Gudrun Høiseth

• Chalabianloo, Fatemeh; Fadnes, Lars T.; Johansson, Kjell Arne; Høiseth, Gudrun; Vold, Jørn Henrik & Kringen, Marianne K. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Methadone pharmacokinetics in opioid agonist treatment: Influencing factors and clinical implications. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 134(3), p. 333–344. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13975. Full text in Research Archive
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Helland, Arne; Kongsgaard, Ulf Erik & Høiseth, Gudrun (2023). Oxycodone, Morphine, and Fentanyl in Patients with Chronic Pain: Proposal of Dose-Specific Concentration Ranges. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. ISSN 0163-4356. 45(6), p. 777–785. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000001112.
• Holman, Peder Olai Skjeflo; Høiseth, Gudrun; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras; Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Vevelstad, Merete Synnøve Horn & Mørland, Jørg Gustav [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). A two-sample approach to retrograde extrapolation of blood THC concentrations – Is it feasible? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 352. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111833. Full text in Research Archive
• Solhaug, Vigdis; Tveito, Marit; Waade, Ragnhild Birkeland; Høiseth, Gudrun; Molden, Espen & Smith, Robert Løvsletten (2023). Impact of age, sex and cytochrome P450 genotype on quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine serum concentrations: A study based on real-world data from 8118 patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0306-5251. doi: 10.1111/bcp.15849. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Maren; Bleka, Øyvind; Kristoffersen, Lena & Høiseth, Gudrun (2023). Driving under the influence of zopiclone: Elimination between two consecutive blood samples. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 349(111764), p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111764. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Maren; Gjerde, Hallvard & Høiseth, Gudrun (2023). Nystagmus among suspected amphetamine impaired drivers. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. ISSN 1752-928X. 95:102502, p. 1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102502. Full text in Research Archive
• Årving, Alexander Braadving; Hilberg, Thor; Sovershaev, Michael; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Høiseth, Gudrun (2022). Falsely low phosphatidylethanol may be associated with biomarkers of haemolytic disease. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13814. Full text in Research Archive
• Chalabianloo, Fatemeh; Høiseth, Gudrun; Vold, Jørn Henrik; Johansson, Kjell Arne; Kringen, Marianne K. & Dalgard, Olav [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Impact of liver fibrosis and clinical characteristics on dose-adjusted serum methadone concentrations. Journal of Addictive Diseases. ISSN 1055-0887. 41(1). doi: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2057140. Full text in Research Archive
• Oshaug, Katja; Kronstrand, Robert; Kugelberg, Fredrik C.; Kristoffersen, Lena; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Høiseth, Gudrun (2021). Frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor – Improving diagnostic accuracy with the use of ethylsulphate and putrefactive alcohols. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 331. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111152. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Hilberg, Thor; Trydal, Torleif; Husa, Asgeir; Vindenes, Vigdis & Bogstrand, Stig Tore (2021). The alcohol marker phosphatidylethanol is closely related to AST, GGT, ferritin and HDL-C. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13662. Full text in Research Archive
• Chalabianloo, Fatemeh; Fadnes, Lars T.; Høiseth, Gudrun; Ohldieck, Christian; Vold, Jørn Henrik & Aas, Christer Frode [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Subjective symptoms and serum methadone concentrations: what should guide dose adjustments in methadone maintenance treatment? A naturalistic cohort study from Norway. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. ISSN 1747-597X. 16, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s13011-021-00367-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Midtlyng, Lena; Høiseth, Gudrun; Luytkis, Hege Cathrine; Kristoffersen, Lena; Nygaard, Ilah Le & Strand, Maren [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Relationship between betahydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetone concentrations in postmortem blood and cause of death. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 321:110726, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110726.
• Tverdal, Aage; Høiseth, Gudrun; Magnus, Per; Næss, Øyvind; Selmer, Randi & Knudsen, Gun Peggy [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Alcohol Consumption, HDL-Cholesterol and Incidence of Colon and Rectal Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study including 250,010 Participants. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 56(6), p. 718–725. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agab007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims:Alcohol consumption has been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) and also to the high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C). HDL-C has been associated with the incidence of CRC. The aimof this study was to investigate the association between self-reported alcohol consumption, HDL-Cand incidence of CRC, separately for the two sites. Methods:Altogether, 250,010 participants in Norwegian surveys have been followed-up for anaverage of 18 years with respect to a first-time outcome of colon or rectal cancer. During follow-up,3023 and 1439 colon and rectal cancers were registered. Results:For men, the HR per 1 drink per day was 1.05 with 95% confidence interval (0.98–1.12)for colon and 1.08 (1.02–1.15) for rectal cancer. The corresponding figures for women were 1.03(0.97–1.10) and 1.05 (1.00–1.10). There was a positive association between alcohol consumptionand HDL-C. HDL-C was inversely associated with colon cancer in men (0.74 (0.62–0.89) per 1 mmol/l)and positively associated with rectal cancer, although not statistically significant (1.15 (0.92–1.44).A robust regression that assigned weights to each observation and exclusion of weights≤0.1increased the HRs per 1 drink per day and decreased the HR per 1 mmol/l for colon cancer. Theassociations with rectal cancer remained unchanged. Conclusion:Our results support a positive association between alcohol consumption and colonand rectal cancer, most pronounced for rectal cancer. Considering the positive relation betweenalcohol consumption and HDL-C, the inverse association between HDL-C and colon cancer in menremains unsettled.

• Degerud, Eirik Magnus Meek; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Associations of Binge Drinking with the Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Study of Pooled Norwegian Health Surveys. American Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0002-9262. 190(8), p. 1592–1603. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab063. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norwegian health survey data (1987 – 2003) were analysed to determine if binge drinking increases the risk of incident major events from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Among current drinkers reporting average alcohol intakes between 2 to 60 g/day (n = 44,476), frequent binge drinking (5+ units ≥ once per month) was not associated with a greater risk of IHD (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.76, 1.09) nor stroke (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.19), in comparison with participants who reported that they never or only infrequently (<once per month) had episodes of binge drinking. Participants with an average alcohol intake between 2 – 60 g/day had a lower risk of IHD in comparison with participants with very low intakes (<2 g/day) both among frequent binge drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.80) and among never/infrequent binge drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.84). The findings suggest that frequent binge drinking does not, independently of the average alcohol intake, increase the risk of incident IHD or stroke events. However, the findings should be interpreted in light of the limitations of the study design.

• Tveito, Marit; Høiseth, Gudrun; Haslemo, Tore; Molden, Espen & Smith, Robert Løvsletten (2021). Impact of age and gender on paliperidone exposure in patients after administration of long-acting injectable formulations—an observational study using blood samples from 1223 patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0031-6970. 77(9), p. 1201–1208. doi: 10.1007/s00228-021-03114-z. Show summary

  Purpose Paliperidone palmitate is an antipsychotic medication available as long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age and gender on paliperidone exposure after administration of LAI formulations. Methods Data on serum concentrations of paliperidone from patients using LAI during were included retrospectively from a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service. Information about dose was obtained from the requisition forms. As a measure of exposure, daily dose-adjusted serum concentration (C/D ratio) was used. Based on initial analysis of C/D ratios versus age, a breaking point close to 50 years was observed, thus deciding the grouping of patients as older (≥50 years) or younger (15–49 years). Linear mixed model analyses, allowing multiple measurements per patients, were used. Results In total, 1223 patients were included, whereof 1158 patients used paliperidone LAI in once-monthly intervals. In these patients (27.9% older), older patients had significantly higher paliperidone C/D ratio than younger patients (+20%, p<0.001). Compared to males, females had higher C/D ratio (+14%; p<0.001). Subsequently, older female users of once-monthly LAI intervals had 41% higher paliperidone C/D ratios compared to younger males (15.0 vs. 21.2 nM/mg; p<0.001). Compared to females aged 21–30 years, females with high age (≥70 years) had at least 105% higher paliperidone C/D ratio (p<0.001). Conclusion The present study shows that older age and female gender are associated with higher paliperidone exposure than younger age and males, respectively. Particularly, older female patients (>50 years) are likely exposed to high concentration and cautious dosing in this subgroup is required.

• Årnes, Marit; Bachs, Liliana; Samarrai, Muhammad Al; Jones, Alan Wayne & Høiseth, Gudrun (2020). Rate of elimination of γ-hydroxybutyrate from blood determined by analysis of two consecutive samples from apprehended drivers in Norway. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 314(110374), p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110374.
• Mørch-Johnsen, Gunhild Heide; Høiseth, Gudrun; Middelkoop, Gerrit & Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere (2020). Blood concentrations of designer benzodiazepines: relation to impairment and findings in forensic cases. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 44(8), p. 905–914. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa043.
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2020). The relationship between ingested dose of ethanol and amount of ethyl glucuronide formed in blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 44(8), p. 861–863. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa090. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Hjelmeland, Knut Johan & Mørland, Jørg (2020). A comparison of driving related skills impaired by ethanol and zopiclone. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 22(1), p. 26–31. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1849643. Full text in Research Archive
• Årving, Alexander Braadving; Høiseth, Gudrun; Hilberg, Thor; Trydal, Torleif; Husa, Asgeir & Djordjevic, Aleksandar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Phosphatidylethanol and Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin as Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 45(1), p. 153–162. doi: 10.1111/acer.14503. Full text in Research Archive
• Waade, Ragnhild Birkeland; Solhaug, Vigdis & Høiseth, Gudrun (2020). Impact of CYP2D6 on serum concentrations of flupentixol, haloperidol, perphenazine and zuclopenthixol. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0306-5251. 00(0), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14626. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Nilsson, Gunnel H.; Lundberg, Rickard; Forsman, Malin; Kronstrand, Christoffer & Nyström, Ingrid [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Evaluating the hip-flask defence using analytical data from ethanol and ethyl glucuronide. A comparison of two models. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 316:110409, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110409. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Eirin; Høiseth, Gudrun; Furuhaugen, Håvard; Berg, Thomas; Arnestad, Marianne & Gjerde, Hallvard (2020). Oral fluid to blood concentration ratios of different psychoactive drugs in samples from suspected drugged drivers. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. ISSN 0163-4356. 42(5), p. 795–800. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000760.
• Tveito, Marit; Smith, Robert Løvsletten; Molden, Espen & Høiseth, Gudrun (2020). Impact of age and CYP2D6 genotype on exposure of zuclopenthixol in patients using long-acting injectable versus oral formulation-an observational study including 2044 patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0031-6970. 77, p. 215–221. doi: 10.1007/s00228-020-03002-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Høiseth, Gudrun & Nygaard, Egil (2020). Prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine and long-term outcomes: A meta-analysis. Early Human Development. ISSN 0378-3782. 143:104997, p. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.104997. Full text in Research Archive
• Degerud, Eirik Magnus Meek; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Ariansen, Inger; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Association of coincident self-reported mental health problems and alcohol intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: A Norwegian pooled population analysis. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 17(2), p. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003030. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveito, Marit; Molden, Espen; Høiseth, Gudrun; Correll, Christoph U. & Smith, Robert Løvsletten (2019). Impact of age and CYP2D6 genetics on exposure of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in patients using long-acting injectable versus oral formulation: relevance of poor and intermediate metabolizer status. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0031-6970. 76, p. 41–49. doi: 10.1007/s00228-019-02768-0.
• Tveito, Marit; Handal, Marte; Engedal, Knut; Smith, Robert Løvsletten; Høiseth, Gudrun & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2019). Forskrivning av antipsykotika til hjemmeboende eldre 2006–18. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(16), p. 1554–1558. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0233. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveito, Marit; Smith, Robert Løvsletten; Høiseth, Gudrun & Molden, Espen (2019). The Effect of Valproic Acid on Olanzapine Serum Concentration: A Study Including 2791 Patients Treated With Olanzapine Tablets or Long-Acting Injections. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. ISSN 0271-0749. 39(6), p. 561–566. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001126.
• Bruun, Lina Dorthea; Kjeldstadli, Kari Grandaunet; Temte, Vidar; Birdal, Morris; Bachs, Liliana & Langødegård, Marit [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Detection Time of Oxazepam and Zopiclone in Urine and Oral Fluid after Experimental Oral Dosing. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 43(5), p. 369–377. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky083.
• Kongsgaard, Ulf & Høiseth, Gudrun (2019). Dynamic assessment of the pupillary reflex in patients on high-dose opioids. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 19(3), p. 465–471. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-0032. Full text in Research Archive
• Temte, Vidar; Kjeldstadli, Kari Grandaunet; Bruun, Lina Dorthea; Birdal, Morris; Bachs, Liliana & Karinen, Ritva Anneli [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). An Experimental Study of Diazepam and Alprazolam Kinetics in Urine and Oral Fluid Following Single Oral Doses. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 43(2), p. 104–111. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky062.
• Bakke, Eirin; Høiseth, Gudrun; Arnestad, Marianne & Gjerde, Hallvard (2019). Detection of Drugs in Simultaneously Collected Samples of Oral Fluid and Blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 43(3), p. 228–232. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky079.
• Tveito, Marit; Smith, Robert Løvsletten; Molden, Espen; Haslemo, Tore; Refsum, Helge & Hartberg, Cecilie Bhandari [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Age Impacts Olanzapine Exposure Differently During Use of Oral Versus Long-Acting Injectable Formulations: An Observational Study Including 8,288 Patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. ISSN 0271-0749. 38(6), p. 570–576. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000961.
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Høiseth, Gudrun; Sempio, Cristina; Giarratana, Nefele; Enger, Asle & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Hair EtG: Alterations in segment levels accompanying hair growth. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. 11, p. 112–118. doi: 10.1002/dta.2474.
• Havig, Stine Marie; Lea, Dordi; Krpo, Maja; Skari, Ragnhild Margrete; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G. & Høiseth, Gudrun (2018). Fatal Adverse Event with Dabigatran in Elderly Patient with Reduced Kidney Function. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 123(2), p. 221–226. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12985.
• Krpo, Maja; Luytkis, Hege Cathrine; Haneborg, An-Magritt & Høiseth, Gudrun (2018). A fatal blood concentration of 5-APB. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 291, p. e1–e3. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.044.
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Høiseth, Gudrun & Handal, Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Can measurements of heroin metabolites in post-mortem matrices other than peripheral blood indicate if death was rapid or delayed? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 290, p. 121–128. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.041. Full text in Research Archive
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche & Andersen, Jannike Mørch [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Metabolites of heroin in several different post-mortem matrices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 42(5), p. 311–320. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky002. Full text in Research Archive
• Degerud, Eirik; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann; Ystrøm, Eivind; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Life course socioeconomic position, alcohol drinking patterns in midlife, and cardiovascular mortality: Analysis of Norwegian population-based health surveys. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 15(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002476. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Arnestad, Marianne; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Morini, Luca; Rogde, Sidsel & Sempio, Cristina [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Is Hair Analysis Useful in Postmortem Cases? Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 42(1), p. 49–54. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkx077.
• Mørch-Johnsen, Gunhild Heide; Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche; Karinen, Ritva Anneli & Høiseth, Gudrun (2017). The Appearance, Taste, and Concentrations of Zolpidem Dissolved in Still Water and Carbonated Beverages. Journal of Forensic Sciences. ISSN 0022-1198. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13604.
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Zopiclone concentrations in oral fluid and blood after, administration of therapeutic doses of zopiclone. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 278, p. 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.004.
• Kringen, Marianne K.; Chalabianloo, Fatemeh; Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Molden, Espen & Høiseth, Gudrun (2017). Combined Effect of CYP2B6 Genotype and Other Candidate Genes on a Steady-State Serum Concentration of Methadone in Opioid Maintenance Treatment. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. ISSN 0163-4356. 39(5), p. 550–555. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000437.
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli & Høiseth, Gudrun (2017). A literature review of blood concentrations of new psychoactive substances classified as phenethylamines, aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines, and indolalkylamines. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 276, p. 120–125. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.024.
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Morini, Luca; Sempio, Cristina; Giarratana, Nefele; Enger, Asle & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Ethyl glucuronide elimination kinetics in fingernails and comparison to levels in hair. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 52(5), p. 580–586. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agx035.
• Havig, Stine Marie; Høiseth, Gudrun; Strand, Maren; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche & Strand, Dag Helge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). THC and CBD in blood samples and seizures in Norway: Does CBD affect THC-induced impairment in apprehended subjects? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 276, p. 12–17. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.006.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Austdal, Linn Engeset; Wiik, Elisabeth; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Prevalence and concentrations of drugs in older suspected drugged drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(3), p. 231–236. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1247209.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Berg-Hansen, Grim Otto; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Impairment due to alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzodiazepines in impaired drivers compared to experimental studies. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(3), p. 244–250. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1201205.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Tuv, Silja Skogstad & Karinen, Ritva Anneli (2016). Blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in forensic cases. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 268, p. 35–38. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.006. Show summary

  INTRODUCTION: A number of new designer benzodiazepines have reached the illegal drug market over the past years. Toxicological interpretation of concentrations of these drugs in blood is quite challenging as very limited human data have previously been published. The aim of this study was to report blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in a population of drugged drivers as well as some other criminal offenders, and to relate this to clinical impairment. METHODS: The present material represents cases involving new designer benzodiazepines (clonazolam, diclazepam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam and pyrazolam) and etizolam, submitted for analyses during the period July 1, 2013-May 31, 2016. Analyses were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Blood concentrations and results from the clinical test of impairment are reported. RESULTS: New designer benzodiazepines were detected in 77 cases during the study period. The median (range) concentrations were 0.012mg/L (0.00048-0.10) for flubromazolam (n=25), 0.055mg/L (0.0047-1.2) for flubromazepam (n=24), 0.013mg/L (0.0021-0.057) for diclazepam (n=15), 0.050mg/L (0.019-0.17) for etizolam (n=14), 0.0053mg/L (0.0019-0.011) for clonazolam (n=7) and 0.074mg/L for pyrazolam (n=1). In six cases, designer benzodiazepines were the only drugs detected in blood, and in two of those cases, the physician had given the conclusion of "considerably impaired" upon performing the clinical test for impairment. CONCLUSION: Given the lack of previously published data on human concentrations, results presented in this study could be helpful in interpretation of blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines. This is crucial for the assessment of the importance of toxicological results in suspected drugged drivers, rape victims, etc.

• Høiseth, Gudrun; Wiik, Elisabeth; Kristoffersen, Lena & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Ethanol elimination rates at low concentrations based on two consecutive blood samples. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 266, p. 191–196. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.039.
• Gottås, André; Arnestad, Marianne; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Høiseth, Gudrun (2016). Pharmacokinetics of heroin and its metabolites in vitreous humor and blood in a living pig model. Forensic Toxicology. ISSN 1860-8965. 34, p. 277–285. doi: 10.1007/s11419-016-0315-z.
• Magnus, Per; Birke, Charlotte; Vejrup, Kristine; Haugan, Anita; Alsaker, Elin Hilde Roti & Daltveit, Anne Kjersti [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2016). Cohort Profile Update: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 45(2), p. 382–388. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw029.
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Morini, Luca; Sempio, Cristina; Ganss, Rudiger; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2016). Levels of Hair Ethyl Glucuronide in Patients with Decreased Kidney Function: Possibility of Misclassification of Social Drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 40(3), p. 451–456. doi: 10.1111/acer.12970.
• Tveito, Marit; Correll, Christoph U.; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Engedal, Knut; Lorentzen, Bernhard & Refsum, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Correlates of major medication side effects interfering with daily performance: Results from a cross-sectional cohort study of older psychiatric patients. International Psychogeriatrics. ISSN 1041-6102. 28(2), p. 331–340. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215001544.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Berg-Hansen, Grim Otto & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Evaluation of the hip-flask defence by determination of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate concentrations in blood. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 257, p. 398–402. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.017.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Haslemo, Tore; Uthus, Linda Hårstad & Molden, Espen (2015). Effect of CYP2B6*6 on steady-state serum concentrations of bupropion and hydroxybupropion in psychiatric patients: A study based on therapeutic drug monitoring data. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. ISSN 0163-4356. 37(5), p. 589–593. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000183.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2015). Has previous abuse of flunitrazepam been replaced by clonazepam? European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 21(4), p. 217–221. doi: 10.1159/000377628.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Fosen, Jan Toralf; Liane, Veronica Horpestad; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Alcohol Hangover as a Cause of Impairment in Apprehended Drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 16(4), p. 323–328. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2014.938324.
• Bogstrand, Stig Tore; Høiseth, Gudrun; Rossow, Ingeborg; Normann, Per Trygve & Ekeberg, Øivind (2014). Prevalence of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate among patients injured when driving or at work. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 50(1), p. 68–73. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agu070. Show summary

  Presence of EtG or EtS among patients injured when driving or at work may indicate that very low BAC or residual effects of alcohol at the time of the accident may be associated with increased accident risk. The aim of this study was to assess: whether the alcohol metabolites EtG and EtS were present in a sample of patients injured when driving or injured at work, even if their blood alcohol concentration was negative; and, if EtG and EtS were present, what characterized these patients. Methods: Blood samples from patients admitted for treatment of injuries at a Norwegian emergency department were tested for alcohol, EtG and EtS. All samples were also analysed for medicinal and illicit psychoactive substances. Results: One hundred and ninety-two injured patients who were admitted <12 h after injury were included in the study. EtG or EtS were the most prevalent substances in the sample (17%), and a substantial proportion of the patients who tested negative for all other substances tested positive for EtG or EtS (8%). These patients were older than the rest of the sample and drank alcohol more often, according to their self-report. Conclusion: EtG and EtS were prevalent among patients injured when driving or injured at work, including patients negative for all other substances. EtG and EtS should be included in future case–control studies of psychoactive substance use among injured patients to investigate the possible association between residual alcohol effects and injuries.

• Høiseth, Gudrun; Bakke, Eirin; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2014). Interaksjoner ved legemiddelassistert rehabilitering. Norsk Farmaceutisk Tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-1935. 122(10), p. 48–51. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Andås, Hilde Teigen; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Impairment due to amphetamines and benzodiazepines, alone and in combination. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ISSN 0376-8716. 145, p. 174–179. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.013.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Fjeld, Bente; Burns, Margrete Larsen; Strand, Dag Helge & Vindenes, Vigdis (2014). Long-term stability of morphine, codeine, and 6-acetylmorphine in real-life whole blood samples, stored at -20°C. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 239, p. 6–10. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.008.
• Jansen, Mona Dverdal; Knudsen, Gun Peggy; Myhre, Ronny; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg & Næss, Øyvind [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Genetic variants in loci 1p13 and 9p21 and fatal coronary heart disease in a Norwegian case-cohort study. Molecular Biology Reports. ISSN 0301-4851. 41(5), p. 2733–2743. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3096-7.
• Tveito, Marit; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Engedal, Knut ; Lorentzen, Bernhard; Refsum, Helge & Høiseth, Gudrun (2014). Psychotropic medication in geriatric psychiatric patients: Use and unreported use in relation to serum concentrations. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0031-6970. 70(9), p. 1139–1345. doi: 10.1007/s00228-014-1720-z.
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Høiseth, Gudrun; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Handal, Marte & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Pharmacokinetic interactions between ethanol and heroin: a study on post-mortem cases. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 242, p. 127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.032.
• Krabseth, Hege-Merete; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2014). Assistance of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in the interpretation of postmortem ethanol findings. International journal of legal medicine (Print). ISSN 0937-9827. 128(5), p. 765–770. doi: 10.1007/s00414-014-1031-z.
• Tveito, Marit; Lorentzen, Bernhard; Engedal, Knut ; Tanum, Lars; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav & Refsum, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Changes in Cognitive Function during Psychogeriatric Treatment in Relation to Benzodiazepine Cessation. Pharmacopsychiatry. ISSN 0176-3679. 47(4-5), p. 145–150. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1381982.
• Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Jansen, Mona Dverdal; Hoff, Dominic Anthony; Høiseth, Gudrun; Knudsen, Gun Peggy & Magnus, Per [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Divergent associations of drinking frequency and binge consumption of alcohol with mortality within the same cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. ISSN 0143-005X. 67(4), p. 350–357. doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-201564.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Morini, Luca; Ganss, Rudiger; Nordal, Kristin & Mørland, Jørg (2013). Higher Levels of Hair Ethyl Glucuronide in Patients with Decreased Kidney Function. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 37, p. E14–E16. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01882.x.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Andersen, Jannike Mørch & Mørland, Jørg (2013). Less glucuronidation of morphine in the presence of ethanol in vivo. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0031-6970. 69(9), p. 1683–1687. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1533-5.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Tanum, Lars; Tveito, Marit; Kristiansen, Kari Midtbø; Kvande, Kristin & Lorentzen, Bernhard [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). A Clinical Study of the Cognitive Effects of Benzodiazepines in Psychogeriatric Patients. Pharmacopsychiatry. ISSN 0176-3679. 46(6), p. 209–213. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1349131.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Kristiansen, Kari Midtbø; Kvande, Kristin; Lorentzen, Bernhard; Tanum, Lars & Refsum, Helge (2013). Benzodiazepines in Geriatric Psychiatry - What Doctors Report and What Patients Actually Use. Drugs & Aging. ISSN 1170-229X. 30(2), p. 113–118. doi: 10.1007/s40266-012-0045-9.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Magnus, Per; Knudsen, Gun Peggy; Jansen, Mona Dverdal; Næss, Øyvind & Tambs, Kristian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Is ADH1C genotype relevant for the cardioprotective effect of alcohol? Alcohol. ISSN 0741-8329. 47(2), p. 81–84. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.12.005.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Umair, Majid; Mørland, Jørg; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav & Molden, Espen (2012). CYP2C19 genetics in fatal carisoprodol intoxications. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0031-6970. 68(11), p. 1561–1565. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1278-6.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Nordal, Kristin; Pettersen, Eirik & Mørland, Jørg (2012). Prolonged Urinary Detection Times of EtG and EtS in Patients with Decreased Renal Function. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 36(7), p. 1148–1151. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01713.x.
• Høiseth, Gudrun & Bentsen, Håvard (2012). Use of slow-release injections to administer antipsychotic drugs. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132, p. 301–303. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0721. Show summary

  Compliance is a major problem in connection with the use of antipsychotics. Slow-release injections were therefore developed in the 1960s. As a result of a substantial reduction of water solubility, the active substance diffuses slowly from the injection site so that a therapeutic serum concentration is assured throughout the period. New studies show that this treatment can reduce the risk of patients requiring hospitalisation and of psychotic relapses compared with the use of tablets.

• Magnus, Per; Bakke, Eirin; Hoff, Dominic Anthony; Høiseth, Gudrun; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel & Knudsen, Gun Peggy [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2011). Controlling for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol does not affect the magnitude of the relationship between alcohol and coronary heart disease. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 124(21), p. 2296–2302. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.036491.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Mørland, Jørg (2010). Practical use of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in postmortem cases as markers of antemortem alcohol ingestion. International journal of legal medicine (Print). ISSN 0937-9827. 124(2), p. 143–148. doi: 10.1007/s00414-009-0393-0.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Yttredal, Borghild; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Gjerde, Hallvard; Mørland, Jørg & Christophersen, Asbjørg S. (2010). Ethyl glucuronide concentrations in oral fluid, blood, and urine after volunteers drank 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg doses of ethanol. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 34(6), p. 319–324.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Yttredal, Borghild; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Gjerde, Hallvard & Christophersen, Asbjørg S. (2010). Levels of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in oral fluid, blood, and urine after use of mouthwash and ingestion of nonalcoholic wine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 34(2), p. 84–88. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Morini, Luca; Polettini, Aldo; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Mørland, Jørg (2009). Ethyl glucuronide in hair compared with traditional alcohol biomarkers - A pilot study of heavy drinkers referred to an alcohol detoxification unit. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 33(5), p. 812–816. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00900.x.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Morini, Luca; Polettini, Aldo; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Johnsen, Lene & Karinen, Ritva Anneli [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). Serum/whole blood concentration ratio for ethylglucuronide and ethyl sulfate. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 33(4), p. 208–211.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Morini, Luca; Polettini, Aldo; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Mørland, Jørg (2009). Blood kinetics of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 188(1-3), p. 52–56. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.03.017.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Sørlid, Hanne Kristin & Bramness, Jørgen G. (2009). The effect of scheduling and withdrawal of carisoprodol on prevalence of intoxications with the drug. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 105(5), p. 345–349. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00459.x.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Bernard, Jean-Paul; Stephanson, Nicolai; Normann, Per Trygve; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2008). Comparison between the urinary alcohol markers EtG, EtS, and GTOL/5-HIAA in a controlled drinking experiment. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 43(2), p. 187–191. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agm175.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Sørlid, Hanne Kristin & Bramness, Jørgen G. (2008). Acute intoxications with carisoprodol. Clinical Toxicology. ISSN 1556-3650. 46(4), p. 307–309. doi: 10.1080/15563650701476953.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Johnsen, Lene; Normann, Per Trygve; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Mørland, Jørg (2008). Disappearance of ethyl glucuronide during heavy putrefaction. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 176(2-3), p. 147–151. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.08.002.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Kristoffersen, Lena; Larssen, Bente Rorud; Arnestad, Marianne; Hermansen, Nils Olav & Mørland, Jørg (2008). In vitro formation of ethanol in autopsy samples containing fluoride ions. International journal of legal medicine (Print). ISSN 0937-9827. 122(1), p. 63–66. doi: 10.1007/s00414-007-0166-6.

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• Strand, Maren; Gjerde, Hallvard & Høiseth, Gudrun (2022). Nystagmus among suspected amphetamine impaired drivers .
• Musshoff, Frank; Böttcher, Michael; Graw, Matthias; Skopp, Gisela; Neumann, Jasna & Høiseth, Gudrun [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Comment on the upper cutoff level for the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol (PEth) for the assessment of alcohol consumption in forensic practice. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. doi: 10.1002/dta.3432.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Vindenes, Vigdis; Hilberg, Thor & Bogstrand, Stig Tore (2022). Høyt nivå av ferritin og HDL-kolesterol er assosiert med høyt alkoholforbruk. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(17), p. 1–3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0431.
• Nygaard, Egil; Andersen, Jannike Mørch & Høiseth, Gudrun (2019). Long-term outcomes after prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine: A meta-analysis.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Gottås, André; Berg, Thomas; Arnestad, Marianne; Halvorsen, Per Steinar & Bachs, Liliana Casulleras (2017). Urinary kinetics of heroin metabolites in pigs shortly after intake. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 41(5), p. 451–454. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkx017.
• Tveito, Marit; Correll, Christoph U.; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Engedal, Knut; Lorentzen, Bernhard & Refsum, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Correlates of major medication side effects interfering with daily performance: results from a cross-sectional cohort study of older psychiatric patients.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2015). Has previous abuse of flunitrazepam been replaced by clonazepam?
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Høiseth, Gudrun; Svendsen, Kristin Opsal; Rogde, Sidsel & Vindenes, Vigdis (2015). A fatal intoxication with phenazone (antipyrine). Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 248, p. e13–e15. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.001.
• Tveito, Marit; Bramnes, Jørgen; Engedal, Knut; Lorentzen, Bernhard; Refsum, Helge & Høiseth, Gudrun (2014). Psykotrope legemidler hos alderspsykiatriske pasienter: etterlevelse og urapportert bruk i relasjon til serumanalyser.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Nordal, Kristin & Mørland, Jørg (2011). PROLONGED URINARY DETECTION TIMES OF ETG AND ETS IN PATIENTS WITH DECREASED RENAL FUNCTION. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 46, p. 33–33.
• Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg (2009). Use of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate in forensic toxicology. Unipub forlag. ISSN 978-82-8072-347-5.

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