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Ola Didrik Saugstad

Paediatric Research Institute

Email o.d.saugstad@medisin.uio.no

Room D1.2029

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Visiting address Sognsvannsveien 20 OUS Rikshospitalet 0372 Oslo

Postal address Postboks 4950 Nydalen OUS, Rikshospitalet 0424 Oslo

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Professional interests

Ola Didrik Saugstad is a Norwegian pediatrician and neonatologist, who is internationally recognized for his research on resuscitation of newborn children. Since 1991, he has been Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Oslo and Director of the Department of Pediatric Research at the National Hospital.

He is a "world renowned expert in neonatal medicine", particularly on hypoxia and purine metabolism, hypoxia-reoxygenation injury, the effect and mechanisms of oxygen radicals in the neonatal period, mechanisms of lung injury and newborn resuscitation. In 2010, international guidelines for newborn resuscitation were amended, based on the research of Saugstad and his colleagues, to recommend the use of air in place of pure oxygen, a discovery that is estimated to save the lives of 200,000 newborn children each year.

Career

2010 - major discovery of the dangers of using 100% oxygen, resulting in the amendment of the international guidelines for newborn resuscitation in 2010 based on the research of Saugstad and his team. It is estimated that his discovery can save the lives of 200,000 children each year.
2002 - 2004 - President of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine
2001 - 2004 - a board member of the International Pediatric Foundation
1991 - Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Oslo and Director of the Department of Pediatric Research at the National Hospital
1987 - 1990 - a board member of the European Society of Pediatric Research
1986 - appointed consultant in newborn medicine
late 1980s - sammen med Rooth published a seminal article questioning the use of 100% oxygen in the resuscitation of newborn children
1973 - Saugstad graduated with the cand. med. degree the University of Oslo and worked as a research fellow at Uppsala University Hospital and The National Hospital in Norway
the first to demonstrate that oxygenation after a period of asphyxia could result in an explosive increase in oxygen radicals

Awards and Recognitions

2014 - Honorary doctorate, University of Athens, Honorary Professor, Moscow State University
2012 - SalusAnsvar Nordic Medical Award
2011 - Honorary member of the American Pediatric Society, Märta Philipson AwardAmerican Academy of Pediatrics Landmark Award, TheBjørnson Prize
2010 - Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, for Progress in Pediatrics (University of Stockholm)
2007 - The Human Protection Award (Livsvernprisen)
2006 - Honorary member of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine
2005 - Honorary member of the Finnish Perinatal Society
2001 - Honorary member of the Norwegian Perinatal Society, The Virginia Apgar Prize
2000 - Honorary member of the Hungarian Paediatric Association
1997 - The Arvo Ylppö Medal in Neonatology (University of Helsinki), Fellow, Royal College of Physicians Edinburgh
1995 - The Laerdal Award in Acute Medicine (University of Oslo)
Member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

Education

Ola Didrik provides a general education in Paediatrics for medical students at the University of Oslo. He has held several lectures in pediatrics around the world as Honorary Professor and held more than 300 lectures at all major Conventions.

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Sweet, David G.; Carnielli, Virgilio P.; Greisen, Gorm; Hallman, Mikko; Klebermass-Schrehof, Katrin & Lavizzari, Anna [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2026). European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2025. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. p. 1–26. doi: 10.1159/000551062. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Robertson, N. J. & Vento, M. (2026). A Critical Review of the 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Treatment Recommendations for Resuscitating the Newly Born Infant. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. doi: 10.1111/apa.70485. Full text in Research Archive
Sankaran, Deepika; Katheria, Anup C.; Kapadia, Vishal; Lakshminrusimha, Satyan & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2025). Oxygen during Neonatal Resuscitation: Too Much versus Too Little, Does It Matter? Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 123, p. 119–128. doi: 10.1159/000549372. Full text in Research Archive
Vølstad, Karianne Bjarmann; Melheim, Maria; Iversen, Marie Hellan; Stiris, Tom; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Baumbusch, Lars Oliver [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Impact of low dose nicotine on brain-derived neurotrophic factor after global hypoxia in newborn piglets. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. ISSN 0300-5577. 53(8), p. 1137–1137. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2025-0111. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effect of low-dose nicotine on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA, its antisense alternative splice form brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense (BDNF-AS), and its protein levels after global hypoxia in newborn piglets. This study also sought to explore the regulatory role of BDNF-AS on BDNF mRNA. Methods A total of 41 newborn piglets were randomised after hypoxia to one of two different infusions of nicotine (18 or 46 μg/kg/h, respectively) or to a control group receiving saline. After 4 h of infusion, the piglets were euthanized and brain samples from the hippocampus and temporal cortex were collected for quantification of BDNF mRNA, BDNF-AS and BDNF protein. Results In the hippocampus, significant lower expression of BDNF mRNA was observed in the animals treated with 46 μg/kg/h of nicotine compared to the group receiving 18 μg/kg/h (p=0.047) and the control group (p=0.017). The BDNF mRNA and BDNF-AS showed a strong correlation (r=0.63, p<0.001) in the hippocampus samples and moderate, but significant, correlation (r=0.36, p=0.021) in the samples from the cortex. We found no differences in BDNF mRNA between the groups in the cortex samples. Protein levels of BDNF were similar in all three groups in both the hippocampus and cortex samples. Conclusions Our results suggest that low concentrations of nicotine might have a short-term effect on the expression of BDNF mRNA. However, the BDNF protein levels remained unchanged at the same time point and the long-term impact on the nervous system remains unclear.
Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Sollie, Mari Gamme; Torp, Harald Andre & Storla, Dag Gustav Gundersen (2025). Specialised care for severely affected ME/CFS patients. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. ISSN 2164-1846. 14(1), p. 61–73. doi: 10.1080/21641846.2025.2565101. Full text in Research Archive
Ramadan, Donia Jamal; Kichula, Katherine M.; Tao, Sudan; Porfilio, Timothy; Lande, Asgeir & Fluge, Øystein [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2025). Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) alleles suggested to be associated with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. ISSN 0889-1591. 130. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106098. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic and debilitating disease with unknown cause. Involvement of infection and immune dysregulation has been suggested, including changes in immune cell subsets and abnormal functions of natural killer (NK) cells. The regulatory NK cell receptors, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) have previously been investigated in small cohorts of ME/CFS patients with conflicting results regarding gene content. Here, we studied KIR genes also at the allelic level using high-resolution sequencing, in 418 ME/CFS patients and 473 healthy controls. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genotype data were included for KIR ligand annotation. Our healthy control data represent KIR frequencies for a Norwegian population, which have not previously been reported. We found no association between ME/CFS and KIR gene content or copy number variations. However, our data suggested that specific KIR alleles at loci encoding inhibitory receptors were associated with ME/CFS, which was further supported by allelic haplotype analyses. Three alleles were more frequent in patients, i.e. KIR3DL3*002 (OR = 1.43, 95 % CI (1.09–1.86), p = 0.009), KIR3DL1*020 (OR = 2.20, 95 % CI (1.19–4.06), p = 0.01) and KIR3DL2*009 (OR = 1.56, 95 % CI (1.09–2.23), p = 0.01), while two alleles had a reduced patient frequency, i.e. KIR3DL3*013 (OR = 0.60, 95 % CI (0.42–0.86), p = 0.005) and KIR3DL2*010 (OR = 0.46, 95 % CI (0.30–0.71), p = 0.0005). Our data support an involvement of NK cells in ME/CFS.
Wang, Yafeng; Aune, Dagfinn; Rezende, Leandro F. M.; Ferrari, Gerson; Chen, Xiong & Zhang, Lei [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes and risk of all-cause and cause-specific infant mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 54(3). doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaf046. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Kapadia, Vishal & Vento, Maximo (2024). Delivery Room Handling of the Newborn: Filling the Gaps. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 121(5), p. 553–561. doi: 10.1159/000540079. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Background: Newborn resuscitation algorithms have since the turn of the century been more evidence-based. In this review, we discuss the development of American Heart Association (AHA) and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR)’s algorithm for newborn resuscitation from 1992–2024. We have also aimed to identify the remaining gaps in non-evidenced practice. Summary: Of the 22 procedures reviewed in the 2020 ILCOR recommendations, the evidence was either low, very low, or non-existing. The strength of recommendation is weak or non-existing for most topics discussed. Several knowledge gaps are also summarized. The special challenge for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is discussed. Key Messages: Newborn resuscitation is still not evidence-based, although great progress has been achieved the recent years. We have identified several knowledge gaps which should be prioritized in future research. The challenge of obtaining evidence-based knowledge from LMIC should be focused on in future research.
Sotiropoulos, James X.; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Oei, Ju Lee (2024). Aspects on Oxygenation in Preterm Infants before, Immediately after Birth, and beyond. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 121(5), p. 562–569. doi: 10.1159/000540481. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Background: Oxygen is crucial for life but too little (hypoxia) or too much (hyperoxia) may be fatal or cause lifelong morbidity. Summary: In this review, we discuss the challenges of balancing oxygen control in preterm infants during fetal development, the first few minutes after birth, in the neonatal intensive care unit and after hospital discharge, where intensive care monitoring and response to dangerous oxygen levels is more often than not, out of reach with current technologies and services. Key Messages: Appropriate oxygenation is critically important even from before birth, but at no time is the need to strike a balance more important than during the first few minutes after birth, when body physiology is changing at its most rapid pace. Preterm infants, in particular, have a poor control of oxygen balance. Underdeveloped organs, especially of the lungs, require supplemental oxygen to prevent hypoxia. However, they are also at risk of hyperoxia due to immature antioxidant defenses. Existing evidence demonstrate considerable challenges that need to be overcome before we can ensure safe treatment of preterm infants with one of the most commonly used drugs in newborn care, oxygen.
Vølstad, Karianne Bjarmann; Pripp, Are Hugo; Ludviksen, Judith K; Stiris, Tom; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Mollnes, Tom Eirik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). No Short-Term Effect of Low-Dose Nicotine on Inflammation after Global Hypoxia in Newborn Piglets. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 122, p. 171–180. doi: 10.1159/000541217. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia initiates cytokine release and complement activation with risk of brain damage. We assessed the effect of nicotine on innate immunity and hypothesized that nicotine infusion in a newborn piglet model of asphyxia would decrease the immune response and be neuroprotective. Methods: Newborn piglets (n = 41) were randomized to one of three groups after hypoxia: two groups receiving nicotine, (1) 18 µg/kg/h (n = 17), (2) 46 µg/kg/h (n = 15), and (3) control group receiving saline (n = 9). C3a, IL-6, TNF, and IL-10 were measured in plasma and IL-6 and IL-8 in microdialysis fluid from cerebral periventricular white matter, using immuno-assays. Results: Plasma C3a and IL-6 increased significantly from start to end hypoxia (mean 4.4 ± 0.55 to 5.6 ± 0.71 ng/mL and 1.66 ± 1.04 to 2.68 ± 0.71 pg/mL, respectively), while IL-10 and TNF increased significantly after 4 h (mean 1.4 ± 1.08 to 2.9 ± 1.87 and 3.3 ± 0.67 to 4.0 ± 0.58 pg/mL, respectively) (p < 0.001 for all). IL-6 increased significantly (p < 0.001) in microdialysis samples from end hypoxia to end experiment (mean 0.65 ± 0.88 to 2.78 ± 1.84 ng/mL). No significant differences were observed between the nicotine groups and the control group neither in plasma nor in microdialysis samples. Conclusion: Hypoxia leads to rapid release of cytokines in plasma and cerebral microdialysis fluid, and complement activation measured on C3a. However, low-dose nicotine administration did not affect the immune response.
Tveiten, Dag; Bryn, Vesna; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Isaksen, Jørn; Rønning, Per Ola & Skjeldal, Ola (2024). Urinary opioid peptides in children with autism spectrum disorders. A Pilot Study. Translational Science of Rare Diseases. ISSN 2214-6490. 7(1-2), p. 15–24. doi: 10.3233/TRD-230065. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
BACKGROUND: Circulating β-casomorphins (BCM) and gluten exorphins (GE), which are exogenous opioid peptides originating from bovine milk protein casein and cereal protein gluten, respectively, have been proposed as potential trigger factor to symptoms observed in children with autism. OBJECTIVE: Given the debate surrounding the detectability of these opioid peptides in body fluids, particularly using highly sensitive and specific mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) techniques, we aimed to investigate their presence in urine samples of autistic subjects. METHODS: We employed an HPLC-MS method for peptide detection. RESULTS: The presence of several BCMs and GEs in the urine of both autistic children (ASD) and healthy controls (HC) was documented. The detection of dietary opioid peptides even at very low concentrations underscores the sensitivity of this novel HPLC-MS method. BCM-8 was more often detected in the ASD group compared to the HC group. A higher prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were also observed in the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study supports the presence of BCMs and GEs in urine samples in subjects with autism as well as healthy controls which was the main goal of this pilot study. Prolonged exposure to bovine BCMs and GEs may play a role in the manifestation of core and GI symptoms in subgroups of autism. Further research is warranted to investigate this phenomenon thoroughly.
Dhariwal, Achal; Rajar, Polona; Silva, Gabriela Salvadori Da; Åmdal, Heidi Aarø; Berild, Dag & Saugstad, Ola Didrik [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Prolonged hospitalization signature and early antibiotic effects on the nasopharyngeal resistome in preterm infants. Nature Communications. 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50433-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Respiratory pathogens, commonly colonizing nasopharynx, are among the leading causes of death due to antimicrobial resistance. Yet, antibiotic resistance determinants within nasopharyngeal microbial communities remain poorly understood. In this prospective cohort study, we investigate the nasopharynx resistome development in preterm infants, assess early antibiotic impact on its trajectory, and explore its association with clinical covariates using shotgun metagenomics. Our findings reveal widespread nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with resistomes undergoing transient changes, including increased ARG diversity, abundance, and composition alterations due to early antibiotic exposure. ARGs associated with the critical nosocomial pathogen Serratia marcescens persist up to 8–10 months of age, representing a long-lasting hospitalization signature. The nasopharyngeal resistome strongly correlates with microbiome composition, with inter-individual differences and postnatal age explaining most of the variation. Our report on the collateral effects of antibiotics and prolonged hospitalization underscores the urgency of further studies focused on this relatively unexplored reservoir of pathogens and ARGs.
Sotiropoulos, James X.; Oei, Ju Lee; Schmölzer, Georg M.; Libesman, Sol; Hunter, Kylie E. & Williams, Jonathan G. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2024). Initial Oxygen Concentration for the Resuscitation of Infants Born at Less Than 32 Weeks' Gestation: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Network Meta-Analysis. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 178(8), p. 774–783. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.1848. Full text in Research Archive
Eskild, Anne; Skau, Irene; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2024). Short inter-pregnancy interval and birthweight: a reappraisal based on a follow-up study of all women in Norway with two singleton deliveries during 1970–2019. European Journal of Epidemiology (EJE). ISSN 0393-2990. 39(8), p. 905–914. doi: 10.1007/s10654-024-01148-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
We studied mean changes in birthweight from the first to the second delivery according to length of the inter-pregnancy interval. We also studied recurrence risk of low birthweight, preterm birth and perinatal death. We followed all women in Norway from their first to their second singleton delivery at gestational week 22 or beyond during the years 1970–2019, a total of 654 100 women. Data were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Mean birthweight increased from the first to the second delivery, and the increase was highest in pregnancies conceived < 6 months after the first delivery; adjusted mean birthweight increase 227 g (g) (95% CI; 219–236 g), 90 g higher than in pregnancies conceived 6–11 months after the first delivery (137 g (95% CI; 130–144 g)). After exclusion of women with a first stillbirth, the mean increase in birthweight at inter-pregnancy interval < 6 months was attenuated (152 g, 95% CI; 143–160 g), but remained higher than at longer inter-pregnancy intervals. This finding was particularly prominent in women > 35 years (218 g, 95% CI; 139 –298 g). In women with a first live born infant weighing < 2500 g, mean birthweight increased by around 1000 g to the second delivery, and the increase was most prominent at < 6 months inter-pregnancy interval. We found increased recurrence risk of preterm birth at inter-pregnancy interval < 6 months, but no increased recurrence risk of low birthweight, small for gestational age infant or perinatal death. In conclusion, we found the highest mean increase in birthweight when the inter-pregnancy interval was short. Our results do not generally discourage short pregnancy intervals.
Shah, Malika D.; Miller, Nicolas & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2024). Newborns at risk of COVID-19, the story continues. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. ISSN 0300-5577. 52(6), p. 567–574. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2024-0125. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
After more than 4 years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a great deal of knowledge on how this virus affects pregnant women, the fetus and the newborn has accumulated. Guidelines for mode of delivery, cord clamping, skin to skin, breastfeeding, and rooming-in have become uniform across the world. Vaccination has considerably improved outcomes, but hesitancy amongst pregnant patients and the emergence of variants remain challenged and SARS-CoV-2 positivity during pregnancy continues to be associated with an increased risk of maternal complications, premature delivery and higher neonatal mortality and morbidity. An emerging body of data now exists on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy on early neonatal outcomes, medical education in obstetrics and pediatrics, and longer-term developmental outcomes. In this article, we review the development in this field since our last review.
Dotinga, Baukje M.; Bao, Mian; Solberg, Rønnaug; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Hulscher, Jan B. F. & Bos, Arend F. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Gene expression in the intestine of newborn piglets after hypoxia-reoxygenation. Pediatric Research. ISSN 0031-3998. 94, p. 1365–1372. doi: 10.1038/s41390-023-02657-4. Full text in Research Archive
Sweet, David G.; Carnielli, Virgilio P.; Greisen, Gorm; Hallman, Mikko; Klebermass-Schrehof, Katrin & Ozek, Eren [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2022 Update. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 120(1), p. 3–23. doi: 10.1159/000528914. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) care pathways evolve slowly as new evidence emerges. We report the sixth version of “European Guidelines for the Management of RDS” by a panel of experienced European neonatologists and an expert perinatal obstetrician based on available literature up to end of 2022. Optimising outcome for babies with RDS includes prediction of risk of preterm delivery, appropriate maternal transfer to a perinatal centre, and appropriate and timely use of antenatal steroids. Evidence-based lung-protective management includes initiation of non-invasive respiratory support from birth, judicious use of oxygen, early surfactant administration, caffeine therapy, and avoidance of intubation and mechanical ventilation where possible. Methods of ongoing non-invasive respiratory support have been further refined and may help reduce chronic lung disease. As technology for delivering mechanical ventilation improves, the risk of causing lung injury should decrease, although minimising time spent on mechanical ventilation by targeted use of postnatal corticosteroids remains essential. The general care of infants with RDS is also reviewed, including emphasis on appropriate cardiovascular support and judicious use of antibiotics as being important determinants of best outcome. We would like to dedicate this guideline to the memory of Professor Henry Halliday who died on November 12, 2022.These updated guidelines contain evidence from recent Cochrane reviews and medical literature since 2019. Strength of evidence supporting recommendations has been evaluated using the GRADE system. There are changes to some of the previous recommendations as well as some changes to the strength of evidence supporting recommendations that have not changed. This guideline has been endorsed by the European Society for Paediatric Research (ESPR) and the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies (UENPS).
Aagaard, Ellisiv Nerdrum; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2023). Significance of Neonatal Heart Rate in the Delivery Room—A Review. Children. 10(9). doi: 10.3390/children10091551. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Background: Heart rate (HR) is considered the main vital sign in newborns during perinatal transition, with a threshold of 100 beats per minute (bpm), below which, intervention is recommended. However, recent changes in delivery room management, including delayed cord clamping, are likely to have influenced normal HR transition. Objective: To summarize the updated knowledge about the factors, including measurement methods, that influence HR in newborn infants immediately after birth. Additionally, this paper provides an overview of delivery room HR as a prognostic indicator in different subgroups of newborns. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar with the terms infant, heart rate, delivery room, resuscitation, pulse oximetry, and electrocardiogram. Results: Seven studies that described HR values in newborn infants immediately after birth were included. Pulse oximetry-derived HR percentiles after immediate cord clamping may not be applicable to the current practice of delayed cord clamping and the increasing use of delivery room electrocardiograms. Mask ventilation may adversely affect HR, particularly in premature and non-asphyxiated infants. Prolonged bradycardia is a negative prognostic factor, especially if combined with hypoxemia in infants <32 weeks of gestation. Conclusions: HR assessment in the delivery room remains important. However, the cardiopulmonary transition is affected by delayed cord clamping, gestational age, and underlying conditions.
Tune, Benedicte Grebstad; Melheim, Maria; Atneosen-Åsegg, Monica; Dotinga, Baukje; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Solberg, Rønnaug [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Long Non-Coding RNAs in Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress: Novel Insights Investigating a Piglet Model of Perinatal Asphyxia. Biology (Basel). 12(4). doi: 10.3390/biology12040549. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Birth asphyxia is the leading cause of death and disability in young children worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may provide novel targets and intervention strategies due to their regulatory potential, as demonstrated in various diseases and conditions. We investigated cardinal lncRNAs involved in oxidative stress, hypoxia, apoptosis, and DNA damage using a piglet model of perinatal asphyxia. A total of 42 newborn piglets were randomized into 4 study arms: (1) hypoxia –normoxic reoxygenation, (2) hypoxia–3 min of hyperoxic reoxygenation, (3) hypoxia–30 min of hyperoxic reoxygenation, and (4) sham-operated controls. The expression of lncRNAs BDNF-AS, H19, MALAT1, ANRIL, TUG1, and PANDA, together with the related target genes VEGFA, BDNF, TP53, HIF1α, and TNFα, was assessed in the cortex, the hippocampus, the white matter, and the cerebellum using qPCR and Droplet Digital PCR. Exposure to hypoxia–reoxygenation significantly altered the transcription levels of BDNF-AS, H19, MALAT1, and ANRIL. BDNF-AS levels were significantly enhanced after both hypoxia and subsequent hyperoxic reoxygenation, 8% and 100% O2, respectively. Our observations suggest an emerging role for lncRNAs as part of the molecular response to hypoxia-induced damages during perinatal asphyxia. A better understanding of the regulatory properties of BDNF-AS and other lncRNAs may reveal novel targets and intervention strategies in the future.
Stenersen, Eydis Oddsdottir; Olsen, Annette; Melheim, Maria; Solberg, Rønnaug; Dannevig, Ingrid & Schmölzer, Georg [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). A Piglet Perinatal Asphyxia Model to Study Cardiac Injury and Hemodynamics after Cardiac Arrest, Resuscitation, and the Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2023(191). doi: 10.3791/64788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Neonatal piglets have been extensively used as translational models for perinatal asphyxia. In 2007, we adapted a well-established piglet asphyxia model by introducing cardiac arrest. This enabled us to study the impact of severe asphyxia on key outcomes, including the time taken for the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), as well as the effect of chest compressions according to alternative protocols for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Due to the anatomical and physiological similarities between piglets and human neonates, piglets serve as good models in studies of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and hemodynamic monitoring. In fact, this cardiac arrest model has provided evidence for guideline development through research on resuscitation protocols, pathophysiology, biomarkers, and novel methods for hemodynamic monitoring. Notably, the incidental finding that a substantial fraction of piglets have pulseless electrical activity (PEA) during cardiac arrest may increase the applicability of the model (i.e., it may be used to study pathophysiology extending beyond the perinatal period). However, the model generation is technically challenging and requires various skill sets, dedicated personnel, and a fine balance of the measures, including the surgical protocols and the use of sedatives/analgesics, to ensure a reasonable rate of survival. In this paper, the protocol is described in detail, as well as experiences with adaptations to the protocol over the years.
Lawn, Joy E; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Ezeaka, Chinyere & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2023). Ending Preventable Neonatal Deaths: Multicountry Evidence to Inform Accelerated Progress to the Sustainable Development Goal by 2030. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 120(4), p. 491–499. doi: 10.1159/000530496. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Introduction: The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2 aims for every country to reach a neonatal mortality rate (NMR) of ≤12/1,000 live births by 2030. More than 60 countries are off track, and 2.3 million newborns still die each year. Urgent action is needed, but varies by context, notably mortality level. Methods: We applied a five-phase NMR transition model based on national analyses for 195 UN member states: I (NMR &gt;45), II (30–&lt;45), III (15–&lt;30), IV (5–&lt;15), and V (&lt;5). We analyzed data over the last century from selected countries to inform strategies to reach SDG3.2. We also undertook impact analyses for packages of care using the Lives Saved Tool software. Results: An NMR of &lt;15/1,000 requires firstly wide-scale access to maternity care and hospital care for small and sick newborns, including skilled nurses and doctors, safe oxygen use, and respiratory support, such as CPAP. Neonatal mortality could be reduced to the SDG target of ≤12/1,000 with further scale-up of small and sick newborn care. To reduce neonatal mortality further, more investment is required in infrastructure, device bundles (e.g., phototherapy, ventilation), and careful attention to infection prevention. To reach phase V (NMR &lt;5), which is closer to ending preventable newborn deaths, additional technologies and therapies such as mechanical ventilation and surfactant replacement therapy are needed, as well as higher staffing ratios. Conclusions: Learning from high-income country is important, including what not to do. Introduction of new technologies should be according to the country’s phase. Early focus on disability-free survival and family involvement is also crucial.
Katheria, Anup; Schmölzer, Georg M.; Janvier, Annie; Kapadia, Vishal; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Vento, Maximo [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). A Narrative Review of the Rationale for Conducting Neonatal Emergency Studies with a Waived or Deferred Consent Approach. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 120(3), p. 344–352. doi: 10.1159/000530257. Full text in Research Archive
Myrhaug, Hilde Tinderholt; Kaasen, Anne; Pay, Aase Serine Devold; Henriksen, Lena; Smedslund, Geir & Saugstad, Ola Didrik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Umbilical cord blood acid–base analysis at birth and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 130(10), p. 1156–1166. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.17480. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Background: Umbilical cord blood acid–base sampling is routinely performed at many hospitals. Recent studies have questioned this practice and the association of acidosis with cerebral palsy. Objective: To investigate the associations between the results of umbilical cord blood acid–base analysis at birth and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and mor- tality in children. Search strategy: We searched six databases using the search strategy: umbilical cord AND outcomes. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials, cohorts and case–control studies from high-income countries that investigated the association between umbilical cord blood analysis and neurodevelopmental outcomes and mortality from 1 year after birth in children born at term. Data collection and analysis: We critically assessed the included studies, extracted data and conducted meta-analyses comparing adverse outcomes between children with and without acidosis, and the mean proportions of adverse outcomes. The cer- tainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. Main results: We have very low confidence in the following findings: acidosis was associated with higher cognitive development scores compared with non-acidosis (mean difference 5.18, 95% CI 0.84–9.52; n = two studies). Children with acidosis also showed a tendency towards higher risk of death (relative risk [RR] 5.72, 95% CI 0.90–36.27; n = four studies) and CP (RR 3.40, 95% CI 0.86–13.39; n = four studies), although this was not statistically significant. The proportion of children with CP was 2.39/1000 across the studies, assessed as high certainty evidence. Conclusion: Due to low certainty of evidence, the associations between umbilical cord blood gas analysis at delivery and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in children remains unclear.
Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Kirpalani, Haresh (2023). Searching for evidence in neonatology. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 112(8), p. 1648–1652. doi: 10.1111/apa.16815. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Evidence-based medicine has changed clinical practice by incorporating data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). While some biases in RCTs are well recognised, we discuss some less acknowledged. Selection bias may arise in the consent stage. Industry-funded studies more often report a positive outcome. Post-hoc changes of outcome measures and other mis-reporting lowers the reliability of outcome data. Finally, even the GRADE system retains subjectivity. Conclusion Moving from “intuition” into “evidence-based” medicine involves grappling with several pitfalls. These pose challenges for authors, editors, reviewers, and readers. All require vigilance before drawing conclusions from presented data.
Robbins, Mary E. & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2023). Oxygen for newborn resuscitation: a narrative review. Pediatric Medicine. 6, p. 1–11. doi: 10.21037/pm-21-110. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Background and Objective: Supplemental oxygen was used for newborn resuscitation for the first 200 years after its discovery; however, over the last 50 years the safety of this practice has been called into question. Discovery of hypoxanthine, which is produced under anaerobic conditions and when oxidized produces free radicals, called into question the safety of supplemental oxygen following a hypoxic period, especially intrauterine hypoxia. The goal of this review is to examine the bench to bedside transition of this field of research and how it led to practice change regarding neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room. Methods: In order to synthesize key findings for the objectives of this review, we searched literature published up to August 31, 2021 using PubMed with the following keywords: “Hypoxanthine”, “Hypoxia”, and “Oxidative stress”; with a second search including the terms “Neonatal”, “Resuscitation”, “Oxygen”, “Room air”. Key Content and Findings: The early neonatal hypoxanthine studies coincided with an increased appreciate for oxidative injury that happens following hypoxia-reperfusion, such as neonatal resuscitation following intrauterine asphyxia. Based on 10 feasibility and safety studies in infants mostly >35 weeks gestation, resuscitation with air proved to be superior to 100% O2 in mortality which led to a change in the standard of care. The physiology that causes a preterm infant to require resuscitation at birth is not the same as term infants; therefore, these infants require oxygen supplementation during resuscitation although unavoidable oxidative stress from this necessary oxygen exposure does occur. Conclusions: Today it is recommended to start with air in the delivery room if term or near-term newborn infants need positive pressure ventilation (PPV) immediately after birth. This discovery may prevent up to half a million newborn deaths annually. For premature infants <35 weeks gestational age supplemental oxygen may be needed; however, the optimal initial oxygen concentration for the most immature infants is not known.
Rajar, Polona; Dhariwal, Achal; Silva, Gabriela Salvadori Da; Junges, Roger; Åmdal, Heidi Aarø & Berild, Dag [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Microbial DNA extraction of high-host content and low biomass samples: Optimized protocol for nasopharynx metagenomic studies. Frontiers in Microbiology. 13, p. 1–15. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1038120. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Introduction Low microbial biomass and high human DNA content in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples hinder comprehensive characterization of microbiota and resistome. We obtained samples from premature infants, a group with increased risk of developing respiratory disorders and infections, and consequently frequent exposure to antibiotics. Our aim was to devise an optimal protocol for handling nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from premature infants, focusing on host DNA depletion and microbiome and resistome characterization. Methods Three depletion and three DNA extraction protocols were compared, using RT-PCR and whole metagenome sequencing to determine the efficiency of human DNA removal, taxonomic profiling and assignment of antibiotic resistance genes. Protocols were tested using mock communities, as well as pooled and individual patient samples. Results The only extraction protocol to retrieve the expected DNA yield from mock community samples was based on a lytic method to improve Gram positive recovery (MasterPure™). Host DNA content in non-depleted aliquots from pooled patient samples was 99%. Only samples depleted with MolYsis™ showed satisfactory, but varied reduction in host DNA content, in both pooled and individual patient samples, allowing for microbiome and resistome characterisation (host DNA content from 15% to 98%). Other depletion protocols either retrieved too low total DNA yields, preventing further analysis, or failed to reduce host DNA content. By using Mol_MasterPure protocol on aliquots from pooled patient samples, we increased the number of bacterial reads by 7.6 to 1,725.8-fold compared to non-depleted reference samples. PCR results were indicative of achieved microbial enrichment. Individual patient samples processed with Mol_MasterPure protocol varied greatly in total DNA yield, host DNA content (from 40% to 98%), species and antibiotic resistance gene richness. Discussion Despite high human DNA and low microbial biomass content in nasopharynx aspirates of preterm infants, we were able to reduce host DNA content to levels compatible with downstream shotgun metagenomic analysis, including bacterial species identification and coverage of antibiotic resistance genes. Whole metagenomic sequencing of microbes colonizing the nasopharynx may contribute to explaining the possible role of airway microbiota in respiratory conditions and reveal carriage of antibiotic resistance genes.
Trivedi, Shamik; Eger, Siw Helen & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). Resuscitation of the Newborn Development of Algorithms, Present Status and Future Perspectives. In Sá, R.A. Moreira de & Fonseca, E.B. (Ed.), Perinatology: Evidence-based Best Practices in Perinatal Medicine, Volume II. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030834333. p. 1269–1288. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-83434-0_67. Full text in Research Archive
Ueland, Marthe; Hajdarevic, Riad; Mella, Olav; Strand, Elin Bolle; Duarte, Sosa Daysi & Saugstad, Ola Didrik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). No replication of previously reported association with genetic variants in the T cell receptor alpha (TRA) locus for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Translational Psychiatry. 12:277, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-02046-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disease with a variety of symptoms such as post-exertional malaise, fatigue, and pain, but where aetiology and pathogenesis are unknown. An increasing number of studies have implicated the involvement of the immune system in ME/CFS. Furthermore, a hereditary component is suggested by the reported increased risk for disease in relatives, and genetic association studies are being performed to identify potential risk variants. We recently reported an association with the immunologically important human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes HLA-C and HLA-DQB1 in ME/ CFS. Furthermore, a genome-wide genetic association study in 42 ME/CFS patients reported significant association signals with two variants in the T cell receptor alpha (TRA) locus (P value <5 × 10−8 ). As the T cell receptors interact with the HLA molecules, we aimed to replicate the previously reported findings in the TRA locus using a large Norwegian ME/CFS cohort (409 cases and 810 controls) and data from the UK biobank (2105 cases and 4786 controls). We investigated numerous SNPs in the TRA locus, including the two previously ME/CFS-associated variants, rs11157573 and rs17255510. No associations were observed in the Norwegian cohort, and there was no significant association with the two previously reported SNPs in any of the cohorts. However, other SNPs showed signs of association (P value <0.05) in the UK Biobank cohort and meta-analyses of Norwegian and UK biobank cohorts, but none survived correction for multiple testing. Hence, our research did not identify any reliable associations with variants in the TRA locus.
Haavaldsen, Camilla; Morken, Nils-Halvdan; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Eskild, Anne (2022). Is the increasing prevalence of labor induction accompanied by changes in pregnancy outcomes? An observational study of all singleton births at gestational weeks 37–42 in Norway during 1999–2019. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. p. 1–16. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14489. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Introduction Induction of labor is often performed to prevent adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, and has become increasingly common. We studied whether changes in prevalence of labor induction in gestational weeks 37–42 weeks were accompanied by changes in adverse pregnancy outcomes or mode of delivery. Material and methods We used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, and included all singleton births in gestational weeks 37–42 in Norway, 1999–2019 (n = 1 127 945). We calculated the prevalence of labor induction and outcome measures according to year of birth. We repeated these calculations for each gestational week at birth. Results The prevalence of labor induction increased from 9.7% to 25.9%, and the increase was particularly high in gestational week 41. A modest decline in fetal deaths was observed in all gestational weeks, except gestational week 41. The overall decline was from 0.18% in 1999–2004 to 0.13% during 2015–2019. There were no overall changes in other perinatal outcomes. The prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage ≥500 ml increased from 11.4% in 1999 to 30.1% in 2019, and operative deliveries increased slightly. The prevalence of acute cesarean section increased from 6.5% to 9.3%, whereas vacuum and/or forceps assisted deliveries increased from 7.8% to 10.4%. Conclusions A high increase in labor inductions was accompanied by a modest decline in fetal deaths, but no decline in other adverse perinatal outcomes. In settings where the prevalence of adverse perinatal outcomes is low, the beneficial effect of increased use of labor induction may not outweigh the side effects or the costs.
Sankaran, Deepika; Lakshminrusimha, Satyan & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). Physiology of neonatal resuscitation: Giant strides with small breaths. Seminars in Perinatology. ISSN 0146-0005. 46(6). doi: 10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151620. Full text in Research Archive
Oei, Ju Lee; Kapadia, Vishal; Rabi, Yacov; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Rook, Denise & Vermeulen, Marijn J. [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants after randomisation to initial resuscitation with lower (FiO2 <0.3) or higher (FiO2 >0.6) initial oxygen levels. An individual patient meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. ISSN 1359-2998. 107(4), p. 386–392. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-321565. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). Oxygenation of the newborn. The impact of one molecule on newborn lives. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. ISSN 0300-5577. 51(1), p. 20–26. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0259. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Abstract Hypoxanthine is a purine metabolite which increases during hypoxia and therefore is an indicator of this condition. Further, when hypoxanthine is oxidized to uric acid in the presence of xanthine oxidase, oxygen radicals are generated. This was the theoretical basis for suggesting and studying, beginning in the 1990s, resuscitation of newborn infants with air instead of the traditional 100% O 2 . These studies demonstrated a 30% reduction in mortality when resuscitation of term and near term infants was carried out with air compared to pure oxygen. The mechanism for this is not fully understood, however the hypoxanthine –xanthine oxidase system increases oxidative stress and plays a role in regulation of the perinatal circulation. Further, hyperoxic resuscitation inhibits mitochondrial function, and one reason may be that genes involved in ATP production are down-regulated. Thus, the study of one single molecule, hypoxanthine, has contributed to the global prevention of an estimated 2–500,000 annual infant deaths.
Sotiropoulos, James Xavier; Vento, Maximo; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Oei, Ju Lee (2022). The quest for optimum oxygenation during newborn delivery room resuscitation: Is it the baby or is it us? Seminars in Perinatology. ISSN 0146-0005. 46(6). doi: 10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151622. Full text in Research Archive
Almaas, Runar & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Pregnancy in Women with Galactosemia. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 233, p. 118–118. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.02.032. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 238, p. 32–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.044. Full text in Research Archive
Shah, Malika D. & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). Newborns at risk of Covid-19 - Lessons from the last year. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. ISSN 0300-5577. 49(6), p. 643–649. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0258. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Robertson, Nicola J. & Vento, Maximo (2021). A critical review of the 2020 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation treatment recommendations for resuscitating the newly born infant. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 110(4), p. 1107–1112. doi: 10.1111/apa.15754. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The 2020 recommendations from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation are an improved version of the 2015 version. The algorithm and 15 procedures are unchanged from 2015, but there are six procedures with new or changed recommendations. One new recommendation is briefing/debriefing following neonatal resuscitation. Procedures with changed suggestions/recommendations are as follows: suctioning of non-vigorous infants delivered through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, sustained inflation of preterm infants, optimising epinephrine (adrenaline), vascular access and discontinuing resuscitative efforts. Conclusion In this review, we summarise the present recommendations and offer additional comments and views regarding heart rate detection, cord clamping, oxygenation and thermal control.
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Neonates. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 235, p. 57–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.004. Full text in Research Archive
Mathias, Maxwell; Chang, Jill; Perez, Marta & Saugstad, Ola (2021). Supplemental oxygen in the newborn: Historical perspective and current trends. Antioxidants. 10(12), p. 1–13. doi: 10.3390/antiox10121879. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, and a lack of oxygen can result in bioenergetic failure and cell death. Thus, administration of supplemental concentrations of oxygen to overcome barriers to tissue oxygen delivery (e.g., heart failure, lung disease, ischemia), can rescue dying cells where cellular oxygen content is low. However, the balance of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption relies on tightly controlled oxygen gradients and compartmentalized redox potential. While therapeutic oxygen delivery can be life-saving, it can disrupt growth and development, impair bioenergetic function, and induce inflammation. Newborns, and premature newborns especially, have features that confer particular susceptibility to hyperoxic injury due to oxidative stress. In this review, we will describe the unique features of newborn redox physiology and antioxidant defenses, the history of therapeutic oxygen use in this population and its role in disease, and clinical trends in the use of therapeutic oxygen and mitigation of neonatal oxidative injury.
Bruckner, Marlies; Lista, Gianluca; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Schmölzer, Georg M. (2021). Delivery room management of asphyxiated term and near-term infants. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 118(4), p. 487–499. doi: 10.1159/000516429. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Approximately 800,000 newborns die annually due to birth asphyxia. The resuscitation of asphyxiated term newly born infants often occurs unexpected and is challenging for healthcare providers as it demands experience and knowledge in neonatal resuscitation. Current neonatal resuscitation guidelines often focus on resuscitation of extremely and/or very preterm infants; however, the recommendations for asphyxiated term newborn infants differ in some aspects to those for preterm infants (i.e., respiratory support, supplemental oxygen, and temperature management). Since the update of the neonatal resuscitation guidelines in 2015, several studies examining various resuscitation approaches to improve the outcome of asphyxiated infants have been published. In this review, we discuss current recommendations and recent findings and provide an overview of delivery room management of asphyxiated term newborn infants.
Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Kapadia, Vishal & Oei, Ju Lee (2021). Oxygen in the First Minutes of Life in Very Preterm Infants. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 118(2), p. 218–224. doi: 10.1159/000516261. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Diagnostic Utility of the Newborn Electrocardiogram. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 229, p. 32–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.073. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Neonatal Platelet Aggregation: Effects of Antenatal Aspirin. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 235, p. 219–219. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.04.064. Full text in Research Archive
Gottimukkala, Sasi Bhushan; Sotiropoulos, James Xavier; Lorente-Pozo, Sheila; Sharma, Abhineet Monti; Vento, Maximo & Saugstad, Ola Didrik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Oxygen saturation (SpO2) targeting for newborn infants at delivery: Are we reaching for an impossible unknown? Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1744-165X. 26(2), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101220. Full text in Research Archive
Dotinga, Baukje M.; Solberg, Rønnaug; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Bos, Arend F. & Kooi, Elisabeth M. W. (2021). Splanchnic oxygen saturation during reoxygenation with 21% or 100% O<inf>2</inf> in newborn piglets. Pediatric Research. ISSN 0031-3998. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01819-6. Full text in Research Archive
Sotiropoulos, James X.; Kapadia, Vishal; Vento, Maximo; Rabi, Yacov; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Kumar, R. Kishore [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2021). Oxygen for the delivery room respiratory support of moderate-to-late preterm infants. An international survey of clinical practice from 21 countries. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 110(12), p. 3261–3268. doi: 10.1111/apa.16091. Full text in Research Archive
Kapadia, Vishal; Oei, Ju Lee; Finer, Neil; Rich, Wade; Rabi, Yacov & Wright, Ian M. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Outcomes of delivery room resuscitation of bradycardic preterm infants: A retrospective cohort study of randomised trials of high vs low initial oxygen concentration and an individual patient data analysis. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 167, p. 209–217. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.08.023. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: The Oxygen Dilemma. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 231, p. 1–1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.11.036. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Fetal Heart Rate Patterns and Umbilical Cord Base Deficit. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 236, p. 39–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.054. Full text in Research Archive
Hajdarevic, Riad; Lande, Asgeir; Rekeland, Ingrid Gurvin; Rydland, Anne; Strand, Elin Bolle & Sosa, Daysi Duarte [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Fine mapping of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) suggests involvement of both HLA class I and class II loci. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. ISSN 0889-1591. 98, p. 101–109. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.219. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The etiology of myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is unknown, but involvement of the immune system is one of the proposed underlying mechanisms. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations are hallmarks of immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases. We have previously performed high resolution HLA genotyping and detected associations between ME/CFS and certain HLA class I and class II alleles. However, the HLA complex harbors numerous genes of immunological importance, and there is extensive and complex linkage disequilibrium across the region. In the current study, we aimed to fine map the association signals in the HLA complex by genotyping five additional classical HLA loci and 5,342 SNPs in 427 Norwegian ME/CFS patients, diagnosed according to the Canadian Consensus Criteria, and 480 healthy Norwegian controls. SNP association analysis revealed two distinct and independent association signals (p ≤ 0.001) tagged by rs4711249 in the HLA class I region and rs9275582 in the HLA class II region. Furthermore, the primary association signal in the HLA class II region was located within the HLA-DQ gene region, most likely due to HLA-DQB1, particularly the amino acid position 57 (aspartic acid/alanine) in the peptide binding groove, or an intergenic SNP upstream of HLA-DQB1. In the HLA class I region, the putative causal locus might map outside the classical HLA genes as the association signal spans several genes (DDR1, GTF2H4, VARS2, SFTA2 and DPCR1) with expression levels influenced by the ME/CFS associated SNP genotype. Taken together, our results implicate the involvement of the MHC, and in particular the HLA-DQB1 gene, in ME/CFS. These findings should be replicated in larger cohorts, particularly to verify the putative involvement of HLA-DQB1, a gene important for antigen-presentation to T cells and known to harbor alleles providing the largest risk for well–established autoimmune diseases.
Solevåg, Anne Lee; Andresen, Jannicke H. & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Neonatal Anemia Prevention and Treatment. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 234, p. 1–1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.03.060. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). What did I learn as a neonatologist over 40 years and what impact did Napoleon have on modern newborn medicine? Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 109(5), p. 877–879. doi: 10.1111/apa.15170. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). Acetaminophen and the Developing Brain: Reason for Concern? Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 117(2), p. 245–248. doi: 10.1159/000505954. Full text in Research Archive
Lande, Asgeir; Fluge, Øystein; Strand, Elin Bolle; Flåm, Siri Tennebø; Duarte, Sosa Daysi & Mella, Olav [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles Associated With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Scientific Reports. 10:5267(1), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62157-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The etiology and pathogenesis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) are unknown, and autoimmunity is one of many proposed underlying mechanisms. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations are hallmarks of autoimmune disease, and have not been thoroughly investigated in a large ME/CFS patient cohort. We performed high resolution HLA -A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 genotyping by next generation sequencing in 426 adult, Norwegian ME/CFS patients, diagnosed according to the Canadian Consensus Criteria. HLA associations were assessed by comparing to 4511 healthy and ethnically matched controls. Clinical information was collected through questionnaires completed by patients or relatives. We discovered two independent HLA associations, tagged by the alleles HLA-C*07:04 (OR 2.1 [95% CI 1.4–3.1]) and HLA-DQB1*03:03 (OR 1.5 [95% CI 1.1–2.0]). These alleles were carried by 7.7% and 12.7% of ME/CFS patients, respectively. The proportion of individuals carrying one or both of these alleles was 19.2% in the patient group and 12.2% in the control group (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.3–2.2], pnc = 0.00003). ME/CFS is a complex disease, potentially with a substantial heterogeneity. We report novel HLA associations pointing toward the involvement of the immune system in ME/CFS pathogenesis.
Rajar, Polona; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Berild, Dag; Dutta, Anirban; Greisen, Gorm & Lausten-Thomsen, Ulrik [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Antibiotic stewardship in premature infants: a systematic review. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 117(6), p. 673–686. doi: 10.1159/000511710. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Introduction: Antibiotic treatment in premature infants is often empirically prescribed, and practice varies widely among otherwise comparable neonatal intensive care units. Unnecessary and prolonged antibiotic treatment is documented in numerous studies. Recent research shows serious side effects and suggests long-term adverse health effects in prematurely born infants exposed to antibiotics in early life. One preventive measure to reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure is implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs. Our objective was to review the literature on implemented antibiotic stewardship programs including premature infants with gestational age ≤34 weeks. Methods: Six academic databases (PubMed [Medline], McMaster PLUS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, UpToDate, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) were systematically searched. PRISMA guidelines were applied. Results: The search retrieved 1,212 titles of which 12 fitted inclusion criteria (11 observational studies and 1 randomized clinical trial). Included articles were critically appraised. We grouped the articles according to common area of implemented stewardship actions: (1) focus on reducing initiation of antibiotic therapy, (2) focus on shortening duration of antibiotic therapy, (3) various organizational stewardship implementations. The heterogeneity of cohort composition, of implemented actions and of outcome measures made meta-analysis inappropriate. We provide an overview of the reduction in antibiotic use achieved. Conclusion: Antibiotic stewardship programs can be effective for premature newborns especially when multifactorial and tailored to this population, focusing on reducing initiation or on shortening the duration of antibiotic therapy. Programs without specific measures were less effective.
Dypvik, Johanne; Larsen, Sandra; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Eskild, Anne (2020). Placental Weight and Risk of Neonatal Death. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 174(2), p. 197–199. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4556. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). Oxygen metabolism and oxygenation of the newborn. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1744-165X. 25:101078(2), p. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101078. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The premature infant is to some extent protected from hypoxia, however defense against hyperoxia is poorly developed. The optimal assessment of oxygenation is to measure oxygen delivery and extraction. At the bedside PaO2 and SpO2 are approximations of oxygenation at the tissue level. After birth asphyxia it is crucial to know whether or not to give oxygen supplementation, when, how much, and for how long. Oxygen saturation targets in the delivery room have been studied, but the optimal targets might still be unknown because factors like gender and delayed cord clamping influence saturation levels. However, SpO2 > 80% at 5 min of age is associated with favorable long term outcome in preterm babies. Immature infants most often need oxygen supplementation beyond the delivery room. Predefined saturation levels, and narrow alarm limits together with the total oxygen exposure may impact on development of oxygen related diseases like ROP and BPD. Hyperoxia is a strong trigger for genetic and epigenetic changes, contributing to the development of these conditions and perhaps lifelong changes.
Omer, Murwan; Melo, Ashanty Maggvie; Kelly, Lynne; Dermott, Emma Jane Mac; Leahy, Timothy Ronan & Killeen, Orla [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Emerging Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Interleukin-1β in Neonates. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 117(5), p. 545–554. doi: 10.1159/000507584. Full text in Research Archive
Innerdal, Mari; Simaga, I.; Diall, H.; Eielsen, M.; Niermeyer, Susan & Eielsen, Olav V [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Reduction in perinatal mortality after implementation of HBB training at a district hospital in Mali. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. ISSN 0142-6338. 66(3), p. 315–321. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmz072. Full text in Research Archive
Haumont, Dominique; Modi, Neena; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Antetere, Rosine; NguyenBa, Cuong & Turner, Mark [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Evaluating preterm care across Europe using the eNewborn European Network database. Pediatric Research. ISSN 0031-3998. 88(3), p. 484–495. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-0769-x. Full text in Research Archive

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Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). Oxygen – kampen om luft. Cayenne. ISBN 9789198730616. 260 p. Full text in Research Archive

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Ohnstad, Mari Oma & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2025). Fra oksygen til luft – et gjennombrudd i nyfødtmedisin med Ola Didrik Saugstad - Neo-snakkis | Podcast on Spotify. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
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Aagaard, Ellisiv Nerdrum; Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2024). Correction to: Significance of Neonatal Heart Rate in the Delivery Room—A Review (Children, (2023), 10, 9, (1551), 10.3390/children10091551). Children. 11(1). doi: 10.3390/children11010120. Full text in Research Archive
Speer, Christian P. & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2024). Recent Advances in Neonatal Medicine: An International Scientific and Educational Forum. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. doi: 10.1159/000540482. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Speer, Christian P. (2024). The Journal Neonatology: Up to New Frontiers. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. doi: 10.1159/000539273. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2023). Oxygen to the newborn—too little or too much? Pediatric Medicine. 6. doi: 10.21037/PM-22-60. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Modi, Neena; Moretti, Corrado; Obladen, Michael; Vento, Maximo & Speer, Christian P. (2023). Newborns and Children in War and Terror. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. doi: 10.1159/000535401. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2023). Automated oxygen control for routine use in the NICU—Are we there? Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 112(6), p. 1142–1144. doi: 10.1111/apa.16751. Full text in Research Archive
Lakshminrusimha, Satyan; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Vento, Maximo (2023). Lung Aeration During Deferred Cord Clamping—No Additional Benefits in Infants Born Preterm? Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.11.029. Full text in Research Archive
Volstad, K; Melheim, Maria; Saugstad, Ola Didrik; Stiris, Tom; Baumbusch, Lars Oliver & Andresen, Jannicke Hanne (2023). Effect of nicotine on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense in newborn asphyxiated piglets. Full text in Research Archive
Solberg, Rønnaug & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). Oxygen toxicity. In Donn, Steven M.; Mammel, Mark C. & Kaam, Anton van (Ed.), Manual of Neonatal Respiratory Care. Springer. ISSN 9783030939960. p. 77–82. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-93997-7_7. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee; Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Iron Supplementation in Infants Born at Term. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 245, p. 110–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.020. Full text in Research Archive
Sotiropoulos, James X.; Oei, Ju Lee; Schmölzer, Georg M.; Hunter, Kylie E.; Williams, Jonathan G. & Webster, Angela C. [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). NET work M eta-analysis of T rials of i nitial O xygen in preterm N ewborns (NETMOTION): A Protocol for Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Network Meta-Analysis of Preterm Infants <32 Weeks' Gestation Randomized to Initial Oxygen Concentration for Resuscitation. Neonatology. ISSN 1661-7800. 119(4), p. 517–524. doi: 10.1159/000525127. Full text in Research Archive
Rajar, Polona; Dhariwal, Achal; Salvadori, Gabriela; Junges, Roger; Åmdal, Heidi Aarø & Berild, Dag [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Microbial DNA extraction of high-host content and low biomass samples: optimized protocol for nasopharynx metagenomic studies. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Low microbial biomass and high human DNA content in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples hinder comprehensive characterization of microbiota and resistome. We obtained samples from premature infants, a group with increased risk of developing respiratory disorders and infections, and consequently frequent exposure to antibiotics. Our aim was to devise an optimal protocol for handling nasopharyngeal aspirates from premature infants, focusing on host DNA depletion and microbiome and resistome characterization. Three depletion and three DNA extraction protocols were compared, using RT-PCR and whole metagenome sequencing to determine the efficiency of human DNA removal, taxonomic profiling and assignment of antibiotic resistance genes. Protocols were tested using mock communities, as well as pooled and individual patient samples. The only extraction protocol to retrieve the expected DNA yield from mock community samples was based on a lytic method to improve Gram positive recovery (MasterPure™). Only samples depleted with MolYsis™ showed satisfactory, but varied reduction in host DNA content, in both pooled and individual patient samples, allowing for microbiome and resistome characterisation (host DNA content from 15% to 98%). PCR results were indicative of achieved microbial enrichment. Despite high human DNA and low microbial biomass content in nasopharynx aspirates of preterm infants, we were able to reduce host DNA content to levels compatible with downstream shotgun metagenomic analysis, including bacterial species identification and coverage of antibiotic resistance genes. Whole metagenomic sequencing of microbes colonizing the nasopharynx may contribute to explaining the possible role of airway microbiota in respiratory conditions and reveal carriage of antibiotic resistance genes.
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Maternal Cytomegalovirus Infection. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 241, p. 211–211. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.11.027. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Monif et al reported their investigation of the correlation between maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection andneonatal disease in The Journal 50 years ago. They took serum samples from pregnant women at the time of prenatal registration—identifying CMV-negative subjects; they followed them to find seroconversion, indicating maternal CMV infection. The neonates were tested after birth, with CMV IgM in cord blood, and direct virus detection in urine. Of the 664 CMV-negative pregnancies, there were 2 seroconversions during the second and 2 during the third trimester. The neonates infected during the second trimester showed microcephaly and hepatosplenomegaly; the ne- onates infected later were asymptomatic. All the neonates had positive urine samples and positive CMV IgM. The au- thors questioned if maternal CMV infection during gestation leads to dissemination of the virus to the fetus, regardless of gestation, and they concluded that CMV infection in the fetus is not related to the timing of the maternal infection. The majority of neonates with congenital CMV infection are normal at birth and do well, but approximately 15% will have long-term sequelae presenting as hearing loss, problems with vision, cognition, and motor function. CMV is transmitted to the fetus in approximately 20% of cases in first-trimester infections but leads to more severe symptoms and long-term outcome. In the third trimester, the rate of fetal infection is approximately 75%, and the neonates are asymptomatic.1 Monif et al conclude that neonatal infection can occur at any period of gestation and that severity is related to longer duration. It is, however, not the duration of the infection, but the vulnerability of the fetus at earlier gestations, that decides the severity of the infection. Congenital CMV preventative measures are of unknown impact, and a vaccine is not available. Studies on antiviral drugs and immunoglobulins show some effect, but their use is still not routinely recommended. CMV still is as hot a topic today as it was 50 years ago.
Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Fatal Genetic Newborn Lung Disease. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 244, p. 114–114. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.02.020. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Recoarctation of the Aorta. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 244, p. 91–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.02.024. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Umbilical Arterial Catheter and Umbilical Vessel Catheterization Use and Complications. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 244, p. e9–e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.02.023. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Birth Weight Versus Gestational Age as Outcome Predictors. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 243, p. 60–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.061. Full text in Research Archive
Landsverk, Hans Christian Erichsen; Almaas, Runar & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2022). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Hemiallogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation—from Last Resort to a Viable Treatment Option. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 243, p. 213–213. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.064. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Neonatal Herpes Virus Infection in the Preacyclovir Era. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 236, p. 61–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.055. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy in the Neonate. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 230, p. 125–125. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.054. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: The Newborn Electrocardiogram. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 228, p. 52–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.074. Full text in Research Archive
Almaas, Runar & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Diagnosis of Self-Mutilation and Hyperuricemia. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 237, p. 86–86. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.034. Full text in Research Archive
Almaas, Runar & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 years ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Hepatopulmonary syndrome: Transplantation Is the big difference. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 229, p. 69–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.074. Full text in Research Archive
Rønning, Rolf & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/KzG2Xy/me-pasientene-fikk-rett. Full text in Research Archive
Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Vento, Maximo (2021). Potential Value of Maternal Oxygen Supplementation. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 175(7), p. 749–750. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0364. Full text in Research Archive
Solevåg, Anne Lee & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2021). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Vigorous and Repeated Nasopharyngeal Suctioning. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 230, p. 99–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.052. Full text in Research Archive
Dypvik, Johanne; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Eskild, Anne (2020). More details needed on association of placental weight with risk of neonatal death - Reply. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 174(9), p. 905–906. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0975. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Human Chromosomal Deletion: Two Patients with the 4p–Syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 216, p. 72–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.020. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Umbilical Catheters—Then and Now. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 227, p. 156–156. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.082. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Wilson-Mikity Syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 222, p. 173–173. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.037. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: When the Lung Ruptures - 50 Years Ago and Today. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 219, p. 75–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.10.004. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: When the Newborn Remains Blue. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 224, p. 78–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.030. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Neonatal Seizures: 50 Years of Progress. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 225, p. 230–230. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.04.014. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Birth Weight Is More Important than Gestational Age for Long-Term Intellectual Outcome. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 220, p. 115–115. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.11.024. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 years ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Light exposure to the immature eye. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 223, p. 119–119. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.02.011. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Equilibrium Curve and Tissue Oxygen Release. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 227, p. 93–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.085. Full text in Research Archive
Branche, Tonia; Perez, Marta & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). The first golden minute — Is it relevant? Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 156, p. 284–285. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.08.128. Full text in Research Archive
Andresen, Jannicke Hanne & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2020). 50 Years Ago in THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS: Magnesium and birth asphyxia. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 227, p. 190–190. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.015. Full text in Research Archive

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Published Apr. 13, 2011 2:54 PM - Last modified June 7, 2016 11:39 AM