Ingvil Krarup Sørbye

• Langen, Ingrid; Langesæter, Eldrid; Gunnes, Nina; Almaas, Vibeke Marie; Haugen, Guttorm Nils & Estensen, Mette-Elise [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among women with cardiovascular disease in Norway: A historical cohort study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14841.
• Marsdal, Kjersti Engen; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup; Bernitz, Stine; Sve, Ranveig Elise T.; Lukasse, Mirjam & Ask, Kristine (2024). Outpatient labor induction—Exploring future potential by assessing eligibility in a historical cohort. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14799.
• Gaudernack, Lise Christine; Einarsen, Angeline Elisabeth Styve; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup; Lukasse, Mirjam; Gunnes, Nina & Michelsen, Trond Melbye (2024). The effect of intravenous hyoscine butylbromide on slow progress in labor (BUSCLAB): A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nature Methods. ISSN 1548-7091. 21(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004352.
• Grønningsæter, Lasse; Langesæter, Eldrid; Krarup Sørbye, Ingvil; Quattrone, Alessia; Almaas, Vibeke Marie & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). High prevalence of pre-eclampsia in women with coarctation of the aorta. European Heart Journal Open (EHJ Open). 3(4). doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead072. Full text in Research Archive
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Use of emergency primary care among pregnant undocumented migrants over ten years: an observational study from Oslo, Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 41(3), p. 317–325. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2023.2237074. Full text in Research Archive
• Ottesen, Hanna; Sørbye, Ingvil; Lindskog, Benedikte V; Vangen, Siri; Sundby, Johanne Sommerchild & Owe, Katrine Mari (2022). Keisersnitt blant utenlandsfødte kvinner med ulike utdanningsnivåer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0256. Full text in Research Archive
• Waldum, Åsa; Lukasse, Mirjam; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum; Sørbye, Ingvil & Jacobsen, Anne Flem (2022). Intrapartum pudendal nerve block analgesia and childbirth experience in primiparous women with vaginal birth: A cohort study. Birth. ISSN 0730-7659. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/birt.12697. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background A negative childbirth experience has short- and long-term consequences for both mother and child. This study aimed to investigate the association between intrapartum pudendal nerve block (PNB) analgesia and childbirth experience. Methods Primiparous women with a singleton cephalic vaginal live births at term at Oslo University Hospital from January 1, 2017, to June 1, 2019, were eligible for inclusion. The main outcome was total score on a childbirth experience questionnaire (range 1.0–4.0, higher score indicates better childbirth experience). An absolute risk difference of 0.10 was considered clinically relevant. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics between women with and without PNB. The analyses were stratified by spontaneous vs instrumental birth. Subanalyses of the questionnaire's domains (own capacity, professional support, perceived safety, and participation) were performed. Results Of 979 participating women, mean age was 32 years. Childbirth experience did not differ between women with and without PNB, either in spontaneous (absolute risk difference of the mean: −0.05, P value 0.36) or in instrumental birth (absolute risk difference of the mean: 0.03, P value 0.61). There were no statistically significant differences between PNB group scores for the separate domains. Conclusions Women's childbirth experiences did not differ between birthing people with or without PNB, either in spontaneous or in instrumental births. The clinical implications of our study should be interpreted in light of the pain-relieving effects of PNB.PNB should be provided on clinical indication, including for individuals with severe labor pain.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 22, p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-05112-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Taraldsen, Sølvi; Vangen, Siri; Øian, Pål & Sørbye, Ingvil (2022). Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury associated with female genital mutilation/cutting and timing of deinfibulation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 101(10), p. 1163–1173. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14424. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Haualand, randi; Moen, Henriette; letting, anne-sofie; Langesæter, Eldrid & Estensen, Mette-Elise (2022). Maternal beta-blocker dose and risk of small-for gestational-age in women with heart disease. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 101(7), p. 794–802. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14363. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Beta-blockers are prescribed for many pregnant women with heart disease, but whether there is a dose-dependent effect on fetal growth remains to be examined. We aimed to investigate if antenatal beta-blocker use and dose were associated with delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant among women with heart disease. Material and methods Our cohort included women with heart disease who delivered at Oslo University Hospital between 2006 and 2015. Maternal heart disease was classified into modified WHO risk scores. Women with beta-blocker treatment were dichotomized into whether they had been treated with a low or high dose based on clinical factors. We compared the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant in women exposed to high doses, low doses, or with no exposure to antenatal beta-blockers while adjusting for severity of maternal heart disease in logistic regression models. Results Of a total of 540 pregnancies among women with heart disease, 163 (30.2%) were exposed to beta-blocker treatment. The majority were treated with metoprolol (86.5%). Almost twice as many babies in the beta-blocker group were small-for-gestational-age, compared with the non-exposed group (19.8 vs 9.5%, P < 0.001). Women using a high-dose beta-blocker had a five-fold increased risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant compared with non-exposure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.22–10.78, P < 0.001). Women using a low dose of beta-blocker had a two-fold increased risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant; however, the confidence interval included the null (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 0.83–3.72, P = 0.143). Results when restricting the analyses to metoprolol showed the same pattern, but with attenuation of risks. Conclusions We found a five-fold increased risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant in women with heart disease treated with a high dose of beta-blocker, and a two-fold increased risk among those treated with a low dose, showing an apparent dose–response relation. Close monitoring of fetal growth is warranted among women with heart disease treated with beta-blockers. As drug therapy in pregnancy concerns both mother and fetus, an optimum balance for both should be the goal.

• Taraldsen, Sølvi; Owe, Katrine Mari; Bødtker, Anne Sejersted; Bjørntvedt, Ida Waagsbø; Eide, Birgitte & Sandberg, Marit [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Omskjæring hos kvinner bosatt i Norge – konsekvenser og behandling. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 141(15). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0509. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørbye, I.K.; Bains, Sukhjeet; Vangen, Siri; Sundby, Johanne Sommerschild; Lindskog, Benedikte V & Owe, Katrine Mari (2021). Obstetric anal sphincter injury by maternal origin and length of residence: a nationwide cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 129(3), p. 423–431. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16985. Full text in Research Archive
• Bains, Sukhjeet; Skråning, Susanne; Sundby, Johanne Sommerschild; Vangen, Siri; Sørbye, Ingvil & Lindskog, Benedikte V. (2021). Challenges and barriers to optimal maternity care for recently migrated women - a mixed-method study in Norway. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 21(1), p. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04131-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Bains, Sukhjeet; Sundby, Johanne Sommerchild; Lindskog, Benedikte V; Vangen, Siri & Sørbye, Ingvil (2021). Newly Arrived Migrant Women’s Experience of Maternity Health Information: A Face-to-Face Questionnaire Study in Norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 18(14). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147523. Full text in Research Archive
• Bains, Sukhjeet; Sundby, Johanne Sommerchild; Lindskog, Benedikte V; Vangen, Siri; Diep, Lien My & Owe, Katrine Mari [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Satisfaction with maternity care among recent migrants: an interview questionnaire-based study. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 11(7). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048077. Full text in Research Archive
• Waldum, Åsa; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Lukasse, Mirjam; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum; Sørbye, Ingvil & Jacobsen, Anne Flem (2021). Intrapartum pudendal nerve block analgesia and risk of postpartum urinary retention: a cohort study. International Urogynecology Journal. ISSN 0937-3462. 32, p. 2383–2391. doi: 10.1007/s00192-021-04768-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction and hypothesis: Pudendal nerve block analgesia (PNB) is used as pain relief in the final stage of childbirth. We hypothesized that PNB is associated with higher rates of postpartum urinary retention. Methods: We performed a cohort study among primiparous women with a singleton, cephalic vaginal birth at Oslo University Hospital, Norway. Women receiving PNB were included in the exposed group, while the subsequent woman giving birth without PNB was included in the unexposed group. We compared the likelihood of postpartum urinary retention, defined as catheterization within 3 h after birth. Logistic regression analysis stratified by mode of delivery was performed adjusting for epidural analgesia, episiotomy and birth unit. Results: Of the 1007 included women, 499 were exposed to PNB and 508 were unexposed. In adjusted analyses, women exposed to PNB did not differ in likelihood of postpartum urinary retention compared to women unexposed to PNB in either spontaneous (odds ratio[OR]: 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–1.22) or instrumental (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.89–2.39) births. Furthermore, no differences between the groups were observed with excessive residual urine volume or catheterization after > 3 h. Conclusions: PNB was associated with neither risk of postpartum urinary retention nor excessive residual urine volume and is therefore unlikely to hamper future bladder function.

• Taraldsen, Sølvi; Vangen, Siri; Øian, Pål & Sørbye, Ingvil (2021). Female genital mutilation/cutting, timing of deinfibulation, and risk of cesarean section. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 100(4), p. 587–595. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14111. Full text in Research Archive
• Jatta, Fatou; Sundby, Johanne Sommerchild; Vangen, Siri; Lindskog, Benedikte V; Sørbye, Ingvil & Owe, Katrine Mari (2021). Association between Maternal Origin, Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Caesarean Section: A Nation-Wide Registry Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 18(11). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115938.
• Oommen, Hanna; Ranjan, Kunal; Murugesan, Sudha; Gore, Aboli; Sonthalia, Sunil & Ninan, Pradeep [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Implementation of the Moyo fetal heart rate monitor in district hospitals in Bihar, India: a feasibility study . BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 11(2), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041071. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: Globally, half of all stillbirths occur during birth. Detection of fetal distress with fetal heart rate monitoring (FHRM), followed by appropriate and timely management, might reduce fresh stillbirths and neonatal morbidity. This study aimed to investigate the barriers and facilitators for the implementation of Moyo FHRM use in Bihar state, and secondarily, the feasibility of collecting reliable obstetrical and neonatal outcome data to assess the effect of implementation. Setting: CARE Bihar and the hospital management at four district hospitals (DHs) in Bihar state, each with 6500 to 15 000 deliveries a year, agreed to testing the implementation of Moyo FHRM through a process of meetings, training sessions and collecting data. At each hospital, a clinical training expert was trained to train others, while a clinical assessment facilitator collected data. Methodology: Observational notes were taken at all training sessions and meetings. Individual interviews (n=4) were conducted with clinical training experts (CTEs) on training experiences and barriers and facilitators for Moyo FHRM implementation. The CTEs recoded field notes in diaries. Descriptive analyses performed on pre-implementation and post-implementation data (n=521) assessed quality and completeness. Results: Main barriers to implementation of Moyo FHRM were health system and cultural challenges involving (1) existing practices, (2) insufficient human resources, (3) action delays and (4) cultural and local challenges. Another barrier was insufficient involvement of doctors. Facilitators for implementation were easy use of the Moyo FHRM device and adequate training for staff. Electronic collection of obstetrical data worked well but had substantial missing data. Conclusion: Health system and cultural challenges are a major constraint to Moyo FHRM implementation in low-resource settings. Improvements at all levels of infrastructure, practices and skills will be critical in busy DHs in Bihar. Full-scale implementation needs doctor-led leadership and ownership. Obstetrical data collection for the purpose of scientific analysis needs to be improved.

• Waldum, Åsa; Jacobsen, Anne Flem; Lukasse, Mirjam; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum & Vangen, Siri [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). The provision of epidural analgesia during labor according to maternal birthplace: a Norwegian register study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 20(321). doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03021-8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The provision of epidural analgesia during labor is ideally a shared decision between the woman and her health care provider. However, immigrant characteristics such as maternal birthplace could affect decision-making and thus access to pain relief. We aimed to assess disparities in the provision of epidural analgesia in planned vaginal birth according to maternal region of birth. Methods: We performed a nation-wide register study of 842,496 live-born singleton deliveries in Norway between 2000 and 2015. Maternal birthplace was categorized according to the Global Burden of Disease framework. The provision of epidural analgesia was compared in regression models stratified by parity and mode of delivery. Results: Compared to native-born women, primiparous women from Latin America/Caribbean countries with an instrumental vaginal delivery were most likely to be provided epidural analgesia (OR 2.12, 95%CI 1.69–2.66), whilst multiparous women from Sub-Saharan Africa with a spontaneous vaginal delivery were least likely to be provided epidural analgesia (OR 0.42, 95% C 0.39–0.44). Longer residence time was associated with a higher likelihood of being provided analgesia, whereas effects of maternal education varied by Global Burden of Disease group. Conclusions: Disparities in the likelihood of being provided epidural analgesia were observed by maternal birthplace. Further studies are needed to consider whether the identified disparities represent women’s own preferences or if they are the result of heterogeneous access to analgesia during labor.

• Sørbye, Ingvil; Oppegaard, Kevin Sunde; Weeks, Andrew; Marsdal, Kjersti Engen & Jacobsen, Anne Flem (2020). Induction of labor and nulliparity: A nationwide clinical practice pilot evaluation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 99(12), p. 1700–1709. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13948. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Vangen, Siri; Juárez, Sol P; Bolumar, Francisco; Morisaki, Naho & Gissler, Mika [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Birthweight of babies born to migrant mothers - What role do integration policies play? SSM - Population Health. ISSN 2352-8273. 9. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100503.
• Marsdal, Kjersti Engen; Sørbye, Ingvil; Gaudernack, Lise Christine & Lukasse, Mirjam (2018). A comparison of misoprostol vaginal insert and misoprostol vaginal tablets for induction of labor in nulliparous women: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1647-3.
• Berg, Rigmor; Taraldsen, Sølvi; Said, Maryan; Sørbye, Ingvil & Vangen, Siri (2017). The effectiveness of surgical interventions for women with FGM/C: a systematic review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 125(3), p. 278–287. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14839. Full text in Research Archive
• Berg, Rigmor; Taraldsen, Sølvi; Said, Maryan; Sørbye, Ingvil & Vangen, Siri (2017). Reasons for and Experiences With Surgical Interventions for Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): A Systematic Review. Journal of Sexual Medicine. ISSN 1743-6095. 14(8), p. 977–990. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.05.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Wanigaratne, Susitha & Urquia, Marcelo L. (2016). Variations in gestational length and preterm delivery by race, ethnicity and migration. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. ISSN 1521-6934. 32, p. 60–68. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.017.
• Urquia, Marcelo L.; Sørbye, Ingvil & Wanigaratne, Susitha (2016). Birth-weight charts and immigrant populations: A critical review. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. ISSN 1521-6934. 32, p. 69–76. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.09.001.
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Daltveit, Anne Kjersti; Sundby, Johanne; Stoltenberg, Camilla & Vangen, Siri (2015). Caesarean section by immigrants' length of residence in Norway: a population-based study. European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. 25(1), p. 78–84. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cku135.
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Daltveit, Anne Kjersti; Sundby, Johanne & Vangen, Siri (2014). Preterm subtypes by immigrants' length of residence in Norway: A population-based study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-239. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Stoltenberg, Camilla; Sundby, Johanne; Daltveit, Anne Kjersti & Vangen, Siri (2014). Stillbirth and infant death among generations of Pakistani immigrant descent: a population-based study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 93(2), p. 168–174. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12303.
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Vangen, Siri; Oneko, Olola; Sundby, Johanne & Bergsjø, Per (2011). Caesarean section among referred and self-referred birthing women: a cohort study from a tertiary hospital, northeastern Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-55.

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• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup; Valberg, Morten & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Perinatal mortality among pregnant undocumented migrants in Norway 1999-2020: a register-based population study.
• Solnes Miltenburg, Andrea; Bains, Sukhjeet Kaur; Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Vartdal, Vegard Weyergang; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Alnæs-Katjavivi, Patji [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Svangerskap, fødsel og barseltid – mer enn bare overlevelse. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 143(15), p. 1–3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0500.
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Use of emergency health care services by pregnant undocumented migrants over a ten-year period in Oslo, Norway.
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Use of an emergency primary clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway.
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Gaudernack, Lise Christine; Einarsen, Angeline Elisabeth Styve; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Lukasse, Mirjam & Gunnes, Nina [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Study protocol for the BUSCopan in LABor (BUSCLAB) study: A randomized placebocontrolled trial investigating the effect of butylscopolamine bromide to prevent prolonged labor. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276613. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background First-time mothers are prone to prolonged labor, defined as the crossing of partograph alert or action lines. Prolonged labor may occur among as many as one out of five women, and is associated with a range of adverse birth outcomes. Oxytocin is the standard treatment for prolonged labor, but has a narrow therapeutic window, several adverse effects and limited efficacy. Despite poor evidence, labor wards often use antispasmodic agents to treat prolonged labor. The antispasmodic drug butylscopolamine bromide (Buscopan®) may shorten duration of labor, but studies on prevention of prolonged labor are lacking. In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, we aim to evaluate the effect of butylscopolamine bromide on duration of labor in first-time mothers showing first signs of slow labor progress by crossing the World Health Organization partograph alert line. Methods and analysis The study is a single center study at Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. We will recruit 250 primiparous women with spontaneous labor start at term. Women are included in the first stage of labor if they show signs of slow labor progress, defined as the crossing of the partograph alert line with a cervical dilation between 3–9 cm. Participants are randomized 1:1 to either 20 mg intravenous butylscopolamine bromide or intravenous placebo (1 mL sodium chlorine 9 mg/mL). We considered a mean difference of 60 minutes in labor duration clinically relevant. The primary outcome is duration of labor from the provision of the investigational medicinal product to vaginal delivery. The secondary outcomes include change in labor pain, use of oxytocin augmentation, delivery mode, and maternal birth experience. The primary data for the statistical analysis will be the full analysis set and will occur on completion of the study as per the prespecified statistical analysis plan. The primary outcome will be analyzed using Weibull regression, and we will treat cesarean delivery as a censoring event.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Utilization of an emergency primary care clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway.
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. Show summary

  In 2011, Norway granted pregnant undocumented women the right to antenatal care and to give birth at a hospital, but did not include them in the general practitioner and reimbursement schemes. In addition, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) have been running health clinics for undocumented migrants. There is a need to investigate how pregnant undocumented women use NGO clinics and how this affects their maternal health. We therefore investigated the care received, occurrence of pregnancy-related complications and maternal and perinatal outcomes in women receiving care at these clinics. In this historic cohort study we included pregnant women aged 18-49 who attended urban NGO clinics between 2009-2020 and retrieved their medical records from the hospitals in the uptake area. We compared women based on region of origin using log-binominal regression to estimate relative risk of adverse outcomes. We identified 582 pregnancies in 500 women during the study period. About half (46.5%) the women sought antenatal care after the first trimester. The women had median 1 (IQR 1-3) antenatal visit at the NGO clinics which referred 77.7% of the women to public health care. In 205 retrieved deliveries, there was a 45.9% risk for any adverse outcome. The overall risk of stillbirth was 1.0%, pre-term birth 10.3%, and emergency caesarean section 19.3%. Pregnant undocumented women who use NGO clinics receive substandard antenatal care and have a high risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study suggests that increased attention should be given to ensure the accessibility of adequate antenatal care to undocumented women.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ebbing, Cathrine; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Pregnant undocumented women’s use of two humanitarian clinics between 2009-2020 and their maternal outcomes in Norway: A cohort study.
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Bains, Sukhjeet & Owe, Katrine Mari (2022). Authors' reply re: Obstetric anal sphincter injury by maternal origin and length of residence. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.17079.
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Andersen, Hilde B.; Melin, Erik & Nordøy, Ingvild (2018). En høygravid kvinne med hodepine og feber. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 138(4). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0383.
• Sørbye, Ingvil; Vangen, Siri; Daltveit, Anne Kjersti & Sundby, Johanne (2012). Perinatal mortality among generations of Pakistani immigrants to Norway: a linked registry based study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 91, p. 128–129. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01435_2.x.

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