Gunnar Sandbæk

• Lothe, Lise Raven; Raven, Timothy John Lothe; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Eken, Torsten (2026). Spinal manipulation in acute low back pain patients is associated with reduced motor-unit firing variability without altering bilateral coordination: a single-motor-unit EMG study of the lumbar multifidus. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies. 34. doi: 10.1186/s12998-026-00664-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The neurophysiology of high velocity, low amplitude spinal manipulation (HVLA-SM) is poorly understood. We have characterized motor unit (MU) discharge in acute low back pain (ALBP) patients after spinal manipulation and compared with pre-manipulation findings in the same subjects. Methods Fine-wire electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the deep lumbar multifidus muscle at the painful spinal level in 9 ALBP patients with pain of less than three weeks duration in March–April 2007. HVLA-SM was applied to the painful spinal level. EMG activity was recorded during manipulation and during spontaneous and voluntary force production while standing and sitting, and individual MUs were identified and their discharge characteristics described. All subjects were compared to their own data recorded before HVLA-SM for effects on gross EMG activity duration, MU discharge rate, interspike interval variability quantified as inter-quartile range for differences between consecutive inter-spike intervals (∆ISI IQR), and common drive coefficient between concurrently active MUs. Results No effects on MU discharge rate were evident in the first seconds after HVLA-SM. ∆ISI IQR was reduced by 5.25 ms (95% confidence interval 0.68–9.82; P = 0.025) after spinal manipulation compared with pre-manipulation findings, while median MU discharge rate and total duration of gross activity remained unchanged. Notably, the common drive coefficient was lower for bilateral than unilateral MU pairs (− 0.149; 95% confidence interval − 0.087 to − 0.210; P < 0.0001). This is in agreement with findings in the same ALBP population before HVLA-SM and in contrast to previous findings during spontaneous standing in pain free subjects, where common drive to uni- and bilateral pairs was not significantly different. MUs showed signs of self-sustained firing, but rotation between units was not observed. Conclusions We have established a methodological framework for future investigations using spontaneous muscle activity rather than forced movements to understand the influence of spinal manipulation on the role of the nervous system in postural support. HVLA-SM was associated with reduced MU firing variability, suggesting a shift toward more stable motoneuron output in the deep lumbar multifidus. Longitudinal recovery data are needed to discriminate whether the reduced common drive to bilateral muscle pairs represents a pre-existing trait or a pain-driven state.

• Galtung, Kristina Flor; Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Bay, Dag; Baco, Eduard & Rud, Erik (2024). Urinary stone assessment in a single-phase may replace the unenhanced and multiphase computed tomography protocol in painless visible haematuria. Scandinavian Journal of Urology. ISSN 2168-1805. 59, p. 147–155. doi: 10.2340/sju.v59.40679. Full text in Research Archive
• Galtung, Kristina Flor; Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Bay, Dag; Ponzi, Erica & Baco, Eduard [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Computed tomography for visible haematuria – a single nephrographic phase is sufficient for detecting renal cell carcinoma. Scandinavian Journal of Urology. ISSN 2168-1805. 59, p. 10–18. doi: 10.2340/sju.v59.18467. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: No previous studies have compared two computed tomography (CT) protocols in patients presenting with visible haematuria, and most patients undergo a multiphase CT in order to detect upper tract malignancies. We aimed to prospectively compare the diagnostic performance of single- and four-phase CT for detecting renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in patients with visible haematuria. Materials & methods: ‘A Prospective Trial for Examining Hematuria using Computed Tomography’ (PROTEHCT) was a single-centre prospective paired diagnostic study in patients referred for CT due to painless visible haematuria between September 2019 and June 2021. All patients underwent four-phase CT (control) from which a single nephrographic phase dual energy CT (experimental) was extracted. Both were independently assessed for RCC by randomised radiologists. Histologically verified RCC defined a positive reference standard. Follow-up ascertainment of RCC diagnosis was completed in May 2022. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the accuracies. Inter-reader agreement was assessed by kappa statistics. Results: A total of 308 patients (median age, 68 years [interquartile range 53–77, range 18–96], 250 males) were included for analysis. RCC was diagnosed in seven (2.3%) patients during a median follow-up time of 19 months (interquartile range: 15–25). For the control and experimental CT, sensitivity was 100% versus 100%, specificity was 97% versus 98% and accuracy 97% versus 97%. The positive predictive value was 44% versus 50%, and the negative predictive value was 100% versus 100%. The agreement between the control and experimental CT was 98% (k = 0.79). Conclusion: A single nephrographic phase dual energy CT is sufficient for detecting RCC in patients with visible haematuria.

• Galtung, Kristina Flor; Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Bay, Dag; Ponzi, Erica & Baco, Eduard [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Is a Single Nephrographic Phase Computed Tomography Sufficient for Detecting Urothelial Carcinoma in Patients with Visible Haematuria? A Prospective Paired Noninferiority Comparison. European Urology Open Science. ISSN 2666-1691. 55, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.euros.2023.06.005. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: There is uncertainty about the utility of multiphase computed tomog- raphy (CT) compared with single-phase CT in the routine examination of patients with visible haematuria (VH). Objective: To compare the accuracies of single nephrographic phase (NP) CT and four-phase CT in detecting urothelial carcinoma (UC). Design, setting, and participants: This was a single-centre, prospective, paired, nonin- feriority study of patients with painless VH referred for CT before cystoscopy between September 2019 and June 2021. Patients were followed up for 1 yr to ascertain UC diagnosis. Intervention: All patients underwent four-phase CT (control), from which single NP CT (experimental) was extracted. Both were independently assessed for UC. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The primary outcome was the differ- ence in accuracy between the control and experimental CT using a 7.5% noninferi- ority limit. Histologically verified UC defined a positive reference standard. Secondary outcomes included differences in sensitivity, specificity, negative (NPV) and positive (PPV) predictive values, and area under the curve (AUC). All results are reported per patient. Resultsandlimitations: Ofthe308patientsincluded,UCwasdiagnosedin45(14.6%). The difference in accuracy between the control and experimental CT was 1.9% (95% confidence interval 2.8 to 6.7), demonstrating noninferiority. Sensitivity was 93.3% versus 91.1%, specificity was 83.7% versus 81.8%, NPV was 98.7% versus 98.2%, PPV was 49.4% versus 46.1%, and AUC was 0.96 versus 0.94 for the control versus experimental CT. Limitations included a low number of UC cases and no def- inite criteria for selecting a noninferiority limit. Conclusions: The accuracy of NP CT is not inferior to that of four-phase CT for detect- ing UC. Patient summary: This study shows that a computed tomography (CT) examination with only one contrast phase is no worse than a more complex CT examination for detecting cancer in the urinary tract among patients presenting with visible blood in the urine.

• Jacewicz, Michal; Günzel, Karsten; Rud, Erik; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Magheli, Ahmed & Busch, Jonas [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no antibiotic prophylaxis in transperineal prostate biopsies (NORAPP): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1473-3099. 22(10), p. 1465–1471. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00373-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Sellevoll, Hilde Bastøe; Saeed, Usman; Young, Victoria Solveig; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Mala, Tom & Gundersen, Karsten (2020). Covid-19 med akutte magesmerter som debutsymptom. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 140(7). doi: 10.4045/TIDSSKR.20.0262. Full text in Research Archive
• Lothe, Lise Raven; Raven, Timothy John Lothe; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Eken, Torsten (2019). Single-motor-unit discharge characteristics in lumbar multifidus muscle of acute low back pain patients. Journal of Neurophysiology. ISSN 0022-3077. 122(4), p. 1373–1385. doi: 10.1152/jn.00004.2019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Acute low back pain (ALBP) causes rapid deterioration of paraspinal muscle function. The underlying neurophysiology is poorly understood. We therefore carried out this observational study in patients with ALBP to characterize motor unit (MU) activity in deep lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle and compare with our previous findings from pain-free subjects. Nine subjects (1 woman; age 26–59 yr) with ALBP duration of 1–21 days were recruited from outpatient clinics. Fine wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes were implanted bilaterally at the painful spinal level under computer tomography guidance. EMG was recorded during spontaneous sitting and standing, and during voluntary force production. Linear mixed models were utilized to test or control for the effects of a number of predefined variables. Compared with sitting, standing increased total duration of EMG activity, median MU discharge rate, interspike interval variability, and common drive measured as common drive coefficients (CDC) derived from concurrently active MU pairs. Median discharge rate in 73 MUs was 5.5 and 6.6 pulses per second (pps) during spontaneous sitting and standing, and 7.2 pps during voluntary force production. Interspike interval variability was lower during voluntary tasks than during spontaneous force production. Common drive was less pronounced in bilateral vs. unilateral unit pairs, also in spontaneous standing. This difference was not seen in our previous pain-free subjects, suggesting altered bilateral control of the spine in ALBP. The distribution of CDC values was not a homogeneous continuum but could be seen as two partially overlapping populations of CDC distributions. NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY We implanted fine-wire electrodes in the deepest part of axial postural muscles in patients with acute low back pain and characterized their motor unit activity. We found less pronounced common drive to the two sides of the spine compared with pain-free subjects, suggesting a different postural control strategy in patients with acute low back pain. An unexpected finding was that common drive coefficient values appeared to consist of two partially overlapping populations of normal distributions.

• Rud, Erik; Langberg, Carl W.; Baco, Eduard; Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2019). MRI in the Follow-up of Testicular Cancer: Less is More. Anticancer Research. ISSN 0250-7005. 39(6), p. 2963–2968. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.13427. Full text in Research Archive
• Rud, Erik; Galtung, Kristina Flor; Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Baco, Eduard; Flatabø, Tove & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2019). Examining the upper urinary tract in patients with hematuria-time to revise the CT urography protocol? European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. doi: 10.1007/s00330-019-06521-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoel, Henrik; Høiseth, Lars Øivind; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Sundhagen, Jon Otto; Mathiesen, Iacob & Hisdal, Jonny (2019). The acute effects of different levels of intermittent negative pressure on peripheral circulation in patients with peripheral artery disease. Physiological Reports. 7:e14241(20), p. 1–8. doi: 10.14814/phy2.14241. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Intermittent negative pressure (INP) applied to the lower leg induces acute increase in arterial and skin blood flow. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal level of INP to increase blood flow in patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). We investigated the acute effects of different levels of INP in 16 subjects (7 women and 9 men, mean (SD) age 71(8) years) diagnosed with PAD. During application of INP in a pressure chamber sealed below the knee, arterial blood flow was continuously recorded in the dorsalis pedis artery or tibialis posterior artery (ultrasound Doppler), and skin blood flow was continuously recorded at the pulp of the first toe (laser Doppler). Different pressure levels (0, −10, −20, −40, and −60 mmHg) were tested in randomized order. Maximal arterial blood flow relative to baseline (median [25th, 75th percentiles]) was: 0 mmHg; 1.08 (1.02, 1.13), −10 mmHg; 1.11 (1.07, 1.17), −20 mmHg; 1.18 (1.11, 1.32), −40 mmHg; 1.39 (1.27, 1.91) and −60 mmHg; 1.48 (1.37, 1.78). Maximal laser Doppler flux (LDF) relative to baseline was: 0 mmHg; 1.06 (1.02, 1.12), −10 mmHg; 1.08 (1.05, 1.16) −20 mmHg; 1.12 (1.06, 1.27), −40 mmHg; 1.24 (1.14, 1.50) and −60 mmHg; 1.35 (1.10, 1.70). There were significantly higher maximal arterial blood flow and maximal LDF at −40 mmHg compared with −10 mmHg (P = 0.001 and P = 0.025, respectively). There were no significant differences in maximal arterial blood flow and maximal LDF between 0 and −10 mmHg (both P = 1.0), or between −40 and −60 mmHg (both P = 1.0). INP of −40 mmHg was the lowest negative pressure level that increased blood flow.

• Raven, Timothy John Lothe; Lothe, Lise Raven; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Eken, Torsten (2018). Precision implantation with positional confirmation of fine-wire EMG electrodes in the deep posterior neck muscles. Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology. ISSN 1050-6411. 43, p. 162–167. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.10.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Kløw, Nils-Einar; Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Bay, Dag; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Johansen, Truls Erik Bjerklund & Hagen, Thijs [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Outcome after prostatic artery embolization in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. p. 1–6. doi: 10.1177/0284185118813709. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundby, Øivind Heiberg; Irgens, Ingebjørg; Høiseth, Lars Øivind; Mathiesen, Iacob; Lundgaard, Eivind & Haugland, Hanne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Intermittent mild negative pressure applied to the lower limb in patients with spinal cord injury and chronic lower limb ulcers: A crossover pilot study. Spinal Cord. ISSN 1362-4393. 56, p. 372–381. doi: 10.1038/s41393-018-0080-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Study design Randomized, assessor-blinded crossover pilot study. Objectives To explore the use of an intermittent negative pressure (INP) device for home use in addition to standard wound care (SWC) for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and chronic leg and foot ulcers before conducting a superiority trial. Setting Patient homes and outpatient clinic. Methods A 16-week crossover trial on 9 SCI patients (median age: 57 years, interquartile range [IQR] 52–66), with leg ulcers for 52 of weeks (IQR: 12–82) duration. At baseline, patients were allocated to treatment with INP + SWC or SWC alone. After 8 weeks, the ulcers were evaluated. To assess protocol adherence, the patients were then crossed over to the other group and were evaluated again after another 8 weeks. Lower limb INP treatment consisted of an airtight pressure chamber connected to an INP generator (alternating 10 s −40mmHg/7 s atmospheric pressure) used 2 h/day at home. Ulcer healing was assessed using a photographic wound assessment tool (PWAT) and by measuring changes in wound surface area (WSA). Results Seven of nine recruited patients adhered to a median of 90% (IQR: 80–96) of the prescribed 8-week INP-protocol, and completed the study without side effects. PWAT improvement was observed in 4/4 patients for INP + SWC vs. 2/5 patients for SWC alone (P = 0.13). WSA improved in 3/4 patients allocated to INP + SWC vs. 3/5 patients in SWC alone (P = 0.72). Conclusions INP can be used as a home-based treatment for patients with SCI, and its efficacy should be tested in an adequately sized, preferably multicenter randomized trial.

• Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Gjerdalen, Gard Filip; Slagsvold, Carl Erik & Bay, Dag [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Infrainguinal inflow assessment and endovenous stent placement in iliofemoral post-thrombotic obstructions. CVIR Endovascular. 1(1). doi: 10.1186/s42155-018-0038-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Nyheim, Thomas David Gunnar Kumlien; Staxrud, Lars Erik; Jørgensen, Jørgen J.; Olerud, Hilde M & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2017). 7. Radiation exposure in patients treated with endovascular aneurysm repair: what is the risk of cancer, and can we justify treating younger patients? Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. doi: 10.1177/0284185116651002. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundby, Øivind Heiberg; Høiseth, Lars Øivind; Irgens, Ingebjørg; Mathiesen, Iacob; Lundgaard, Eivind & Haugland, Hanne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Intermittent negative pressure applied to the lower limb increases foot macrocirculatory and microcirculatory blood flow pulsatility in people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. ISSN 1362-4393. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41393-017-0049-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Gjerdalen, Gard Filip; Slagsvold, Carl Erik & Bay, Dag [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Patency and Clinical Outcome After Stent Placement for Chronic Obstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 54(5), p. 620–628. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.07.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Nyheim, Thomas; Staxrud, Lars Erik; Jørgensen, Jørgen J.; Jensen, Kristin; Olerud, Hilde M & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2017). Radiation exposure in patients treated with endovascular aneurysm repair: what is the risk of cancer, and can we justify treating younger patients? Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 58(3), p. 323–330. doi: 10.1177/0284185116651002. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Stokke, Mali Victoria; Tennstrand, Anne Lise; Aamodt, Rolf & Heggelund, Thomas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). Radiologist-initiated double reading of abdominal CT: Retrospective analysis of the clinical importance of changes to radiology reports. BMJ Quality and Safety. ISSN 2044-5415. 25(8), p. 595–603. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004536. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Misinterpretation of radiological examinations is an important contributing factor to diagnostic errors. Consultant radiologists in Norwegian hospitals frequently request second reads by colleagues in real time. Our objective was to estimate the frequency of clinically important changes to radiology reports produced by these prospectively obtained double readings. Methods We retrospectively compared the preliminary and final reports from 1071 consecutive double-read abdominal CT examinations of surgical patients at five public hospitals in Norway. Experienced gastrointestinal surgeons rated the clinical importance of changes from the preliminary to final report. The severity of the radiological findings in clinically important changes was classified as increased, unchanged or decreased. Results Changes were classified as clinically important in 146 of 1071 reports (14%). Changes to 3 reports (0.3%) were critical (demanding immediate action), 35 (3%) were major (implying a change in treatment) and 108 (10%) were intermediate (requiring further investigations). The severity of the radiological findings was increased in 118 (81%) of the clinically important changes. Important changes were made less frequently when abdominal radiologists were first readers, more frequently when they were second readers, and more frequently to urgent examinations. Conclusion A 14% rate of clinically important changes made during double reading may justify quality assurance of radiological interpretation. Using expert second readers and a targeted selection of urgent cases and radiologists reading outside their specialty may increase the yield of discrepant cases.

• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Stavem, Knut; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Stokke, Mali Victoria; Tennstrand, Anne Lise & Bjerke, Gisle [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). Double reading of current chest CT examinations: Clinical importance of changes to radiology reports. European Journal of Radiology. ISSN 0720-048X. 85(1), p. 199–204. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.11.012. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Misinterpretation of radiological examinations is an important contributing factor to diagnostic errors. Double reading reduces interpretation errors and increases sensitivity. Consultant radiologists in Norwegian hospitals submit 39% of computed tomography (CT) reports for quality assurance by double reading. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of radiology reports that were changed during double reading and to assess the potential clinical impact of these changes. Materials and methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study we acquired preliminary and final reports from 1023 consecutive double read chest CT examinations conducted at five public hospitals. The preliminary and final reports were compared for changes in content. Three experienced pulmonologists independently rated the clinical importance of these changes. The severity of the radiological findings in clinically important changes was classified as increased, unchanged, or decreased. Results Changes were classified as clinically important in 91 (9%) of 1023 reports. Of these: 3 were critical (demanding immediate action), 15 were major (implying a change in treatment) and 73 were intermediate (affecting subsequent investigations). More clinically important changes were made to urgent examinations and less to female first readers. Chest radiologist made more clinically important changes than other second readers. The severity of the radiological findings was increased in 73 (80%) of the clinically important changes. Conclusion A 9% rate of clinically important changes made during double reading may justify quality assurance of radiological interpretation. Using expert second readers and targeting a selection of urgent cases prospectively may increase the yield of discrepant cases and reduce harm to patients.

• HAIG, YLVA; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Slagsvold, Carl Erik & Ghanima, Waleed Khalid [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). Post-thrombotic syndrome after catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis (CaVenT): 5-year follow-up results of an open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Haematology. ISSN 2352-3026. 3(2), p. e64–e71. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00248-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Hurlen, Petter; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Gulbrandsen, Pål (2015). Double reading rates and quality assurance practices in Norwegian hospital radiology departments: two parallel national surveys. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 56(1), p. 78–86. doi: 10.1177/0284185113519988. Full text in Research Archive
• Bø, Elisabeth; Bergland, Astrid; Stranden, Einar; Jørgensen, Jørgen J.; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Grøtta, Ole Jørgen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Effects of 12 weeks of supervised exercise after endovascular treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Physiotherapy Research International. ISSN 1358-2267. 20(3), p. 147–157. doi: 10.1002/pri.1608. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and Purpose. This study aimed to assess the effects of supervised exercise training (SET) after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) compared with PTA alone on physical function, limb hemodynamics and health-related quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication. Methods. Fifty patients who all underwent PTA for intermittent claudication were included in the study. Both groups received usual post-operative care. In addition, the intervention group performed two sessions of hospital-based SET and one home-based exercise session per week for 12 weeks after PTA. The control group did not receive any additional follow-up regarding exercise. The primary outcome was the result of a standardized 6-minute walk test. Secondary outcomes were the treadmill maximum walking distance, treadmill pain-free walking distance, ankle-brachial index, pulse volume recording on the leg and ultrasound scanning. Health-related quality of life was measured using the Short Form 36 and the Claudication Scale. Results. All measures, except for the Short Form 36 domain of mental health, showed statistically significant positive changes from baseline to 3 months for both groups (p < 0.05). At 3 months, there was a trend towards better results for the intervention group compared with the control group. The median improvement from baseline to 3 months for the 6-minute walk test was 66 m for the intervention group and 45 mfor the control group. For maximum walking distance, the median improvement was 251 m for the intervention group and 93 m for the control group. Discussion. Supervised exercise training after endovascular treatment for patients with intermittent claudication led to greater positive ch anges after 3 months in the intervention group com-pared with the control group. The present study’s trends of better results with SET after PTA add to the emerging existing evidence, which should encourage physiotherapy practice to offer SET for this patient group.

• Rosales, Antonio & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2013). Haemodynamics and catheter-based imaging in the diagnosis of venous disease. An interventional targeted approach. Phlebology. ISSN 0268-3555. 28, p. 162–168. doi: 10.1177/0268355513475957. Full text in Research Archive
• Bø, Elisabeth; Hisdal, Jonny; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Stranden, Einar; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Twelve-months follow-up of supervised exercise after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intermittent claudication: a randomised clinical trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 10(11), p. 5998–6014. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10115998. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this study was to explore the effects during 12 months follow-up of 12 weeks of supervised exercise therapy (SET) after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) compared to PTA alone on physical function, limb hemodynamics and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with intermittent claudication. Fifty patients were randomised to an intervention or a control group. Both groups received usual post-operative care and follow-up measurements at three, six and 12 months after PTA. The intervention group performed 12 weeks of SET after PTA. The control group did not receive any additional follow-up regarding exercise. During the 12 months’ follow-up, the members of the intervention group had significantly better walking distance than the control group. The intervention group had a significantly higher HRQoL score in the physical component

• Nyheim, Thomas; Staxrud, Lars Erik; Rosen, Leif Sverre; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Jørgensen, Jørgen J. (2013). Review of postoperative CT and ultrasound for endovascular aneurysm repair using Talent stent graft: can we simplify the surveillance protocol and reduce the number of CT scans? Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 54(1), p. 54–58. doi: 10.1258/ar.2012.110291. Full text in Research Archive
• Vikne, Harald; Bakke, Eva; Liestøl, Knut; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Vøllestad, Nina Køpke (2013). The smoothness of unconstrained head movements is velocity-dependent. Human Movement Science. ISSN 0167-9457. 32(4), p. 540–554. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.12.013. Full text in Research Archive
• Jenssen, Erik Krag; Brosstad, Frank Roger; Pedersen, Turid Margrethe; Bjørnsen, Stine; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2012). Thrombin generation and platelet activation related to subintimal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. ISSN 0036-5513. 72(1), p. 23–28. doi: 10.3109/00365513.2011.616220. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; HAIG, YLVA; Klow, Nils-Einar; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Sandvik, Leiv & Ghanima, Waleed Khalid [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2012). Long-term outcome after additional catheter-directed thrombolysis versus standard treatment for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (the CaVenT study): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 379(9810), p. 31–38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61753-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Kristin; Zangani, Livia; Martinsen, Anne Catrine Trægde & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2011). Changes in Dose-Area Product, Entrance Surface Dose, and Lens Dose to the Radiologist in a Vascular Interventional Laboratory when an Old X-ray System Is Exchanged with a New System. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. ISSN 0174-1551. 34(4), p. 717–722. doi: 10.1007/s00270-010-0017-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosales, Antonio; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Jørgensen, Jørgen J. (2010). Stenting for chronic postthrombotic vena cava and iliofemoral venous occlusion. Clinical outcome and midterm patency. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 40, p. 234–240. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.04.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Flørnes, Tor Leif; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Stranden, Einar & Jørgensen, Jørgen J. (2009). Kirurgisk behandling av aterosklerose i underekstremitetene. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 129(21), p. 2252–2255. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosales, Antonio; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2009). Kirurgi ved kronisk venøs insuffisiens. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 129(22), p. 2378–2380. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Sandvik, Leiv; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Ghanima, Waleed & Hafsahl, Geir [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2009). Catheter-directed thrombolysis versus anticoagulant therapy alone in deep vein thrombosis: Results of an open randomized, controlled trial reporting on short term patency. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. ISSN 1538-7933. 7(8), p. 1268–1275. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03464.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Approximately one in four patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) given anticoagulation and compression therapy develop post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Accelerated removal of thrombus by thrombolytic agents may increase patency and prevent PTS. Objectives: To assess short-term efficacy of additional catheterdirected thrombolysis (CDT) compared with standard treatment alone. Patients and methods: Open, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Patients (18–75 years) with iliofemoral DVT and symptoms < 21 days were randomized to receive additional CDT or standard treatment alone. After 6 months, iliofemoral patency was investigated using duplex ultrasound and air-plethysmography assessed by an investigator blinded to previous treatment. Results: One hundred and three patients (64 men, mean age 52 years) were allocated additional CDT (n = 50) or standard treatment alone (n=53). After CDT, grade III (complete) lysis was achieved in 24 and grade II (50%–90%) lysis in 20 patients. One patient suffered major bleeding and two had clinically relevant bleeding related to the CDT procedure. After 6 months, iliofemoral patency was found in 32 (64.0%) in the CDT group vs. 19 (35.8%) controls, corresponding to an absolute risk reduction (RR) of 28.2% (95% CI: 9.7%–46.7%; P = 0.004). Venous obstruction was found in 10 (20.0%) in the CDT group vs. 26 (49.1%) controls; absoluteRR29.1%(95%CI: 20.0%–38.0%; P = 0.004). Femoral venous insufficiency did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: After 6 months, additional CDT increased iliofemoral patency from 36% to 64%. The ongoing long-term follow-up of this study will document whether patency is related to improved functional outcome.

• Wester, Torjus; Jørgensen, Jørgen J.; Stranden, Einar; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Tjønnfjord, G & Bay, Dag [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2008). Treatment with autologous mononuclear cells in patients with critical lower limb ischaemia. A pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery. ISSN 1457-4969. 97, p. 56–62. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and Aims: Treatment with autologous, bone marrow mononuclear stem cells has shown effects in patients with chronic limb ischaemia in one randomized clinical study. The aim of the study was to test the potential effect of stem cell treatment in a strict defined group of patients with stable critical limb ischaemia (cli). design: a prospective, combined-centre pilot study. Material: eight patients with cli of the lower extremities, and without any other treatment options. Methods: bone marrow cells were harvested from the patient’s iliac crest and, after separation, injected into the calf muscles of the affected leg. outcome was evaluated by digital subtraction angiography (dsa), visual analogue scale (Vas) and several non-invasive circulatory physiological tests. Results: There were no complications from the procedures. Two patients were amputated two months after cell injection. Five patients reported pain relief after four months. Five patients could be evaluated at eight months. according to Vas and physiological tests, they were all either stable or showed improvement. Conclusion: This method seems to be a safe option for treating patients with cli. inclusion of patients took a long time, mainly because many patients with cli are offered endovascular treatment in our institution. while symptomatic improvement was found in individual patients, larger trials are required to investigate efficacy. This will probably require multi-centre participation.

• Ulimoen, Geir; Gjønnæss, Eyvind; Atar, Dan; Dahl, Trond; Stranden, Einar & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2008). Noninvasive Coronary Angiography with 64-Channel Multidetector Computed Tomography in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 49(10), p. 1140–1144. doi: 10.1080/02841850802452083. Full text in Research Archive
• Wester, T; Jørgensen, Jørgen J.; Stranden, Einar; Tønnfjord, Geir E.; Bay, Dag & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2008). Treatment with autologous mononuclear cells in patients with critical lower limb ischemia. A pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery. ISSN 1457-4969. 97, p. 56–62. Full text in Research Archive
• Nylænde, Marthe; Abdelnoor, Michael; Stranden, Einar; Morken, Brit; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Risum, Øyvind [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2007). The Oslo Balloon Angioplasty versus Conservative Treatment Study (OBACT) - The 2-years Results of a Single Centre, Prospective, Randomised Study in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 33, p. 3–12. Full text in Research Archive
• Nylænde, Marthe; Kroese, Andries Jan; Morken, B.; Stranden, E; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Lindahl, Anne Karin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2007). Benefician effects of 1-year optimal Medical treatment With and without additional PTA on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis in patients With PAD. Results from the Oslo Balloon Angioplasty versus Conservative Treatment (OBACT) study. Vascular Medicine. ISSN 1358-863X. 12(4), p. 275–283. doi: 10.1177/1358863X07082720. Full text in Research Archive
• Nylænde, Marthe; Abdelnoor, Michael; Stranden, Einar; Morken, Brit; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Risum, Øivind [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2007). The Oslo Balloon Angioplasty vs. Conservative Treatment Study (OBACT). The 2-years Results of a single Centre, Prospective, Randomised Study in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 33, p. 3–12. Full text in Research Archive
• Nylænde, Marthe; Kroese, Andries Jan; Stranden, Einar; Morken, Brit; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Lindahl, Anne Karin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). Markers of vascular inflammation are associated with the extent of atherosclerosis assessed as angiographic score and treadmill walking distances in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. ISSN 1558-2027. Full text in Research Archive
• Nylænde, Marthe; Kroese, Andries Jan; Stranden, E; Morken, B.; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Lindahl, Anne Karin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). Prothrombotic Activity is Associated With the Anatomical as Well as the Functional Severity of Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. ISSN 1538-7933. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjønnæss, Eyvind; Morken, Brit; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Stranden, Einar; Slagsvold, Carl Erik & Jørgensen, Jørgen J. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2006). Gadolinium-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Colour Duplex and Digital Subtraction Angiography of the Lower Limb Arteries from the Aorta to the Tibio-peroneal Trunk in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 31, p. 53–58. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjønnæss, Eyvind; Morken, Brit; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Stranden, Einar; Slagsvold, Carl-erik & Jørgensen, Jørgen J. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2006). Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, colour duplex and digital subtraction angiography of the lower limb arteries from the aorta to the tibio-peroneal trunk in patients with intermittent claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 31, p. 53–58. Full text in Research Archive
• Flørnes, Tor Leif; Bay, Dag; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Sætre, Torunn; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Slagsvold, Carl Erik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). Subintimal Angioplasty in the Treatment of Patients with Intermittent Claudication: Long Term Results. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 28(6), p. 645–50. Full text in Research Archive
• Ly, Bernt Erik; Njaastad, AM; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Solstrand, Randi Vibeke; Rosales, Antonio & Slagsvold, Carl Erik (2004). Kateterbasert trombolytisk behandling av bekkenvenetrombose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 124(4), p. 478–80. Full text in Research Archive

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• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Stavem, Knut; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Tennstrand, Anne Lise; Stokke, Mali Victoria & Bjerke, Gisle [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Endringer av klinisk betydning ved dobbeltgransking av CT thorax. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Tennstrand, Anne Lise; Stokke, Mali Victoria; Aamodt, Rolf & Heggelund, Thomas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Endringer av klinisk betydning ved dobbeltgransking av CT abdomen og bekken. Full text in Research Archive
• Bø, Elisabeth; Hisdal, Jonny; Cvancarova, Milada; Stranden, Einar; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). PTA og trening hos pasienter med claudicatio intermittens - en randomisert kontrollert studie. Full text in Research Archive
• Rud, Erik & Sandbæk, Gunnar (2015). Retningslinjer i feil retning. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 135(22), p. 2036–2036. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1009. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Stokke, Mali; Tennstrand, Anne Lise; Aamodt, Rolf & Heggelund, Thomas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Clinical impact of double reading of abdominal CT scans of surgical patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Stavem, Knut; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Stokke, Mali; Tennstrand, Anne Lise & Bjerke, Gisle [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Clinical impact of double reading of thoracic CT. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Hurlen, Petter; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Gulbrandsen, Pål (2014). Dobbeltgransking i norsk sykehusradiologi. En landsomfattende spørreundersøkelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Bø, Elisabeth; Hisdal, Jonny; Cvancarova, Milada S.; Stranden, Einar; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). PTA og trening - en randomisert kontrollert studie. Resultater etter ett års oppfølging. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Hurlen, Petter; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Gulbrandsen, Pål (2013). Double Reading and Quality Assurance. A national survey into practice and management perceptions in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre; Hurlen, Petter; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Gulbrandsen, Pål (2013). Management attitudes towards Quality Assurance by Double Reading. Full text in Research Archive
• Hisdal, Jonny; Bø, Elisabeth; Stranden, Einar; Sætre, Torunn; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). SELVRAPPORTERT- OG OBJEKTIVT MÅLT GANGDISTANSE HOS PASIENTER MED KLAUDIKASJON SELEKTERT FOR PTA-BEHANDLING. Full text in Research Archive
• Bø, Elisabeth; Hisdal, Jonny; Stranden, Einar; Sætre, Torunn; Jørgensen, Jørgen J. & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). PTA OG TRENING – EN RANDOMISERT KONTROLLERT STUDIE. PRELIMINÆRE RESULTATER ETTER 3 MND. Full text in Research Archive
• Bø, Elisabeth; Hisdal, Jonny; Stranden, Einar; Sætre, Torunn; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Bergland, Astrid (2011). PTA OG TRENING – PRESENTASJON AV EN RANDOMISERT KONTROLLERT STUDIE. Full text in Research Archive
• Nylænde, Marthe; Kroese, Andries Jan; Stranden, Einar; Morken, Brit; Sandbæk, Gunnar & Lindahl, Anne Karin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2007). Markers of vascular inflammation are associated with the extent of atherosclerosis assessed as angiographic score and treadmill walking distances in patients with PAD. Full text in Research Archive
• Nyheim, Thomas; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Jørgensen, Jørgen J.; Stranden, Einar & Sundhagen, Jon Otto (2007). Endovaskulær stent-behandling ved iliakal arteriosklerose. TASC-inndeling. Vitenskapelige forhandlinger - De norske kirurgiske foreninger. ISSN 0801-5902. Full text in Research Archive
• Risum, Øyvind; Nylænde, Marthe; Abdelnoor, Michael; Stranden, Einar; Morken, Brit & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2005). Resultatene av the Oslo balloon angioplasty versus conservativ treatment study (OBACT) på smerte og gangdistanse. Full text in Research Archive
• Wester, Torjus; Stranden, Einar; Jørgensen, Jørgen J.; Kroese, Andries Jan; Kazmi, SS & Sandbæk, Gunnar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2005). Autologe stamceller i behandlingen av pasienter med kritisk iskemi – en pilotstudie. Full text in Research Archive

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