Kjetil Klaveness Melby

• Melby, Kjetil K.; Hjort, Rebecka; Lundin, Knut & Ness-Jensen, Eivind (2025). Infection with Helicobacter pylori and the age at onset of coeliac disease in the “HUNT4” survey. BMC Research Notes. 19. doi: 10.1186/s13104-025-07594-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine whether H. pylori or its antigens affect the age at which coeliac disease (CeD) was diagnosed. Participants over 20 years old from the HUNT4 survey were screened for CeD by measuring serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G antibodies against transglutaminase-2. H. pylori status was defined by detecting H. pylori -specific immunoglobulin G. Results H. pylori  + participants had a mean age of 62.3 years, compared to 54.8 years for negative participants. In those with previously undiagnosed CeD ( n  = 43), higher antibody levels against GroEL were associated with an older age at sampling (67.2 years for GroEL-positive vs. 50.8 years for negative). Smaller age differences were noted for gGT (6.0 years), UreA (8.6 years), and HpcC (6.4 years), while vacA and cagA showed only minor differences. Participants with CeD and H. pylori  + were older than those who were H. pylori −. The presence of antigens such as GroEL, gGT, and UreA appeared to be associated with this age difference. Aside from H. pylori infection in childhood, a cohort effect of H. pylori infection may partly explain the differences.

• Nestegard, Oddmund; Moayeri, Behrouz; Halvorsen, Fred-Arne; Tønnessen, Tor; Sørbye, Sveinung & Paulssen, Eyvind Jakob [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics before and after treatment: Incidence of eradication failure. PLOS ONE. 17:e0265322(4), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265322. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance especially to clarithromycin and metronidazole has been observed in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Aim To characterize the antimicrobial resistance pattern of H. pylori before and after treatment in a cohort of patients accumulated over a period of 15 years after an unsuccessful eradication treatment had been given comparing sensitivity data from patients with newly diagnosed H. pylori infection. A specific objective was to look for resistance to levofloxacin. Material and methods Total of 50 patients newly diagnosed for H. pylori infection treated with omeprazole and amoxicillin/clarithromycin and 42 H pylori treatment-resistant patients treated with omeprazole and amoxicillin/levofloxacin were enrolled in this study. Cultures including antibiotic sensitivity testing were conducted according to standard laboratory routines and thus also in keeping with a European study protocol using E-test gradient strips or disc diffusion methods. Results Clarithromycin resistance was more frequently observed in the H. pylori resistant group than in newly diagnosed H. pylori group (39% versus 11%). Regarding metronidazole the distribution was 70% versus 38%, and 8% versus 12% were resistant to tetracycline. No resistance was observed for amoxicillin. After re-treatment of patients belonging to the H. pylori treatment-resistant group, just two patient strains were recovered of which one harbored metronidazole resistance. In the group of newly diagnosed H. pylori, seven patients were culture positive by control after treatment. Two and three patient strains showing resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole, respectively. None of the strains in our material was classified as resistant to amoxicillin and levofloxacin. Whereas 12% was resistant to tetracycline in the newly diagnosed before treatment. Conclusion Clarithromycin resistance was more frequent in the H. pylori treatment-resistant group than strains from patients with newly diagnosed H. pylori infection. No resistance was observed to amoxicillin and levofloxacin. In such cases Therefore levofloxacin may be used provided in vitro sensitivity testing confirms applicability.

• Brigtsen, Anne Karin; Jacobsen, Anne Flem; Dedi, Lumnije; Melby, Kjetil K.; Nygaard, Cathrine Skorpen & Fugelseth, Drude [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Group B Streptococcus colonization at delivery is associated with maternal peripartum infection. PLOS ONE. 17(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264309. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of serious neonatal infection but its role in maternal morbidity has received little investigation. The aim of this study was to determine whether GBS colonization at delivery is associated with increased risk of maternal peripartum infection. Methods In this prospective cohort study, 1746 unselected women had a vaginal-rectal culture taken at the onset of labor. Diagnosis of maternal peripartum infection was based on a combination of two or more signs or symptoms including fever, breast pain, severe wound or pelvic pain, purulent discharge and abnormal laboratory tests including C-reactive protein and white blood cell count occurring from labor until 2 weeks postpartum. The main outcome measure was the proportion of women with maternal peripartum infection according to GBS colonization status. Results A total of 25.9% (452/1746) women were colonized with GBS. The rate of peripartum infection was almost twice as high in colonized women (49/452 [10.8%]) vs. non-colonized women (81/1294 [6.3%]); OR 1.82 [1.26–2.64], p = 0.002). This association was confirmed in a multivariable model (OR 1.99 [1.35–2.95], p = 0.001). Women diagnosed with peripartum infection had a significantly longer hospital stay compared to women without peripartum infection (4 days (median) vs. 3 days, p < 0.001). Length of hospital stay did not differ between colonized and non-colonized women. Serotype IV GBS was more frequent in colonized women with peripartum infection than in women without peripartum infection (29.3% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.003). Conclusions GBS colonization at delivery is associated with increased risk of peripartum infection. Whether this increase is due directly to invasion by GBS or whether GBS colonization is associated with a more general vulnerability to infection remains to be determined.

• Nesbakken, Truls; Steinshamn, Håvard; Thomsen, Iben Margrete; Basic, Dean; Klem, Thea B. Blystad & Gifstad, Tron Øystein [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2022). Importation of roughage to Norway - Implications for plant health, biodiversity, animal and human health. Opinion of the Scientific Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2022(02). Full text in Research Archive
• Skjerdal, Olaug Taran; Aspholm, Marina Elisabeth; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Jore, Solveig; Kapperud, Georg & Melby, Kjetil Klaveness [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Risk ranking and source attribution of food- and waterborne pathogens for surveillance purposes. Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. 2021(10), p. 1–252. Full text in Research Archive
• Tranulis, Michael A.; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Kapperud, Georg; Pahnke, Jens; Aspholm, Marina Elisabeth & Jore, Solveig [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Oppdatert kunnskap om det zoonotiske potensialet av skrantesjuke ved håndtering av slakt og konsum av kjøtt. Vitenskapelig uttalelse fra faggruppen for hygiene og smittestoffer i Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. VKM Report. 2021(8). Full text in Research Archive
• Stenberg, Johan A.; Melby, Kjetil K.; Magnusson, Christer; Nielsen, Anders; Rydning, Julie & Wendell, Micael [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Risk assessment of the biocontrol product Nemaslug 2.0 with the active organisms Phasmarhabditis californica (strain P19D) and Moraxella osloensis. VKM Report. 2021(16), p. 1–37. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, Nematodes, Phasmarhabditis californica, Moraxella osloensis. Parasitic nematodes and associated bacteria are increasingly being used for biocontrol of molluscs. Functionally, it is the bacteria that kill and thus control the targeted pests, but the function of the bacteria is dependent on the nematodes, which should be regarded as vectors of biocontrol. Although the nematodes and the bacteria have a symbiotic relationship within such biocontrol formulations, it should be noted that they are not dependent on each other in the wild, but can establish separate populations which can be free-living or hosted by other organisms. The biocontrol product Nemaslug 2.0 contains the nematode Phasmarhabditis californica (strain P19D) and the bacterial symbiont Moraxella osloensis (unknown strain). The nematode was first described in 2016 and has never been reported in Norway. The lack of reports suggests that it is absent from Norway, but this conclusion comes with a high degree of uncertainty since there have been limited search efforts. The climatic thresholds of the nematode are not known, but its current distribution, spanning widely varying climates, suggests that it could survive and establish in Norway. Natural spread from currently known areas of establishment to natural habitats in Norway is ruled out due to the nematode’s limited dispersal capacity. However, human-assisted spread (e.g. via the use of biocontrol products) and establishment would be likely if Nemaslug 2.0 is allowed for use in open fields in Norway. Use of Nemaslug 2.0 in greenhouses and other enclosed areas is not likely to facilitate spread to natural habitats in Norway provided that residues are properly handled. However, deposition of product residues from greenhouses to outdoor areas may result in local establishment of the nematode in the vicinity of the deposition. Phasmarhabditis californica has a broad host range and may parasitize both rare/endangered and common mollusc species. However, there is no scientific evidence suggesting that the nematode can affect natural populations of molluscs in wild habitats, or otherwise have negative effects on biodiversity. The nematodes’ association with the bacteria Moraxella osloensis is most likely lost, or at least weakened, in natural habitats, suggesting that the nematode becomes less capable of killing its hosts in the wild. Phasmarhabditis californica is not capable of harming or infecting humans. The bacterial species Moraxella osloensis is already present in Norway in a few locations and at a low abundance, and it may be native to Norway. Little is known regarding its distribution in natural environments, but the literature shows that it can infect humans and other mammals. In humans with immunodeficiency or other comorbidities, M. osloensis can cause meningitis, vaginitis, sinusitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, and septic arthritis. The risk of infection in people handling Nemaslug 2.0 can probably be substantially reduced by protective clothing and appropriate handling. We are not aware of any reported health issues arising from use of the previous version of Nemaslug, which also contains M. osloensis. Different strains of M. osloensis are known to vary in their sensitivity to antibiotics, and likely in other traits too. Thus, the lack of information provided about the strain identity and specific characteristics of the strain used in Nemaslug 2.0 generates a high degree of uncertainty regarding its pathogenicity, climate tolerance, sensitivity to antibiotics etc.

• Megraud, Francis; Bruyndonckx, Robin; Coenen, Samuel; Wittkop, Linda; Huang, Te-Din & Hoebeke, Martin [Show all 42 contributors for this article] (2021). Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe in 2018 and its relationship to antibiotic consumption in the community. Gut. ISSN 0017-5749. 70(10), p. 1815–1822. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324032. Full text in Research Archive
• Robertson, Lucy; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Jore, Solveig; Lund, Vidar; Aspholm, Marina Elisabeth & Kapperud, Georg [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Giardia og Cryptosporidium i norsk drikkevann. Vitenskapelig uttalelse fra faggruppen for hygiene og smittestoffer i Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. VKM Report. 2020(7), p. 1–38. Full text in Research Archive
• Nilsen, Mariann; Vikanes, Åse Vigdis; Umu, Özgün Candan Onarman; Løvgården, Gunilla; Müller, Fredrik & Melby, Kjetil K. (2020). Differences in composition of gut microbiota in women with and without hyperemesis gravidarum. Microbiota in Health and Disease. ISSN 2704-8845. 2. doi: 10.26355/mhd_20207_316. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2020). Helicobacter pylori in early childhood and asthma in adolescence. BMC Research Notes. 13. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-04941-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective An inverse effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) on the occurrence of asthma is debated and early acquisition of H. pylori may be important. We analyzed sera from 197 children from Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) study in Oslo for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) at 2 and 10 years, and symptoms and signs of asthma at 16 years of age. Results While 16.4% of children who were H. pylori negative at 2 and 10 years had current asthma at 16 years, none of the 12 children who were H. pylori positive at 2 years of age had asthma at the age of 16 years, regardless of H. pylori status at 10 years. This trend for less current asthma in children who were H. pylori positive at 2 years compared to persistent or transient negative status at 10 years was not statistically significant, probably due to low number of H. pylori positive children at 2 years of age. Acquisition of H. pylori in school age did not appear to influence the risk of current asthma. Much larger prospective studies are probably required to document whether or not early H. pylori infection may be involved in the risk of asthma development in later childhood.

• Nestegard, Oddmund; Johnsen, Kay-Martin; Sørbye, Sveinung; Halvorsen, Fred-Arne; Tønnessen, Tor & Paulssen, Eyvind Jakob [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Clinical characterization of Helicobacter pylori infected patients 15 years after unsuccessful eradication. PLOS ONE. 15(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238944. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <i>Background and aims</i> - Patients that have failed therapy for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection are incompletely characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize a H. pylori treatment resistant cohort compared to the cohorts of newly diagnosed, earlier eradicated and non-infected.<p> <p><i>Material and methods</i> - Patients were selected from routine referrals to the Endoscopy units at three different Norwegian hospitals. In all four cohorts, gastric biopsies were scored according to the Sydney classification, and symptoms according to the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale score, including sub-scores for upper gastrointestinal symptoms and functional bowel symptoms. Patients in the H. pylori resistant group were treated with a triple therapy regimen that consisted of levofloxacin, amoxicillin and a proton pump inhibitor.<p> <p><i>Results</i> - We included 185 patients, 42 H. pylori treatment resistant, 50 newly diagnosed, 61 previously H. pylori eradicated and 32 never infected. The treatment-resistant cohort had higher scores for upper gastrointestinal symptoms and functional bowel symptoms compared to the other groups except for the group being never H. pylori infected. The H. pylori resistant patients had lower Sydney scores than patients with newly diagnosed H. pylori infection. The triple combination showed a high efficacy of 91% to eradicate H. pylori.<p> <p><i>Conclusions</i> - Patients with treatment-resistant H. pylori infection had more gastrointestinal symptoms, but a lower Sydney score than patients with newly diagnosed infection. A treatment regimen including levofloxacin showed a high efficacy in eradicating H. pylori in patients that previously had failed eradication treatment.

• Brigtsen, Anne Karin; Dedi, Lumnije; Melby, Kjetil K.; Holberg-Petersen, Mona; Radtke, Andreas & Lyng, Randi Valsø [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Comparison of PCR and serotyping of Group B Streptococcus in pregnant women: The Oslo GBS-study. Journal of Microbiological Methods. ISSN 0167-7012. 108, p. 31–35. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.11.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Brigtsen, Anne Karin; Jacobsen, Anne Flem; Dedi, Lumnije; Melby, Kjetil K.; Fugelseth, Drude & Whitelaw, Andrew (2015). Maternal colonization with Group B streptococcus is associated with an increased rate of infants transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 108, p. 157–163. doi: 10.1159/000434716. Full text in Research Archive
• Vikanes, Åse Vigdis; Støer, Nathalie; Gunnes, Nina; Grjibovski, Andrej; Samuelsen, Sven Ove & Magnus, Per [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Helicobacter pylori infection and severe hyperemesis gravidarum among immigrant women in Norway: a case–control study. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. ISSN 0301-2115. 167(1), p. 41–46. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.11.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Astrid Lervik; Ragnhildstveit, Eivind; Moayeri, Behrouz; Eliassen, Lisbeth & Melby, Kjetil K. (2013). Resistance rates of metronidazole and other antibacterials in Helicobacter pylori from previously untreated patients in Norway. APMIS - Journal of Pathologiy, Microbiology and Immunology. ISSN 0903-4641. 121(4), p. 353–358. doi: 10.1111/apm.12009. Full text in Research Archive
• Wester, Astrid Louise; Dunlop, Oona Borghild; Melby, Kjetil K.; Dahle, Ulf R & Wyller, Torgeir Bruun (2013). Age-related differences in symptoms, diagnosis and prognosis of bacteremia. BMC Infectious Diseases. 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-346. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Elderly patients are at particular risk for bacteremia and sepsis. Atypical presentation may complicate the diagnosis. We studied patients with bacteremia, in order to assess possible age-related effects on the clinical presentation and course of severe infections. Methods We reviewed the records of 680 patients hospitalized between 1994 and 2004. All patients were diagnosed with bacteremia, 450 caused by Escherichia coli and 230 by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Descriptive analyses were performed for three age groups (< 65 years, 65–84 years, ≥ 85 years). In multivariate analyses age was dichotomized (< 65, ≥ 65 years). Symptoms were categorized into atypical or typical. Prognostic sensitivity of CRP and SIRS in identifying early organ failure was studied at different cut-off values. Outcome variables were organ failure within one day after admission and in-hospital mortality. Results The higher age-groups more often presented atypical symptoms (p <0.001), decline in general health (p=0.029), and higher in-hospital mortality (p<0.001). The prognostic sensitivity of CRP did not differ between age groups, but in those ≥ 85 years the prognostic sensitivity of two SIRS criteria was lower than that of three criteria. Classical symptoms were protective for early organ failure (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45-0.99), and risk factors included; age ≥ 65 years (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.09-2.49), comorbid illnesses (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02-1.40 per diagnosis), decline in general health (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.58-3.27), tachycardia (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.02-2.20), tachypnea (OR 3.86, 95% CI 2.64-5.66), and leukopenia (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.59-10.91). Fever was protective for in-hospital mortality (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.89), and risk factors included; age ≥ 65 years (OR 15.02, 95% CI 3.68-61.29), ≥ 1 comorbid illness (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.11-6.14), bacteremia caused by S. pneumoniae (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.43-5.46), leukopenia (OR 4.62, 95% CI 1.88-11.37), and number of early failing organs (OR 3.06, 95% CI 2.20-4.27 per failing organ). Conclusions Elderly patients with bacteremia more often present with atypical symptoms and reduced general health. The SIRS-criteria have poorer sensitivity for identifying organ failure in these patients. Advanced age, comorbidity, decline in general health, pneumococcal infection, and absence of classical symptoms are markers of a poor prognosis.

• Hjelmevoll, Stig Ove; Olsen, Merethe Elise; Sollid, Johanna U Ericson; Haaheim, Håkon; Melby, Kjetil K. & Moi, Harald [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Appropriate Time for Test-of-Cure when Diagnosing Gonorrhoea with a Nucleic Acid Amplification Test. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. ISSN 0001-5555. 92(3), p. 316–319. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1275. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Culture is commonly regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have rapidly replaced culture for diagnostics in many settings. The aim of the present study was to investigate the appropriate time for test-of-cure (TOC) when NAATs are used for diagnosis of gonorrhoea. In total, 30 patients (28 men and 2 women) provided urethral, cervical, rectal or pharyngeal specimens for TOC. All included patients, except one who did not return for second TOC before day 19, tested negative within 2 weeks after treatment with cefixime 400 mg × 1. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 68% of the culture-positive strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Thus, the recommended empirical treatment with ciprofloxacin in Norway should be changed immediately. TOC can be performed 2 weeks after treatment when NAATs are used for diagnosis of gonorrhoea.

• Holberg-Petersen, Mona; Jenum, Pål Arne; Mannsåker, Turid & Melby, Kjetil K. (2011). Comparison of PCR with culture applied on nasopharyngeal and throat swab specimens for the detection of Bordetella pertussis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 43(3), p. 221–224. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2010.538855. Full text in Research Archive
• Grub, Carola; Holberg-Petersen, Mona; Medbø, Sverre; Andersen, Bjørg Marit; Syversen, Gaute & Melby, Kjetil K. (2010). A multidrug-resistant, methicillin-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit in Oslo, Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 48(2), p. 148–151. doi: 10.3109/00365540903334401. Full text in Research Archive
• Merckoll, Patricia; Jonassen, Tom Øystein; Vad, Marie Elisabeth; Jeansson, Stig & Melby, Kjetil K. (2009). Bacteria, biofilm and honey: A study of the effects of honey on 'planktonic' and biofilm-embedded chronic wound bacteria. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 41(5), p. 341–347. doi: 10.1080/00365540902849383. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelmevoll, Stig Ove; Olsen, Merethe Elise; Sollid, johanna u ericson; Haaheim, Håkon; Melby, KK & Moi, H. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). Clinical validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Neisseria gonorrheae porA pseudogene versus culture techniques. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. ISSN 0148-5717. 35, p. 517–520. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181644bc9. Full text in Research Archive
• Iversen, Bjørn Gunnar; Jacobsen, Trond; Eriksen, Hanne-Merete; Bukholm, Geir; Melby, Kjetil K & Melby, Kjetil K. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2007). An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated mouth swabs. Clinical Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1058-4838. 44(6), p. 794–801. doi: 10.1086/511644. Full text in Research Archive
• MENGISTU, ZELALEM; Engh, V; Melby, Kjetil K.; Lippe, Elisabeth von der & Qvigstad, Erik (2007). Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding caused by endometrial tuberculosis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 86(5), p. 631–632. Full text in Research Archive
• Jørgen, Bente Marie; Merckoll, Patricia & Melby, Kjetil K. (2007). Susceptibility to daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid and some other antibiotics in clinical isolates of methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive S.aureus from the Oslo area. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 39(11), p. 1059–1062. Full text in Research Archive
• Antal, Ellen-Ann; Dietrichs, Espen; Løberg, Else Marit; Melby, Kjetil K. & Mæhlen, Jan (2005). Brain stem encephalitis in listeriosis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 37(3), p. 190–194. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Serious infection with the bacterium L. monocytogenes mainly manifests as sepsis and/or meningitis. A particular entity is Listeria brain stem encephalitis, which is characterized by progressive brain stem deficits. The condition is fatal unless early treated. The purpose of the present study was to assess the incidence of brain stem encephalitis in a population-based listeriosis material. Medical records from 212 of the 240 patients with serious listeriosis reported in Norway from 1977 to 2000, as well as autopsy material from 8 of these patients, were available. This material was searched for clinical and neuropathological evidence of brain stem infection. Findings indicating brain stem encephalitis were present in 19 of the 172 patients with adult listeriosis (11%) but none of the 40 pregnancy-related listeriosis cases. None of the 19 patients had been diagnosed with Listeria brain stem infection originally. We conclude that brain stem encephalitis is relatively common in this Norwegian listeriosis material.

• Håland, Geir; Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Skar, Anne Grete; Pettersen, Morten & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2004). Are Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Mycoplasma Pheumoniae serum antibodies associated with obstructive airways disease in 2 year old children? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 169(7), p. A148–A148. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveten, Y; Jenkins, A; Digranes, A; Melby, Kjetil K.; Allum, AG & Kristiansen, BE (2004). Comparison of PCR detection of mecA with agar dilution and Etest for oxacillin susceptibility testing in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clinical Microbiology and Infection (CMI). ISSN 1198-743X. 10(5), p. 462–465. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Oxacillin-resistant staphylococci are heterogeneous in their expression of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Different recommendations regarding screening methods for routine use have been published. In this study, the susceptibility to oxacillin of 232 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was determined by agar dilution, Etest and presence of the mecA gene. When an oxacillin resistance breakpoint of > or = 0.5 mg/L was used, the sensitivity and specificity for agar dilution were 97.6% and 100%, and those for Etest were 100% and 95.4%. The current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards oxacillin breakpoint recommendation will categorise accurately the CoNS species encountered commonly

• Simonsen, GS; Bergh, K; Bevanger, L; Digranes, A; Gaustad, Peter & Melby, Kjetil K. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). Susceptibility to quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid in 839 clinical isolates of gram-positive cocci from Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 36, p. 254–258. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A total of 839 clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci from Norway including Staphylococcus aureus (n = 214), coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. (n = 100), Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 99), Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 80), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 127), Streptococcus spp. viridans group (n = 70), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 75), and Enterococcus faecium (n = 74), were tested by E-test for susceptibility to a range of antimicrobials including the novel antibiotics quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid. Subgroups of oxacillin resistant S. aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp., penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp. were specifically included as they are the intended targets for these new drugs. All isolates were susceptible to linezolid (MIC5o and MIC9o 0.25-2.0 mg/l, MIC range 0.12-2 mg/l). Staphylococcal and streptococcal isolates were also susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin except for some intermediately susceptible viridans group isolates (MIC54, and MIC90 0.25-2 mg/l, MIC range 0.125-2 mg/l). Enterococcus faecium (MIC90 = 4.0 mg/l) and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC50 = 8.0 mg/l, MIC90 > or = 32 mg/l) were less susceptible to this substance. There was no linkage between reduced susceptibility to linezolid or quinupristin-dalfopristin and resistance to other classes of antimicrobials. The study demonstrated a high prevalence of in vitro susceptibility to linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin, which is necessary for their use in the treatment of infections with resistant Gram-positive pathogens. The results were used to evaluate the appropriateness of breakpoints and to define a baseline for monitoring possible future emergence of resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid in Norway.

• Tveten, Y; Jenkins, A; Digranes, A; Melby, KK; Allum, AG & Kristiansen, Bjørn-Erik (2004). Comparison of PCR detection of mecA with agar dilution and Etest for oxacillin susceptibility testing in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clinical Microbiology and Infection (CMI). ISSN 1198-743X. 10, p. 462–465. Full text in Research Archive
• Iversen, PO; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Erikstad, TE (2003). Treatment of tuberculosis in three of Oslo's central and eastern parts in 1994-2000. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 123(6), p. 815–817. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2003). Campylobacter og kinolonresistens. MSIS-rapport. ISSN 1503-1926. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Antibiotikaresistensutvikling hos Campylobacter kan oppfattes som indikator for resistensutvikling blant bakterier. Vurderes forbruk av den viktige preparatgruppen kinoloner (nalidiksinsyre, ofloksacin, ciprofloksacin), ser man at kinolonresistens øker med kinolonforbruk. Dersom antibakteriell behandling er indisert, skal campylobacteriose ikke behandles med et fluorokinolon men med et makrolid (f.eks. erytromycin). Også her forekommer resistens, men ytterst sjelden blant norske isolater. Vår undersøkelse indikerer at Campylobacter i den aktuelle tidsperioden har tilpasset seg forbruket av kinoloner (nalidiksinsyre) og tetracykliner. Innen aktuelle områder er derivater av slike stoffer i bruk både i human og veterinærmedisinsk praksis. Det er godt mulig at dette bidrar til at kinolonresistens er så utbredt. Denne undersøkelsen understøtter at pasienter som har ervervet infeksjon utenfor Skandinavia, uavhengig av type, bør antas å være infisert med mikrober som i utgangspunkt er mindre antibiotikafølsomme enn de vi har i Norge. Dette bør medføre at man ikke benytter antibiotika uten etter grundige overveielser, samt kartlegger infeksjonsårsaken og eventuell resistens slik at et målrettet antibiotikavalg finner sted.

• Eskild, Anne; Dahl, Gunn Fallås; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Nesheim, Britt Ingjerd (2003). Testing for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: a study of the routines in primary antenatal care. Journal of Medical Screening. ISSN 0969-1413. 10(4), p. 172–175. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindbæk, Morten; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Schøyen, Rolf & Hjortdahl, Per (2001). Bacteriological findings in nasopharynx specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 19, p. 126–130. Full text in Research Archive
• Antal, Ellen-Ann; Løberg, Else Marit; Bracht, Paula; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Mæhlen, Jan (2001). Evidence for retrograde intraaxonal spread of listeria monocytogenes. Brain Pathology. ISSN 1015-6305. 11, p. 432–438. Full text in Research Archive
• Satas, Saulius; Hoem, Nils-Ove; Melby, Kjetil K.; Porter, H.; Lindgren, Carl & Whitelaw, Andrew [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2000). Influence of mild hypothermia after hypoxia-ischemia on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborn pigs. Biology of the Neonate. ISSN 0006-3126. 77(1), p. 50–57. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Aase, Steinar Torbjørn; Jellum, Egil; McColl, K.E.L. & Vollset, Stein Emil (2000). Role of smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection in aetiology of cardia versus non-cardia gastric cancer. Meeting Abstract. Gastroenterology. ISSN 0016-5085. 118(4). Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Aase, Steinar Torbjørn; Jellum, Egil; McColl, K.E.L. & Vollset, Stein Emil (2000). H. pylori infection and smoking have strong joint effects as risk factors of non-cardia gastric cancer but have opposing effects on cardia cancer. Meeting Abstract. Gut. ISSN 0017-5749. 46. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindstedt, Bjørn-Arne; Heir, E.; Vardund, T.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Kapperud, Georg (2000). Comparative fingerprinting analysis of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni stains by amplified-fragment length polymorphism genotyping. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. ISSN 0095-1137. 38(9), p. 3379–3387. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Svendby, J. G.; Eggebo, T.; Holmen, L. A.; Andersen, Bjørg Marit & Lind, L. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2000). Outbreak of Campylobacter infection in a subartic community. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0934-9723. 19(7), p. 542–544. Full text in Research Archive
• Wyller, V. Bruun; Antal, Ellen-Ann; Bracht, Paula; Løberg, Else Marit; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Mæhlen, Jan (1999). Listeria monocytogenes - the perfect parasite? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 119(3), p. 375–379. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Aase, Steinar Torbjørn; Jellum, Egil & Vollset, Stein Emil (1999). Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of cardia cancer and non-cardia gastric cancer - A nested case-control study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 34(4), p. 353–360. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Kvien, Tore Kristian; Glennås, Anne & Anestad, G. (1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae as a trigger of reactive arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 31(3), p. 327–328. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Kvien, Tore Kristian & Glennås, Anne (1999). Helicobacter pylori - a trigger of reactive arthritis? Infection. ISSN 0300-8126. 27(4/5), p. 252–255. Full text in Research Archive
• Holberg-Petersen, Mona; Steinbakk, Martin; Figenschau, K.J.; Jantzen, E.; Eng, J. & Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (1999). Identification of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium spp. by sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Experience from a clinical laboratory. APMIS - Journal of Pathologiy, Microbiology and Immunology. ISSN 0903-4641. 107(2), p. 231–239. Full text in Research Archive
• Jenum, Pål Arne; Stray-Pedersen, Babill; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Kapperud, Georg; Whilelaw, Andrew & Eskild, Anne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1998). Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in 35,940 pregnant Women in Norway and Pregnancy Outcome for Infected Women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. ISSN 0095-1137. p. 2900–2906. Full text in Research Archive
• Jenum, Pål Arne; Kapperud, Georg; Stray-Pedersen, Babill; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Eskild, Anne & Eng, J. (1998). Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii specific immunoglobulin G antibodies among pregnant women in Norway. Epidemiology and Infection. ISSN 0950-2688. 120, p. 87–92. Full text in Research Archive
• Jenum, Pål Arne; Pettersen, M. Holbek; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Stray-Pedersen, Babill (1998). Diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in amniotic fluid samples. APMIS - Journal of Pathologiy, Microbiology and Immunology. ISSN 0903-4641. p. 680–686. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjeruldsen, S.; Syversen, Gaute; Lippe, E. von der & Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (1998). Gule stafylokokker med nedsatt meticillinfølsomhet. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 118, p. 4065–4067. Full text in Research Archive

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• Rimstad, Espen; Brinchmann, Jan Engelsen; Frostegård, Åsa; Sipinen, Ville Erling; Tønnessen, Ragnhild & Blix, Hege Salvesen [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Environmental risk assessment of the genetically modified vaccine Recombitek®C4. VKM Bulletin. VKM Bulletin(VKM Bulletin 2025: 02), p. 1–22. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det er ikke høyere miljørisiko ved bruk av den genmodifiserte vaksinen Recombitek®C4 enn ved bruk av tilsvarende godkjente vaksiner. Det er hovedbudskapet i en risikovurdering VKM har gjort for Miljødirektoratet. Bakgrunn Miljødirektoratet har mottatt en søknad etter genteknologiloven om bruk av vaksinen Recombitek®C4 i det nasjonale avlsprogrammet for fjellrev (Vulpes lagopus). Fjellreven er klassifisert som en sterkt truet art i Norge. Avlsprogrammet er etablert som del av bevaringsarbeidet og driftes av Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). Ved avlsstasjonen i Oppdal har fire revevalper dødd av smittsom leverbetennelse (hepatitis contagiosa canis (HCC)), og man ønsker å bruke denne vaksinen for å hindre ytterligere smitte. Det finnes godkjente alternative vaksiner til Recombitek®C4, men disse ønsker man ikke å bruke fordi vaksinene inneholder et svekket (for hund), men levende valpesykevirus (CDV), som kan føre til sykdom hos fjellrev. Recombitek®C4 er pr i dag ikke godkjent i Norge eller i EU, men er blitt regelmessig brukt til vaksinasjon av hunder i over 20 år, blant annet i USA og Canada. Miljødirektoratet har bedt VKM utføre en miljørisikovurdering av vaksinen Recombitek®C4 i henhold til genteknologiloven VKMs vurdering Vaksinen Recombitek®C4 inneholder en kanarikoppevirusvektor kalt ALVAC. ALVAC er basert på Kanarikoppeviruset (CNPV), som først og fremst forårsaker sykdom hos spurvefugler, som kanarifugl. Forløpet kjennetegnes ved sykdom i hud og difteriliknende symptomer, med mulig høy dødelighet. ALVAC er en genetisk konstruert, svekket variant av CNPV, designet for bruk i vaksiner. Hverken vektoren eller viruset kan produsere eller spre nye virus mellom pattedyr. Dermed vil den mest sannsynlige veien til miljøet være via overføring til ville fugler. Avlsstasjonen i Oppdal rapporterer om en viss interaksjon mellom fjellrev og fugler, som ørn, ravn og kråke, bl.a. rundt fôrplasseringer. For å minimere mulig kontakt mellom rev og fugl, bruker man fôringsbokser og spesielle «ørnestrukturer» i innhegningene. Dersom ørn eller andre fugler likevel skulle komme i kontakt med ALVAC i perioden revene vaksineres, anses faren for smitte, sykdom og spredning blant fugler som svært usannsynlig. Flere vaksiner som inneholder ALVAC er godkjente til bruk på dyr i Norge, for eksempel i vaksiner til katt og hest. VKM konkluderer at bruk av Recombitek®C4 i det nasjonale avlsprogrammet for den rødlistede arten fjellrev ikke utgjør en økt miljørisiko sammenlignet med tilsvarende vaksiner med ALVAC-vektoren allerede i bruk for andre dyrearter i Norge. Risikovurderingen er godkjent av VKMs faggruppe for genmodifiserte organismer - legemidler.

• Flø, Daniel; Stenberg, Johan A.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Gobena, Selamawit Tekle; Alsanius, Beatrix & Børve, Jorunn [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2025). Assessment of possible human health hazards of frozen Sitotroga cerealella eggs in the plant protection products CHRYSObio and CHRYSOcontrol. VKM Bulletin. p. 1–15. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  VKM has assessed possible health hazards associated with the use of frozen eggs of Sitotroga cerealella as feed. Background The plant protection products CHRYSObio and CHRYSOcontrol contain Chrysoperla carnea and frozen eggs of Sitotroga cerealella. The eggs are used as feed for the larvae of C. carnea, the beneficial organism in the products. VKM has previously assessed environmental and health risks associated with C. carnea. Since the eggs of S. cerealella are frozen (dead), VKM has now assessed only human health hazard associated with the eggs in the products CHRYSObio and CHRYSOcontrol. Conclusion Insect eggs, frozen or not, can carry pathogens that may be harmful to humans. Freezing can kill some of these pathogens, but some hardy pathogens can survive low temperatures. Some people are allergic to insect proteins, and freezing does not eliminate such proteins. However, VKM found no reports identifying eggs of S. cerealella neither as carriers of pathogens nor as a cause of allergies in humans. The risk assessment is approved by VKM's Panel on Plant Health.

• Flø, Daniel; Stenberg, Johan A.; Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Nielsen, Anders & Gobena, Selamawit Tekle [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2025). Environmental and human health risk assessment of the mite Lepidoglyphus destructor in the plant protection product Anso-Mite Plus. VKM Bulletin. p. 1–19. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  VKM has assessed the environmental and health risks associated with the use of the mite Lepidoglyphus destructor as feed. Background Anso-Mite Plus consists of the biological control agent Amblyseius andersoni and the feed organisms Carpoglyphus lactis and Lepidoglyphus destructor. Amblyseius andersoni and C. lactis have previously been assessed by VKM. VKM has now assessed the environmental and health risks of L. destructor. Conclusions Lepidoglyphus destructor has been found in homes, agricultural environments, and stored products in Norway. The species is well established in Norway, and introduced individuals are expected to be able to establish and spread. Lepidoglyphus destructor is widespread and common in Norway, and it seems unlikely that further introductions via Anso-Mite Plus will have any additional effects on biodiversity. Several studies report allergies to mites, including to L. destructor. The likelihood of developing mite allergies after handling the product is therefore high. However, the likelihood of allergic reactions after consuming plants treated with the product appears to be low. Lepidoglyphus is not a species-rich genus, and there is no documentation suggesting that L. destructor can be confused with other species. The risk assessment is approved by VKM's Panel on Plant Health.

• Flø, Daniel; Stenberg, Johan A.; Kirkendall, Lawrence Richard; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Nielsen, Anders & Gobena, Selamawit Tekle [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2025). Environmental and human health risk assessment of the mites Acarus siro and Suidasia pontifica in the product POWERfood 3.0. VKM Bulletin. p. 1–21. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  VKM has assessed the environmental and health risks associated with the use of the mites Acarus siro and Suidasia pontifica as feed for various predatory insects and mites. Background POWERFOOD 3.0 is used as feed for various predatory mites and predatory insects. Acarus siro, Suidasia pontifica, and Carpoglyphus lactis constitute the product. Carpoglyphus lactis has previously been assessed by VKM. VKM has now prepared an environmental and health risk assessment of A. siro and S. pontifica. Conclusions Acarus siro occurs naturally in Norway, and new introductions will most likely be able to establish and spread in Norway. Suidasia pontifica, on the other hand, has never been recorded in the wild in Norway, and its tropical origin suggests that it will not establish and spread in Norway. No records of negative effects of A. siro and S. pontifica on biodiversity were found. Several studies report allergies to mites, including the species in the product POWERFOOD 3.0. The likelihood of developing mite allergies after handling the product is therefore high. However, the likelihood of allergic reactions following consumption of plants treated with the product appears to be low. Regarding taxonomic challenges that may affect the risk assessment, VKM found out that A. siro can be mistaken for A. farris and A. immobilis. These species differ only slightly in development and ecology. From the limited available knowledge about their biology, these three species are expected to have similar effects on biodiversity and human health. There are no known problems with species identification for Suidasia pontifica. The taxonomic issue with this species is that much of the literature uses an invalid name; S. medanensis. The risk assessment is approved by VKM's Panel on Plant Health.

• Schultz, Gry Irene Granli; Parr, Christine Louise; Trosvik, Pål; Yazdankhah, Siamak Pour; Andersen, Lene Frost & Dalen, Knut Tomas [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2025). Health risk assessment of Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in infant formula. VKM Bulletin. 2025(VKM Bulletin 2025: 09), p. 1–115. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  VKM has not identified any short-term negative health effects from consuming infant formula with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V. However, there is uncertainty and limited research on possible long-term effects. There is also little research conducted independently of the manufacturers. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has asked VKM to assess whether there may be health risks associated with giving infants (up to 12 months) infant formula supplemented with a specific probiotic bacterium (Bifidobacterium breve M-16V). "Probiotics" generally refers to health products containing live microorganisms, usually bacteria. Currently, some infant formulas outside Norway are supplemented with freeze-dried probiotic bacteria. The bacterium Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (B. breve M-16V) in given concentrations is considered safe in the USA and EU for use in food, but this status is regularly reviewed in the EU and may change if negative health effects are discovered. In infants, the intestinal microbiota (composition of microorganisms) and immune system are not fully developed, and it is uncertain whether the addition of high doses of probiotic bacteria during infancy may have unintended long-term effects. Background for the risk assessment A company has applied to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority to market two specific infant formulas in Norway: one peptide-based and another amino acid-based. The products are intended for infants having allergies and are regulated as foods for special medical purposes. Both products are supplemented with the probiotic bacterium B. breve M-16V. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has asked VKM to assess whether there may be health risks associated with giving infants these products specifically, and infant formula supplemented with B. breve M-16V in general. VKM’s methodology A multidisciplinary project group appointed by VKM has reviewed documentation from the company. The group has also conducted a systematic literature review of health effects reported in studies where infants received infant formula supplemented with B. breve M-16V and calculated the possible intake of infant formula and B. breve M-16V among Norwegian infants. VKM has only assessed the risk of negative health effects based on the assignment and according to guidelines for probiotics in food, not as a medicinal product. The assessment has been approved by a multidisciplinary approval group, also appointed by VKM. Findings VKM has not found any unwanted properties of B. breve M-16V based on reported laboratory studies and animal experiments. VKM has also not found negative health effects in 13 clinical studies involving a total of 1580 children, of whom 836 received infant formula supplemented with B. breve M-16V (test) and the rest received infant formula without B. breve M-16V (control). The studies lasted from 6 weeks to 12 months (median 16 weeks). VKM found no consistent differences between test and control groups in reported side effects, children's growth, or symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract, skin, or respiratory system as long as the studies were ongoing (short-term). VKM has found only two studies of long-term effects in children one year (development of asthma symptoms) or 3-5 years (neurocognitive outcomes) after they received infant formula with B. breve M-16V. This is too little to draw conclusions about long-term effects.

• Frostegård, Åsa Helena; Magnusson, Christer; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Boahene, Nana Yaa; Yazdankhah, Siamak Pour & Alsanius, Beatrix [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2024). Risk assessment of Psychrobacter sp. as plant protection product - Nemaslug. VKM Bulletin. p. 1–33. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Helse- og miljørisiko ved bruk av bakterien Psychrobacter sp. i plantevernmiddelet Nemaslug® Helserisikoen for mennesker ved bruk av Nemaslug® anses som lav, men man kan ikke utelukke risiko for svært infeksjonsutsatte pasientgrupper. Det er ingen bevis for helseproblemer som oppstår ved inntak av matvarer behandlet med Nemaslug®. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) har, på oppdrag fra Mattilsynet, utført en risikovurdering av bakterien Psychrobacter sp. som inngår i plantevernmiddelet Nemaslug®. Plantevernmiddelet Nemaslug®, som er godkjent for bruk i Norge siden 2005, inneholder nematoden Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. Nematoden bærer en symbiotisk bakterie som fungerer som den aktive biokontrollorganismen ved å produsere giftstoffer som dreper snegler ved infeksjon. Bakgrunnen for oppdraget er at det ble avdekket at bakterien i Nemaslug® ikke er Moraxella osloensis, som den tidligere godkjenningen er basert på. Den er i stedet blitt identifisert som en art i bakterieslekten Psychrobacter, mest sannsynlig Psychrobacter faecalis, alternativt Psychrobacter pulmonis. Denne vurderingen skal danne grunnlag for Mattilsynets beslutning om hvorvidt Nemaslug® skal beholde sin godkjenning for bruk i Norge eller ei. Resultater Det er begrenset informasjon om helsefarene ved Psychrobacter sp. hos mennesker. Kunnskap om antibiotikaresistens og patogenisitet i slekten Psychrobacter er i stor grad mangelfull. Det er lite informasjon om forekomsten av Psychrobacter sp. i Norge. Potensialet for spredning og etablering av Psychrobacter sp. i miljøet under norske forhold vurderes som lavt. Risikoen Nemaslug® utgjør for ikke-målorganismer, spesielt bløtdyr, er usikker og krever videre forskning. Videre taksonomisk analyse og fullstendig genomsekvensering er nødvendig for å bekrefte artstilhørigheten til bakterien i Nemaslug®. Konklusjoner Selv om informasjonen om helsefarene knyttet til Psychrobacter sp. hos mennesker er begrenset, betraktes den generelt som et lavrisikopatogen. Helserisikoen for mennesker ved bruk av Nemaslug® anses derfor som lav, men risiko for pasientgrupper som er svært mottakelige for infeksjoner kan ikke utelukkes. Det er ingen bevis for helseproblemer som oppstår ved inntak av matvarer behandlet med Nemaslug®. Metode VKM har hentet data og informasjon fra søkeren via Mattilsynet og VKMs forrige rapport om Nemaslug®. Et grundig litteratursøk ble gjennomført for å innhente ytterligere relevant informasjon. ​Vurderingen er godkjent av VKMs faggruppe for plantehelse.

• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Hjort, Rebecka Louise; Lundin, Knut & Ness-Jensen, Eivind (2024). POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE OF INFECTION WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI WITH THE ONSET OF COELIAC DISEASE. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Lundin, Knut & Ness-Jensen, Eivind (2022). Possible interference of infection with Helicobacter pylori with the onset of coeliac disease. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Nissen-Meyer, Lise Sofie Haug & Lundin, Knut Erik Aslaksen (2019). Helicobacter pylori in patients with coeliaci compared to healthy blood donors. Full text in Research Archive
• Brigtsen, Anne Karin; Jacobsen, Anne Flem; Dedi, Lumnije; Melby, Kjetil K.; Espeland, Cathrine Nygaard & Fugelseth, Drude [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Maternal peripartum infection in women colonized with group B Streptococcus at delivery: a prospective cohort study. Full text in Research Archive
• Steinbakk, Martin; Moayeri, Behrouz & Melby, Kjetil K. (2019). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in Helicobacter pylori from previously untreated patients in South-Eastern Norway 2018. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2017). Cod liver oil consumption and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infections at 2, 10 and 16 years of age. Helicobacter. ISSN 1083-4389. 22, p. 96–97. doi: 10.1111/hel.12416. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2017). Antibody levels to Helicobacter pylori infections at 16 years of age in relation to allergic disease. Helicobacter. ISSN 1083-4389. 22, p. 114–114. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Haaland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai Håkon (2017). Antistoffnivåer mot Helicobacter pylori ved 16 års alder relatert til Astma. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Vikanes, Åse Vigdis; Nilsen, Mariann & Müller, Fredrik (2015). Hyperemesis grvidarum and Helicobacter pylori. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Olsen, Anne Olaug; Dedi, Lumnije; Gaustad, Peter; Syversen, Gaute & Moi, Harald (2014). Resistensutvikling må overvåkes – gonokokken som eksempel. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 134(5), p. 507–508. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0033. Full text in Research Archive
• Brigtsen, Anne Karin; Dedi, Lumnije; Melby, Kjetil K.; Fugelseth, Drude; Flem-Jacobsen, Anne & Lindemann, Rolf (2012). High Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Serotype IX in the Norwegian Population. Full text in Research Archive
• Vikanes, Åse Vigdis; Stoer, NC; Gunnes, Nina; Grjibovski, Andrei M.; Samuelsen, Sven Ove & Magnus, Per [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Helicobacter pylori and severe hyperemesis gravidarum by IgG, virulence factors and feces antigens; an institution-based case-control study among immigrant women in Norway. European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. 22, p. 240–240. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, KL; Haaland, G; Carlsen, KH; Munthe-Kaas, MC & Devulpallli, CS [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2007). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection at two and ten years of age. Full text in Research Archive
• ULVMOEN, AINA & Melby, Kjetil K. (2005). Gonokokker i Oslo området - oversikt over antibiotika resistens med særlig vekt på fluorokinoloner. Full text in Research Archive
• Jørgen, Bente; Merckoll, Patricia & Melby, Kjetil K. (2005). How effective is the new antibiotic Daptomycin against MRSA and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in the Oslo area? Full text in Research Archive
• Antal, Ellen-Ann; Løberg, Else Marit; Dietrichs, Espen; Melby, Kjetil K. & Mæhlen, Jan (2005). Patogenesen for hjernestammelisteriose; observasjoner på mus og menneske. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Listeriose er matvarebåren infeksjon med bakterien Listeria monocytogenes. Sykdommen har høy dødelighet og rammer særlig predisponerte individer inkludert immunsvekkede, eldre og gravide. Sykdommen opptrer sporadisk eller i epidemier, og er meldepliktig til MSIS. En spesielt alvorlig manifestasjon er hjernestammelisteriose. Denne tilstanden er vanlig hos husdyr, men forekommer også hos menneske. I det norske listeriosematerialet (MSIS) fra perioden 1977-2000 fant vi at udiagnostisert klinisk hjernestammelisteriose må ha vært tilstede hos minst 11% av pasientene (1). Ved nevropatologisk undersøkelse av 9 pasienter med hjernestammelisteriose fant vi at bakterieholdige betennelsesinfiltrater var lokalisert langs forløpet av hjernenerver som innerverer munnhulen og svelget; trigeminus-, vagus-, glossopharyngeus- og hypoglossusnervene (2). Disse funnene korrelerer med histologiske og radiologiske observasjoner vi har gjort av bakterietransport langs hjernenerver i en musemodell for hjernestammelisteriose (3). Til sammen passer observasjonene på mus og menneske med at hjernestammelisteriose oppstår ved at matbårne Listeriabakterier krysser slimhinnen i munnhulen, transporteres retrograd langs hjernenerver og translokeres til hjernenervekjerner i den forlengede marg. Referanser: 1) Brain stem encephalitis in listeriosis. Antal EA, Løberg EM, Dietrichs E, Mæhlen J. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 37: 190-194. 2) Neuropathological findings in 9 cases of Listeria monocytogenes brain stem encephalitis Antal EA, Løberg EM, Dietrichs E, Mæhlen J. Brain Pathology 2005; 15: 187-191. 3) Evidence for axonal transport of Listeria monocytogenes. Antal EA, Bracht P, Løberg EM, Melby KK, Mæhlen J. Brain Pathology 2001; 11: 432-8.

• Jørgen, Bente; Holberg-Petersen, Mona; Syversen, Gaute; Andresen, Lise & Melby, Kjetil K. (2004). METHICILLINRESISTENTE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS - KLONALITET OG RESISTENS MØNSTER I OSLO-OMRÅDET. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hensikt: Kartlegge variasjon i pulsfelt gelelektroforese-mønster (PFGE) hos tilfeldig utvalgte isolater av meticillinresistente Staphylococcus aure us (MRS A) fra Oslo-området, og sammenligne deres anbiotikafølsomhet. Materiale: I perioden mai 1995 til mai 2004 ble 425 MRSA-isolater funnet i prøver analysert ved vår avdeling. Fra denne databasen ble 85 isolater tilfeldig utvalgt og videre undersøkt. Metode: Alle kliniske isolater ble undersøkt i samsvar med gjeldende retningslinjer, med konvensjonell testing av antibiotikafølsomhet ved diskdiffusjon (AB Biodisk, Stockholm, Sverige), påvisning av mecA-gen med PCR og karakterisering med makrorestriksjonsanalyse av Smal-kuttet genomisk DNA separert ved PFGE. PFGE-profilene ble analysert med Molecular Analyst Software Fingerprinting, vl.6 (Applied Maths, Belgium). Klonalitet ble satt ved 80% likhet. Tilleggsundersøkelse av antibiotikafølsomhet ble gjort med Etest (Biodisk, Stockholm) i følge leverandørens instruksjoner. Resultater: De 85 isolatene ble undersøkt for følsomhet overfor 17 forskjellige antibiotika. Blant de 85 undersøkte PFGE-profilene var det stor klonal variasjon. 7 clustere inneholdt ~4 isolater og omfattet 55 (ca. 64%) av isolatene. Bare 5 clustere inneholdt ~ 5 isolater. To av de større clusterene hadde isolater fra samme klonale gruppe som ble isolert under to MRSA-utbrudd ved et sykehus i vår region i 1999 og 2000. Et isolat i en annen stor cluster var lik den epidemiske (E)MRSA-15 fra Storbritannia og et isolat i en annen relatert til EMRSA-16.Generelt var antibiotikafølsomheten jevnt fordelt mellom PFGE- clusterene. Fucidinresistens så ut til å være lokalisert til to av de store clusterene og bare sjelden i de sporadiske isolatene. Tilsvarende trend så ut til å gjelde klindamycin og aminoglykosider. Rifampicinresistens fantes nesten utelukkende i de sporadiske isolatene. Konklusjon: Molekylære overvåkningsstudier har dokumentert en stor spredning av klonalitet blant MRSA-isolater.Antibiotikaresistens synes å være jevnt distribuert mellom klanene unntatt fucidinresistens. Disse trendene bør fortsatt overvåkes nøye.

• Melby, Kjetil K. & Skar, Anne Grete (2004). Guillain Barre syndrom (GBS) etter dokumentert infeksjon med Campylobacter Jejuni/Coli - Muligheter for et nasjonal studie? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Guillain-Barre syndrom (GBS) er en alvorlig komplikasjon etter gjennomgått infeksjonssykdom. I ca 30% av tilfellene forteller pasientene om gastrointestinal infeksjon og i tilsvarende omfang om forutgående luftveisinfeksjon. På VVS ses årlig 5-10 slike tilfelle. Prognosen er vanligvis god men forverres med økende alder. Hensikten denne presentasjonen er å gjøre oppmerksom på denne potensielt alvorlige men heldigvis sjeldne komplikasjon som kan opptre etter gjennomgått infeksjonssykdom. Siden 1980 årene er det ikke foretatt noen landsomfattende undersøkelser med hensyn på utløsende årsaker til Guillain Barre syndrom. En studie hvor fokus særlig er på Campyloba:cter jejuni/coli som mulig utløser vil derfor være av interesse. Materiale og metoder. Sekvensielle sera fra 2 pasienter - begge pasientene innlagt i VVS og utredet i henhold til standard kriterier for slike pasienter -var tilgjengelig for undersøkelse i tillegg til sera fra dyrkningspositive pasienter. Feces dyrkning med hensyn på C.jejuni/coli ble utført med konvensjonell metodikk på et modifisert Skirrows medium. Spesifikke antistoffer (IgG, IgM og IgA) i serum ble påvist ved en in house diffusjon i gel ELISA teknikk med en etanolinaktivert multireagerende C.jejuni stamme som antigen samt en kommersiell Campylobacter ElA IgG/lgNlgM (Virion) som synes å ha en sensitivitet i forhold til dyrkning på ~ 65% (spesifikt IgG). Resultater. Begge pasientene var infisert med Campylobacter jejuni/coli. Fra begge pasienter var tilgjengelig sera tatt 14 dager etter sykdomsdebut og opptil 12 uker etter start av infeksjonen. Hos begge pasientene ble påvist til dels sterkt forhøyete IgG antistoff nivåer spesifikt rettet mot en multireagerende C.jejuni stamme (B14363/8l). Kommeutarer og konklusjoner. Blant GBS pasienter finnes de som har Campylobacter jejuni/coli som årsak til enteritt. Hos GBS pasienter vil påvisning av spesifikke antistoffer være nyttig for å sannsynliggjøre CJ betydning som utløsende årsak på samme måte som denne mikroben er knyttet til re aktiv artritt (ReA). De mikrobiologiske avdelinger oppfordres til å ta vare på serum og eventuelle isolater fra GBS pasienter. Campylobacter infeksjonen har økt forekomst i Norge og relasjonen til GBS er fortsatt uklar. Siden forekomsten anslås å være 1/100000 individer er helst en landsomfattende studie nødvendig for å sikre tilstrekkelig materiale. Om ønskelig kan stammer/sera sendes til Mikrobiologisk avdeling, VVS.

• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2003). Increasing Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter ssp Recovered over a Ten Year Period from Patients residing in The Oslo Area. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction. Campylobacter jejuni/coli is regarded as a leading cause of gastroenteritis. Aim of the study was to analyse the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Campylobacter ssp detected in our department during the period 1988 -2000 with reference to where the infection was contracted. Materials and methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by disc diffusion. Results Altogether 2489 Campylobacter sp were reported. Both an increase in number of Campylobacter sp and their resistance to nalidixic acid (NalR), tetracycline and erythromycin was observed. The resistance (NalR) increased from 1988 to 2000. An increase in total nalidixic acid resistance (TotalNalR) was found among isolates from patients contracting their disease in South East Asia or the Iberian peninsula. A trend towards smaller zone of inhibition was observed for all antibiotics tested during the period 1991 - 1999. In Campylobacter ssp nalidixic acid resistance predicted fluoroquinolone resistance. Comments and conclusions. Studies have shown that quinolone resistance may be related to quinolone usage for a variety of infections including travellers diarrhoea and usage in veterinary medicine. Fluoroquinolone therapy for campylobacteriosis should be avoided as quionolone resistance may quickly emerge during therapy. The increase in macrolide resistance is worrying as this is the drug of choice. The increase in antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter ssp may be regarded as an indicator of level of resistance among other enteric pathogens for instance Salmonella sp in which nalidixic acid resistance may predict therapeutic failure when using ciprofloxacin even though the strain may be in vitro sensitive. However, nalidixic acid resistant Campylobacter ssp appeared also resistant to ciprofloxacin. The occurrence varied apparently according to antibiotic consumption in the area.

• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2003). Økt forekomst av antistoffer mot Helicobacter pylori hos pasienter med 1. gangs hjerteinfarkt behandlet med percutan coronar intervensjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2003). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections and sensitisation at 2 years of age. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2003). Hyperemesis Gravidarum is not linked to the presence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in Norwegian pregnant women but is so in patients of African descent. Full text in Research Archive
• Eskild, Anne; Dahl, Gunn Fallås; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Nesheim, Britt Ingjerd (2003). Testing for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: a study of the routines in primary antenatal care. Full text in Research Archive
• Antal, Ellen-Ann; Dietrichs, Espen; Løberg, Else Marit; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Mæhlen, Jan (2002). 5) Brain stem infection is common in listeriosis. Eur Jrn Neurol Oct 2002, 9 (Suppl.2), 17. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Infection by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes occurs sporadically (1,2-2,5:100.000/yr) or in regular epidemics (1). In adults, listeriosis mainly occurs as sepsis or meningitis, but a particularly serious syndrome; brain stem encephalitis with progressive brain stem deficits and coma, also occurs. The frequency of this syndrome has never been determined, but a review from 1992 identified only 62 cases reported in world literature (2). We here present a retrospective study of the frequency of brain stem infection in adult, non-pregnancy-related listeriosis. Materials & methods: 247 cases of listeriosis were nominally reported in Norway in the period 1977-2000. 133 patients had definite adult listeriosis. The other cases were pregnancy-related, or data were unavailable. We studied medical records, laboratory results and (in 6 cases) autopsy material. Brain stem infection was identified by clinical and/or histopathological criteria. Results: Although brain stem infection had not been diagnosed in any of the patients during their illness, symptoms and signs of brain stem infection were recorded in 20 of the 133 adult listeriosis cases. Their clinical pictures varied widely. Moreover, autopsy demonstrated brain stem infection in some patients in which no neurological deficits had been recorded. Conclusion: Brain stem infection is frequently present in adult listeriosis. Neurological examination should therefore be performed on all listeriosis patients. Also, listeriosis should always be considered when brain stem deficits from an unknown cause are in progress. 1) Lorber B. Listeriosis. Clin Infect. Dis, 1997;24:1-11 2) Armstrong RW, Fung PC. Brainstem encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) due to Listeria monocytogenes: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:689-702

• Jørgen, Bente; Syversen, Gaute & Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2002). Fucidinresistente Staphylococcus aureus hos impetigopasienter fra Oslo området. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn:Impetigo er en velkjent overflatisk hudinfeksjon som i den senere tid har fått endel oppmerksomhet. Siden flere institusjoner har rapportert økende forekomst av denne tilstanden har vi ved mikrobiologisk avdeling, Ullevål universitetssykehus gjort en liten retrospektiv analyse av våre funn ved impetigo. Materiale og metode: Fra vår database ble fucidinfølsomhet hos Staphylococcus aureus i perioden juli-august i 2001 og 2002 beregnet. I tillegg gjennomgikk vi 1500 polikliniske pussprøver sendt til avdelingen juli- august 2002. Klinikk: Fra remisser der det var angitt mistanke om brennkopper/impetigo registrerte vi mikrobiologisk funn og fucidinfølsomheten hos S. aureus der dette ble funnet. Konklusjon:Årets utbrudd av impetigo preges i stor grad av monoinfeksjon med Staphylococcus aureus, i motsetning til det tidligere mer Streptococcus pyogenes-dominerte bildet. I tillegg ses en stor økning av fucidinresistente S.aureus-isolater, hele 75% i vårt materiale. Dette har gjort at den vanlige lokalbehandling i mange tilfeller ikke har ført fram, og sykdomsvarighet og mulighet for videre smitte har økt. På bakgrunn av dette er det grunn til å fraråde bruk av fucidin ved impetigo inntil svar på dyrkning og resistensbestemmelse foreligger. Ved lokalbehandling kan bacimycin være et alternativ.

• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Wethe, Marianne; Hansen, Svein; Skar, Anne Grete & Gjønnæss, Halvard Alf (2002). Hyperemesis gravidarum ¿ relation to Helicobacter pylori. A serological study on sera from pregnant women in Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hyperemesis gravidarum is most likely not linked to the presence of Helicobacter pylori in a Scandinavian setting.

• Holberg-Petersen, Mona; Mannsåker, Turid; Jenum, Pål Arne & Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2001). Clinical experience of PCR, culture, and serology for detection of Bordetella pertussis. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Mannsåker, Turid (2001). Antibiotikafølsomhet for campylobacter ssp isolert fra Oslopasienter over en 10 års periode. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Mannsåker, Turid (2001). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of campylobacter ssp. Recovered over a ten year period from patients residing in the Oslo area. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2000). Etiologi og resistensforhold ved urinveisinfeksjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2000). Experience in diagnosing Borreliosis in the Department of Microbiology, Ullevaal University Hospital. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2000). Epidemiologi og resistens overfor antibakterielle midler blant Salmonella sp og Campylobacter sp - Et 10-årsmateriale. Full text in Research Archive
• Mannsåker, Turid; Syversen, Gaute; Lippe, Bent von der & Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (2000). Occurence of MRSA and BORSA in blood cultures from 1998 and 1999 in a large teaching hospital. Full text in Research Archive
• Holberg-Petersen, Mona; Mannsåker, Turid; Jenum, Pål Arne & Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (1999). Kikhostediagnostikk ved PCR-En sammenligning med serologi og dyrkning-videre studier. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (1999). Salmonella og campylobacter infeksjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (1999). Etiologi ved bakteriemi/sepsis-erfaringer fra Ullevål sykehus. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Aase, Steinar Torbjørn; McColl, K.E.L. & Vollset, Stein Emil (1999). Røyking, helicobacter pylori-infeksjon og kreft i magesekk. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (1999). Anitbiotikaresistens hos salmonella og campylobacter sp-erfaringer fra perioden 1988-98. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness; Aase, Steinar Torbjørn; Jellum, Egil; Mccoll, K. E. L. & Vollset, E. E. (1999). H. pylori infection and smoking have strong joint effects as risk factors of non-cardia gastric cancer but have opposing effects on cardia cancer. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil Klaveness (1998). Campylobacter jejuni/coli - Kliniske og serologiske erfaringer fra vannbårne utbrudd i Norge. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Vollset, Stein Emil; Ardill, J.E.S.; El-Omar, E.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Aase, Steinar Torbjørn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (1997). Hypergastrinaemia is a strong predictor of distal gastric adenocarcinoma among helicobacter pylori infected persons. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Vollset, Stein Emil; Ardill, J.E.S.; El-Omar, E.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Aase, Steinar Torbjørn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (1997). Hypergastrinaemia is a strong predictor of distal gastric adenocarcinoma among Helicobacter Pylori infected persons. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, S.W.; Vollset, Stein Emil; Ardill, J.E.S.; El-Omar, E.; Melby, Kjetil Klaveness & Aase, Steinar Torbjørn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (1997). Hypergastrinaemia is a strong predictor of distal gastric adenocarcinoma among helicobacter pylori infected persons. Full text in Research Archive
• Skjerdal, Olaug Taran; Aspholm, Marina; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Jore, Solveig; Møretrø, Trond & Kapperud, Georg [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Listeria monocytogenes i sushi - vurdering av helseråd til gravide og andre utsatte grupper. Vitenskapelig uttalelse fra faggruppe for hygiene og smittestoffer i Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM). ISSN 9788282593243. Full text in Research Archive
• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Grahek-Ogden, Danica; Strand, Olav; Tranulis, Michael A.; Mysterud, Atle & Aspholm, Marina [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Factors that can contribute to spread of CWD – an update on the situation in Nordfjella, Norway. Opinion of the Panel on biological hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 9788282593168. Full text in Research Archive

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