic regression. Results Overall, 289 breastfeeding women (19.8%) avoided at least one food item in their diet, most commonly cow's milk in 99 women (6.8%). Foods were most often avoided due to conditions in the child, maternal factors or lifestyle choice. The odds for food avoidance diets were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3, 3.4) for food allergy (presumed or diagnosed) and 19.4 (5.4, 70.1) for celiac disease in the mother. Dietary supplements were reported by nearly 80%, most commonly cod liver oil.

• Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Hilde, Katarina; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Haugen, Guttorm Nils & Leblanc, Marissa Erin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Fetal thoracic circumference in mid-pregnancy and infant lung function. Pediatric Pulmonology. ISSN 8755-6863. 58(1), p. 35–45. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26153. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and Aim: Impaired lung function in early infancy is associated with later wheeze and asthma, while fetal thoracic circumference (TC) predicts severity of neonatal lung hypoplasia. Exploring fetal origins of lung function in infancy, we aimed to determine if fetal TC in mid‐pregnancy was associated with infant lung function. Methods: From the prospective Scandinavian general population‐based PreventADALL mother–child birth cohort, all 851 3‐month‐old infants with tidal flow‐volume measurements in the awake state and ultrasound fetal size measures at 18 (min–max 16–22) weeks gestational age were included. Associations between fetal TC and time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) were analyzed in linear regression models. To account for gestational age variation, we adjusted TC for simultaneously measured general fetal size, by head circumference (TC/HC), abdominal circumference (TC/AC), and femur length (TC/FL). Multivariable models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal asthma, pre‐pregnancy body mass index, parity, nicotine exposure in utero, and infant sex. Results: The infants (47.8% girls) were born at mean (SD) gestational age of 40.2 (1.30) weeks. The mean (SD) tPTEF/tE was 0.39 (0.08). The mean (SD) TC/HC was 0.75 (0.04), TC/AC 0.87 (0.04), and TC/FL 4.17 (0.26), respectively. Neither TC/HC nor TC/AC were associated with infant tPTEF/tE while a week inverse association was observed between TC/FL and tPTEF/tE (β ^ = −0.03, 95% confidence interval [−0.05, −0.007], p = 0.01). Conclusion: Mid‐pregnancy fetal TC adjusted for fetal head or abdominal size was not associated with tPTEF/tE in healthy, awake 3‐month‐old infants, while a weak association was observed adjusting for fetal femur length.

• Sundet, Birgitte Kordt; Kreyberg, Ina; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby & Berg, Jens Petter [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2022). The effect of nicotine-containing products and fetal sex on placenta-associated circulating midpregnancy biomarkers. Biology of Sex Differences. 13(1). doi: 10.1186/s13293-022-00443-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In utero exposure to nicotine, largely assessed by smoking, is a risk factor for impaired offspring health, while potential effects of non-combustible nicotine use such as snus (oral moist tobacco), are less well-known. Maternal serum concentrations of placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) may be viewed as “placenta health markers”, known to differ by fetal sex. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with lower levels of circulating sFlt-1, while the effect of snus on placenta-associated angiogenic factors is unknown. Our aim was to explore if snus and/or smoking exposure was associated with midpregnancy maternal levels of sFlt-1, PlGF and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio if these associations were modified by fetal sex. Methods Midpregnancy (16–22 gestational weeks) serum from 2603 Scandinavian women enrolled in the population-based multi-center PreventADALL (Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children) study was analysed for sFlt-1 and PlGF concentrations by electrochemiluminescence, deriving the sFlt-1/PGF ratio. Nicotine use was assessed by electronic questionnaires at enrollment in 2278 of the women. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models on log transformed outcomes were used to assess the association between nicotine use and biomarker levels. Interaction terms were included to identify whether the associations were modified by fetal sex. Results Median sFlt-1, PlGF and sFlt-1/PlGF ratios among women with nicotine exposure information were similar to those of all included women and differed by fetal sex. Current snus use was significantly associated with reduced maternal circulating PlGF levels in adjusted analyses [β − 0.12, (95% CI − 0.20; 0.00) compared to never use, p = 0.020]. A significant interaction between fetal sex and snus exposure was observed for PIGF (p = 0.031). Prior or periconceptional snus use was significantly associated with PIGF in male fetus pregnancies [β − 0.05 (95% CI − 0.09 to (− 0.02)) and β − 0.07 (95% CI − 0.12 to (− 0.02)) compared to never use, p = 0.002]. Smoking was not significantly associated with any circulating biomarkers levels. Conclusions Midpregnancy maternal angiogenic profile differed by periconceptional snus use and fetal sex. Snus exposure, perceived as “safe” by users, before or during pregnancy seems to affect midpregnancy placental health in a sex dimorphic manner.

• Lie, Anine; Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Skrindo, Ingebjørg; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Jonassen, Christine M & LeBlanc, Marissa Erin [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2022). Evaluation of Skin Prick Test Reading Time at 10 versus 15 min in Young Infants. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 1018-2438. 183(8), p. 824–834. doi: 10.1159/000522526. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: The optimal time point for reading the mean wheal diameter (MWD) of a skin prick test (SPT) in infants is not established. We aimed to assess if either of two reading time points of the SPT, 10 or 15 min, was superior to detect allergic sensitization (AS) in 6-month-old infants. Methods: In 1,431 6-month-old infants from the population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children (PreventADALL) mother-child cohort, the SPT was performed with standard solutions for egg, cow’s milk, peanut, wheat, soy, birch, timothy, dog, and cat. The MWD was measured after 10 and 15 min. AS was defined as a positive SPT with MWD ≥2 mm larger than the negative control. Results: Overall, 149 (10.4%) infants were sensitized to at least one allergen at 10 and/or 15 min, while 138 (9.6%) had a positive SPT at 10 min and 141 (9.9%) at 15 min. A total of 12,873 allergen pricks were performed with 212 (1.6%) being positive at any time point, 194 (1.5%) positive at 10 min, and 196 (1.5%) positive at 15 min. The mean (95% CI) histamine MWD of 3.8 (3.8, 3.9) mm at 10 min was significantly larger than the 3.6 (3.6, 3.7) mm at 15 min. Discussion/Conclusions: Reading the SPT after both 10 and 15 min increased the number of 6-month-old infants with documented AS compared to reading after one time point only. As neither 10 nor 15 min reading time was superior to the other in detecting AS, our results indicate that readings at both time points should be considered. However, the histamine MWD was significantly larger at 10 min compared to 15 min. Reappraisal of SPT reading in infancy may be warranted.

• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Lie, Anine; Vettukattil, Muhammad Riyas; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Leblanc, Marissa Erin & Asarnoj, Anna [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2022). Early food intervention and skin emollients to prevent food allergy in young children (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 399(10344), p. 2398–2411. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00687-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Primary prevention of food allergy by early introduction of allergenic foods seems promising. We aimed to determine whether early food introduction or the application of regular skin emollients in infants from a general population reduced the risk of food allergy. Methods: This 2 × 2 factorial, cluster-randomised trial was done at Oslo University Hospital and Østfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Infants of women recruited antenatally at the routine 18-week ultrasound examination were cluster-randomised at birth to the following groups: (1) no intervention group; (2) the skin intervention group (skin emollients; bath additives and facial cream; from age 2 weeks to

• Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Carlsen, Oda Cecilie; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Haugen, Guttorm Nils & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Infant lung function and maternal physical activity in the first half of pregnancy. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 8(4). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00172-2022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and aim Physical activity (PA) in pregnancy is important for maternal and possibly offspring health. To study the early origins of lung function we aimed to determine whether PA in the first half of pregnancy is associated with lung function in healthy 3-month-old infants. Methods From the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children birth cohort recruiting infants antenatally in Norway and Sweden, all 812 infants (48.8% girls) with available tidal flow–volume measures in the awake state at 3 months of age and mid-pregnancy data on PA were included. PA was self-reported by the mothers and, based on intensity, we categorised them as active or inactive during pregnancy. Furthermore, we defined active mothers as fairly or highly active. The main outcome was a ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time ( t PTEF / t E ) &lt;0.25. Associations were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for maternal age, education, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, in utero nicotine exposure and parental atopy. Results The mean± sd t PTEF / t E was 0.391±0.08 and did not differ significantly according to maternal PA level in pregnancy. The 290 infants of inactive mothers had higher odds of having t PTEF / t E &lt;0.25 compared to infants of all active mothers (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.13–3.82; p=0.019) and compared to infants (n=224) of fairly active (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.26–7.24; p=0.018) but not highly active mothers (n=298). Conclusion Based on self-reported maternal PA in the first half of pregnancy, 3-month-old infants of inactive compared to active mothers had higher odds of a low t PTEF / t E .

• Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Färdig, Martin; Amnö, Erik; Jonassen, Christine M & Nordlund, Björn [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Infant lung function: criteria for selecting tidal flow–volume loops. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 8(4). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00165-2022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Tidal flow–volume (TFV) loops are commonly recorded in infants during sleep, due to the more regular breathing patterns compared to the awake state. Standardised deselection of loops outside pre-specified ranges are based on periods of regular breathing, while criteria and available software for visual evaluation of TFV loops are lacking. We aimed to determine the reliability of standardised criteria for manual selection of infant TFV loops. Methods Using a pre-defined set of criteria, three independent raters manually evaluated TFV loops among 57 randomly selected awake healthy 3-month-old infants with available TFV measurements in the Scandinavian Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children (PreventADALL) study. The TFV loops were sampled using the Eco Medics Exhalyzer D. Criteria for selecting TFV loops included reproducible shape and volume with only one peak in tidal expiratory flow (PTEF), excluding loops with no clear or uneven flow towards PTEF. By intraclass coefficient (ICC), the reliability of agreement between raters was determined for the time to PTEF ( t PTEF ) to expiratory time ( t E ) and other TFV loop parameters. Results Five infants had unsuccessful tests. Among the remaining 52 infants, the raters selected a median of 25, 26 and 15 loops per test. The ICCs (95% CI) were 0.97 (0.92–0.98) for t PTEF / t E , 0.99 (0.99–1.00) for respiratory rate, 0.98 (0.97–0.99) for tidal volume per kg and 0.98 (0.97–0.99) for expiratory volume, reflecting excellent agreement in all categories. Conclusion Manual TFV loop selection using standardised criteria provides a reliable alternative for lung function measures in awake infants with interrupted breathing cycles in a real-life setting.

• Kelleher, Maeve M.; Cro, Suzie; Vogt, Eleanor Van; Cornelius, Victoria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Skjerven, Håvard Ove [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2021). Skincare interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy: A cochrane systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 51(3), p. 402–418. doi: 10.1111/cea.13847. Full text in Research Archive
• Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland; LeBlanc, Marissa Erin; Gjersvik, Petter; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Diagnosing atopic dermatitis in infancy using established diagnostic criteria: a cohort study. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. 186(6), p. 50–58. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19831. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Diagnosing atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants is challenging. Objectives To determine the incidence and persistence of eczema and AD in infants using the UK Working Party (UKWP) and Hanifin and Rajka (H&R) criteria. Methods A cohort of 1834 infants was examined clinically at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. AD was diagnosed by UKWP (3, 6 and 12 months) and H&R (12 months) criteria. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between AD and eczema. Results Eczema was observed in 628 (34·2%) infants (n = 240, n = 359 and n = 329 at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively), with AD diagnosed in 212 (33·7%) infants with any eczema and in 64/78 (82%) infants with eczema at all three visits. The odds of AD were lower with first presentation of eczema at 6 [odds ratio (OR) 0·33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·22–0·48] or 12 months (OR 0·49, 95% CI 0·32–0·74) than at 3 months, and higher in infants with eczema at three (OR 23·1, 95% CI 12·3–43·6) or two (OR 6·5, 95% CI 4·3–9·9) visits vs. one visit only. At 12 months, 156/329 (47·4%) fulfilled the UKWP and/or H&R criteria; 27 (8%) fulfilled the UKWP criteria only and 65 (20%) only the H&R criteria. Of the 129 infants who fulfilled the H&R criteria, 44 (34·1%) did not meet the itch criterion. Conclusions Used in combination and at multiple timepoints, the UKWP and H&R criteria for AD may be useful in clinical research but may have limited value in most other clinical settings.

• Tedner, Sandra G.; Söderhäll, Cilla; Konradsen, Jon R.; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Borres, Magnus P. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). Extract and molecular-based early infant sensitization and associated factors—A PreventADALL study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. doi: 10.1111/all.14805. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: More knowledge about sensitization patterns in early infancy, including impact of molecular allergology, is needed to help predict future allergy development more accurately. Objective: We aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of allergic sensitization at 3 months of age, and explore possible associated factors. Methods: From the Scandinavian antenatally recruited PreventADALL mother–child cohort, we included 1110 3-month infants with available serum. Sensitization was defined as s-IgE of ≥0.1 kUA/L by Phadiatop Infant® (ThermoFisher Scientific) including birch, cat, grass, dog, milk, egg, peanut and wheat. Further ImmunoCAP analyses to ovomucoid, casein, Ara h 1-3, omega-5-gliadin were performed in food extract s-IgE-positive children. Maternal sensitization was defined as s-IgE ≥ 0.35 kUA/L to Phadiatop® (inhalant allergen mix) and/or Fx5 (food allergen mix) at 18-week pregnancy. Results: Overall 79 (7.3%) infants had specific sensitization, many with low s-IgE-levels (IQR 0.16–0.81 kUA/L), with 78 being sensitized to food extract allergens; 41 to egg, 27 to milk, 10 to peanut, and 25 to wheat. A total of 62/78 were further analysed, 18 (29%) had s-IgE to ovomucoid, casein, Ara h 1-3 and/or omega-5-gliadin. Eight infants (0.7%) were sensitized to inhalant allergens. Maternal sensitization to food allergens was associated with infant sensitization, odds ratio 3.64 (95% CI 1.53–8.68). Conclusion: Already at 3 months of age, 7% were sensitized to food, mostly without detectable s-IgE to food allergen molecules, and <1% to inhalant allergens. Maternal food sensitization was associated with infants’ sensitization.

• Carlsen, Oda Cecilie; Gudmundsdóttir, Hrefna Katrín; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2021). Physical activity in pregnancy: a Norwegian-Swedish mother-child birth cohort study. AJOG Global Reports. 1(1). doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2020.100002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND Physical activity during pregnancy is important for maternal and offspring health. Optimal conditions during pregnancy may help reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases. National and international guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of physical activity of at least moderate intensity per week. To optimize physical activity in pregnant women, it is important to identify factors associated with higher levels of physical activity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore types and levels of physical activity in midpregnancy in Norway and Sweden and to identify factors associated with higher levels of physical activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the population-based mother-child cohort Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children study recruiting 2697 women in Norway and Sweden from 2014 to 2016, we included 2349 women who answered an electronic questionnaire at enrollment in midpregnancy. Women were asked about regular physical activity in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy and afterward for types and levels of physical activity in pregnancy and before pregnancy and socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and maternal health. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with higher levels of physical activity in pregnancy, defined as >30 minutes per session of ≥2 times per week of moderate- or high-intensity brisk walking, strength training, jogging, and bicycling. RESULTS No regular physical activity during the last 2 weeks before answering the questionnaire at midpregnancy was reported by 689 women (29%). In this study, 1787 women (76%) reported weekly strolling during pregnancy. Regular physical activity at least twice weekly in the first half of pregnancy was reported as brisk walking by 839 women (36%), bicycling by 361 women (15%), strength training by 322 women (14%), and other activities by <10% of women. Among the 1430 women with regular moderate- or high-intensity physical activity, the estimated median duration per week was 120 minutes. Higher physical activity levels were achieved in 553 women (23.5%) by brisk walking, 287 women (12.2%) by strength training, 263 women (11.2%) by bicycling, and 114 women (4.9%) by jogging. Higher physical activity levels were positively associated with regular physical activity before pregnancy, dog ownership, and atopic dermatitis and negatively associated with higher body mass index, study location in Østfold, previous pregnancy or pregnancies, non-Nordic origin, suburban living, and sick leave. CONCLUSION At midpregnancy, 29% of women were inactive, and less than 50% of women had at least 2 hours of moderate-intensity physical activity weekly. Awareness of physical activity in pregnancy should be discussed at pregnancy follow-up visits, particularly among women with higher body mass index, sick leave, previous pregnancy or pregnancies, and non-Nordic origin.

• Kelleher, Maeve M; Cro, Suzie; Cornelius, Victoria; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Rehbinder, Eva Maria [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2021). Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021(2). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013534.pub3. Full text in Research Archive
• Despriee, Åshild; Mägi, Caroline-Aleksi Olsson; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Glavin, Kari; Nordhagen, Live Solveig & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Prevalence and perinatal risk factors of parent-reported colic, abdominal pain and other pain or discomforts in infants until 3 months of age - A prospective cohort study in PreventADALL. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1111/jocn.16097. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims and objectives: To estimate the prevalence and perinatal risk factors associated with parent reported colic, abdominal pain and pain or other discomforts in infants until 3 months of age. Background: Infant colic is a common concern for parents and clinicians. The prevalence varies in different studies and its symptoms overlap with other conditions like abdominal pain and discomfort. Diagnosis criteria are challenging, pathogenesis unclear and risk factors are conflicting. Design: This was a prospective cohort study. Methods: The 1852 mother–child pairs from the PreventADALL prospective birth-cohort answering the 3 months questionnaire were included. Information on perinatal risk factors was collected from the inclusion visit and questionnaires during pregnancy at 18 and 34 weeks, as well as birth charts. STROBE checklist was followed. Results: The reported prevalence of colic was 3% (59/1852), abdominal pain 22% (415/1852) and pain or other discomfort 6% (119/1852), with a total of 26% (478/1852) infants. Mothers on sick leave in pregnancy and reporting any allergic diseases had a significantly higher odds of reporting infant colic, abdominal pain and pain or other discomforts. Mothers with higher perceived stress in pregnancy exhibited a trend towards higher odds for reporting infant pain. Mothers coming from Sweden were less likely to report infant abdominal pain compared to mothers from Norway. Conclusions: The prevalence of abdominal pain and pain or other discomforts was higher than the prevalence of colic. Perinatal risk factors connected to maternal health were associated with all three symptoms. Relevance to clinical practice: Colic and abdominal pain are stressful, symptoms overlap and risk factors for both can be identified in pregnancy. Our study suggests that it is difficult for parents to distinguish among infant colic, abdominal pain and other pain or discomfort and some report two or all three symptoms. Identifying the perinatal risk factors associated with infant pain may help target and support parents.

• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2021). Fuktighetskrem og oljebad forebygger ikke atopisk eksem. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 141(2), p. 1–3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0884. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Lie, Anine; Asarnoj, Anna; Borres, Magnus P.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Färdig, Martin [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Impaired skin barrier and allergic sensitization in early infancy. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. doi: 10.1111/all.15170. Full text in Research Archive
• Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland; LeBlanc, Marissa Erin; Gjersvik, Petter; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Eczema distribution in girls and boys during infancy: A cohort study on atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. 9(9), p. 3513–3516. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.04.053. Full text in Research Archive
• Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Wiik, Johanna; Sjøborg, Katrine Dønvold; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2021). Maternal human papillomavirus infections at mid-pregnancy and delivery in a Scandinavian mother–child cohort study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1201-9712. 108, p. 574–581. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.064. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common, especially during women’s reproductive years, with unclear obstetrical impact. This study aimed to identify HPV prevalence at mid-gestation and delivery, type-specific persistence from mid-gestation to delivery, and risk factors for HPV infection and persistence. Methods In 757 women from a Scandinavian prospective mother–child cohort, HPV was analyzed in first-void urine samples at mid-gestation and delivery. We used Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 PCR assay for genotyping and semi-quantifying 28 genital HPV genotypes, including 12 high-risk HPVs (HR-HPV). Socio-demographic and health data were collected through e-questionnaires. Results Any-HPV genotype (any of 28 assessed) was detected in 38% of the study cohort at mid-gestation and 28% at delivery, and HR-HPVs in 24% and 16%, respectively. The most prevalent genotype was HPV16: 6% at mid-gestation and 4% at delivery. Persistence of Any-HPV genotype was 52%, as was HR-HPV genotype-specific persistence. A short pre-conception relationship with the child’s father and alcohol intake during pregnancy increased HPV infection risk at both time points. Low viral load at mid-gestation was associated with clearance of HPV infections at delivery. Conclusion HPV prevalence was higher at mid-gestation compared with delivery, and low viral load was associated with clearance of HPV at delivery.

• Hoyer, A.; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Färdig, Martin; Asad, Samina; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2021). Filaggrin mutations in relation to skin barrier and atopic dermatitis in early infancy. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/bjd.20831. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Loss-of-function mutations in the skin barrier gene filaggrin (FLG) increase the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD), but their role in skin barrier function, dry skin and eczema in infancy is unclear. Objectives To determine the role of FLG mutations in impaired skin barrier function, dry skin, eczema and AD at 3 months of age and throughout infancy. Methods FLG mutations were analysed in 1836 infants in the Scandinavian population-based PreventADALL study. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dry skin, eczema and AD were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. Results FLG mutations were observed in 166 (9%) infants. At 3 months, carrying FLG mutations was not associated with impaired skin barrier function (TEWL > 11·3 g m−2 h−1) or dry skin, but was associated with eczema [odds ratio (OR) 2·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·95–4·28; P < 0·001]. At 6 months, mutation carriers had significantly higher TEWL than nonmutation carriers [mean 9·68 (95% CI 8·69–10·68) vs. 8·24 (95% CI 7·97–8·15), P < 0·01], and at 3 and 6 months mutation carriers had an increased risk of dry skin on the trunk (OR 1·87, 95% CI 1·25–2·80; P = 0·002 and OR 2·44, 95% CI 1·51–3·95; P < 0·001) or extensor limb surfaces (OR 1·52, 95% CI 1·04–2·22; P = 0·028 and OR 1·74, 95% CI 1·17–2·57; P = 0·005). FLG mutations were associated with eczema and AD in infancy. Conclusions FLG mutations were not associated with impaired skin barrier function or dry skin in general at 3 months of age, but increased the risk for eczema, and for dry skin on the trunk and extensor limb surfaces at 3 and 6 months.

• Hilde, Katarina; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Gudmundsdóttir, Hrefna Katrín; Jonassen, Christine M & Kreyberg, Ina [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Fetal Thoracic Circumference and Lung Volume and Their Relation to Fetal Size and Pulmonary Artery Blood Flow. Journal of ultrasound in medicine. ISSN 0278-4297. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1002/jum.15785. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Research on early origins of lung disease suggests the need for studying the relationships of thoracic and lung size with fetal size and pulmonary circulation. The primary aim of this study is therefore to explore the associations between fetal thoracic circumference, lung volume, and fetal size. We also aim to assess if lung volume and thoracic circumference are associated with fetal pulmonary artery blood flow velocity measures. Methods: Cross-sectional assessment of singleton pregnancies from the general population (n = 447) at 30 gestational weeks (GW) was performed using ultrasound measurement of fetal thoracic circumference, lung volume, head and abdominal circumference, and femur length. We obtained Doppler blood flow velocity measures from the proximal branches of the fetal pulmonary artery. Associations between variables were studied using Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Both thoracic circumference and lung volume correlated with fetal size measures, ranging from r = 0.64 between thoracic circumference and abdominal circumference, to r = 0.28 between lung volume and femur length. Adjustment for gestational age, maternal nicotine use, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and fetal sex marginally influenced the associations with abdominal circumference. The correlations of thoracic circumference and lung volume with pulmonary artery blood flow velocity measures were weak (r ≤ 0.17). Conclusion: We found moderate to low correlation between thoracic circumference, lung volume, and fetal size at 30 GW. The closest relationship was with the abdominal circumference. We found low correlations of thoracic circumference and lung volume with pulmonary artery blood flow velocity measures.

• Nilsen, Morten; Lokmic, Asima; Angell, Inga Leena; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. ISSN 0099-2240. 87(6). doi: 10.1128/AEM.02201-20. Full text in Research Archive
• Magi, Caroline-Aleksi Olsson; Backlund, Anders Bjerg; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Almqvist, Catarina; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Granum, Berit [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). Allergic disease and risk of stress in pregnant women: a PreventADALL study. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 6(4), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00175-2020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Maternal stress during pregnancy may negatively affect the health of mother and child. We therefore aimed to identify the proportion of women reporting high maternal stress in mid and late pregnancy and explore whether symptoms of maternal allergic disease are associated with perceived maternal stress in late pregnancy. Method The population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergy in Children (PreventADALL) study enrolled 2697 pregnant women at their 18-week routine ultrasound examination in Norway and Sweden. Information about sociodemographic factors, symptoms and doctor-diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and anaphylaxis and stress using the 14-item perceived stress scale (PSS) was collected at 18 weeks (mid) and 34 weeks (late) pregnancy. High stress was defined as a PSS score ≥29. Scores were analysed using multivariate logistic and linear regression. Results Among the 2164 women with complete PSS data, 17% reported asthma, 20% atopic dermatitis, 23% allergic rhinitis, 12% food allergy and 2% anaphylaxis. The proportion of women reporting high stress decreased from 15% at mid to 13% at late pregnancy (p&lt;0.01). The adjusted odds ratio for high stress in late pregnancy was 2.25 (95% CI 1.41–3.58) for self-reported symptoms of asthma, 1.46 (95% CI 1.02–2.10) for allergic rhinitis and 2.25 (95% CI 1.32–3.82) for food allergy. A multivariate linear regression model confirmed that symptoms of asthma (β coefficient 2.11; 0.71–3.51), atopic dermatitis (β coefficient 1.76; 0.62–2.89) and food allergy (β coefficient 2.24; 0.63–3.84) were independently associated with increased PSS score. Conclusion Allergic disease symptoms in pregnancy were associated with increased stress, highlighting the importance of optimal disease control in pregnancy.

• Lundborg, Mina; Holm, Jan Øivind; Sandvik, Leiv; Lossius, Astrid Haaskjold; Rehbinder, Eva Maria & Sitek, Jan Cezary [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Multidisciplinary educational programme for caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis- in South East Norway – an observational study. BMC Dermatology. 20:20, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s12895-020-00119-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Educational programmes for caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis (AD) are reported to reduce the severity of AD and improve quality of life (QOL). Oslo University Hospital (OUH) in Norway offers a multidisciplinary educational programme for caregivers of children with AD. We aimed to evaluate the AD educational programme by assessing QOL of the family, the severity of the disease and caregiver’s fear of topical corticosteroid (TCS) before and after attending the programme. Methods This was a small observational prospective cohort study including 41 caregiver-child pairs. The children (mean age 3.4 years) had doctors’ diagnosed AD with a difficult to treat eczema. The children’s caregivers were referred from physicians to attend the AD educational programme at our hospital. At inclusion and at a 3 months follow-up QOL was assessed by Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI), the eczema severity by Patient-Orientated - SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (PO-SCORAD) and caregivers fear of TCS was recorded by asking a dichotomous “yes” or “no” question: “Are you worried about using TCS on your child?” Results Three months after caregivers attending the educational programme there was an improvement in QOL by reduced mean DFI from 9.6 (SD 6.3) to 6.8 (SD 5.4), the mean PO-SCORAD was reduced from 38.5 (SD 15.1) to 24.6 (SD13.6), the number of caregivers reporting fear of TCS use was reduced from 33/46 (72%) to 12/41 (29%). All results p < 0.001. Conclusion Our study suggests beneficial effects by improving QOL of the family, the severity of the eczema and in reducing the fear of TCS when caregivers of children with difficult to treat AD attend an AD multidisciplinary educational programme. Lack of control group makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions.

• Kelleher, Maeve M; Cro, Suzie; Cornelius, Victoria; Axon, Emma; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Skjerven, Håvard Ove [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2020). Skincare interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020(2), p. 1–24. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013534. Full text in Research Archive
• Nilsen, Morten; Schinagl, Carina Madelen; Angell, Inga Leena; Arntzen, Magnus Øverlie; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2020). Butyrate Levels in the Transition from an Infant-to an Adult-Like Gut Microbiota Correlate with Bacterial Networks Associated with Eubacterium Rectale and Ruminococcus Gnavus. Genes. 11(11). doi: 10.3390/genes11111245. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Relatively little is known about the ecological forces shaping the gut microbiota composition during infancy. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify the nutrient utilization- and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production potential of gut microbes in infants during the first year of life. Stool samples were obtained from mothers at 18 weeks of pregnancy and from infants at birth (first stool) at 3, 6, and 12-months of age from the general population-based PreventADALL cohort. We identified the taxonomic and SCFA composition in 100 mother-child pairs. The SCFA production and substrate utilization potential of gut microbes were observed by multiomics (shotgun sequencing and proteomics) on six infants. We found a four-fold increase in relative butyrate levels from 6 to 12 months of infant age. The increase was correlated to Eubacterium rectale and its bacterial network, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii relative abundance, while low butyrate at 12 months was correlated to Ruminococcus gnavus and its associated network of bacteria. Both E. rectale and F. prausnitzii expressed enzymes needed for butyrate production and enzymes related to dietary fiber degradation, while R. gnavus expressed mucus-, fucose, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)-related degradation enzymes. Therefore, we believe that the presence of E. rectale, its network, and F. prausnitzii are key bacteria in the transition from an infant- to an adult-like gut microbiota with respect to butyrate production. Our results indicate that the transition from an infant- to an adult-like gut microbiota with respect to butyrate producing bacteria, occurs between 6 and 12 months of infant age. The bacteria associated with the increased butyrate ratio/levels were E. rectale and F. prausnitzii, which potentially utilize a variety of dietary fibers based on the glycoside hydrolases (GHs) expressed. R. gnavus with a negative association to butyrate potentially utilizes mucin, fucose, and HMO components. This knowledge could have future importance in understanding how microbial metabolites can impact infant health and development.

• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Vettukattil, Muhammad Riyas; LeBlanc, Marissa Erin; Granum, Berit & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 35 contributors for this article] (2020). Skin emollient and early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 395(10228), p. 951–961. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32983-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Angell, Inga Leena; Nilsen, Morten; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Hedlin, Gunilla & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2020). De novo species identification using 16S rRNA gene nanopore sequencing. PeerJ. 8:e10029, p. 1–11. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10029. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nanopore sequencing is rapidly becoming more popular for use in various microbiotabased applications. Major limitations of current approaches are that they do not enable de novo species identification and that they cannot be used to verify species assignments. This severely limits applicability of the nanopore sequencing technology in taxonomic applications. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of de novo species identification and verification using hexamer frequencies in combination with kmeans clustering for nanopore sequencing data. The approach was tested on the human infant gut microbiota of 3-month-old infants. Using the hexamer k-means approach we identified two new low abundant species associated with vaginal delivery. In addition, we confirmed both the vaginal delivery association for two previously identified species and the overall high levels of bifidobacteria. Taxonomic assignments were further verified by mock community analyses. Therefore, we believe our de novo species identification approach will have widespread application in analyzing microbial communities in the future.

• Nordhagen, Live Solveig; Kreyberg, Ina; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Glavin, Kari & Skjerven, Håvard Ove [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2020). Maternal use of nicotine products and breastfeeding 3 months postpartum. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 109(12), p. 2594–2603. doi: 10.1111/apa.15299. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with maternal use of nicotine products in relation to breastfeeding. Methods: Nicotine use 3 months postpartum was determined in the Scandinavian PreventADALL mother-child birth cohort study recruiting 1837 women from 2014 to 2016. Electronic questionnaires at 18 weeks pregnancy and 3 months postpartum provided information on snus use, smoking or other nicotine use, infant feeding and socio-economic factors. The risk of nicotine use in relation to breastfeeding was analysed with logistic regression. Results: Overall, 5.6% of women used snus (2.9%), smoked (2.7%) or both (n = 2) 3 months postpartum, while one used other nicotine products. Among the 1717 breastfeeding women, 95.1% reported no nicotine use, while 2.4% used snus, 2.5% smoked and one dual user. Compared to 3.7% nicotine use in exclusively breastfeeding women (n = 1242), the risk of nicotine use increased by partly (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.45- 3.52) and no breastfeeding (OR 4.58, 95% CI 2.57-8.21). Nicotine use before (14.5% snus, 16.4% smoking) or in pregnancy (0.2% snus, 0.4% smoking) significantly increased the risk of using nicotine during breastfeeding. Conclusion: Few breastfeeding women used snus or smoked 3 months postpartum, with increased risk by nicotine use before or during pregnancy.

• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Asarnoj, Anna; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby & Berents, Teresa Løvold [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2019). Predicting skin barrier dysfunction and atopic dermatitis in early infancy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. p. 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.09.014. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dry skin is associated with increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which has been found to precede atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood. Objective We aimed to identify parental, prenatal, and perinatal predictive factors of dry skin, high TEWL, and AD at 3 months of age, and to determine if dry skin or high TEWL at 3 months can predict AD at 6 months. Methods From the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in children prospective birth cohort study, we included 1150 mother-child pairs. Dry skin, TEWL, and eczema were assessed at 3- and 6-month investigations. Eczema, used as a proxy for AD, was defined as the presence of eczematous lesions, excluding differential diagnoses to AD. High TEWL was defined as TEWL >90th percentile, equaling 11.3 g/m2/h. Potential predictive factors were recorded from electronic questionnaires at 18- and 34-week pregnancy and obstetric charts. Results Significant predictive factors (P < .05) for dry skin at 3 months were delivery >38 gestational weeks and paternal age >37 years; for high TEWL, male sex, birth during winter season, and maternal allergic disease; and for eczema, elective caesarean section, multiparity, and maternal allergic diseases. Dry skin without eczema at 3 months was predictive for eczema at 6 months (adjusted odds ratio: 1.92, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.05; P = .005), whereas high TEWL at 3 months was not. Conclusion In early infancy, distinct parental- and pregnancy-related factors were predictive for dry skin, high TEWL, and AD. Dry skin at 3 months of age was predictive for AD 3 months later.

• Schinagl, Carina Madelen; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Gudbrandsgard, Malén; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Food and nutrient intake and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy: A nordic mother?child population-based cohort. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 63:3676, p. 1–11. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v63.3676. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: A woman’s food intake during pregnancy has important implications not only for herself but also for the future health and well-being of her child. Suboptimal dietary quality has been consistently reported in many high-income countries, reflecting poor adherence to dietary guidelines. Objective: This study aimed to explore the intake of food and nutrients in a cohort of pregnant women in Norway and their adherence to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) and Norwegian food-based guidelines (NFG). Design: We investigated the dietary intake in 1,674 pregnant women from the mother–child birth cohort, PreventADALL, recruited at approximately 18-week gestational age. Dietary intake was assessed by an electronic validated food frequency questionnaire (PrevFFQ) in the first half of pregnancy. Results: Total fat intake was within the recommended intake (RI) range in most women; however, the contribution of saturated fatty acids to the total energy intake was above RI in the majority (85.2%) of women. Carbohydrate intake was below RI in 43.9% of the women, and 69.5% exceeded the RI of salt. Intakes of fiber, vegetables, and fish were high in a large part of the population. Many women had a high probability of inadequate intakes of the following key micronutrients during pregnancy: folate (54.4%), iron (49.6%), calcium (36.2%), vitamin D (28.7%), iodine (24.4%), and selenium (41.3%). A total of 22.8% women reported an alcohol intake of >1 g/day, and 4.4% reported an alcohol intake of >10 g/day. Women with higher educational levels showed a tendency towards healthier eating habits, except for higher intakes of alcohol and coffee, compared to women with lower educational level. Discussion: Excessive saturated fat intake and limited intake of many important micronutrients during pregnancy were common, potentially increasing the risk for adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for improved nutritional guidance to pregnant women across all educational levels.

• Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Gjersvik, Petter & Hedlin, Gunilla [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Maternal and paternal atopic dermatitis and risk of atopic dermatitis during early infancy in girls and boys. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. 8(1), p. 416–418. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.06.039. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Angell, Inga Leena; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland & Hilde, Katarina [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Is amniotic fluid of women with uncomplicated term pregnancies free of bacteria? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ISSN 0002-9378. 219(3), p. 289.e1–289.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.05.028. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The “sterile womb” paradigm is debated. Recent evidence suggests that the offspring’s first microbial encounter is before birth in term uncomplicated pregnancies. The establishment of a healthy microbiota early in life might be crucial for reducing the burden of diseases later in life. Objective We aimed to investigate the presence of a microbiota in sterilely collected amniotic fluid in uncomplicated pregnancies at term in the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in children (PreventADALL) study cohort. Study Design Amniotic fluid was randomly sampled at cesarean deliveries in pregnant women in 1 out of 3 study sites included in the PreventADALL study. From 65 pregnancies at term, where amniotic fluid was successfully sampled, we selected 10 from elective (planned, without ongoing labor) cesarean deliveries with intact amniotic membranes and all 14 with prior rupture of membranes were included as positive controls. Amniotic fluid was analyzed by culture-independent and culture-dependent techniques. Results The median (min-max) concentration of prokaryotic DNA (16S rRNA gene copies/mL; digital droplet polymerase chain reaction) was low for the group with intact membranes [664 (544–748)]–corresponding to the negative controls [596 (461–679)], while the rupture of amniotic membranes group had >10-fold higher levels [7700 (1066–251,430)] (P = .0001, by Mann-Whitney U test). Furthermore, bacteria were detected in 50% of the rupture of amniotic membranes samples by anaerobic culturing, while none of the intact membranes samples showed bacterial growth. Sanger sequencing of the rupture of amniotic membrane samples identified bacterial strains that are commonly part of the vaginal flora and/or associated with intrauterine infections. Conclusion We conclude that fetal development in uncomplicated pregnancies occurs in the absence of an amniotic fluid microbiota and that the offspring microbial colonization starts after uterine contractions and rupture of amniotic membrane.

• Chalmers, Joanne R.; Thomas, KS; Apfelbacher, C; Williams, HC; Prinsen, CA & Spuls, PI [Show all 69 contributors for this article] (2018). Report from the fifth international consensus meeting to harmonize core outcome measures for atopic eczema/dermatitis clinical trials (HOME initiative). British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. 178(5), p. e332–e341. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16543. Full text in Research Archive

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• Wollenberg, A.; Kinberger, M.; Arents, B.; Aszodi, N.; Barbarot, S. & Bieber, T. [Show all 31 contributors for this article] (2023). First update of the living European guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. ISSN 0926-9959. doi: 10.1111/jdv.19269. Full text in Research Archive
• Wollenberg, A.; Kinberger, M.; Arents, B.; Aszodi, N.; Valle, Valle Avila & Barbarot, S. [Show all 34 contributors for this article] (2022). European guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema – part II: non-systemic treatments and treatment recommendations for special AE patient populations. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. ISSN 0926-9959. 36(11), p. 1904–1926. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18429. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Winger, A. J.; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland; Asarnoj, A; Berents, Teresa Løvold & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Dry skin and skin barrier in early infancy. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. doi: 10.1111/bjd.17626. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Monica Hauger; Fatnes, Thea Aspelund & Fugeli, Pål [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2018). Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children-the PreventADALL study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 73(10), p. 2063–2070. doi: 10.1111/all.13468. Full text in Research Archive

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