Lars Gullestad

• Raju, Sajan; Molinaro, Antonio; Awoyemi, Ayodeji Olawale; Jørgensen, Silje Fjellgård; Braadland, Peder Rustøen & Nendl, Andraz [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2024). Microbial-derived imidazole propionate links the heart failure-associated microbiome alterations to disease severity. Genome Medicine. ISSN 1756-994X. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s13073-024-01296-6.
• Ribic, Darijan; Remme, Espen; Smiseth, Otto Armin; Massey, Richard; Eek, Christian & Kvitting, John-Peder [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Non-invasive myocardial work in aortic stenosis: Validation and improvement in left ventricular pressure estimation. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 25(2), p. 201–212. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jead227.
• Prapiadou, Savvina; Živković, Luka; Thorand, Barbara; George, Marc J.; Van Der Laan, Sander W & Malik, Rainer [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2023). Proteogenomic Data Integration Reveals CXCL10 as a Potentially Downstream Causal Mediator for IL-6 Signaling on Atherosclerosis. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 149(9), p. 669–683. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064974.
• Holt, Margrethe Flesvig; Flø, August Magnus Stensrød; Ravnestad, Håvard; Bjørnø, Vilde; Gullestad, Lars & Andreassen, Arne K. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Invasive haemodynamics at rest and exercise in cardiac amyloidosis. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14621. Full text in Research Archive
• Arora, Satish; Zimmermann, Frederik M.; Solberg, Ole Geir; Nytrøen, Kari; Aaberge, Lars & Okada, Kozo [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Prognostic value of intravascular ultrasound early after heart transplantation. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 44(48), p. 5160–5162. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad648.
• Christensen, Anders Haugom; Wyller, Vegard Bruun Bratholm; Nygaard, Sissel; Rolid, Katrine; Nytrøen, Kari & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Factors Associated with Sinoatrial Reinnervation after Heart Transplantation. Transplantation direct. ISSN 2373-8731. 9(12). doi: 10.1097/TXD.0000000000001553. Full text in Research Archive
• Berg, Erlend; Tegn, Nicolai Kloumann; Abdelnoor, Michael; Røysland, Kjetil; Ryalen, Pål Christie & Aaberge, Lars [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Long-Term Outcomes of Invasive vs Conservative Strategies for Older Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 82(21), p. 2021–2030. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.809. Full text in Research Archive
• Berg, Randi; Clemmensen, Tor S.; Petersen, Mikkel S.; Mogensen, Lone J.H.; Christiansen, Mette & Rolid, Katrine [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Kinetics of Torque Teno virus in heart transplant patients. Human Immunology. ISSN 0198-8859. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.110720. Full text in Research Archive
• Dodgson, Christopher Alexander Steele; Beitnes, Jan Otto; Kløve, Sophie Foss; Herstad, Jon; Opdahl, Anders & Undseth, Ragnhild Marie [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). An investigator-sponsored pragmatic randomized controlled trial of AntiCoagulation vs AcetylSalicylic Acid after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Rationale and design of ACASA-TAVI. American Heart Journal. ISSN 0002-8703. 265, p. 225–232. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.08.010. Full text in Research Archive
• Krämer, Bernhard K.; Hauske, Sibylle J.; Chilton, Robert; Mann, Johannes F.E.; Gullestad, Lars & Fitchett, David [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Changes in cardiac and vascular haemodynamics as potential mediators of improvements in cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with empagliflozin in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications (JDC). ISSN 1056-8727. 37(9). doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108588. Full text in Research Archive
• Solberg, Ole Geir; Aaberge, Lars; Bosse, Gerhard; Ueland, Thor; Gullestad, Lars & Aukrust, Pål [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Microvascular function and inflammatory activation in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. 10(5), p. 3216–3222. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14461. Full text in Research Archive
• Rafique, Muzammil; Solberg, Ole Geir; Gullestad, Lars; Bendz, Bjørn; Murbræch, Klaus & Nytrøen, Kari [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiac remodelling, function and coronary microcirculation in de novo heart transplant patients: a substudy of the HITTS randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. ISSN 2055-7647. 9(3). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001331. Full text in Research Archive
• Woxholt, Sindre; Ueland, Thor; Aukrust, Pål; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Broch, Kaspar & Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2023). Cytokine pattern in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 10(2), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002301. Full text in Research Archive
• Ravnestad, Håvard; Andersen, Rune; Birkeland, Sigurd; Svalebjørg, Morten; Lingaas, Per Snorre & Gude, Einar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Pulmonary endarterectomy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Comparison of changes in hemodynamics and functional capacity. Pulmonary Circulation (PC). ISSN 2045-8932. 13(1), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1002/pul2.12199. Full text in Research Archive
• Ofstad, Anne Pernille; Brunborg, Cathrine; Johansen, Odd Erik; Mørkedal, Bjørn; Fagerland, Morten & Laugsand, Lars Erik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Development of a tool to predict the risk of incident heart failure in a general population: the HUNT for HF risk score. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. 10(5), p. 2807–2815. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14390. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims Currently, no incident heart failure (HF) risk score that is in regular use in a general population is available. We aimed to develop this and compare with existing HF risk scores. Methods and results Participants in the third wave (2006–08) of the population-based Trøndelag Health Study 3 (HUNT3) were included if they reported no previous HF. Any hospital diagnoses captured during follow-up (until the end of 2018) of HF, cardiomyopathy, or hypertensive heart disease were assessed by an experienced cardiologist. Valid HF events were defined as symptoms/signs of HF and objective evidence of structural/functional abnormality of the heart at rest. The model was compared with slightly modified HF risk scores (the Health Aging and Body Composition HF risk score, the Framingham HF risk score, the Pooled Cohort equations to Prevent HF risk score, and NORRISK 2). Among 36 511 participants (mean ± SD age of 57.9 ± 13.3 years, 55.4% female), with a mean follow-up of 10.2 ± 1.3 years, 1366 developed HF (incidence rate of 3.66 per 1000 participant years). Out of the 38 relevant clinical variables assessed, we identified 12 (atrial fibrillation being the strongest) that independently predicted an HF event. The final model demonstrated good discrimination (C statistics = 0.904) and calibration, was stable in internal validation, and performed well compared with existing risk scores. The model identified that, at enrolment, 31 391 (86%), 2386 (7%), 1246 (3%), and 1488 (4%) had low, low-intermediate, high-intermediate, and high 10-year HF risk, respectively. Conclusions Twelve clinical variables independently predicted 10-year HF risk. The model may serve well as the foundation of a practical, online risk score for HF in general practice.

• Sverre, Elise Christine Bjørkholen; Munkhaugen, John; Kristiansen, Oscar; Weedon-Fekjær, Harald; Peersen, Kari & Gjertsen, Erik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Plasma concentration of atorvastatin metabolites correlates with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction in patients with coronary heart disease. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. ISSN 2052-1707. 11(3). doi: 10.1002/prp2.1089. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this exploratory study from a randomized double-blinded crossover trial including 70 patients with coronary heart disease and self-perceived muscular side effects of statins, we aimed to determine the relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction and atorvastatin metabolite plasma concentrations. All patients underwent a 7 weeks treatment period with atorvastatin 40 mg/day and a 7 weeks placebo period in random order. Nonlinear regression with a three-parameter equation explored the relationship between percentage LDL-C reduction (statin vs. placebo) and the pharmacokinetic variables. Mean LDL-C reduction was 49% (range 12% to 71%). The sum of 4-OH-atorvastatin acid and lactone correlated moderately with the LDL-C response (Spearman ρ 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03 to 0.48). Accordingly, nonlinear regression showed R2 of 0.14 (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.37, R2 adjusted equaled 0.11). Even a perfect underlying correlation of 1.0 showed R2 = 0.32 by simulation, using historical intra-individual LDL-C variation (8.5%). The 90% inhibitory concentration was 2.1 nmol/L, and the 4-OH-metabolite sum exceeded this threshold in 34% of the patients. In conclusion, trough plasma concentrations of 4-OH-atorvastatin metabolites correlated moderately to the LDL-C reduction. A plateau LDL-C response was observed above a pharmacokinetic threshold, below which the response was highly variable. The usefulness of monitoring concentrations of atorvastatin metabolites to optimize the individual dosage have limitations, but its supportive potential may be pursued in relevant patient subsets to achieve adequate efficacy at the lowest possible dose. The results add knowledge to the overall understanding of the variable LDL-C response mediated by atorvastatin.

• Kristiansen, Stein; Nikolaidis, Konstantinos; Plagemann, Thomas Peter; Goebel, Vera Hermine; Traaen, Gunn Marit & Øverland, Britt [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). A clinical evaluation of a low-cost strain gauge respiration belt and machine learning to detect sleep apnea. Smart Health. ISSN 2352-6483. 27. doi: 10.1016/j.smhl.2023.100373. Full text in Research Archive
• Baysa, Anton; Maghazachi, Azzam; Sand, Kristin Larsen; Campesan, Marika; Zaglia, Tania & Mongillo, Marco [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Toll-like receptor 9 signaling after myocardial infarction: Role of p66ShcA adaptor protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. ISSN 0006-291X. 644, p. 70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.085. Full text in Research Archive
• Fontaine, Margaux A. C.; Jin, Han; Gagliardi, Mick; Rousch, Mat; Wijnands, Erwin & Stoll, Monika [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2022). Blood Milieu in Acute Myocardial Infarction Reprograms Human Macrophages for Trauma Repair. Advanced Science. ISSN 2198-3844. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1002/advs.202203053. Full text in Research Archive
• Hunt, Tove Elizabeth Frances; Traaen, Gunn Marit; Aakerøy, Lars; Bendz, Christina; Øverland, Britt & Akre, Harriet [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on recurrence of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized controlled trial. Heart Rhythm. ISSN 1547-5271. 19(9), p. 1433–1441. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.06.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Nygaard, Sissel; Christensen, Anders Haugom; Sletner, Line; Rolid, Katrine; Nytrøen, Kari & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Predictors of Hypertension Development 1 Year after Heart Transplantation. Transplantation. ISSN 0041-1337. 106(8), p. 1656–1665. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000004068.
• Huse, Camilla; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Michelsen, Annika Elisabet; Ueland, Thor; Broch, Kaspar & Woxholt, Sindre [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2022). Interleukin-6 inhibition in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Immune cell profile in the randomised ASSAIL-MI trial. EBioMedicine. ISSN 2352-3964. 80. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104013. Full text in Research Archive
• Vergaro, Giuseppe; Gentile, Francesco; Aimo, Alberto; Januzzi, James L.; Richards, A. Mark & Lam, Carolyn S.P. [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2022). Circulating levels and prognostic cut-offs of sST2, hs-cTnT, and NT-proBNP in women vs. men with chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. 9(4), p. 2084–2095. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13883. Full text in Research Archive
• Massey, Richard; Myrdal, Ole Henrik; Diep, Phoi Phoi; Dirdal, Marta Maria; Brinch, Lorentz & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Reduced exercise capacity is associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction in long-term survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. ISSN 0091-2751. 51(1), p. 5–15. doi: 10.1002/jcu.23264. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvaslerud, Anette Borger; Bardan, Sara; Andresen, Kristoffer; Kløve, Sophie Foss; Fagerland, Morten & Edvardsen, Thor [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Intravenous iron supplement for iron deficiency in patients with severe aortic stenosis scheduled for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results of the IIISAS randomised trial. European Journal of Heart Failure. ISSN 1388-9842. 24(7), p. 1269–1279. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2557. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims The aim of this trial was to evaluate whether intravenous iron could provide benefit beyond transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in iron-deficient patients with severe aortic stenosis. Methods and results In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-centre trial, we enrolled patients with severe aortic stenosis and iron deficiency (defined as ferritin <100 µg/L, or 100–299 µg/L with a transferrin saturation <20%) who were evaluated for TAVI. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intravenous ferric derisomaltose or placebo ∼3 months before TAVI. The primary endpoint was the between-group, baseline-adjusted 6-min walk distance measured 3 months after TAVI. Secondary outcomes included quality of life, iron stores, hand grip strength, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, and safety. Between January 2020 and September 2021, we randomised 74 patients to ferric derisomaltose and 75 patients to placebo. The modified intention-to-treat population comprised the 104 patients who completed the 6-min walk test at baseline and 3 months after successful TAVI. Iron stores were restored in 76% of the patients allocated to iron and 13% of the patients allocated to placebo (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the baseline-adjusted 6-min walk distance between the two treatment arms (p = 0.82). The number of serious adverse events, quality of life, hand grip strength, and NYHA class did not differ between the treatment arms. Conclusion Treatment with intravenous iron did not provide clinical benefit beyond TAVI in iron-deficient patients with severe aortic stenosis. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04206228.

• Englund, Kristine Victoria Brautaset; Østby, Carol Margaret; Broch, Kaspar; Ueland, Thor; Aukrust, Pål & Gude, Einar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Iron homeostasis in heart transplant recipients randomized to ferric derisomaltose or placebo. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 36(7). doi: 10.1111/ctr.14695. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvaslerud, Anette Borger; Gude, Einar; Erikssen, Gunnar; Andreassen, Arne K.; Gullestad, Lars & Broch, Kaspar (2022). Diastolic Dysfunction Is Unmasked on Exercise in Patients with Asymptomatic, Severe Aortic Stenosis: An Invasive Hemodynamic Study. Circulation: Heart Failure. ISSN 1941-3289. 15(2). doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.009253. Show summary

  Background: Optimal timing of aortic valve replacement remains difficult in patients with asymptomatic, severe aortic stenosis (AS). More accurate diagnostic methods are warranted for the detection of subtle ventricular impairment. We aimed to evaluate diastolic function in asymptomatic patients with severe AS. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with asymptomatic, severe AS were evaluated with right heart catheterization at rest and during moderate exercise. The patients also underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to objectify functional capacity and confirm the absence of symptoms. Results: Between February 2019 and May 2021, we included 50 patients aged 70±12 years. The patients had severe AS with peak velocity 4.4±0.4 m/s, mean gradient 46±9 mm Hg, and an indexed valve area of 0.47±0.08 cm2 at rest. All patients were asymptomatic and had normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Five patients had postcapillary pulmonary hypertension at rest. During exercise, 44 patients (88%) had an increase in the mean pulmonary artery pressure per increase in cardiac output of >3 mm Hg/L per minute, of whom 93% had a concomitant increase in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure per increase in cardiac output >2 mm Hg/L per minute, suggesting exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Female gender and increasing age were associated with a higher increase in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure per increase in cardiac output ratio. The catheterization was well tolerated, and there were no adverse events. Conclusions: A large proportion of asymptomatic patients with severe, degenerative AS have exercise-induced postcapillary pulmonary hypertension.

• Vergaro, Giuseppe; Gentile, Francesco; Meems, Laura M.G.; Aimo, Alberto; Januzzi, James L. & Richards, A. Mark [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2021). NT-proBNP for Risk Prediction in Heart Failure: Identification of Optimal Cutoffs Across Body Mass Index Categories. JACC. Heart failure. ISSN 2213-1779. 9(9), p. 653–663. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2021.05.014.
• Abraham, William T.; Lindenfeld, JoAnn; Ponikowski, Piotr; Agostoni, Piergiuseppe; Butler, Javed & Desai, Akshay S. [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2021). Effect of empagliflozin on exercise ability and symptoms in heart failure patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, with and without type 2 diabetes. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 42(6), p. 700–710. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa943.
• Ahn, Jung-Min; Zimmermann, Frederik M.; Arora, Satish; Solberg, Ole Geir; Angerås, Oskar & Rolid, Katrine [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2021). Prognostic value of comprehensive intracoronary physiology assessment early after heart transplantation. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 42(48), p. 4918–4929. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab568.
• Rafique, Muzammil; Solberg, Ole Geir; Gullestad, Lars; Bendz, Bjørn; Holm, Niels Ramsing & Neghabat, Omeed [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). A randomized clinical study using optical coherence tomography to evaluate the short-term effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiac allograft vasculopathy: a HITTS substudy. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 36:e14488, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/ctr.14488. Full text in Research Archive
• Holt, Margrethe Flesvig; Michelsen, Annika Elisabet; Shahini, Negar; Bjørkelund, Elisabeth; Bendz, Christina & Massey, Richard J [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). The Alternative Complement Pathway Is Activated Without a Corresponding Terminal Pathway Activation in Patients With Heart Failure. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 12. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800978. Full text in Research Archive
• Ahn, Jung-Min; Zimmermann, Frederik M.; Gullestad, Lars; Angerås, Oskar; Karason, Kristjan & Russell, Kristoffer [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2021). Microcirculatory Resistance Predicts Allograft Rejection and Cardiac Events After Heart Transplantation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 78(24), p. 2425–2435. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.009.
• Christensen, Anders Haugom; Nygaard, Sissel; Rolid, Katrine; Nytrøen, Kari; Gullestad, Lars & Fiane, Arnt Eltvedt [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Strong evidence for parasympathetic sinoatrial reinnervation after heart transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. p. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.11.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Massey, Richard; Diep, Phoi Phoi; Dirdal, Marta Maria; Kvaslerud, Anette Borger; Brinch, Lorentz & Aakhus, Svend [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Impaired right ventricular function in long-term survivors of allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 8(2), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001768. Full text in Research Archive
• Helseth, Ragnhild; Kleveland, Ola; Ueland, Thor; Wiseth, Rune; Damås, Jan Kristian & Broch, Kaspar [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Tocilizumab increases citrullinated histone 3 in non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 8(1). doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001492. Full text in Research Archive
• Broch, Kaspar; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Woxholt, Sindre; Sharma, Kapil Kishore; Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria & Bendz, Bjørn [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2021). Randomized Trial of Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibition in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 77(15), p. 1845–1855. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.049. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Maria Belland; Gregersen, Ida; Sandanger, Øystein; Yang, Kuan; Sokolova, Marina & Halvorsen, Bente E. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Targeting the Inflammasome in Cardiovascular Disease. JACC: Basic to Translational Science. ISSN 2452-302X. 7(1), p. 84–98. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.08.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Ueland, Thor; Gullestad, Lars; Kou, Lei; Young, James B.; Pfeffer, Marc A. & van Veldhuisen, Dirk J. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts poor prognosis in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction and anemia: results from RED-HF. Clinical Research in Cardiology. ISSN 1861-0684. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00392-021-01944-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Stein; Nikolaidis, Konstantinos; Plagemann, Thomas Peter; Goebel, Vera Hermine; Traaen, Gunn Marit & Øverland, Britt [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Machine learning for sleep apnea detection with unattended sleep monitoring at home. ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare (HEALTH). ISSN 2691-1957. 2(2). doi: 10.1145/3433987. Show summary

  Sleep apnea is a common and strongly under-diagnosed severe sleep-related respiratory disorder with periods of disrupted or reduced breathing during sleep. To diagnose sleep apnea, sleep data are collected with either polysomnography or polygraphy and scored by a sleep expert. We investigate in this work the use of supervised machine learning to automate the analysis of polygraphy data from the A3 study containing more than 7,400 hours of sleep monitoring data from 579 patients. We conduct a systematic comparative study of classification performance and resource use with different combinations of 27 classifiers and four sleep signals. The classifiers achieve up to 0.8941 accuracy (kappa: 0.7877) when using all four signal types simultaneously and up to 0.8543 accuracy (kappa: 0.7080) with only one signal, i.e., oxygen saturation. Methods based on deep learning outperform other methods by a large margin. All deep learning methods achieve nearly the same maximum classification performance even when they have very different architectures and sizes. When jointly accounting for classification performance, resource consumption and the ability to achieve with less training data high classification performance, we find that convolutional neural networks substantially outperform the other classifiers.

• Kristiansen, Stein; Goebel, Vera Hermine; Hamborg Andersen, Morten; Plagemann, Thomas Peter; Traaen, Gunn Marit & Øverland, Britt [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluating a Low-Cost Strain Gauge Breathing Sensor for Sleep Apnea Detection at Home. In Gedeon, Ibrahim (Eds.), 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-1-7281-9441-7. doi: 10.1109/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473597. Show summary

  We report results and experience from a clinical evaluation of a low-cost strain gauge breathing sensor for sleep apnea detection. We collected from 34 individuals 57 nights of unattended sleep monitoring data at home with the certified Type 3 monitor Nox-T3 and the Flow strain gauge sensor from SweetZpot. The quality of the Flow data does not match the quality of the Nox-T3 data due to the much simpler build of the Flow sensor and issues during data acquisition. The Flow data can still be used to accurately discriminate between normal and disrupted breathing. With appropriate data pre-processing, we achieve a mean breath detection sensitivity of 97.2% and positive prediction value of 94.2%.

• Kristiansen, Oskar; Sverre, Elise Christine Bjørkholen; Peersen, Kari; Fagerland, Morten; Gjertsen, Erik & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). The relationship between directly measured statin adherence, self-reported adherence measures and cholesterol levels in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. ISSN 0021-9150. 336, p. 23–29. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.09.020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and aims: We aimed to determine the relationship between statin adherence measured directly, and by self-report measures and serum cholesterol levels. Methods: Patients prescribed atorvastatin (N = 373) participated in a cross-sectional study 2–36 months after a coronary event. Self-reported adherence included statin adherence the past week, the 8-item Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS-8), and the Gehi et al. adherence question. Atorvastatin was measured directly in spot blood plasma by a novel liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method discriminating adherence (0–1 doses omitted) and reduced adherence (≥2 doses omitted). Participants were unaware of the atorvastatin analyses at study participation. Results: Mean age was 63 (SD 9) years and 8% had reduced atorvastatin adherence according to the direct method. In patients classified with reduced adherence by the direct method, 40% reported reduced statin adherence, 32% reported reduced adherence with the MMAS-8 and 22% with the Gehi question. In those adherent by the direct method, 96% also reported high statin adherence, 95% reported high adherence on the MMAS-8 whereas 94% reported high adherence on the Gehi question. Cohen’s kappa agreement score with the direct method was 0.4 for self-reported statin adherence, 0.3 for the Gehi question and 0.2 for the MMAS-8. Adherence determined by the direct method, self-reported statin adherence last week, and the Gehi question was inversely related to LDL-cholesterol levels with a p-value of <0.001, 0.001 and 0.004, respectively. Conclusions: Plasma-statin measurements reveal reduced adherence with higher sensitivity than self-report measures, relate to cholesterol levels, and may prove to be a useful tool to improve lipid management.

• Traaen, Gunn Marit; Aakerøy, Lars; Hunt, Tove Elizabeth Frances; Øverland, Britt; Bendz, Christina & Sande, Lars Øivind [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2021). Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on arrhythmia in atrial fibrillation and sleep apnea a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 204(5), p. 573–582. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202011-4133OC. Show summary

  Rationale: Sleep apnea (SA) is highly prevalent in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and both conditions are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Objectives: To determine the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on AF burden. Methods: This open-label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial included patients with paroxysmal AF and moderate to severe SA (apnea–hypopnea index ⩾15). A computerized system randomized eligible patients (1:1) to 5 months’ treatment with CPAP plus usual care (CPAP, n = 55) or usual care alone (control, n = 54). The outcome assessment was blinded. The planned primary outcome was the difference between CPAP treatment and control groups in change of AF burden (percentage of time in AF) as measured by implantable loop recorder. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 579 patients with paroxysmal AF had respiratory polygraphy, of whom 244 (42%) had moderate to severe SA. Of these, 158 (65%) participated in the CPAP run-in period, of whom 39 (25%) patients did not tolerate the treatment. A total of 108 patients were available for the primary analysis. The mean time in AF decreased from 5.6% at baseline to 4.1% during the last 3 months of CPAP intervention and from 5.0% to 4.3% in the control group. The adjusted between-group difference at follow-up was −0.63 (95% confidence interval, −2.55 to 1.30) percentage points (P = 0.52). Seven serious adverse events (13%) occurred in the CPAP group, and two (4%) occurred in the control group. Conclusions: In patients with paroxysmal AF and SA, treatment with CPAP did not result in a statistically significant reduction in the burden of AF.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02727192).

• Christensen, Anders Haugom; Nygaard, Sissel Irene; Rolid, Katrine; Nytrøen, Kari; Gullestad, Lars & Fiane, Arnt [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Early Signs of Sinoatrial Reinnervation in the Transplanted Heart. Transplantation. ISSN 0041-1337. 105(9), p. 2086–2096. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003580.
• Ueland, Thor; Abraityte, Judita Aurelija; Norum, Hilde Margrethe; Sharanga, Varathalingam; Gullestad, Lars & Aukrust, Pål [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Circulating regulators of the wingless pathway in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Respirology (Carlton South. Print). ISSN 1323-7799. 26(6), p. 574–581. doi: 10.1111/resp.14048. Full text in Research Archive
• Awoyemi, Ayodeji Olawale; Mayerhofer, Christiane Caroline; Felix, Alex S.; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Moscavitch, Samuel D. & Lappegård, Knut Tore [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2021). Rifaximin or Saccharomyces boulardii in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Results from the randomized GutHeart trial. EBioMedicine. ISSN 2352-3964. 70. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103511. Full text in Research Archive
• Englund, Kristine Victoria Brautaset; Østby, Charlotte M.; Tjønnås, Gry; Gude, Einar; Andreassen, Arne K & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Prevalence of iron deficiency in heart transplant recipients. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/ctr.14346.
• Englund, Kristine Victoria Brautaset; Østby, Charlotte M.; Rolid, Katrine; Gude, Einar; Andreassen, Arne K. & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Intravenous iron supplement for iron deficiency in cardiac transplant recipients (IronIC): A randomized clinical trial. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 40(5), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.1390. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvaslerud, Anette Borger; Hussain, Amjad Iqbal; Auensen, Andreas; Fiane, Arnt E; Skulstad, Helge & Aaberge, Lars [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Outcomes in asymptomatic, severe aortic stenosis. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249610. Full text in Research Archive
• Bürker, Britta Susanne; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Gude, Einar; Grov, Ingelin; Relbo, Anne & Dew, Mary Amanda [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Symptoms of anxiety after heart transplantation and their association with mortality: A secondary analysis. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 35(7), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1111/ctr.14323.
• Wyller, Vegard Bruun Bratholm; Nygaard, Sissel; Christensen, Anders Haugom; Rolid, Katrine; Nytrøen, Kari & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Functional evidence of low-pressure cardiopulmonary baroreceptor reinnervation 1 year after heart transplantation. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 121(3), p. 915–927. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04586-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Frisk, Michael; Le, Christopher; Shen, Xin; Røe, Åsmund Treu; Hou, Yufeng & Manfra, Ornella [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). Etiology-dependent impairment of diastolic cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 77(4), p. 405–419. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.044. Full text in Research Archive
• Tegn, Nicolai Kloumann; Eek, Christian; Abdelnoor, Michael; Aaberge, Lars; Endresen, Knut & Skårdal, Rita [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Patients aged 80 years or older with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris randomised to an invasive versus conservative strategy: angiographic and procedural results from the After Eighty study. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001256.
• Gustafsson, Finn; Andreassen, Arne K.; Andersson, Bert; Eiskjær, Hans; Rådegran, Göran & Gude, Einar [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Everolimus Initiation With Early Calcineurin Inhibitor Withdrawal in De Novo Heart Transplant Recipients: Long-term Follow-up From the Randomized SCHEDULE Study. Transplantation. ISSN 0041-1337. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000002702.
• Englund, Kristine Victoria Brautaset; Østby, Carol Margaret; Vartdal, Trond; Rolid, Katrine; Gude, Einar & Andreassen, Arne K. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Intravenous Iron Supplement for Iron Deficiency in Cardiac Transplant Recipients (IronIC) - A Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Trial. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 39(4). doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.1067.
• Rolid, Katrine; Andreassen, Arne K.; Yardley, Marianne; Bjørkelund, Elisabeth; Relbo, Anne & Grov, Ingelin [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training in De Novo Heart Transplant Recipients - 3-year Results from the HITTS Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 39(4), p. S224–S225. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.870.
• Rolid, Katrine; Andreassen, Arne K.; Yardley, Marianne; Bjørkelund, Elisabeth; Relbo, Anne & Grov, Ingelin [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Benefits of High-Intensity Interval Training in a Young and in an Older De Novo Heart Transplant Recipient- Cases from the HITTS Study. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 39(4), p. S491–S492. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.069.
• Mayerhofer, Christiane Caroline; Kummen, Martin; Holm, Kristian; Broch, Kaspar; Awoyemi, Ayodeji Olawale & Vestad, Beate [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). Low fibre intake is associated with gut microbiota alterations in chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. 7(2), p. 456–466. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12596. Full text in Research Archive
• Eriksen-Volnes, Torfinn; Westheim, Arne; Gullestad, Lars; Slind, Eva Kjøl & Grundtvig, Morten (2020). β-Blocker Doses and Heart Rate in Patients with Heart Failure: Results from the National Norwegian Heart Failure Registry. Biomedicine Hub. 5(1), p. 9–18. doi: 10.1159/000505474. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Use of β-blockers and titration to the highest tolerated dose are highly recommended by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for treatment of chronic heart failure (HF) with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), but little attention has been paid to the achieved heart rate (HR) during this treatment. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the achieved HR in relation to the use of β-blockers in these patients. Methods: All of the patients (n = 2,689) in the National Norwegian Heart Failure Registry as part of the Norwegian Cardiovascular Disease Registry with a sinus rhythm and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40% at stable follow-up visiting specialised hospital outpatient HF clinics in Norway were included. The β-blocker doses were calculated as a percent of the target dose according to ESC HF guidelines. Differences between baseline variables according to the achieved HR were analysed by the Student's t test for continuous variables and Pearson's χ2 test for categorical variables. Linear regression was used to determine the predictors of HR ≥70 beats/min (bpm) in the multivariate analysis. Results: One third of the patients had a resting HR ≥70 bpm. Of the patients with an HR ≥70 bpm, 72.3% used less than the target dose of β-blocker; they were younger and had a higher NYHA class, more diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and higher N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and estimated glomerular filtration rates compared to the patients with an HR <70 bpm. The 1-year mortality was 3.1, 3.7, 5.8, and 9.1% among the patients with an HR <70, 70-79, 80-89, and >89 bpm, respectively. Only 2 patients used ivabradine. Conclusions: In patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm, an HR ≥70 bpm was associated with worse clinical variables and outcomes. A high proportion of the patients who had an HR ≥70 bpm was not treated with or/did not tolerate the target dose of a β-blocker, although the β-blocker dose was higher than in patients with an HR <70 bpm. This may suggest that increased efforts should be made to further increase the β-blocker dose, and treatment with ivabradine could be considered among patients with an HR ≥70 bpm. Keywords: Chronic heart failure; Comorbidity; Heart rate; Mortality; β-Blocker.

• George, Marc J; Kleveland, Ola; Garcia-Hernandez, Jorge; Palmen, Jutta; Lovering, Ruth & Wiseth, Rune [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Novel Insights Into the Effects of Interleukin 6 Antagonism in Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Employing the SOMAscan Proteomics Platform. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). ISSN 2047-9980. 16(12), p. 1–21. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015628. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Interleukin 6 concentration is associated with myocardial injury, heart failure, and mortality after myocardial infarction. In the Norwegian tocilizumab non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction trial, the first randomized trial of interleukin 6 blockade in myocardial infarction, concentration of both C-reactive protein and troponin T were reduced in the active treatment arm. In this follow-up study, an aptamer-based proteomic approach was employed to discover additional plasma proteins modulated by tocilizumab treatment to gain novel insights into the effects of this therapeutic approach. Methods and Results Plasma from percutaneous coronary intervention-treated patients, 24 in the active intervention and 24 in the placebo-control arm, drawn 48 hours postrandomization were randomly selected for analysis with the SOMAscan assay. Employing slow off-rate aptamers, the relative abundance of 1074 circulating proteins was measured. Proteins identified as being significantly different between groups were subsequently measured by enzyme immunoassay in the whole trial cohort (117 patients) at all time points (days 1-3 [7 time points] and 3 and 6 months). Five proteins identified by the SOMAscan assay, and subsequently confirmed by enzyme immunoassay, were significantly altered by tocilizumab administration. The acute-phase proteins lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, hepcidin, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 were all reduced during the hospitalization phase, as was the monocyte chemoattractant C-C motif chemokine ligand 23. Proteinase 3, released primarily from neutrophils, was significantly elevated. Conclusions Employing the SOMAscan aptamer-based proteomics platform, 5 proteins were newly identified that are modulated by interleukin 6 antagonism and may mediate the therapeutic effects of tocilizumab in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction.

• Kristiansen, Stein; Traaen, Gunn Marit; Øverland, Britt; Plagemann, Thomas Peter; Gullestad, Lars & Akre, Harriet [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Comparing manual and automatic scoring of sleep monitoring data from portable polygraphy. Journal of Sleep Research. ISSN 0962-1105. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13036. Full text in Research Archive
• Massey, Richard J; Diep, Phoi Phoi; Ruud, Ellen; Dirdal, Marta Maria; Kvaslerud, Anette Borger & Brinch, Lorentz [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Long-Term Survivors of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. JACC: CardioOncology. ISSN 2666-0873. 2(3), p. 460–471. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.06.011. Full text in Research Archive
• Ueland, Thor; Estensen, Mette-Elise; Grindheim, Guro; Bollerslev, Jens; Henriksen, Tore & Aukrust, Pål [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Elevated levels of the secreted wingless agonist R-spondin 3 in preeclamptic pregnancies. Journal of Hypertension. ISSN 0263-6352. 38(7), p. 1347–1354. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002362. Full text in Research Archive
• Nytrøen, Kari; Rolid, Katrine; Yardley, Marianne & Gullestad, Lars (2020). Effect of high-intensity interval training in young heart transplant recipients: results from two randomized controlled trials . BMC sports science, medicine and rehabilitation. ISSN 2052-1847. 12:35, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s13102-020-00180-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolid, Katrine; Andreassen, Arne K.; Yardley, Marianne; Gude, Einar; Bjørkelund, Elisabeth & Relbo, Anne [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). High-intensity interval training and health-related quality of life in de novo heart transplant recipients - results from a randomized controlled trial . Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. ISSN 1477-7525. 18. doi: 10.1186/s12955-020-01536-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Sverre, Elise Christine Bjørkholen; Peersen, Kari; Perk, Joep; Husebye, Einar; Gullestad, Lars & Dammen, Toril [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Challenges in coronary heart disease prevention - experiences from a long-term follow-up study in Norway. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 55(2), p. 73–81. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2020.1852308. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective. To determine longitudinal changes in lifestyle behaviour and lipid management in a chronic coronary heart disease (CHD) population. Design. A multi-centre cohort study consecutively included 1127 patients at baseline in 2014–2015, on average 16 months after a CHD event. Data were collected from hospital records, a questionnaire and clinical examination. Seven hundred and seven of 1021 eligible patients participated in a questionnaire-based follow-up in 2019. Data were analysed with univariate statistics. Results. After a mean follow-up of 4.7 years (SD 0.4) from baseline, the percentage of current smokers (15% versus 16%), obesity (23% versus 25%) and clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (21% versus 17%) and depression (13% versus 14%) remained unchanged, whereas the proportion with low physical activity increased from 53% to 58% (p < .001). The proportions with reduced physical activity level were similar in patients over and under 70 years of age. Most patients were still taking statins (94% versus 92%) and more patients used high-intensity statin (49% versus 54%, p < .001) and ezetimibe (5% versus 15%, p < .001) at follow-up. 73% reported ≥1 primary-care consultation(s) for CHD during the last year while 27% reported no such follow-up. There were more smokers among participants not attending primary-care consultations compared to those attending (19% versus 14%, p = .026). No differences were found for other risk factors. Conclusions. We found persistent suboptimal risk factor control in coronary outpatients during long-term follow-up. Closer follow-up and intensified risk management including lifestyle and psychological health are needed to improved secondary prevention and outcome of CHD.

• Rolid, Katrine; Andreassen, Arne K.; Yardley, Marianne; Gude, Einar; Bjørkelund, Elisabeth & Relbo, Anne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Long-term effects of high-intensity training vs moderate intensity training in heart transplant recipients: A 3-year follow-up study of the randomized-controlled HITTS study. American Journal of Transplantation. ISSN 1600-6135. doi: 10.1111/ajt.16087.
• Arain, Fizza Kanwal; Abraityte, Judita Aurelija; Bogdanova, Mariia; Solberg, Ole Geir; Michelsen, Annika & Lekva, Tove [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2020). YKL-40 (Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1) Serum Levels in Aortic Stenosis. Circulation: Heart Failure. ISSN 1941-3289. 13(10). doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006643. Full text in Research Archive
• Lekva, Tove; Gullestad, Lars; Broch, Kaspar; Aukrust, Pål; Andreassen, Arne K. & Ueland, Thor (2020). Distinct patterns of soluble leukocyte activation markers are associated with etiology and outcomes in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 10(1), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75654-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergh, Niklas; Gude, Einar; Bartfay, Sven-Erik; Andreassen, Arne K.; Arora, Satish & Dahlberg, Pia [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Invasive haemodynamics in de novo everolimus vs. calcineurin inhibitor heart transplant recipients. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. 7(2), p. 567–576. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12608. Full text in Research Archive
• Nelson, Lærke; Andreassen, Arne K.; Arora, Satish; Andersson, Bert; Gude, Einar & Eiskjær, Hans [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Mild acute cellular rejection and development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy assessed by intravascular ultrasound and coronary angiography in heart transplant recipients—a SCHEDULE trial substudy. Transplant International. ISSN 0934-0874. 33(5), p. 517–528. doi: 10.1111/tri.13577.
• Broch, Kaspar; Gude, Einar; Karason, Kristjan; Dellgren, Göran; Rådegran, Göran & Gjesdal, Grunde [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Cholesterol lowering with EVOLocumab to prevent cardiac allograft Vasculopathy in De-novo heart transplant recipients: Design of the randomized controlled EVOLVD trial. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 34:e13984(9), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1111/ctr.13984. Full text in Research Archive
• Niyonzima, Nathalie; Bakke, Siril Skaret; Gregersen, Ida; Holm, Sverre; Sandanger, Øystein & Orrem, Hilde Lang [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2020). Cholesterol crystals use complement to increase NLRP3 signaling pathways in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. EBioMedicine. ISSN 2352-3964. 60:102985, p. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102985. Full text in Research Archive
• Grundtvig, Morten; Eriksen-Volnes, Torfinn; Ørn, Stein; Slind, Eva Kjøl & Gullestad, Lars (2020). 6 min walk test is a strong independent predictor of death in outpatients with heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. p. 1–8. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12900. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic value of the 6 min walk test (6MWT) in a large cohort of outpatients with heart failure. Methods and results: A total of 5519 outpatients with heart failure from the National Norwegian Heart Failure Registry (NNHFR), which is part of the Norwegian Cardiovascular Disease Registry, were included in this analysis. The NNHFR recommended the use of the 6MWT for prognostic assessment of all patients included in the registry. Patients were categorized according to the 6MWT: Category 1 walked the longest and Category 3 the shortest. During a median (25th-75th percentiles) follow-up of 24 (14-36), 12.9% of the patients died. Patients in Category 3 had the overall worst outcome than had patients in Categories 1 and 2. 6MWT used as a continuous variable was a highly significant independent predictor for mortality in a multivariate Cox regression model adjusted for 16 other variables with a hazard ratio of 0.979 [(95% confidence interval 0.972-0.986), P < 0.001]. The four most important predictors for mortality were active cancer in the last 5 years, age, 6MWT, and natriuretic peptides (all P < 0.001). Conclusions: 6MWT is a strong independent predictor of mortality in outpatients with HF. The findings support the use of the 6MWT in the prognostic assessment of patients with HF irrespective of HF aetiology. Keywords: 6 min walk test; Exercise testing; Heart failure; Mortality; Natriuretic peptides; Registry.

• Kristiansen, Oskar; Vethe, Nils Tore; Peersen, Kari; Fagerland, Morten; Sverre, Elise Christine Bjørkholen & Jensen, Elena Prunès [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2020). Effect of Atorvastatin on Muscle Symptoms in Coronary Heart Disease Patients With Self-Perceived Statin Muscle Side-Effects: A Randomized, Double Blinded Crossover Trial . European Heart Journal (EHJ) - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. ISSN 2055-6837. 7(6), p. 507–516. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa076. Full text in Research Archive
• Aimo, Alberto; Januzzi, James L.; Vergaro, Giuseppe; Richards, A. Mark; Lam, Carolyn S.P. & Latini, Roberto [Show all 32 contributors for this article] (2020). Circulating levels and prognostic value of soluble ST2 in heart failure are less influenced by age than N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity troponin T. European Journal of Heart Failure. ISSN 1388-9842. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1701. Full text in Research Archive
• Kummen, Martin; Solberg, Ole Geir; Larsen, Christopher Storm; Holm, Kristian; Ragnarsson, Asgrimur & Trøseid, Marius [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2020). Rosuvastatin alters the genetic composition of the human gut microbiome. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 10:5397, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62261-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Munkhaugen, John; Sverre, Elise Christine Bjørkholen; Peersen, Kari; Kristiansen, Oscar; Gjertsen, Erik & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Is the novel LDL-cholesterol goal <1.4 mmol/L achievable without a PCSK9 inhibitor in a chronic coronary population from clinical practice?. . European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (EJPC). ISSN 2047-4873. 28(8), p. E10–E11. doi: 10.1177/2047487320923187. Full text in Research Archive
• Sverre, Elise; Peersen, Kari; Weedon-Fekjær, Harald; Perk, J.; Gjertsen, Erik & Husebye, Einar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Preventable clinical and psychosocial factors predicted two out of three recurrent cardiovascular events in a coronary population. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. ISSN 1471-2261. 20. doi: 10.1186/s12872-020-01368-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Peersen, Kari; Otterstad, Jan Erik; Sverre, Elise; Perk, Joep; Gullestad, Lars & Moum, Torbjørn Åge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Medical and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Low Physical Activity and Increasing Exercise Level After a Coronary Event. Journal of Cardiopulmanory Rehabilitation and Prevention (JCRP). ISSN 1932-7501. 40(1), p. 35–40. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000399. Show summary

  PURPOSE: The reasons why many coronary patients are inactive or have a low level of physical activity (PA) are not completely understood. We identified medical and psychosocial factors associated with PA status and increasing exercise level after a coronary event. METHODS: A cross-sectional study investigated the factors associated with PA in 1101 patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction (MI) and/or a revascularization procedure. Data were collected from hospital records, a self-report questionnaire, and a clinical examination. PA was categorized as inactivity, low activity, and adequate activity (≥ moderate intensity of 30 min ≥2-3 times/wk), an overall summary PA-index was measured as a continuous variable, and self-reported PA increase since the index event was measured on a 0- to 10-point Likert Scale. RESULTS: In all, 18% reported inactivity, 42% low, and 40% adequate activity at follow-up after median 16 mo. In multiadjusted linear regression analyses, low PA-index was significantly associated with smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, depression, female, low education, MI as index diagnosis, and ≥1 previous coronary event. Motivation, risk and illness perceptions, and low reported need of help to increase PA were significantly associated with self-reported increasing PA level in adjusted continuous analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Daily smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, and depression were the major potentially modifiable factors associated with insufficient PA, whereas high motivation and risk and illness perceptions were associated with increasing PA level. Further research on the effect of interventions tailored to the reported significant factors of failure is needed to improve PA level in CHD patients.

• Dangas, G.D; Tijssen, J.G.P; Wöhrle, J.; Søndergaard, L.; Gilard, M. & Möllmann, H. [Show all 30 contributors for this article] (2019). A Controlled Trial of Rivaroxaban after Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement. New England Journal of Medicine. ISSN 0028-4793. 382(2), p. 120–129. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911425.
• Traaen, Gunn Marit; Øverland, Britt; Aakerøy, Lars; Hunt, Tove Elizabeth Frances; Bendz, Christina & Leif Magne, Sande [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Prevalence, risk factors, and type of sleep apnea in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. International journal of cardiology: Heart and Vasculature (IJCHA). ISSN 2352-9067. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100447. Full text in Research Archive
• Nygaard, Sissel Irene; Christensen, Anders Haugom; Rolid, Katrine; Nytrøen, Kari; Gullestad, Lars & Fiane, Arnt E [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Autonomic cardiovascular control changes in recent heart transplant recipients lead to physiological limitations in response to orthostatic challenge and isometric exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 119(10), p. 2225–2236. doi: 10.1007/s00421-019-04207-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Lunde, Ngoc Dieu Nguyen; Gregersen, Ida; Ueland, Thor; Shetelig, Christian; Holm, Sverre & Kong, Xiang Yi [Show all 31 contributors for this article] (2019). Legumain is upregulated in acute cardiovascular events and associated with improved outcome – potentially related to anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages. Atherosclerosis. ISSN 0021-9150. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.12.008. Full text in Research Archive
• Solberg, Ole Geir; Stavem, Knut; Ragnarsson, Asgrimur; Beitnes, Jan Otto; Skårdal, Rita & Seljeflot, Ingebjørg [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Index of microvascular resistance to assess the effect of rosuvastatin on microvascular function in women with chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease: A double-blind randomized study. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions. ISSN 1522-1946. 94(5), p. 660–668. doi: 10.1002/ccd.28157. Full text in Research Archive
• Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Woxholt, Sindre; Sharma, Kapil Kishore; Broch, Kaspar; Bendz, Bjørn & Aakhus, Svend [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2019). Rationale for the ASSAIL-MI-trial: a randomised controlled trial designed to assess the effect of tocilizumab on myocardial salvage in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 6(2), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001108. Full text in Research Archive
• Shahini, Negar; Ueland, Thor; Auensen, Andreas; Michelsen, Annika; Ludviksen, Judith K & Hussain, Amjad Iqbal [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Increased complement factor B and Bb levels are associated with mortality in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 203(7), p. 1973–1980. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801244. Full text in Research Archive
• Trøseid, Marius; Mayerhofer, Christiane Caroline; Broch, Kaspar; Arora, Satish; Svardal, Asbjørn M. & Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). The carnitine-butyrobetaine-TMAO pathway after cardiac transplant: Impact on cardiac allograft vasculopathy and acute rejection. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 38(10), p. 1097–1103. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.06.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Nytrøen, Kari; Rolid, Katrine; Andreassen, Arne K.; Yardley, Marianne; Gude, Einar & Dahle, Dag Olav [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Effect of high-intensity interval training in de novo heart transplant recipients in Scandinavia. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 139(19), p. 2198–2211. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036747. Full text in Research Archive
• Fosshaug, Linn Elisabeth Lillerud; Colas, Romain A.; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Gregersen, Ida; Nymoen, Ståle H. & Sagen, Ellen [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2019). Early increase of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. EBioMedicine. ISSN 2352-3964. 46, p. 264–273. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.024. Full text in Research Archive

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• Birkeland, Kåre Inge; Gullestad, Lars & Aabakken, Lars (2022). Indremedisin I. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245043365. 479 p.

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• Birkeland, Kåre Inge; Meling, Sondre V.; Alsnes, Ingvild Vatten; Svensson, Emelie; Gullestad, Lars & Jenssen, Trond (2023). Nye internasjonale anbefalingerfor type 2-diabetes – hva gjør vi i Norge? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 143(3), p. 1–6. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0672.
• Bardan, Sara; Kvaslerud, Anette Borger; Andresen, Kristoffer; Kløve, Sophie Foss; Edvardsen, Thor & Gullestad, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Intravenous ferric derisomaltose in iron-deficient patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation due to severe aortic stenosis: study protocol of the randomised controlled IIISAS trial. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12(9). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059546. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Introduction Iron deficiency is a prevalent comorbidity in patients with severe aortic stenosis and may be associated with procedural and clinical outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). In the Intravenous Iron Supplement for Iron Deficiency in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis (IIISAS) trial, we aim to examine whether a single administration of ferric derisomaltose can improve physical capacity after TAVI. Methods and analysis This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial aims to enrol 150 patients with iron deficiency who are scheduled for TAVI due to severe aortic stenosis. The study drug and matching placebo are administered approximately 3 months prior to TAVI, and the patients are followed for 3 months after TAVI. Inclusion criteria are iron deficiency, defined as serum ferritin<100 µg/L or ferritin between 100 and 300 µg/L in combination with a transferrin saturation<20% and written informed consent. Exclusion criteria include haemoglobin<10 g/dL, red blood cell disorders, end-stage kidney failure, intolerance to ferric derisomaltose, and ongoing infections. The primary endpoint is the baseline-adjusted distance walked on a 6 min walk test (6MWT) 3 months after TAVI. Secondary end points include quality of life, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA functional class), and skeletal muscle strength. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research of South-Eastern Norway and The Norwegian Medicines Agency. Enrolment has begun, and results are expected in 2022. The results of the IIISAS trial will be disseminated by presentations at international and national conferences and by publications in peer-reviewed journals.

• Traaen, Gunn Marit; Akre, Harriet; Loennechen, Jan Pål & Gullestad, Lars (2022). Reply to Lalonde et al. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 205(9), p. 1129–1130. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202112-2738LE.
• Aukrust, Pål; Kleveland, Ola & Gullestad, Lars (2021). Targeting IL-6 Trans-Signaling: Amplifying the Benefits of IL-6 Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction. JACC: Basic to Translational Science. ISSN 2452-302X. 6(5), p. 444–446. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.007.
• Broch, Kaspar; Englund, Kristine Victoria Brautaset & Gullestad, Lars (2021). Reply: Safety of intravenous iron in heart transplant patients: Comment to paper by Brautaset Englund et al. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. ISSN 1053-2498. 40(10), p. 1247–1248. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.07.007.
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• Nytrøen, Kari; Rolid, Katrine & Gullestad, Lars (2019). Response by Nytrøen et al to Letter Regarding Article, "effect of High-Intensity Interval Training in de Novo Heart Transplant Recipients in Scandinavia". Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 140(17), p. E735–E736. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042458.
• Sverre, Elise; Peersen, Kari; Weedon-Fekjær, Harald; Perk, J.; Gjertsen, Erik & Husebye, E [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Potentially modifiable clinical and psychosocial factors associated with recurrent cardiovascular events in an outpatient coronary population . European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 40, p. 2631–2631. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0803.
• Slind, Eva Kjøl; Lægran, Marianne; Ingul, Charlotte Ingeborg Björk; Eriksen-Volnes, Torfinn Kirknes; Blindheimsvik, Martin Andre Brevik & Myhre, Peder Langeland [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Norsk hjertesviktregister : Årsrapport 2021 : Med plan for forbedringstiltak. Norsk hjerteviktregister.

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