Stephan Andreas Brackmann

• Alsøe, Lene; Brackmann, Stephan Andreas; Liu, Yan; Wennerström, Anna Berit; Esbensen, Qin Ying & Kalyanasundaram, Sumana [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2026). The Role of Nuclear APOBEC Enzymes in Neoplastic Progression of Ulcerative Colitis. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 19. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S588161. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aberrant expression of the cytidine DNA deaminase AID in enterocytes within inflamed mucosa in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients has been proposed to be involved in progression of UC to colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC). Here, we followed the expression of AID and other nuclear cytidine DNA deaminases of the APOBEC family through several stages of progression of UC in a CA-CRC case (UC progressor) and in a cohort of UC progressors and non-progressors. In inflamed and high-grade dysplastic mucosa, AICDA and APOBEC1 mRNAs, but not APOBEC3-family enzyme mRNAs, were overexpressed compared to non-inflamed tissue. Immunohistochemical staining did not show expression of AID or APOBEC3 enzymes in the enterocytes, neither in specimens from the CA-CRC case nor in biopsies from the progressor and non-progressor cohort. APOBEC1 was highly expressed in the enterocytes throughout the colorectum from the CA-CRC case and in most biopsies examined from the progressor and non-progressor cohort. The expression was not correlated with the histology of the mucosa or the progression status of the patients. In the CA-CRC case, we identified AID- and APOBEC3-associated mutation signatures in inflamed, high-grade dysplasia and cancer genomes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that AID or other nuclear APOBECs are unlikely to drive the progression of UC to CA-CRC late during course of UC. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that bursts of AID and nuclear APOBEC3 activity may contribute to formation of genome instability in early phases of disease development.

• Alsøe, Lene; Brackmann, Stephan Andreas; Lefol, Yohan Pierre; Wennerström, Anna Berit; Liu, Yan & Riques, Rosa Ana [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Colonic Mucosal Gene Expression Profile in Patients with Neoplastic Progression in Longstanding Ulcerative Colitis. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 18, p. 215–232. doi: 10.2147/ceg.s528854. Full text in Research Archive
• Vatn, Simen Svendsen; Hansen, Simen Hyll; Tannæs, Tone Møller; Brackmann, Stephan Andreas; Olbjørn, Christine & Bergemalm, Daniel [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). Microbial Patterns in Newly Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Revealed by Presence and Transcriptional Activity - Relationship to Diagnosis and Outcome. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 18, p. 103–119. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S504459. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: As part of the IBD Character initiative, we examined an inception cohort and investigated mucosal microbiota composition and transcriptional activity in relation to clinical outcomes. Methods: A cohort of 237 individuals were included from five countries: Crohn’s disease (CD, n = 72), ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 57), symptomatic non-IBD controls (SC, n = 78) and healthy controls (HC, n = 30). Rectal/colonic biopsies were obtained at inclusion, and DNA and RNA were extracted from the same biopsy and examined by sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 region. Results: Beta diversity measurements separated IBD from both HC and SC. IBD and SC exhibited reduced intra-individual diversity compared with HC. When comparing taxonomy at DNA and RNA level, six bacteria were found to differ in abundance and/or transcriptional activity between IBD and symptomatic control, while there were 14 and three between symptomatic control and CD and UC, respectively. A limited number of bacterial taxa were responsible for the largest difference between presence and activity, separating patients and controls. Multiple bacterial taxa were associated with treatment escalation in both UC and CD. Machine-learning models separated IBD from symptomatic controls and treatment escalators from non-escalators (AUC > 0.8). However, the differential effects were mainly driven by clinical biomarkers, such as f-calprotectin, s-albumin, and b-hemoglobin. Conclusion: Differences between presence and transcriptional activity were found among multiple taxa when assessing 16S rRNA at DNA and RNA level. Symptomatic controls were more similar to the IBD patients compared to HC. The analyses suggest that the mucosal microbiota carries a moderate diagnostic and predictive potential, outcompeted by f-calprotectin.

• Young, Jessica C.; Helsingen, Lise Mørkved; Refsum, Erle; Högdén, Amanda; Perrin, Vera & Løberg, Magnus [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2025). Temporal trends in characteristics and management of inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 60(5), p. 421–429. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2025.2478166. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and aims: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) requires complex clinical management. Despite substantial advancements in endoscopy and in pharmacotherapies for patients with IBD, it remains unclear how these developments have influenced IBD incidence and clinical care. We aim to describe changes in diagnostic and therapeutic practices in IBD management. Methods: All individuals diagnosed with IBD between 1987 and 2016 were identified from nationwide registries in Norway and Sweden. We performed detailed chart abstractions for a random sample of the cohort. We describe patient characteristics, disease extent, endoscopic practices, pathology diagnostics, pharmacological therapy and surgical management, stratifying by Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis [UC], comparing patients diagnosed before (pre-biologic period, 1987–1999), and after the introduction of biologic drugs (biologic period, 2000–2016). Results: Chart abstraction was completed for 791 individuals (UC: 58.8%, Crohn’s disease: 40.2%, unclassified IBD: 1.0%). Comparing the biologic period to the pre-biologic period, we observed an increase in endoscopies after diagnosis, more frequent colonoscopies, and a decrease in colon resection rates. Among those diagnosed in 2007 or later compared with those diagnosed between 2000 and 2006, there was a higher treatment initiation rate of azathioprine, infliximab and adalimumab within 1 year after diagnosis. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a shift towards more frequent endoscopy, increased use of immunosuppressants and biologics, and decreased colon resection rates in recent periods.

• Omran, Thura Akrem; Tunsjø, Hege; Jahanlu, David; Brackmann, Stephan Andreas; Bemanian, Vahid & Sæther, Per Christian (2024). Decoding immune-related gene-signatures in colorectal neoplasia. Frontiers in Immunology. 15. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407995. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant health issue, with notable incidence rates in Norway. The immune response plays a dual role in CRC, offering both protective effects and promoting tumor growth. This research aims to provide a detailed screening of immune-related genes and identify specific genes in CRC and adenomatous polyps within the Norwegian population, potentially serving as detection biomarkers. Methods: The study involved 69 patients (228 biopsies) undergoing colonoscopy, divided into CRC, adenomatous polyps, and control groups. We examined the expression of 579 immune genes through nCounter analysis emphasizing differential expression in tumor versus adjacent non-tumorous tissue and performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) across patient categories. Results: Key findings include the elevated expression of CXCL1, CXCL2, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8 (IL8), PTGS2, and SPP1 in CRC tissues. Additionally, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL6, CXCL8, and PTGS2 showed significant expression changes in adenomatous polyps, suggesting their early involvement in carcinogenesis. Conclusions: This study uncovers a distinctive immunological signature in colorectal neoplasia among Norwegians, highlighting CXCL1, CXCL2, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, PTGS2, and SPP1 as potential CRC biomarkers. These findings warrant further research to confirm their role and explore their utility in non-invasive screening strategies.

• Senthakumaran, Thulasika; Tannæs, Tone Møller; Moen, Aina Elisabeth Fossum; Brackmann, Stephan Andreas; Jahanlu, David & Rounge, Trine Ballestad [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Detection of colorectal-cancer-associated bacterial taxa in fecal samples using next-generation sequencing and 19 newly established qPCR assays. Molecular Oncology. ISSN 1574-7891. 19(2), p. 412–429. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.13700. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We have previously identified increased levels of distinct bacterial taxa within mucosal biopsies from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Following prior research, the aim of this study was to investigate the detection of the same CRC-associated bacteria in fecal samples and to evaluate the suitability of fecal samples as a non-invasive material for the detection of CRC-associated bacteria. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) V4 region was performed to evaluate the detection of the CRC-associated bacteria in the fecal microbiota of cancer patients, patients with adenomatous polyp and healthy controls. Furthermore, 19 novel species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were established to detect the CRC-associated bacteria. Approximately, 75% of the bacterial taxa identified in biopsies were reflected in fecal samples. NGS failed to detect low-abundance CRC-associated taxa in fecal samples, whereas qPCR exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in identifying all targeted taxa. Comparison of fecal microbial composition between the different patient groups showed enrichment of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, and Gemella morbillorum in cancer patients. Our findings suggest that low-abundance mucosa-associated bacteria can be detected in fecal samples using sensitive qPCR assays.

• Senthakumaran, Thulasika; Moen, Aina Elisabeth Fossum; Tannæs, Tone Møller; Endres, Alexander; Brackmann, Stephan Andreas & Rounge, Trine Ballestad [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Microbial dynamics with CRC progression: a study of the mucosal microbiota at multiple sites in cancers, adenomatous polyps, and healthy controls. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0934-9723. 42, p. 305–322. doi: 10.1007/s10096-023-04551-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Accumulating evidence has related the gut microbiota to colorectal cancer (CRC). Fusobacterium nucleatum has repeatedly been linked to colorectal tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial composition in different sampling sites, in order to profile the microbial dynamics with CRC progression. Further, we characterized the tumor-associated F. nucleatum subspecies. Here, we conducted Illumina Miseq next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region in biopsy samples, to investigate microbiota alterations in cancer patients, patients with adenomatous polyp, and healthy controls in Norway. Further, Fusobacterium positive tumor biopsies were subjected to MinION nanopore sequencing of Fusobacterium- specific amplicons to characterize the Fusobacterium species and subspecies. We found enrichment of oral biofilm-associated bacteria, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Parvimonas, Granulicatella, Leptotrichia, Peptostreptococcus, Campylobacter, Seleno- monas, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella in cancer patients compared to adenomatous polyp patients and control patients. Higher abundance of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) classified as Phascolarctobacterium, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bac- teroides plebeius, Bacteroides eggerthii, Tyzzerella, Desulfovibrio, Frisingicoccus, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, and Lachnospiraceae were identified in cancer and adenomatous polyp patients compared to healthy controls. F. nucleatum ssp. animalis was the dominating subspecies. F. nucleatum ssp. nucleatum, F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii, Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Fusobacterium gonidiaformans were identified in five samples. Several biofilm-associated bacteria were enriched at multiple sites in cancer patients. Another group of bacteria was enriched in both cancer and polyps, suggesting that they may have a role in polyp development and possibly early stages of CRC.

• Vatn, Simen Svendsen; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Moen, Aina Elisabeth Fossum; Brackmann, Stephan Andreas; Tannæs, Tone Møller & Olbjørn, Christine [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). Mucosal Gene Transcript Signatures in Treatment Naïve Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comparative Analysis of Disease to Symptomatic and Healthy Controls in the European IBD-Character Cohort. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 15, p. 5–25. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S343468. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Studies of the mucosal transcriptomic landscape have given new insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recently, the predictive biomarker potential of gene expression signatures has been explored. To further investigate the mucosal gene expression in IBD, we recruited a cohort of treatment naïve patients and compared them to both symptomatic and healthy controls. Methods: Altogether, 323 subjects were included: Crohn’s disease (N = 75), ulcerative colitis (N = 87) and IBD unclassified (N = 3). Additionally, there were two control groups: symptomatic controls (N = 131) and healthy controls (N = 27). Mucosal biopsies were collected during ileocolonoscopy and gene expression in inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa was explored. Gene expression profiling was performed using Agilent G3 Human Gene Expression 860K v3 One-Color microarray. We recorded information about treatment escalation to anti-TNF agents or surgery, and anti-TNF response, to explore predictive opportunities of the mucosal transcriptome. Results: Gene expression profiles in symptomatic controls in whom IBD had been excluded resembled that of IBD patients and diverged from that of healthy controls. In non-inflamed Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, gene set enrichment analysis revealed dysregulation of pathways involved in basic cellular biological processes. Mitochondria-associated pathways were dysregulated both in non-inflamed and inflamed Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (> 2.6 normalized enrichment scores <− 1.8). Gene expression signatures of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis did not predict time for treatment escalation (p = 0.175). No significant association was found between gene expression signatures and anti-TNF response. Conclusion: Non-inflamed samples are probably superior to inflamed samples when exploring gene expression signatures in IBD and might reveal underlying mechanisms central for disease initiation. The gene expression signatures of the control groups were related to if they were symptomatic or not, which may have important implications for future study designs.

• Kristensen, Vendel Ailin; Opheim, Randi; Perminow, Gøri Margrete; Huppertz-Hauss, Gert; Detlie, Trond Espen & Lund, Charlotte [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2021). Inflammatory bowel disease in South-Eastern Norway III (IBSEN III): a new population-based inception cohort study from South-Eastern Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 56(8), p. 899–905. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1922746. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and aim: Modern treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are postulated to change the natural disease course. Inception cohort studies are the gold standard for investigating such changes. We have initiated a new population-based inception cohort study; Inflammatory bowel disease in South Eastern Norway III (IBSEN III). In this article, we describe the study protocol and baseline characteristics of the cohort. Methods: IBSEN III is an ongoing, population-based observational inception cohort study with prospective follow-up. Adult and pediatric patients with suspected IBD in the South-Eastern Health Region of Norway (catchment area of 2.95 million inhabitants in 2017), during the 3-year period from 2017 to 2019, were eligible for inclusion. Comprehensive clinical, biochemical, endoscopic, demographic, and patient-reported data were collected at the time of diagnosis and throughout standardized follow-up. For a portion of the patients, extensive biological material was biobanked. Results: The study included 2168 patients, of whom 1779 were diagnosed with IBD (Crohn's disease: 626, ulcerative colitis: 1082, IBD unclassified: 71). In 124 patients, there were subtle findings indicative of, but not diagnostic for, IBD. The remaining 265 patients were classified as symptomatic non-IBD controls. Conclusion: We have included patients in a comprehensive population-based IBD cohort from a catchment population of 2.95 million, and a unique biobank with materials from newly diagnosed and treatment-naïve IBD patients and symptomatic non-IBD controls. We believe this cohort will add important knowledge about IBD in the years to come.

• Klepp, Pasquale Catherine; Brackmann, Stephan; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Høivik, Marte Lie; Hovde, Øistein & Henriksen, Magne [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk of colorectal cancer in a population-based study 20 years after diagnosis of ulcerative colitis: results from the IBSEN study. BMJ open gastroenterology. 7. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000361. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective The association between ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) is widely accepted, although attenuated risk has been reported in recent years. Colonoscopic surveillance is recommended with intervals based on established clinical risk factors. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients develop interval cancers, indicating the need of improved individualised assessment. In the present study, we evaluated clinical risk factors associated with CRC during a prescheduled follow-up 20 years after diagnosis, the IBSEN study. Design A population-based inception cohort of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease from 1 January 1990 until 31 December 1993, prospectively followed at 1, 5, 10 and 20 years after diagnosis. A total of 517 patients with UC were included; 264 (51 %) men; median age at inclusion 37.4 years (4–88). Results The overall incidence of CRC was 1.6% (8/517) at a 20-year follow-up. The total lifetime risk of CRC prior to or after UC diagnosis was 2.3%. (12/517). Patients older than 70 years at diagnosis had a 15-fold higher risk of CRC compared with those diagnosed when younger than 40 years, with HR 15.68 (95% CI: 1.31 to 187.92). Neither sex, first-degree relative with CRC, extent of colitis nor primary sclerosing cholangitis affected the risk of CRC. Conclusion The risk of CRC in UC was low and comparable with the risk of CRC in the background population of Norway.

• Kristensen, Vendel Ailin; Valeur, Jørgen; Brackmann, Stephan; Jahnsen, Jørgen; Brunborg, Cathrine & Tveito, Kari (2019). Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder symptoms respond to gluten-free diet in patients with coeliac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 54(5), p. 571–576. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1608467. Full text in Research Archive
• Kisiel, John; Klepp, Pasquale Catherine; Allawi, Hatim T.; William, Taylor; Giakoumopoulos, Maria & Sander, Tamara [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Analysis of DNA Methylation at Specific Loci in Stool Samples Detects Colorectal Cancer and High-Grade Dysplasia in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. ISSN 1542-3565. 17(5), p. 914–921. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.05.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Klepp, Pasquale Catherine; Kisiel, John; Allawi, Hatim T; Taylor, William R; Giakoumopoulos, Maria & sander, Tamara [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Analysis of DNA Methylation at Specific Loci in Stool Samples Detects Colorectal Cancer and High-grade Dysplasia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. ISSN 1542-3565. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.05.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Klepp, Pasquale Catherine; Kisiel, John; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Røseth, Arne; Andersen, Solveig Norheim & Vatn, Morten H [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Multi-target stool DNA test in the surveillance of inflammatory bowel disease: a cross-sectional cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 53(3), p. 273–278. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1424935. Full text in Research Archive
• Klepp, Pasquale Catherine; Tollisen, Anita; Røseth, Arne; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Andersen, Solveig Norheim & Vatn, Morten H [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Real-life chromoendoscopy for dysplasia surveillance in ulcerative colitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology (WJG). ISSN 1007-9327. 24(35), p. 4069–4076. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i35.4069. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  AIM: To evaluate the use of chromoendoscopy for surveillance of ulcerative colitis in a real-life community hospital setting. METHODS: Patients with extensive ulcerative colitis, having disease duration of more than 8 years and who presented between the years of 1999 to 2013, were offered enrolment in this single cohort prospective study. All participants underwent standard bowel preparation with sodium phosphate and chromoendoscopy. Two expert endoscopists, novice to chromoendoscopy, evaluated each segment of the colon with standard-definition colonoscopes after spray application of 0.4% indigo carmine. All observed lesions were recorded and evaluated before being removed and/or biopsied. In addition, nontargeted biopsies were taken from each segment of the colon. The dysplasia detection rate and dysplasia detection yield were ascertained. RESULTS: A total of 21 neoplastic lesions (2 carcinomas, 4 of high-grade dysplasia and 15 of low-grade dysplasia) and 27 nondysplastic lesions were detected in 16 of the total 67 patients (70% male; median disease duration: 17 years; median age at diagnosis: 25 years; 92% aminosalicylate-treated). The dysplasia detection rate was 10.5% (7/67 patients). The dysplasia detection yield was 20.8% (10/48) for targeted biopsies and 3.5% (11/318) for nontargeted biopsies. The sensitivity and specificity for the macroscopic evaluation of neoplasia using chromoendoscopy were 48% [95% confidence interval (CI): 26%-70%] and 96% (95%CI: 93%-98%), respectively. The positive predictive and negative predictive values were 42% (95%CI: 27%-59%) and 97% (95%CI: 95%-98%), respectively. A total of 19/21 dysplastic lesions were detected in mucosa with histologic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Chromoendoscopy seems to be of value for dysplasia surveillance of ulcerative colitis in a community hospital setting. The yield of non-targeted biopsies is negligible.

• Thorkildsen, Lill-Therese; Nwosu, Felix; Avershina, Ekaterina; Ricanek, Petr; Perminow, Gøri Margrete & Brackmann, Stephan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Dominant Fecal Microbiota in Newly Diagnosed Untreated Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. ISSN 1687-6121. doi: 10.1155/2013/636785. Full text in Research Archive
• Nwosu, Felix; Thorkildsen, Lill-Therese; Avershina, Ekaterina; Ricanek, Petr; Perminow, Gøri Margrete & Brackmann, Stephan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Age-Dependent Fecal Bacterial Correlation to Inflammatory Bowel Disease for Newly Diagnosed Untreated Children. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. ISSN 1687-6121. doi: 10.1155/2013/302398. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The knowledge about correlation patterns between the fecal microbiota and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)—comprising the two subforms Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)—for newly diagnosed untreated children is limited. To address this knowledge gap, a selection of faecal specimens (CD, n = 27 and UC, n = 16) and non-IBD controls (n = 30) children (age < 18 years) was analysed utilising bacterial small subunit (SSU) rRNA. We found, surprising age dependence for the fecal microbiota correlating to IBD.The most pronounced patternswere that E. coli was positively (R 2= 0.16, P = 0.05) and Bacteroidetes, negatively (R 2 = 0.15, P = 0.05) correlated to age for CD patients. For UC, we found an apparent opposite age-related disease correlation for both Bacteroides and Escherichia. In addition, there was an overrepresentation of Haemophilus for the UC children. From our results we propose a model where the aetiology of IBD is related to an on-going immunological development in children requiring different age-dependent bacterial stimuli. The impact of our findings could be a better age stratification for understanding and treating IBD in children.

• Sveen, Anita; Bakken, Anne Cathrine; Ågesen, Trude Holmeide; Lind, Guro Elisabeth; Nesbakken, Arild & Nordgård, Oddmund [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2012). The exon-level biomarker SLC39A14 has organ-confined cancer-specificity in colorectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer. ISSN 0020-7136. 131(6), p. 1479–1485. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27399. Full text in Research Archive
• Rudi, Knut; Ricanek, Petr; Tannæs, Tone; Perminov, G; Brackmann, Stephan & Vatn, Morten H (2012). Analysing tap-water from households of patients with inflammatory bowels disease in Norway. In Hoorfar, Jeffrey (Eds.), Case studies in food safety and authenticity. Woodhead Publishing Limited. ISSN 9780857094124. p. 130–137. Full text in Research Archive
• Ricanek, Petr; Brackmann, Stephan; Perminow, Gøri Margrete; Lyckander, Lars Gustav; Sponheim, Jon & Holme, Øyvind [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2011). Evaluation of disease activity in IBD at the time of diagnosis by the use of clinical, biochemical, and fecal markers. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 46(9), p. 1081–1091. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2011.584897. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Aamodt, Geir; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Roald, Borghild; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Widespread But Not Localized Neoplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Worsens the Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ISSN 1078-0998. 16(3), p. 474–481. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21053. Full text in Research Archive
• Ricanek, Petr; Lothe, Sheba Maria; Szpinda, Irena; Jorde, Anne Tomine; Brackmann, Stephan & Perminow, Gøri [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Paucity of mycobacteria in mucosal bowel biopsies from adults and children with early inflammatory bowel disease. Journal - Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada. ISSN 1197-4982. 4(5), p. 561–566. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.05.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Aamodt, Geir; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Roald, Borghild; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2009). Widespread but not localized neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease worsens the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ISSN 1078-0998. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21053. Full text in Research Archive
• Finanger, Gøri Margrete; Perminow, Gøri; Brackmann, Stephan; Lyckander, Lars G; Franke, Andre & Borthne, Arne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2009). A characterization in childhood inflammatory bowel disease, a new population-based inception cohort from South-Eastern Norway, 2005-07, showing increased incidence in Crohn's disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 44(4), p. 446–456. doi: 10.1080/00365520802647434. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Roald, Borghild; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2009). Two distinct groups of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ISSN 1078-0998. 15(1), p. 9–16. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20542. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Frøydis, Langmark; Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas & Aadland, Erling [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2009). Relationship between clinical parameters and the colitis-colorectal cancer interval in a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 44(1), p. 46–55. doi: 10.1080/00365520801977568. Full text in Research Archive
• Perminow, Gøri; Brackmann, Stephan; Lyckander, Lars G.; Franke, Andre; Borthne, Arne Sigmund & Rydning, Andreas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2008). Characterization in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. A new population-based inception cohort from South-Eastern Norway, 2005-07, showing increased incidence in Crohn's disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. Full text in Research Archive

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• Kristensen, Vendel Ailin; Valeur, Jørgen; Brackmann, Stephan; Jahnsen, Jørgen & Tveito, Kari (2019). Kognitive symptomer hos pasienter med cøliaki før og etter glutenfri kost. Full text in Research Archive
• Alsøe, Lene; Wennerström, Anna Berit; Liu, Yan; Esbensen, Qin Ying; Bjørset, Randi & Penz, Christine [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Do APOBEC proteins contribute to genomic instability in colitis-associated colorectal cancer? Full text in Research Archive
• Alsøe, Lene; Wennerstrøm, Anna; Liu, Yan; Esbensen, Qin Ying; Bjørseth, Randi & Penz, Christine [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Do APOBEC proteins contribute to genomic instability in colitis-associated colorectal cancer? Full text in Research Archive
• Alsøe, Lene; Wennerstrøm, Anna; Liu, Yan; Esbensen, Qin Ying; Bjørseth, Randi & Penz, Christine [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Do APOBEC proteins contribute to genomic instability in colitis-associated colorectal cancer? Full text in Research Archive
• Detlie, Trond Espen; Smaastuen, Milada; Ricanek, Petr; Brackmann, Stephan; Rydning, Andreas & Vatn, Morten Harald [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Phenotype correlation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD ) compared to serological antibody activity at diagnosis and after treatment. A prospective population based study. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Valeur, Jørgen; Raa, Jan & Berstad, Arnold (2016). Sauerkraut - mat, medisin og konserveringsmiddel i over 2000 år. NGF-nytt. ISSN 0809-6570. 23(4), p. 46–47. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Pretorius, Maria E.; Klepp, Pasquale Catherine; Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas; Andersen, Solveig Norheim & Vatn, Morten H [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). The distribution of chromosomal and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancers related to inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Clinical Oncology. ISSN 0732-183X. 31(15). Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Pretorius, Maria E.; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Langmark, Frøydis; Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas & Vatn, Morten [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Large scale genomic instability in patients with colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Association with clinicohistological factors and survival. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Roald, Borghild Barth-H; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2008). Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease without distant dysplasia may be a specific entity. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Roald, Borghild Barth-H; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2008). Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease without distant dysplasia may be a specific entity. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Roald, Borghild Barth-H; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2008). Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease without distant dysplasia may be a specific entity. Gastroenterology. ISSN 0016-5085. 134(4), p. A292–A292. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Roald, Borghild Barth-H; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2008). COLORECTAL CANCER IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE WITHOUT DISTANT DYSPLASIA MAY BE A SPECIFIC ENTITY. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan (2008). Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Roald, Borghild Barth-H; Langmark, Frøydis & Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2008). Widespread but not localized neoplasia in IBD worsens the prognosis of CRC. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Langmark, Frøydis; Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas & Aadland, Erling [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2007). Risk factors affecting duration of colitis-CRC interval in a cohort of CRC in IBD. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan (2007). Time to CRC in IBD - Factors related to the colitis-CRC interval. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Langmark, Frøydis; Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas & Aadland, Erling [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2007). IBD relatert colorectalcancer overlevelelse i forhold til cancer screening. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Langmark, Frøydis; Clausen, Ole Petter Fraas & Aadland, Erling [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2006). RISKFACTORS AND SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH IBD AND COLORECTAL CANCER. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan; Andersen, Solveig Norheim; Aamodt, Geir; Fausa, Olav; Aadland, Erling & Rydning, Andreas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2006). Overlevelse ved Kronisk Inflammatorisk Tarmsydkom relatert Colorectal Cancer. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackmann, Stephan (2009). Colorectal cancer and IBD in Norway : A retrospective analysis. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In summary, patients with ulcerative colitis and with Crohn`s disease with colonic involvement are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Risk factors include young age at onset of IBD, extensive disease and long disease duration, severity of inflammation, diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis and genetic susceptibility. Some patients develop cancer early during the course of disease. The magnitude of this phenomenon is not yet thoroughly investigated and risk factors for early CRC in IBD have not been identified so far. Therapy with a 5-ASA compound probably reduces the risk of cancer. Compared to CRC in the general population, the prognosis of CRC in IBD is poor. Cancer screening strategies have not shown the desired efficacy in the prevention and early detection of cancer in IBD. More knowledge about factors that influence carcinogenesis in IBD is needed, especially with regard to the possibility, that the etiology of CRC in IBD might be more heterogeneous than previously believed. In addition to patients with IBD and concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis, possible subgroups with increased risk of CRC in IBD have not been identified. It is also possible that disease behavior and risk factors are different between countries, which stress the importance of population based studies.

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