Nanna Lien

• Meshkovska, Biljana; Scheller, Daniel A.; Wendt, Janine; Jilani, Hannah; Scheidmeir, Marie & Stratil, Jan M. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Barriers and facilitators to implementation of direct fruit and vegetables provision interventions in kindergartens and schools: a qualitative systematic review applying the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01246-8.
• Havdal, Hanne Hennig; Fosse, Elisabeth Minda; Gebremariam, Mekdes; Stronks, Karien; Andersen, Oddbjørn Klomsten & Lien, Nanna (2022). Does the socioeconomic positioned neighbourhood matter? Norwegian adolescents’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators for physical activity. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/14034948211066673. Full text in Research Archive
• Yitayew, Teferi Mekonnen; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Andersen, Lene Frost; Lien, Nanna; Arah, Onyebuchi A. & Gebremariam, Mekdes [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Mediators of differences by parental education in weight-related outcomes in childhood and adolescence in Norway. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12(1), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09987-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Randby, Jorunn Sofie; Meshkovska, Biljana; Holbæk, Helene & Lien, Nanna (2021). An Exploration of Implementation Enablers and Barriers for Norwegian School Meal Guidelines. Global Implementation Research and Applications. ISSN 2662-9275. 1, p. 122–134. doi: 10.1007/s43477-021-00010-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Holst, Rene & Andersen, Lene Frost (2021). Exploring intervention components in association with changes in preschool children’s vegetable intake: the BRA-study. BMC Research Notes. ISSN 1756-0500. 14(214), p. 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s13104-021-05629-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Nianogo, Roch A.; Lien, Nanna; Bjelland, Mona; Klepp, Knut Inge & Bergh, Ingunn Holden [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). The impact of hypothetical interventions on adiposity in adolescence. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90415-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Oddbjørn Klomsten; O'Halloran, Siobhan Anne; Kolle, Elin; Lien, Nanna; Lakerveld, Jeroen & Arah, Onyebuchi A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Adapting the SPOTLIGHT Virtual Audit Tool to assess food and activity environments relevant for adolescents: a validity and reliability study. International Journal of Health Geographics. ISSN 1476-072X. 20:4, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s12942-021-00258-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Yitayew, Teferi Mekonnen; Papadopoulou, Eleni Zoumpoulia; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Lien, Nanna & Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede (2021). Socioeconomic inequalities in children's weight, height and BMI trajectories in Norway. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 11, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84615-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Melbye, Elisabeth Lind; Hausken, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Lien, Nanna & Bjelland, Mona (2021). Adolescent vegetable consumption: the role of socioemotional family characteristics. Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. 24(17), p. 5710–5719. doi: 10.1017/S1368980021001658. Full text in Research Archive
• Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bjelland, Mona & Lien, Nanna (2020). Effects of a kindergarten intervention on vegetables served and staff’s food-related practices: results of a cluster randomised controlled trial–the BRA study. Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. 23(6), p. 1117–1126. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019003963. Full text in Research Archive
• Randby, Jorunn Sofie; Holbæk, Helene & Lien, Nanna (2020). Implementation of the Norwegian school meal guideline: Development and reliability of two questionnaires to measure adherence. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/1403494820972590. Full text in Research Archive
• Havdal, Hanne Hennig; Fosse, Elisabeth; Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Lakerveld, Jeroen; Arah, Onyebuchi A. & Stronks, Karien [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Perceptions of the social and physical environment of adolescents’ dietary behaviour in neighbourhoods of different socioeconomic position. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 159, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105070.
• Yitayew, Teferi Mekonnen; Havdal, Hanne Hennig; Lien, Nanna; O'Halloran, Siobhan Anne; Arah, Onyebuchi A. & Papadopoulou, Eleni Zoumpoulia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Mediators of socioeconomic inequalities in dietary behaviours among youth: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews. ISSN 1467-7881. 21(7), p. 1–17. doi: 10.1111/obr.13016. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Medin, Anine Christine; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna & Holst, René [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Long-term effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial on vegetable intake among Norwegian 3-5-year-olds: the BRA-study. BMC Research Notes. ISSN 1756-0500. 13. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-4892-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  OBJECTIVE: To report on long-term effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial, which aimed to increase vegetable intake among Norwegian preschool children (3-5 years at baseline). The effects of the intervention at follow-up 1 (immediately post-intervention) have previously been published. This paper presents the effects of the intervention from baseline to follow-up 2 (12 months post-intervention). RESULTS: Parental consents were obtained for 633 out of 1631 eligible children (response rate 38.8%). The effects of the intervention from baseline to follow-up 2 were assessed by mixed-model analyses taking the clustering effect of kindergartens into account. Children's vegetable intake was reported by the parents at baseline (spring 2015), at follow-up 1 (spring 2016) and at follow-up 2 (spring 2017). No significant long-term effects in child vegetable intake were found. A mean difference of - 0.1 times per day (95% CI - 0.5, 0.2) (P = 0.44) was found for the daily frequency of vegetable intake. A mean difference of - 0.2 different kinds of vegetables eaten over a month (95% CI - 1.0, 0.7) (P = 0.70) was found and for daily amount of vegetables a mean difference of - 15.0 g vegetables (95% CI - 38.0, 8.0) (P = 0.19) was found. Trial registration International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials ISRCTN51962956 (http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN51962956). Registered 21 June 2016 (retrospectively registered).

• Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Moser, Thomas; Andersen, Lene Frost & Bjelland, Mona [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Exploring workplace climate and culture in relation to food environment-related factors in Norwegian kindergartens. The BRA-Study. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225831. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna; Holst, René & Andersen, Lene Frost (2019). Effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial on vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3–5-year-olds: the BRA-study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 19(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7436-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Sandvik, Camilla & Lien, Nanna (2019). Sosial ulikhet i helse og skolens rolle for å utjevne sosiale ulikheter i helse. In Holthe, Asle; Aadland, Eli Kristin & Viig, Nina Grieg (Ed.), Mat og helse i grunnskolelærerutdanningene. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245032901. p. 115–128. Show summary

  Den vitenskapelige antologien "Mat og helse i lærerutdanningene" har et tydelig profesjonsrettet perspektiv og dreier seg om lærerutdanningsfagets hva, hvordan og hvorfor. Bidragene i antologien presenterer ny forskning med en tydelig fagdidaktisk innretning innenfor følgende tematiske områder: danning og didaktiske praksiser i skolens matlandskap, helsefremmende kosthold, bærekraftige matvaner og forbruk og mat og måltider som identitets- og kulturuttrykk. Boken henvender seg til lærerutdannere og masterstudenter i lærerutdanningene.

• Hebestreit, Antje; Thumann, Barbara F.; Wolters, Maike; Bucksch, Jens; Huybrechts, Inge & Inchley, Joanna [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Road map towards a harmonized pan-European surveillance of obesity-related lifestyle behaviours and their determinants in children and adolescents. International Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1661-8556. doi: 10.1007/s00038-019-01227-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Buck, Christoph; Loyen, Anne; Foraita, Ronja; Van Cauwenberg, Jelle; De Craemer, Marieke & Donncha, Ciaran Mac [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Factors influencing sedentary behaviour: A system based analysis using Bayesian networks within DEDIPAC. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211546. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bjelland, Mona & Grydeland, May [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Factors affecting the dose of intervention received and the participant satisfaction in a school-based obesity prevention intervention. Preventive Medicine Reports. ISSN 2211-3355. 15. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100906. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Totland, Torunn Holm [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Gender-specific mediators of the association between parental education and adiposity among adolescents: the HEIA study. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43604-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Hausken, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Lie, Hanne Cathrine; Lien, Nanna; Sleddens, Ester F.C.; Melbye, Elisabeth Lind & Bjelland, Mona (2019). The reliability of the general functioning scale in Norwegian 13–15-year-old adolescents and association with family dinner frequency. Nutrition Journal. ISSN 1475-2891. 18:20, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1186/s12937-019-0447-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Azevedo, Jose; Padrao, Patricia; Gregorio, Maria Joao; Almeida, Carla; Moutinho, Nuno & Lien, Nanna [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). A Web-Based Gamification Program to Improve Nutrition Literacy in Families of 3- to 5-Year-Old Children: The Nutriscience Project. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. ISSN 1499-4046. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2018.10.008.
• De Craemer, Marieke; Chastin, Sebastien; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Bernaards, C; Brug, Johannes & Buck, Christopher [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2018). Data on Determinants Are Needed to Curb the Sedentary Epidemic in Europe. Lessons Learnt from the DEDIPAC European Knowledge Hub. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 15(7). doi: 10.3390/ijerph15071406. Full text in Research Archive
• De Craemer, Marieke; Verloigne, Maïté; Ghekiere, Ariane; Loyen, Anne; Dargent-Molina, Patricia & Brug, Johannes [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Changes in children’s television and computer time according to parental education, parental income and ethnicity: A 6-year longitudinal EYHS study. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203592. Full text in Research Archive
• Winpenny, Eleanor; van Sluijs, Esther M F; White, Martin; Klepp, Knut Inge; Wold, Bente & Lien, Nanna (2018). Changes in diet through adolescence and early adulthood: longitudinal trajectories and association with key life transitions. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 15:86. doi: 10.1186/s12966-018-0719-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Stok, F. Marijn; Renner, Britta; Allan, Julia; Boeing, Heiner; Ensenauer, Regina & Issanchou, Sylvie [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Dietary behavior: An interdisciplinary conceptual analysis and taxonomy. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 9, p. 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01689. Full text in Research Archive
• Stok, F. Marijn; Renner, Britta; Clarys, Peter; Lien, Nanna; Lakerveld, Jeroen & Deliens, Tom (2018). Understanding eating behavior during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood: A literature review and perspective on future research directions. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 10(6). doi: 10.3390/nu10060667. Full text in Research Archive
• Vennerød, Frida Felicia; Nicklaus, Sophie; Lien, Nanna & Almli, Valerie Lengard (2018). The development of basic taste sensitivity and preferences in children. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 127, p. 130–137. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.027. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study aims at understanding how preference and sensitivity to the basic tastes develop in the preschool years, and how the two relate to each other. To expand on the existing literature regarding taste preferences conducted in cross-sectional studies, a longitudinal design was applied with children from age four to six years old. During the springs of 2015, 2016, and 2017, 131 children born in 2011 were tested in their kindergartens. To investigate preferences for sweet, sour and bitter tastes, the children performed ranking-by-elimination procedures on fruit-flavored beverages and chocolates with three taste intensity levels. The beverages varied in either sucrose, citric acid, or the bitter component isolone. The chocolates varied in the bitter component theobromine from cocoa and sucrose content. Each year, the children also performed paired-comparison tasks opposing plain water to tastant dilutions at four concentrations. The stimuli consisted of the five basic tastes: sweet (sucrose) sour (citric acid monohydrate) umami (monosodium glutamate), salty (sodium chloride), and bitter (quinine hydrochloride dihydrate). Preference for sweetness levels increased with age, while preference for bitterness and sourness levels were stable. Concerning taste sensitivity, the children showed an increase in sensitivity for sourness and saltiness, a decrease for sweetness, and stability for umami and bitterness. A negative association was found between sweetness sensitivity and preference for sweetness. The study highlights different trajectories of sensitivity and preferences across tastes. On average, a reduction in sweetness sensitivity combined with an increase in preference for higher sweetness was observed from the age of four to six. The weak relationship between taste sensitivity and taste preference in our data suggests that taste preference development is shaped by a multitude of factors in addition to taste sensitivity.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Lien, Nanna; Næss, Øyvind; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann & Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg (2018). Change in BMI Distribution over a 24-Year Period and Associated Socioeconomic Gradients: A Quantile Regression Analysis. Obesity. ISSN 1930-7381. 26(4), p. 769–775. doi: 10.1002/oby.22133. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ObjectiveThis study assessed the change in body mass index (BMI) distribution among 18- or 19-year-olds over 24 years. It also investigated parallel changes in the distribution of birth weight and in the association between birth weight and later risk of overweight and/or obesity. Parental educational variations in the trends and associations were explored. MethodsThe study used data on 606,832 male military conscripts enlisted between 1985 and 2008. Quantile regression was used to assess the temporal change in BMI and birth weight distribution. The association between birth weight and overweight and/or obesity at age 18 or 19 years was quantified by using logistic regression. ResultsIncreases in BMI over time were found namely in the 90th, 95th, 97th, and 99th percentiles. Socioeconomic differences in this increase were documented in the 75th to 97th percentiles. The distribution of birth weight and the association between birth weight and the risk of overweight and/or obesity at age 18 or 19 years remained stable over time. ConclusionsThe difference in the increase in BMI between low and high percentiles indicates the limited role of mean BMI in reflecting population changes. The results suggest a need to focus on those with low socioeconomic position in the upper ends of the BMI distribution to combat increasing disparities in obesity-related outcomes.

• Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Moser, Thomas; Holthe, Asle & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Is the environment in kindergarten associated with the vegetables served and eaten? The BRA Study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 47(5), p. 538–547. doi: 10.1177/1403494818756702. Full text in Research Archive
• Lakerveld, Jeroen; Loyen, Anne; Schotman, Nina; Peeters, Carel F.W.; Cardon, Greet & van der Ploeg, Hidde P. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Sitting too much: A hierarchy of socio-demographic correlates. Preventive Medicine. ISSN 0091-7435. 101, p. 77–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.015.
• Klohe, Katharina; Da Costa, Clarissa; Lien, Nanna; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd; Rychlik, Michael & Haavardsson, Ingeborg K [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). Nutrition – A global challenge for health. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0679.
• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna & Andersen, Lene Frost (2017). Associations between sociocultural home environmental factors and vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3?5-year olds: BRA-study. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 117, p. 310–320. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.031. Full text in Research Archive
• Méjean, Caroline; Si Hassen, Wendy; Gojard, Séverine; Ducrot, Pauline; Lampuré, Aurélie & Brug, Hans [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Social disparities in food preparation behaviours: A DEDIPAC study. Nutrition Journal. ISSN 1475-2891. 16:62, p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0281-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Holdsworth, Michelle; Nicolaou, Mary; Langøien, Lars Jørun; Osei-Kwasi, Hibbah; Chastin, Sebastien F.M. & Stok, F.M. [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2017). Developing a systems-based framework of the factors influencing dietary and Physical activity behaviours in ethnic minority populations living in Europe - a DEDIPAC study . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 14(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0608-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Lien, Nanna; Nianogo, Roch A. & Arah, Onyebuchi A. (2017). Mediators of socioeconomic differences in adiposity among youth: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews. ISSN 1467-7881. 18(8), p. 880–898. doi: 10.1111/obr.12547.
• Vennerød, Frida Felicia; Almli, Valerie Lengard; Berget, Ingunn & Lien, Nanna (2017). Do parents form their children’s sweet preference? The role of parents and taste sensitivity on preferences for sweetness in pre-schoolers. Food Quality and Preference. ISSN 0950-3293. 62, p. 172–182. doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.06.013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Children generally have a high acceptance for sweetness, but differ in their preferences for the intensity of the taste. This study investigates how food exposure, parental attitudes and behaviours, and children’s taste sensitivity are associated with five-year olds’ preferences for sweetness. Preference data were collected from 135 children at ages four (Mean age: 46.3 months, SD: 3.4, 56% boys) and five years old (Mean age: 57.5 months, SD: 3.3; 58% boys) in a ranking by elimination procedure in the springs of 2015 and 2016. The taste carriers were fruit-flavoured beverages and dark chocolate, both with three levels of sugar content. Quantitative descriptive analysis testified three distinct levels of sweetness in each sample triad. The same children were also tested for sweetness and bitterness taste sensitivity in a paired comparison procedure. The protocols did not require the children to respond verbally, and included elements of gamification in order to engage the children. In addition, a parental questionnaire enquired about exposure to different foods, parental food attitudes and behaviours as well as socio-demographic characteristics. Path modelling using PLS-SEM indicated that differences in children’s preference for sweetness could be explained by differences in exposure to foods, including more frequent exposure to sweet foods and snacks associated with a higher sweet preference. More frequent exposure to fruit and bitter snacks, were associated with a lower sweet preference for the drink and chocolate, respectively. Parental attitudes and behaviours as well as children’s sensitivity to sweetness and bitterness were significantly associated with what foods the children were frequently exposed to, and to their sweetness preferences in beverages and chocolate.

• Langøien, Lars Jørun; Terragni, Laura; Rugseth, Gro; Nicolaou, Mary; Holdsworth, Michelle & Stronks, Karien [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Systematic mapping review of the factors influencing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in ethnic minority groups in Europe: A DEDIPAC study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 14:99, p. 1–24. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0554-3. Show summary

  Background: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour are associated with health and wellbeing. Studies indicate that ethnic minority groups are both less active and more sedentary than the majority population and that factors influencing these behaviours may differ. Mapping the factors influencing physical activity and sedentary behaviour among ethnic minority groups living in Europe can help to identify determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour, research gaps and guide future research. Methods: A systematic mapping review was conducted to map the factors associated with physical activity and sedentary behaviour among ethnic minority groups living in Europe (protocol PROSPERO ID = CRD42014014575). Six databases were searched for quantitative and qualitative research published between 1999 and 2014. In synthesizing the findings, all factors were sorted and structured into clusters following a data driven approach and concept mapping. Results: Sixty-three articles were identified out of 7794 returned by the systematic search. These included 41 quantitative and 22 qualitative studies. Of these 58 focused on physical activity, 5 on both physical activity and sedentary behaviour and none focused on sedentary behaviour. The factors associated with physical activity and sedentary behaviour were grouped into eight clusters. Social & cultural environment (n = 55) and Psychosocial (39) were the clusters containing most factors, followed by Physical environment & accessibility (33), Migration context (15), Institutional environment (14), Social & material resources (12), Health and health communication (12), Political environment (3). An important finding was that cultural and religious issues, in particular those related to gender issues, were recurring factors across the clusters. Conclusion: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour among ethnic minority groups living in Europe are influenced by a wide variety of factors, especially informed by qualitative studies. More comparative studies are needed as well as inclusion of a wider spectrum of the diverse ethnic minority groups resettled in different European countries. Few studies have investigated factors influencing sedentary behaviour. It is important in the future to address specific factors influencing physical activity and sedentary behaviour among different ethnic minority groups in order to plan and implement effective interventions.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Vaqué-Crusellas, Cristina; Andersen, Lene Frost; Stok, F. Marijn; Stelmach-Mardas, Marta & Brug, Johannes [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Measurement of availability and accessibility of food among youth: A systematic review of methodological studies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 14:22, p. 1–19. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0477-z.
• Symmank, Claudia; Mai, Robert; Hoffmann, Stefan; Stok, F. Marijn; Renner, Britta & Lien, Nanna [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Predictors of food decision making: A systematic interdisciplinary mapping (SIM) review. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 110, p. 25–35. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.023.
• Stok, F. Marijn; Hoffmann, Stefan; Volkert, Dorothee; Boeing, Heiner; Ensenauer, Regina & Stelmach-Mardas, Marta [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). The DONE framework: Creation, evaluation, and updating of an interdisciplinary, dynamic framework 2.0 of determinants of nutrition and eating. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12:e0171077(2), p. 1–23. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171077. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Chinapaw, Mai J.; Bringolf-Isler, Bettina; Bere, Elling; Kovács, Éva & Verloigne, Maïté [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Screen-based sedentary time: Association with soft drink consumption and the moderating effect of parental education in European children: The ENERGY study. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171537. Full text in Research Archive
• Altenburg, Teatske Maria; Singh, Amika Sonja; te Velde, Saskia J.; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse; Lien, Nanna & Bere, Elling [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). Actual and perceived weight status and its association with slimming and energy-balance related behaviours in 10- to 12-year-old European children: the ENERGY-project. Pediatric Obesity. ISSN 2047-6302. 12(2), p. 137–145. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12120.
• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna & Andersen, Lene Frost (2017). Associations between physical home environmental factors and vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3-5-year-olds: the BRA-study. Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016003396. Full text in Research Archive
• Chastin, Sebastien F.M.; De Craemer, Marieke; Lien, Nanna; Bernaards, C; Buck, Christopher & Oppert, Jean-Michel [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). The SOS-framework (Systems of Sedentary behaviours): an international transdisciplinary consensus framework for the study of determinants, research priorities and policy on sedentary behaviour across the life course: a DEDIPAC-study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 13(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0409-3.
• Schoeppe, Stephanie; Vandelanotte, Corneel; Bere, Elling; Lien, Nanna; Verloigne, Maïté & Kovacs, Eva [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). The influence of parental modelling on children's physical activity and screen time: Does it differ by gender? European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw182.
• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Lien, Nanna; Torheim, Liv Elin; Andersen, Lene Frost; Melbye, Elisabeth Lind & Glavin, Kari [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Perceived rules and accessibility: measurement and mediating role in the association between parental education and vegetable and soft drink intake. Nutrition Journal. ISSN 1475-2891. 15:76. doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0196-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Osei-Kwasi, Hibbah; Nicolau, Mary; Powell, Katie; Terragni, Laura; Maes, Lea & Stronks, Karien [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Systematic mapping review of the factors influencing dietary behaviour in ethnic minority groups living in Europe: a DEDIPAC study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 13:85. doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0412-8.
• Si Hassen, Wendy; Castetbon, Katia; Cardon, Philippe; Enaux, Christophe; Nicolaou, Mary & Lien, Nanna [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Socioeconomic indicators are independently associated with nutrient intake in French adults: A DEDIPAC study. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 8(3). doi: 10.3390/nu8030158. Full text in Research Archive
• Altenburg, Teatske; Velde, Saskia J. te; Chiu, Kai-Jan; Moschonis, George; Manios, Yannis & De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). Interrater reliability of the ENERGY photo-rating instrument for school environments related to physical activity and eating. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. ISSN 1543-3080. 13(4), p. 433–439. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2015-0025.
• Melbye, Elisabeth Lind; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Hausken, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Sleddens, Ester FC; Glavin, Kari & Lien, Nanna [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Adolescent impulsivity and soft drink consumption: The role of parental regulation. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 96, p. 432–442. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.040.
• Lehto, Elviira; Ray, Carola; Te Velde, Saskia; Petrova, Stefka; Duleva, Vesselka & Krawinkel, Michael [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2015). Mediation of parental educational level on fruit and vegetable intake among schoolchildren in ten European countries. Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. 18(1), p. 89–99. doi: 10.1017/S136898001300339X.
• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Skare, Øivind; Aase, Annalena; Klepp, Knut Inge & Lien, Nanna (2015). Weight development from age 13 to 30 years and adolescent socioeconomic status: The Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour study. International Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1661-8556. doi: 10.1007/s00038-015-0748-x.
• Bjelland, Mona; Soenens, Bart; Bere, Elling; Kovács, Éva; Lien, Nanna & Maes, Lea [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Associations between parental rules, style of communication and children's screen time Health behavior, health promotion and society. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 15:1002. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2337-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Altenburg, Teatske; Lakerveld, Jeroen; Andersen, Lene Frost; Stronks, Karien & Chinapaw, Mai J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Associations between socioeconomic position and correlates of sedentary behaviour among youth: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews. ISSN 1467-7881. 16(11), p. 988–1000. doi: 10.1111/obr.12314.
• Bjelland, Mona; Hausken, Solveig E. Sand; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May; Klepp, Knut Inge & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Changes in adolescents’ and parents’ intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables after 20 months : results from the HEIA study - a comprehensive, multi-component school-based randomized trial. Food & Nutrition Research. ISSN 1654-6628. 59:25932. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v59.25932.
• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bjelland, Mona; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Totland, Torunn Holm & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Are weight-related attitudes and behaviours associated with the accuracy of BMI derived from self-reported weight and height among 13-year-olds? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 43(2), p. 130–137. doi: 10.1177/1403494814563370.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Lien, Nanna; Berntsen, Sveinung; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse; Grillenberger, Monika & Manios, Yannis [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Evaluation of the UP4FUN intervention: A cluster randomized trial to reduce and break up sitting time in European 10-12-year-old children. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122612. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND: The UP4FUN intervention is a family-involved school-based intervention aiming at reducing and breaking up sitting time at home (with special emphasis on screen time), and breaking up sitting time in school among 10-12 year olds in Europe. The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate its short term effects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 3147 pupils from Belgium, Germany, Greece, Hungary and Norway participated in a school-randomized controlled trial. The intervention included 1-2 school lessons per week for a period of six weeks, along with assignments for the children and their parents. Screen time and breaking up sitting time were registered by self-report and total sedentary time and breaking up sitting time by accelerometry. The effect of the intervention on these behaviors was evaluated by multilevel regression analyses. All analyses were adjusted for baseline values and gender. Significance level was p≤0.01. No significant intervention effects were observed, neither for self-reported TV/DVD or computer/game console time, nor for accelerometer-assessed total sedentary time and number of breaks in sitting time. The intervention group, however, reported more positive attitudes towards (β = 0.25 (95% CI 0.11, 0.38)) and preferences/liking for (β = 0.20 (95% CI 0.08, 0.32)) breaking up sitting time than the control group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: No significant intervention effect on self-reported screen time or accelerometer-assessed sedentary time or breaks in sitting time was observed, but positive effects on beliefs regarding breaking up sitting time were found in favor of the intervention group. Overall, these results do not warrant wider dissemination of the present UP4FUN intervention.

• Lehto, Reetta; Määttä, Suvi; Lehto, Elviira; Ray, Carola; te Velde, Saskia J. & Lien, Nanna [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). The PRO GREENS intervention in Finnish schoolchildren - the degree of implementation affects both mediators and the intake of fruits and vegetables. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 112(7), p. 1185–1194. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514001767.
• Lien, Nanna; Haerens, L; Te Velde, SJ; Mercken, L; Klepp, Knut Inge & Moore, L [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Exploring subgroup effects by socioeconomic position of three effective school-based dietary interventions: The European TEENAGE project. International Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1661-8556. 59(3), p. 493–502. doi: 10.1007/s00038-013-0524-8.
• Lien, Nanna; Van Stralen, Maartje M; Androutsos, Odysseas; Bere, Elling; Fernandez-Alvira, Juan M & Jan, Natasa [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). The school nutrition environment and its association with soft drink intakes in seven countries across Europe - the ENERGY project. Health and Place. ISSN 1353-8292. 30, p. 28–35. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.013.
• Brug, Johannes; Uijtdewilligen, Léonie; van Stralen, Maartje M.; Singh, Annika S.; Chinapaw, Mai J.M. & De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2014). Differences in beliefs and home environments regarding energy balance behaviors according to parental education and ethnicity among schoolchildren in Europe: The ENERGY cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 14(1:610). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-610.
• Bjelland, Mona; Hausken, Solveig E. Sand; Sleddens, Ester FC; Andersen, Lene Frost; Lie, Hanne Cathrine & Finset, Arnstein [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). Development of family and dietary habits questionnaires: the assessment of family processes, dietary habits and adolescents’ impulsiveness in Norwegian adolescents and their parents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 11. doi: 10.1186/s12966-014-0130-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Lien, Nanna; Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Berntsen, Sveinung; Brug, Johannes; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse & Chinapaw, Mai JM [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2014). UP4FUN - A school-based and family-involved intervention to reduce and break up sitting time among European 10-12 year olds – systematic development and formative evaluation. Skriftserien, Universitet i Agder. ISSN 1504-9280. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122612.
• Van Lippevelde, Wendy; Bere, Elling; Verloigne, Maïté; van Stralen, Maartje M.; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse & Lien, Nanna [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2014). The role of family-related factors in the effects of the UP4FUN school-based family-focused intervention targeting screen time in 10- to 12-year-old children: the ENERGY project. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 14(1), p. 857–869. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-857.
• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; van Stralen, Maartje M.; Bjelland, Mona; Grydeland, May; Lien, Nanna & Klepp, Knut Inge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Post-intervention effects on screen behaviours and mediating effect of parental regulation : the HEalth In Adolescents study – a multi-component school-based randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-200. Show summary

  Background: To improve effectiveness of future screen behaviour interventions, one needs to know whether an intervention works via the proposed mediating mechanisms and whether the intervention is equally effective among subgroups. Parental regulation is identified as a consistent correlate of screen behaviours, but prospective evidence as well as the mediation role of parental regulation is largely lacking. This study investigated postintervention main effects on screen behaviours in the HEIA-intervention – a Norwegian school-based multiplebehaviour study, as well as mediation effects of parental regulation by adolescents’ and parents’ report. In addition, moderating effects of gender and weight status on the intervention and mediating effects were explored. Methods: Participating schools were randomized to control (n = 25) or intervention (n = 12) condition. Adolescents (n = 908 Control; 510 Intervention) self-reported their weekday and weekend TV-viewing and computer/game-use. Change in adolescents’ behaviours was targeted through school and parents. Adolescents, mothers (n = 591 Control; 244 Interventions) and fathers (n = 469 Control; 199 Intervention) reported parental regulation of the screen behaviours post-intervention (at 20 month). The product-of-coefficient test using linear regression analysis was conducted to examine main and mediating effects. Results: There was no intervention effect on the screen behaviours in the total sample. Gender moderated effect on weekend computer/game-use, while weight status moderated the effect on weekday TV-viewing and computer/game-use. Stratified analyses showed a small favourable intervention effect on weekday TV-viewing among the normal weight. Parental regulation did not mediate change in the screen behaviours. However, stronger parental regulation was associated with less TV-viewing and computer/game-use with effects being conditional on adolescents’ versus parental reports. Parental regulation of the screen behaviours, primarily by the parental report, was associated with change in the respective behaviours. Conclusion: Multiple behaviour intervention may not affect all equally well, and the effect may differ by weight status and gender. In future interventions parents should be encouraged to regulate their adolescents’ TV-viewing and computer/game-use on both weekdays and weekends as parental regulation was identified as a determinant of these screen behaviours. However, future intervention studies may need to search for more effective intervention strategies targeting parental regulation.

• Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Klepp, Knut Inge; Bergh, Ingunn Holden & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Effects of a 20-month cluster randomised controlled school-based intervention trial on BMI of school-aged boys and girls: The HEIA study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 48(9), p. 768–773. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092284. Show summary

  Background: School-based interventions that target prevention of overweight and obesity in children have been tested with mixed results. Thus, successful interventions are still called for. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of a multicomponent school-based intervention programme targeting physical activity, sedentary and dietary behaviours on anthropometric outcomes. Methods: A 20-month intervention was evaluated in a cluster randomised, controlled study of 1324 11-year-olds. Outcome variables were body mass index (BMI), BMI-for-age z-score (BMIz), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WTHR) and weight status (International Obesity Task Force's cut-offs). Weight, height and WC were measured objectively; pubertal status was self-reported and parental education was self-reported by the parents. Intervention effects were determined by one-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression, after checking for clustering effects of school, and moderating effects of gender, pubertal status and parental education. Results: Beneficial effects were found for BMI (p=0.02) and BMIz (p=0.003) in girls, but not in boys. While a beneficial effect was found for BMI (p=0.03) in participants of parents reporting a high level of education, a negative effect was found for WTHR in participants with parents reporting a low level of education (p=0.003). There were no intervention effects for WC and weight status. Conclusions: A multicomponent 20-month school-based intervention had a beneficial effect on BMI and BMIz in adolescent girls, but not in boys. Furthermore, children of higher educated parents seemed to benefit more from the intervention, and this needs attention in future interventions to avoid further increase in social inequalities in overweight and obesity.

• Totland, Torunn Holm; Gebremariam, Mekdes; Lien, Nanna; Bjelland, Mona; Grydeland, May & Bergh, Ingunn Holden [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Does tracking of dietary behaviours differ by parental education in children during the transition into adolescence? Public Health Nutrition. ISSN 1368-9800. 16(4), p. 673–682. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012003060.
• Totland, Torunn Holm; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Gebremariam, Mekdes & Grydeland, May [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Adolescents' prospective screen time by gender and parental education, the mediation of parental influences. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-89. Show summary

  Background: The present study investigated associations in gender dyads of parents’ and adolescents’ time spent on television and video viewing (TV/DVD), and computer and electronic game use (PC/games) at the ages of 11 and 13 years. Possible mediating effects of parental modelling and parental regulation in the relationship between parental education and adolescents’ prospective TV/DVD and PC/game time were further examined. Methods: A total of 908 adolescents, participating at both ages 11 and 13 years in the Norwegian HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) cohort study (2007–2009), were included in the analyses. Data on adolescents’, mothers’ and fathers’ self reported time spent on TV/DVD and PC/games were measured at both time points by questionnaires. Correlation coefficients were used to examine gender dyads of parents’ and adolescents’ reports. Mediation analyses using linear regression investigated possible mediation effects of parental modelling and parental regulation in the prospective relationship between parental education and adolescents’ time spent on TV/DVD and PC/games between the ages of 11 and 13 years. Results: Correlations of screen time behaviours in gender dyads of parents and adolescents showed significant associations in time spent on TV/DVD at the age of 11 and 13 years. Associations between mothers and sons and between fathers and daughters were also observed in time spent on PC/games at the age of 11 years. Maternal and paternal modelling was further found to mediate the relationship between parental education and adolescents’ prospective TV/DVD time between the ages of 11 and 13 years. No mediation effect was observed for parental regulation, however a decrease in both maternal and paternal regulation at the age of 11 years significantly predicted more TV/DVD time among adolescents at the age of 13 years. Conclusion: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships were observed in gender dyads of parents’ and adolescents’ screen time behaviours at the ages of 11 and 13 years, and further studies including both parents and their children should be emphasized. Moreover, maternal and paternal modelling were found to be important target variables in interventions aiming to reduce social differences by parental education in adolescents’ prospective time spent on TV/DVD.

• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Bjørnarå, Helga Birgit T.; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Lien, Nanna; Androutsos, Odysseas & Maes, Lea [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2013). Associations between eating meals, watching TV while eating meals and weight status among children, ages 10-12 years in eight European countries: the ENERGY cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-58.
• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Totland, Torunn Holm & Bjelland, Mona [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Are screen-based sedentary behaviors longitudinally associated with dietary behaviors and leisure-time physical activity in the transition into adolescence? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-9.
• Totland, Torunn Holm; Lien, Nanna; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Gebremariam, Mekdes & Klepp, Knut Inge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). The relationship between parental education and adolescents’ soft drink intake from the age of 11–13 years, and possible mediating effects of availability and accessibility. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 110(5), p. 926–933. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005946.
• Grydeland, May; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Andersen, Lene Frost & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Intervention effects on physical activity: the HEIA study - a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-17. Show summary

  Background: Although school-based interventions to promote physical activity in adolescents have been suggested in several recent reviews, questions have been raised regarding the effects of the strategies and the methodology applied and for whom the interventions are effective. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of a school-based intervention program: the HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) study, on change in physical activity, and furthermore, to explore whether potential effects varied by gender, weight status, initial physical activity level and parental education level. Methods: This was a cluster randomized controlled 20 month intervention study which included 700 11-year-olds. Main outcome-variable was mean count per minute (cpm) derived from ActiGraph accelerometers (Model 7164/GT1M). Weight and height were measured objectively. Adolescents reported their pubertal status in a questionnaire and parents reported their education level on the consent form. Linear mixed models were used to test intervention effects and to account for the clustering effect of sampling by school. Results: The present study showed an intervention effect on overall physical activity at the level of p = 0.05 with a net effect of 50 cpm increase from baseline to post intervention in favour of the intervention group (95% CI -0.4, 100). Subgroup analyses showed that the effect appeared to be more profound among girls (Est 65 cpm, CI 5, 124, p = 0.03) and among participants in the low-activity group (Est 92 cpm, CI 41, 142, p < 0.001), as compared to boys and participants in the high-activity group, respectively. Furthermore, the intervention affected physical activity among the normal weight group more positively than among the overweight, and participants with parents having 13--16 years of education more positively than participants with parents having either a lower or higher number of years of education. The intervention seemed to succeed in reducing time spent sedentary among girls but not among boys. Conclusions: A comprehensive but feasible, multi-component school-based intervention can affect physical activity patterns in adolescents by increasing overall physical activity. This intervention effect seemed to be more profound in girls than boys, low-active adolescents compared to high-active adolescents, participants with normal weight compared to the overweight, and for participants with parents of middle education level as opposed to those with high and low education levels, respectively. An implementation of the HEIA intervention components in the school system may have a beneficial effect on public health by increasing overall physical activity among adolescents and possibly among girls and low-active adolescents in particular.

• Hjelkrem, Kristiane; Lien, Nanna & Wandel, Margareta (2013). Perceptions of slimming and healthiness among Norwegian adolescent girls. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. ISSN 1499-4046. 45(3), p. 196–203. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2012.06.007.
• Brug, J.; van Stralen, MM; Chinapaw, MJM; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse; Lien, Nanna & Bere, Elling [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2012). Differences in weight status and energy-balance related behaviours according to ethnic background among adolescents in seven countries in Europe: the ENERGY-project. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. ISSN 1747-7166. 7(5), p. 399–411. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00067.x.
• Grydeland, May; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Andersen, Lene Frost & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Correlates of weight status among Norwegian 11-year-olds: The HEIA study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 12. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1053. Show summary

  Background: The underlying mechanisms of overweight and obesity in adolescents are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable correlates of weight status among 1103 Norwegian 11-year-old adolescents in the HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) study, including demographic factors such as gender and parental education, and behavioral factors such as intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks and breakfast consumption, watching TV and playing computer games, physical activity and sedentary time. Methods: Weight and height were measured objectively, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and International Obesity Task Force cut-offs were used to define weight status. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometers. Other behavioral correlates and pubertal status were self-reported by questionnaires. Parental education was reported by the parents on the consent form for their child. Associations were investigated using logistic regressions. Results: There were gender differences in behavioral correlates of weight status but not for weight status itself. Adolescents with parents in the highest education category had a 46% reduced odds of being overweight compared to adolescents with parents in the lowest education category. Adolescents with parents with medium education had 42% lower odds of being overweight than adolescents with parents with the lowest education category. Level of parental education, breakfast consumption and moderate to vigorous physical activity were positively associated with being normal weight, and time watching TV was positively associated with being overweight for the total sample. Gender differences were detected; boys had a doubled risk of being overweight for every additional hour of watching TV per week, while for girls there was no association. Conclusions: The present study showed a social gradient in weight status in 11-year-olds. Both breakfast consumption and moderate to vigorous physical activity were inversely associated with weight status. No associations were found between intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks, playing computer games and weight status. Watching TV was positively associated with weight status for boys but not for girls. Interventions are needed to gain more insight into the correlates of change in weight status.

• Bergh, Ingunn Holden; van Stralen, Maartje M.; Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Exploring mediators of accelerometer assessed physical activity in young adolescents in the Health in adolescents study - a group randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 12. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-814. Show summary

  Background: There is a shortage of information about the factors that mediate physical activity intervention effects which involve youth. The purpose of this study was to examine whether personal, social and physical-environmental factors mediated the intervention effect on physical activity and whether gender and weight status moderated mediated effects in the Health In Adolescents Study – a school-based intervention to promote healthy weight development among young adolescents. Methods: Participating schools were randomized to Control (n = 25) and Intervention (n = 12). The intervention components to enhance physical activity targeted change through theoretically informed mediators embedded in a social-ecological framework. Accelerometer assessed physical activity (mean count per minute) and self-efficacy, enjoyment, perceived social support from parents, teachers and friends and perceived environmental opportunities were measured by questionnaires at baseline and post-intervention after 20 months among 700 11–13 year-old adolescents (Intervention = 485; Control = 215). The product-of-coefficient test was used to examine mediation. Results: No mediating effect of any of the hypothesized mediators was identified and gender and weight status did not moderate any mediated effects with the exception of weight status that moderated the mediated effect of enjoyment. Few intervention effects were seen on the mediators, except for a positive change in social support from teachers among girls and the normal weight, and a negative effect on enjoyment and self-efficacy among the overweight. However, change in enjoyment, self-efficacy, perceived social support from friends and environmental opportunities were associated with change in mean count per minute with some variation across the investigated subgroups, and thus show evidence of being potential mediators of physical activity change in adolescents. Conclusions: While no mediation effects were observed, change in both personal and social-environmental factors predicted change in physical activity behavior. Hence, a social- ecological approach targeting a wide range of determinants to promote change in physical activity holds promise. Overweight and normal weight adolescents may not respond in the same way to school-based physical activity interventions. Therefore, strategies to better reach the overweight seem needed. Future studies should continue to identify mediating and moderation mechanisms in physical activity change in adolescents.

• Mercken, L.; Moore, L; Crone, M R; De Vries, H; De Bourdeaudhuij, I & Lien, Nanna [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). The effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention interventions among low- and high-SES European teenagers. Health Education Research. ISSN 0268-1153. 27(3), p. 459–469. doi: 10.1093/her/cys017.
• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bjelland, Mona; Klepp, Knut Inge; Totland, Torunn Holm & Bergh, Ingunn Holden [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Does the school food environment influence the dietary behaviours of Norwegian 11-year-olds? The HEIA study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 40(5), p. 491–497. doi: 10.1177/1403494812454948.
• Verloigne, Maïté; Bere, Elling; Van Lippevelde, Wendy; Maes, Lea; Lien, Nanna & Vik, Frøydis Nordgård [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). The effect of the UP4FUN pilot intervention on objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity in 10--12 year old children in Belgium: the ENERGY-project. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 18(12). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-805.
• Brug, Johannes; van Stralen, Maartje M.; te Velde, Saskia J; Chinapaw, Mai J.M.; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse & Lien, Nanna [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2012). Differences in Weight Status and Energy-Balance Related Behaviors among Schoolchildren across Europe: The ENERGY-Project. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 7(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034742. Show summary

  Background Current data on the prevalence of overweight and energy-balance behaviors among European children is necessary to inform overweight prevention interventions. Methodology/Principal Findings A school-based survey among 10–12 year old children was conducted in seven European countries using a standardized protocol. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured; Engagement in physical activity, sedentary and dietary behaviors, and sleep duration were self-reported. Descriptive analyses were conducted, looking at differences according to country, gender, and parental education. 7234 children (52%girls; 11.6±0.7 years) participated. 25.8% and 5.4% of boys, and 21.8% and 4.1% of girls were overweight (including obese) and obese (according to International Obesity Task Force criteria), respectively. Higher prevalence of overweight/obesity was observed in Greece, Hungary, Slovenia and Spain than in Belgium, Netherlands and Norway. Large differences between countries were found in intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, breakfast, active transport, TV and computer time. More favorable overweight status and behavior patterns were found in girls than boys and in children of higher educated parents than in children of lower educated parents. Conclusions/Significance High levels and striking differences in overweight status and potential risk behaviors were found among schoolchildren across Europe.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Bjelland, Mona & Lien, Nanna (2012). Stability and change in potential correlates of physical activity and association with pubertal status among Norwegian children in the transition between childhood and adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 9. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-56. Show summary

  Background: Whereas tracking and change in physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents have been well documented, studies investigating these patterns in its correlates are lacking. The present study aims to address this gap and in addition explore the impact of pubertal status on PA and its potential psychological and social-environmental correlates in a sample of Norwegian children over a 20-month period. Methods: A total of 885 students from 25 control schools of an intervention study, the HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) study were included (mean age at baseline 11.2 (0.3)). The baseline took place in September 2007, the first follow-up in May 2008 and the second follow-up in May 2009. PA and its potential correlates (enjoyment of PA, self-efficacy related to barriers to PA, perceived support for PA from parents, friends and teachers, perceived social inclusion and perceived environmental opportunities for PA) were self-reported. Pubertal status was assessed using the Pubertal Development Scale. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to explore changes. Tracking was assessed using Spearman’s rank order correlation. Pubertal groups were compared using ANOVA or ANCOVA (controlling for BMI). Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate whether pubertal stage at age 11 would predict levels of correlates and PA at age 13. Results: Potential correlates of PA and the behaviour itself were found to track moderately in the transition between childhood and adolescence. Small but significant changes in enjoyment of PA and teachers’ support for PA in both genders and in friends’ support for PA and perceived environmental opportunities for PA in females in a direction unfavourable to PA were detected. A few weak positive associations between pubertal stage and correlates of PA at age 11 were noted among boys. Conclusions: Enjoyment of PA, self-efficacy related to barriers to PA, perceived social support for PA, perceived social inclusion, perceived environmental opportunities for PA and the behaviour itself were found to be moderately stable in the transition between childhood and adolescence. Health promotion efforts in childhood targeting PA and its psychosocial and social-environmental correlates might have favourable effects in later years.

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• Roos, Gun; Langøien, Lars Jørun; Terragni, Laura; Rugseth, Gro; Nicolaou, Mary & Holdsworth, Michelle [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Systematic mapping review of factors influencing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in ethnic minority groups in Europe: a DEDIPAC study.
• Brug, Johannes; van der Ploeg, Hidde P; Loyen, Anne; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Allais, Olivier & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 34 contributors for this article] (2017). Determinants of diet and physical activity (DEDIPAC): A summary of findings. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0609-5.
• Klepp, Knut Inge & Lien, Nanna (2017). Overvekt og fedme: den tunge folkehelseutfordringen. In Klepp, Knut Inge & Aarø, Leif Edvard (Ed.), Ungdom, livsstil og helsefremmende arbeid. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-05-46398-1. p. 255–270.
• Vennerød, Frida Felicia; Monnery-Patris, Sandrine; Lien, Nanna & Almli, Valerie Lengard (2016). Children and sweet preferences.
• Melbye, Elisabeth Lind; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Hausken, Solveig E S; Sleddens, Ester FC; Glavin, Kari & Lien, Nanna [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Adolescent impulsivity and soft drink consumption: The role of parental regulation.
• Hersleth, Margrethe; Vatn, Solveig Veronica Dånmark; Berget, Ingunn; Almli, Valerie Lengard & Lien, Nanna (2014). Children’s sensitivity to basic tastes and their corresponding acceptance and intake of representative lemonades.
• Totland, Torunn Holm; Lien, Nanna; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Bjelland, Mona; Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede & Klepp, Knut Inge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Prediction of parental education on adolescents’ soft drink intake, and mediation effects of availability and accessibility at home.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Bjørnarå, Helga Birgit; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Lien, Nanna; Androutsos, Odysseas & Maes, Lea [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2013). ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN EATING MEALS, EATING MEALS WHILE WATCHING TV AND WEIGHT STATUS AMONG CHILDREN, 10-12 YEARS: THE ENERGY-CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. ISSN 0250-6807. 63, p. 286–286. doi: 10.1159/000354245.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Bjørnarå, Helga Birgit; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Lien, Nanna; Androutsos, Odysseas & Maes, Lea [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2013). Associations between eating meals, eating meals while watching TV and weight status among children, 10-12 years: The energy-cross sectional study.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Lien, Nanna; Berntsen, Sveinung; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse; Grillenberger, Monika & Manios, Yannis [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Outcome evaluation of the UP4FUN pilot intervention in 10 – 12 year old children in Europe - the ENERGY project.
• Bjelland, Mona; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Grydeland, May & Lien, Nanna (2013). Utvikling, gjennomføring og evaluering av HEIA-prosjektet: Kan skolen være en arena for å fremme sunn vektutvikling blant 11-13 åringer? Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring (NTFE). ISSN 1503-5034. p. 30–33.
• Grydeland, May; Bjelland, Mona; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Klepp, Knut Inge; Bergh, Ingunn Holden & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Intervention effect on BMI in adolescent girls: The HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) Study – A school-­based two-­year cluster randomized trial.
• Aguiar Rodriguez, Anaely; Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Kopainsky, Birgit & Lien, Nanna (2019). Review of existing system dynamics models on overweight/obesity in children and ado-lescents. D7.1 H2020 project CoCREATE. H2020 project CoCreate.
• Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia; Almli, Valerie Lengard & Lien, Nanna (2018). The development of taste preferances in children - A Longitudinal Study of Norwegian Preschoolers. Univeritetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-8377-327-9.
• Totland, Torunn Holm; Andersen, Lene Frost & Lien, Nanna (2014). Home environmental influences on adolescents' energy balance related behaviours. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-8264-630-7.
• Hersleth, Margrethe; Lien, Nanna & Vatn, Solveig Veronica Dånmark (2014). Barns sensitivitet og aksept av grunnsmaker og betydning for dere matvaner. Universitetet i Oslo.

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