Anne Eskild

• Sagberg, Karianne; Eskild, Anne; Sommerfelt, Silje; Halle, Tuva Kristine Toresdatter; Hillestad, Vigdis & Haavaldsen, Camilla (2024). Two-dimensional (2D) placental ultrasound measurements – The correlation with placental volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 149, p. 7–12. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.02.010.
• Kulseng, Carl Petter Skaar; Sommerfelt, Silje; Flo, Kari; Gjesdal, Kjell Inge; Peterson, Helene Fjeldvik & Hillestad, Vigdis [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Placental size at gestational week 27 and 37: The associations with pulsatility index in the uterine and the fetal-placental arteries. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 145, p. 45–50. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.11.014.
• Meinich, Tale Jeanette & Eskild, Anne (2023). Har svangerskapsavbrudd betydning for nedgangen i antall fødsler? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 143(17), p. 1500–1502. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0337. Full text in Research Archive
• Eskild, Anne; Skau, Irene; Grytten, Jostein Ivar & Haavaldsen, Camilla (2023). Inter-pregnancy interval and placental weight. A population based follow-up study in Norway. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 144, p. 38–44. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.11.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Peterson, Helene Fjeldvik; Eskild, Anne; Sommerfelt, Silje & Hillestad, Vigdis (2023). Placental size at gestational week 36: Comparisons between ongoing pregnancies and deliveries. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 103, p. 85–92. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14700. Full text in Research Archive
• Langås, Julie Røgler; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig Sand-Hanssen & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2023). The dose-response relationship of pre-menopausal alcohol consumption with age at menopause: a population study of 280 497 women in Norway. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 52(6), p. 1951–1958. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyad129. Full text in Research Archive
• Kulseng, Carl Petter Skaar; Hillestad, Vigdis; Eskild, Anne & Gjesdal, Kjell Inge (2023). Automatic placental and fetal volume estimation by a convolutional neural network. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 134, p. 23–29. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.02.009.
• Eskild, Anne; Sommerfelt, Silje; Gjesdal, Kjell Inge; Borthne, Arne Sigmund; Mørkrid, Lars & Hillestad, Vigdis (2022). Percentiles of intrauterine placental volume and placental volume relative to fetal volume: A prospective magnetic resonance imaging study. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.02.023.
• Sheikh, Jameela; Allotey, John; Kew, Tania; Fernández-Félix, Borja M.; Zamora, Javier & Khalil, Asma [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2022). Effects of race and ethnicity on perinatal outcomes in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 198 655 pregnancies. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 10(400), p. 2049–2062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01191-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Haavaldsen, Camilla; Morken, Nils-Halvdan; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Eskild, Anne (2022). Is the increasing prevalence of labor induction accompanied by changes in pregnancy outcomes? An observational study of all singleton births at gestational weeks 37–42 in Norway during 1999–2019. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. p. 1–16. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14489. Full text in Research Archive
• Riise, Hilde Kristin Refvik; Igland, Jannicke; Sulo, Gerhard; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Graue, Marit & Eskild, Anne [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Is the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with pre-eclampsia modified by very low or very high offspring birth weight? A nationwide cohort study in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12(4), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055467. Full text in Research Archive
• Eskild, Anne; Mørkrid, Lars; Mortensen, Siri Beisland & Leegaard, Truls Michael (2022). Prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant women in Norway during the period December 2019 through December 2020. Epidemiology and Infection. ISSN 0950-2688. 150, p. 1–3. doi: 10.1017/S0950268822000073. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We studied severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence among pregnant women in Norway by including all women who were first trimester pregnant (n = 6520), each month from December 2019 through December 2020, in the catchment region of Norway's second-largest hospital. We used sera that had been frozen stored after compulsory testing for syphilis antibodies in antenatal care. The sera were analysed with the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics, Cobas e801). This immunoassay detects IgG/IgM against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen. Sera with equivocal or positive test results were retested with the Liaison® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG (DiaSorin), which detects IgG against the spike (S)1 and S2 protein on the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In total, 98 women (adjusted prevalence 1.7%) had SARS CoV-2 antibodies. The adjusted seroprevalence increased from 0.3% (1/445) in December 2019 to 5.7% (21/418) in December 2020. Out of the 98 seropositive women, 36 (36.7%) had serological signs of current SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of serum sampling, and the incidence remained low during the study period. This study suggests that SARS CoV-2 was present in the first half of December 2019, 6 weeks before the first case was recognised in Norway. The low occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during 2020, may be explained by high compliance to extensive preventive measures implemented early in the epidemic.

• Peterson, Helene Fjeldvik; Eskild, Anne; Sommerfelt, Silje; Gjesdal, Kjell Inge; Borthne, Arne Sigmund & Mørkrid, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Percentiles of intrauterine placental volume and placental volume relative to fetal volume: A prospective magnetic resonance imaging study. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 121, p. 40–45. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.02.023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction We aimed to provide percentiles of intrauterine placental growth and placental growth relative to fetal growth (placental to fetal ratio) by measuring placental and fetal volumes by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods In this prospective study, 107 unselected singleton pregnancies were examined by MRI at gestational week 27 and 37. Based on the estimated volumes of the placenta and the fetus, we calculated median and percentiles at gestational weeks 27 and 37. Results Median placental volume at gestational week 27 was 513 cm3 (Inter Quartile Range (IQR) 182 cm3), and 831 cm3 (IQR 252 cm3) at week 37. The 10th – 90th percentiles included placental volumes between 392 and 717 cm3 at gestational week 27, and 631–1087 cm3 at week 37. The placental to fetal ratio was significantly higher at gestational week 27 than at week 37, with a median ratio of 0.54 (IQR 0.18) and 0.31 (IQR 0.08), respectively (p < 0.001). The 10th-90th percentiles included placental to fetal ratios between 0.43 and 0.73 at gestational week 27 and 0.25–0.39 at week 37. Discussion At gestational week 27, the placental volume was about half the size of the fetal volume, whereas at week 37, the placental volume was about one third of the fetal volume. This finding suggests that placental growth was less prominent than fetal growth after gestational week 27. Knowledge about the distribution of intrauterine placental size in the general population of pregnancies are prerequisites for diagnosing abnormal placental size.

• Blix, Ellen; Eskild, Anne; Skau, Irene & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2022). The impact of the introduction of intrapartum fetal ECG ST segment analysis. A population study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 101(7), p. 809–818. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14347. Full text in Research Archive
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2021). The relation of number of childbirths with age at natural menopause: a population study of 310 147 women in Norway. Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 37(2), p. 333–340. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deab246. Full text in Research Archive
• Grytten, Jostein Ivar; Skau, Irene & Eskild, Anne (2021). Does the use of Doppler ultrasound reduce fetal mortality? A population study of all deliveries in Norway 1990-2014. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 50(6), p. 2038–2047. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab098. Full text in Research Archive
• Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Jukic, Anne M. & Eskild, Anne (2021). Offspring birthweight and placental weight—does the type of maternal diabetes matter? A population-based study of 319 076 pregnancies. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. p. 1–8. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14217. Full text in Research Archive
• Sagberg, Karianne; Eskild, Anne; Sommerfelt, Silje; Gjesdal, Kjell-Inge; Higgins, Lucy E. & Borthne, Arne Sigmund [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Placental volume in gestational week 27 measured by three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 100(8), p. 1412–1418. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14115. Full text in Research Archive
• Allotey, John; Snell, Kym I.E.; Smuk, Melanie; Hooper, Richard; Chan, Claire & Ahmed, Asif [Show all 62 contributors for this article] (2020). Validation and development of models using clinical, biochemical and ultrasound markers for predicting pre-eclampsia: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Health Technology Assessment. ISSN 1366-5278. 24(72), p. 1–290. doi: 10.3310/hta24720. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Early identification of women at risk is needed to plan management. Objectives: To assess the performance of existing pre-eclampsia prediction models and to develop and validate models for pre-eclampsia using individual participant data meta-analysis. We also estimated the prognostic value of individual markers. Design: This was an individual participant data meta-analysis of cohort studies. Setting: Source data from secondary and tertiary care. Predictors: We identified predictors from systematic reviews, and prioritised for importance in an international survey. Primary outcomes: Early-onset (delivery at < 34 weeks' gestation), late-onset (delivery at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation) and any-onset pre-eclampsia. Analysis: We externally validated existing prediction models in UK cohorts and reported their performance in terms of discrimination and calibration. We developed and validated 12 new models based on clinical characteristics, clinical characteristics and biochemical markers, and clinical characteristics and ultrasound markers in the first and second trimesters. We summarised the data set-specific performance of each model using a random-effects meta-analysis. Discrimination was considered promising for C-statistics of ≥ 0.7, and calibration was considered good if the slope was near 1 and calibration-in-the-large was near 0. Heterogeneity was quantified using I 2 and τ2. A decision curve analysis was undertaken to determine the clinical utility (net benefit) of the models. We reported the unadjusted prognostic value of individual predictors for pre-eclampsia as odds ratios with 95% confidence and prediction intervals. Results: The International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications network comprised 78 studies (3,570,993 singleton pregnancies) identified from systematic reviews of tests to predict pre-eclampsia. Twenty-four of the 131 published prediction models could be validated in 11 UK cohorts. Summary C-statistics were between 0.6 and 0.7 for most models, and calibration was generally poor owing to large between-study heterogeneity, suggesting model overfitting. The clinical utility of the models varied between showing net harm to showing minimal or no net benefit. The average discrimination for IPPIC models ranged between 0.68 and 0.83. This was highest for the second-trimester clinical characteristics and biochemical markers model to predict early-onset pre-eclampsia, and lowest for the first-trimester clinical characteristics models to predict any pre-eclampsia. Calibration performance was heterogeneous across studies. Net benefit was observed for International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications first and second-trimester clinical characteristics and clinical characteristics and biochemical markers models predicting any pre-eclampsia, when validated in singleton nulliparous women managed in the UK NHS. History of hypertension, parity, smoking, mode of conception, placental growth factor and uterine artery pulsatility index had the strongest unadjusted associations with pre-eclampsia. Limitations: Variations in study population characteristics, type of predictors reported, too few events in some validation cohorts and the type of measurements contributed to heterogeneity in performance of the International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications models. Some published models were not validated because model predictors were unavailable in the individual participant data. Conclusion: For models that could be validated, predictive performance was generally poor across data sets. Although the International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications models show good predictive performance on average, and in the singleton nulliparous population, heterogeneity in calibration performance is likely across settings.

• Dypvik, Johanne; Larsen, Sandra; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Eskild, Anne (2020). Placental Weight and Risk of Neonatal Death. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 174(2), p. 197–199. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4556.
• Snell, Kym I.E.; Allotey, John; Smuk, Melanie; Hooper, Richard; Chan, Claire & Ahmed, Asif [Show all 60 contributors for this article] (2020). External validation of prognostic models predicting pre-eclampsia: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMC Medicine. ISSN 1741-7015. 18, p. 1–18. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01766-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig; Gran, Jon Michael & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2020). Temporal trends in age at menarche and age at menopause: a population study of 312 656 women in Norway. Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 35(2), p. 464–471. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dez288. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Gran, Jon Michael; Hofvind, Solveig & Eskild, Anne (2020). The association of birthweight with age at natural menopause: a population study of women in Norway. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 49(2), p. 528–536. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyz207. Full text in Research Archive
• Eskild, Anne; Sommerfelt, Silje; Skau, Irene & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2019). Offspring birthweight and placental weight in immigrant women from conflict-zone countries; does length of residence in the host country matter? A population study in Norway. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. p. 1–8. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13777. Full text in Research Archive
• Haavaldsen, Camilla; Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie & Eskild, Anne (2019). Temporal changes in fetal death risk in pregnancies with preeclampsia: Does offspring birthweight matter? A population study. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: X. ISSN 2590-1613. 2:100009, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100009. Full text in Research Archive
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2019). Childbirth close to natural menopause: does age at menopause matter? Reproductive Biomedicine Online. ISSN 1472-6483. 39(1), p. 169–175. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.03.209. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Sandra; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Dypvik, Johanne; Jukic, Anne Marie & Eskild, Anne (2018). Placental weight and birthweight: The relations with number of daily cigarettes and smoking cessation in pregnancy. A population study. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 47(4), p. 1141–1150. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy110.
• Eskild, Anne; Monkerud, Lars Chr.; Jukic, Anne Marie Z.; Åsvold, Bjørn Olav & Lie, Kari Helene Elise Kveim (2018). Maternal concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and risk for cerebral palsy (CP) in the child. A case control study. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. ISSN 0301-2115. 228, p. 203–208. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.07.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Sandvei, Marie Søfteland; Vatten, Lars Johan; Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig & Ursin, Giske [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: effect modification by body mass through life. European Journal of Epidemiology (EJE). ISSN 0393-2990. doi: 10.1007/s10654-018-0431-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Tanbo, Tom Gunnar; Zucknick, Manuela & Eskild, Anne (2018). Maternal concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin in very early IVF pregnancies and duration of pregnancy: a follow-up study. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. ISSN 1472-6483. 37(2), p. 208–215. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.04.048. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Hofvind, Solveig; Byberg, Liisa & Eskild, Anne (2018). The relation of age at menarche with age at natural menopause: a population study of 336 788 women in Norway . Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 33(6), p. 1149–1157. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dey078.
• Grytten, Jostein Ivar; Skau, Irene; Sørensen, Rune Jørgen & Eskild, Anne (2018). Does the Use of Diagnostic Technology Reduce Fetal Mortality? Health Services Research (HSR). ISSN 0017-9124. 53(6), p. 4437–4459. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12721. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To examine the effect that the introduction of new diagnostic technology in obstetric care has had on fetal death. Data Source The Medical Birth Registry of Norway provided detailed medical information for approximately 1.2 million deliveries from 1967 to 1995. Information about diagnostic technology was collected directly from the maternity units, using a questionnaire. Study Design: The data were analyzed using a hospital fixed‐effects regression with fetal mortality as the outcome measure. The key independent variables were the introduction of ultrasound and electronic fetal monitoring at each maternity ward. Hospital‐specific trends and risk factors of the mother were included as control variables. The richness of the data allowed us to perform several robustness tests. Principal Finding: The introduction of ultrasound caused a significant drop in fetal mortality rate, while the introduction of electronic fetal monitoring had no effect on the rate. In the population as a whole, ultrasound contributed to a reduction in fetal deaths of nearly 20 percent. For post‐term deliveries, the reduction was well over 50 percent. Conclusion: The introduction of ultrasound made a major contribution to the decline in fetal mortality at the end of the last century.

• Dypvik, Johanne; Lid, Andrea Johanne; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2018). Maternal human chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations in very early pregnancy and risk of hyperemesis gravidarum: A retrospective cohort study of 4372 pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. ISSN 0301-2115. 221, p. 12–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.12.015.
• Sørensen, Ingvild M.; Joner, Geir; Jenum, Pål; Eskild, Anne; Dahl, Sandra Rinne & Stene, Lars Christian (2017). Maternal serum calcitriol during pregnancy and risk of childhood onset type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetologica. ISSN 0940-5429. 54, p. 1143–1145. doi: 10.1007/s00592-017-1045-3.
• Dypvik, Johanne; Larsen, Sandra; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Jukic, Anne M; Vatten, Lars Johan & Eskild, Anne (2017). Placental weight in the first pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia in the second pregnancy: A population-based study of 186 859 women. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. ISSN 0301-2115. 214, p. 184–189. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.05.010.
• Grytten, Jostein Ivar; Monkerud, Lars Chr.; Skau, Irene; Eskild, Anne; Sørensen, Rune Jørgen & Saugstad, Ola Didrik (2017). Saving Newborn Babies – The Benefits of Interventions in Neonatal Care in Norway over More Than 40 Years. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 26(3), p. 352–370. doi: 10.1002/hec.3314. Full text in Research Archive
• Hilde, Gunvor; Eskild, Anne; Owe, Katrine Mari; Bø, Kari & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2017). Exercise in Pregnancy: An Association with Placental Weight? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ISSN 0002-9378. 216(2), p. 168.e1–168.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.10.018. Show summary

  Background: Women with high levels of physical exercise have increased demand for oxygen and nutrients. Thus, in pregnancies of women with high levels of exercise it is conceivable that the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the placenta is sub-optimal, and growth could be impaired. Objective: To study the association of frequency of exercise during pregnancy with placental weight and placental to birthweight ratio. Study design: A prospective study of 80,515 singleton pregnancies in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Frequency of exercise was self-reported by a questionnaire at pregnancy weeks 17 and 30. Information on placental weight and birthweight was obtained by linkage to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Results: Placental weight decreased with increasing frequency of exercise (tests for trend, P<0.001). For non-exercisers in pregnancy week 17, crude mean placental weight was 686.1 g compared to 667.3 g in women exercising ≥ 6 times weekly (difference 18.8 g; 95% CI: 12.0 to 25.5). Likewise, in non-exercisers in pregnancy week 30, crude mean placental weight was 684.9 g compared to 661.6 g in women exercising ≥ 6 times weekly (difference 23.3 g; 95% CI: 14.9 to 31.6). The largest difference in crude mean placental weight were seen between non-exercisers at both time points and women exercising ≥ 6 times weekly at both time points (difference 31.7 g; 95% CI: 19.2 to 44.2). Frequency of exercise was not associated with placental to birthweight ratio. Conclusion: We found decreasing placental weight with increasing frequency of exercise in pregnancy. The difference in placental weight between non-exercisers and women with exercising ≥ 6 times weekly was small, and may have no clinical implications.

• Larsen, Sandra; Dobbin, Joanna; McCallion, Oliver & Eskild, Anne (2016). Intrauterine fetal death and risk of shoulder dystocia at delivery. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 95(12), p. 1345–1351. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13033. Show summary

  Introduction Vaginal delivery is recommended after intrauterine fetal death. However, little is known about the risk of shoulder dystocia in these deliveries. We studied whether intrauterine fetal death increases the risk of shoulder dystocia at delivery. Material and methods In this population-based register study using the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, we included all singleton pregnancies with vaginal delivery of offspring in cephalic presentation in Norway during the period 1967–2012 (n = 2 266 118). Risk of shoulder dystocia was estimated as absolute risk (%) and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Adjustment was made for offspring birthweight (in grams). We performed sub-analyses within categories of birthweight (<4000 and ≥4000 g) and in pregnancies with maternal diabetes. Results Shoulder dystocia occurred in 1.1% of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death and in 0.8% of pregnancies without intrauterine fetal death (p < 0.0001) (crude odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.2–4.9). After adjustment for birthweight, the odds ratio was 5.9 (95% confidence interval 4.7–7.4). In pregnancies with birthweight ≥4000 g, shoulder dystocia occurred in 14.6% of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death and in 2.8% of pregnancies without intrauterine fetal death (p < 0.001) (crude odds ratio 5.9, 95% confidence interval 4.5–7.9). In pregnancies with birthweight ≥4000 g and concurrent maternal diabetes, shoulder dystocia occurred in 57.1% of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death and 9.6% of pregnancies without intrauterine fetal death (p < 0.001) (crude odds ratio 12.6, 95% confidence interval 5.9–26.9). Conclusions Intrauterine fetal death increased the risk of shoulder dystocia at delivery, and the absolute risk of shoulder dystocia was particularly high if offspring birthweight was high and the mother had diabetes.

• Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Lid, Julie & Eskild, Anne (2016). Use of contraception among women who request first trimester pregnancy termination in Norway. Contraception. ISSN 0010-7824. 94(2), p. 181–186. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.005.
• Larsen, Sandra; Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Haavaldsen, Camilla & Eskild, Anne (2016). Placental weight in pregnancies with high or low hemoglobin concentrations. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. ISSN 0301-2115. 206, p. 48–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.08.039. Show summary

  Objectives To study the associations of maternal hemoglobin concentrations with placental weight and placental to birthweight ratio. Study design In this retrospective cohort study, we included all singleton pregnancies during the years 1998–2013 at a large public hospital in Norway (n = 57 062). We compared mean placental weight and placental to birthweight ratio according to maternal hemoglobin concentrations: <9 g/dl, 9–13.5 g/dl or >13.5 g/dl. The associations of maternal hemoglobin concentrations with placental weight and placental to birthweight ratio were estimated by linear regression analyses, and adjustments were made for gestational age at birth, preeclampsia, parity, maternal age, diabetes, body mass index, smoking, offspring sex and year of birth. Results In pregnancies with maternal hemoglobin concentrations <9 g/dl, mean placental weight was 701.2 g (SD 160.6 g), followed by 678.1 g (SD 150.2 g) for hemoglobin concentrations 9–13.5 g/dl and 655.5 g (SD 147.7 g) for hemoglobin concentrations >13.5 g/dl (ANOVA, p < 0.001). Mean placental to birthweight ratio was highest in pregnancies with maternal hemoglobin concentrations <9 g/dl (0.203 (SD 0.036)). We found no difference in mean placental to birthweight ratio for maternal hemoglobin concentrations 9–13.5 g/dl (0.193 (SD 0.040)) and >13.5 g/dl (0.193 (SD 0.043)). Adjustments for our study factors did not alter the estimates notably. Conclusions Placental weight decreased with increasing maternal hemoglobin concentrations. The high placental to birthweight ratio with low maternal hemoglobin concentrations suggests differences in placental growth relative to fetal growth across maternal hemoglobin concentrations.

• Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2016). The associations of maternal body mass index with birthweight and placental weight. Does maternal diabetes matter? A population study of 106 191 pregnancies. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 95(10), p. 1162–1170. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12947.
• Sørensen, Ingvild M.; Joner, Geir; Jenum, Pål; Eskild, Anne; Brunborg, Cathrine & Torjesen, Peter A [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Vitamin D-binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy in mothers whose children later developed type 1 diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. ISSN 1520-7552. 32(8), p. 883–890. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2812.
• Eskild, Anne; Herdlevær, Ida Erdal; Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Monkerud, Lars Christian & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2016). Childbirth or termination of pregnancy: Does paid employment matter? A population study of women in reproductive age in Norway. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 95(5), p. 513–518. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12867.
• Dypvik, Johanne; Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Vatten, Lars Johan & Eskild, Anne (2016). Preeclampsia in pregnancies with and without diabetes: the associations with placental weight. A population study of 655 842 pregnancies. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 95(2), p. 217–224. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12795.
• Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2015). Maternal hCG concentrations in early IVF pregnancies: associations with number of cells in the Day 2 embryo and oocytes retrieved. Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 30(12), p. 2758–2763. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dev269.
• Lindemann, Kristina; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova & Eskild, Anne (2015). Body mass index, diabetes and survival after diagnosis of endometrial cancer: A report from the HUNT-Survey. Gynecologic Oncology. ISSN 0090-8258. 139(3), p. 476–480. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.09.088.
• Strand, Kristin Melheim; Andersen, Guro Lillemoen; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Vik, Torstein & Eskild, Anne (2015). Association of placental weight with cerebral palsy: population-based cohort study in Norway. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 123(13), p. 2131–2138. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13827.
• Justad-Berg, Ragnhild Therese; Eskild, Anne & Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie (2015). Characteristics of women with repeat termination of pregnancy: A study of all requests for pregnancy termination in Norway during 2007-2011. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 94(11), p. 1175–1180. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12714.
• Naimy, Zainab; Grytten, Jostein Ivar; Monkerud, Lars Christian & Eskild, Anne (2015). The prevalence of pre-eclampsia in migrant relative to native Norwegian women: A population-based study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 122(6), p. 859–865. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12978.
• Eskild, Anne; Haavaldsen, Camilla & Vatten, Lars Johan (2014). Placental weight and placental weight to birthweight ratio in relation to Apgar score at birth: A population study of 522 360 singleton pregnancies. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 93(12), p. 1302–1308. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12509.
• Haavaldsen, Camilla; Fedorcsak, Peter; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2014). Maternal age and serum concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin in early pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 93(12), p. 1290–1294. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12471.
• Åsvold, Bjørn Olav; Eskild, Anne & Vatten, Lars Johan (2014). Human chorionic gonadotropin, angiogenic factors, and preeclampsia risk: A nested case-control study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 93(5), p. 454–462. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12363.
• Åsvold, Bjørn Olav; Vatten, Lars Johan; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2014). Concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin in very early pregnancy and subsequent pre-eclampsia: A cohort study. Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 29(6), p. 1153–1160. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu068.
• Kvestad, Ellen; Lie, Kari Kveim; Eskild, Anne & Engdahl, Bo Lars (2014). Sensorineural hearing loss in children: the association with Apgar score. A registry-based study of 392 371 children in Norway. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. ISSN 0165-5876. 78(11), p. 1940–1944. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.08.032.
• Polec, Anna; Fedorcsak, Peter; Eskild, Anne & Tanbo, Tom Gunnar (2014). The interplay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with basic fibroblast growth factor and adipokines on angiogenesis in vitro. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 35(4), p. 249–253. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.02.002.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Wilkosz, Pawel; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2014). Is unilateral oophorectomy associated with age at menopause? A population study (the HUNT2 survey). Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 29(4), p. 835–841. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu026.
• Øverland, Eva Astrid; Vatten, Lars Johan & Eskild, Anne (2014). Pregnancy week at delivery and the risk of shoulder dystocia: a population study of 2 014 956 deliveries. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 121(1), p. 34–41. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12427.
• Eskild, Anne; Monkerud, Lars Christian & Tanbo, Tom Gunnar (2013). Birthweight and placental weight; do changes in culture media used for IVF matter? Comparisons with spontaneous pregnancies in the corresponding time periods. Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 28(12), p. 3207–3214. doi: 10.1093/humrep/det376.
• Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2013). Paternal age, placental weight and placental to birthweight ratio: a population-based study of 590 835 pregnancies. Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. 28(11), p. 3126–3133. doi: 10.1093/humrep/det299.
• Strøm-Roum, Ellen Marie; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2013). Placental weight relative to birthweight in pregnancies with maternal diabetes mellitus. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 92(7), p. 783–789. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12104.
• Carlsen, Fredrik; Grytten, Jostein Ivar & Eskild, Anne (2013). Changes in fetal and neonatal mortality during 40 years by offspring sex: a national registry-based study in Norway. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-101. Full text in Research Archive

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• Langås, Julie Røgler; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig Sand-Hanssen & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2023). The dose–response relationship of pre-menopausal alcohol consumption with age at menopause: a population study of 280 497 women in Norway.
• Langås, Julie Røgler; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig Sand-Hanssen & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2022). The dose-response relationship of premenopausal alcohol consumption with age at menopause: a population study of 280,497 women in Norway.
• Riise, Hilde Kristin Refvik; Igland, Jannicke; Sulo, Gerhard; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Graue, Marit & Eskild, Anne [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Cardiovascular disease in women with preeclampsia who give birth to infants with very low or very high birthweight – a national cohort study (1980-2009).
• Blix, Ellen; Eskild, Anne; Schau, Irene & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2022). The impact of the introduction of intrapartum fetal ECG ST segment analysis. A population study.
• Grytten, Jostein Ivar; Blix, Ellen; Skau, Irene & Eskild, Anne (2022). STAN and fetal deaths. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 101(12), p. 1460–1461. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14472.
• Lie, Torgrim; Sagberg, Karianne; Peterson, Helene Fjeldvik; Hillestad, Vigdis; Eskild, Anne & Bø, Lars Eirik (2022). Placental volume measurements using tracked 2D ultrasound.
• Haavaldsen, Camilla; Morken, Nils-Halvdan & Eskild, Anne (2021). Antall induksjoner øker – har det noen betydning for utfallet? .
• Haavaldsen, Camilla; Morken, Nils-Halvdan & Eskild, Anne (2021). Increasing prevalence of labour induction; has it had any impact on the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes? A populations study in Norway 1999-2019.
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2021). The association of number of childbirths with age at menopause: A population study of women in Norway.
• Eskild, Anne; Skau, Irene; Haavaldsen, Camilla & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2021). A.Eskild og medarbeiderne svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 141(12). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0584.
• Eskild, Anne; Skau, Irene; Haavaldsen, Camilla & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2021). Ultralyd redder fosterliv. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 141(10). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0256.
• Dypvik, Johanne; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Eskild, Anne (2020). More details needed on association of placental weight with risk of neonatal death - Reply. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 174(9), p. 905–906. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0975.
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig; Gran, Jon Michael & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2020). Reply: Menarche age, menopausal age and cumulative exposure to endogenous estrogens. Human Reproduction. ISSN 0268-1161. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa276.
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig; Gran, Jon Michael & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2019). Temporal trends in age at menarche and age at menopause: a population study of 312 656 women in Norway.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Gran, Jon Michael; Hofvind, Solveig & Eskild, Anne (2019). The association of birthweight with age at natural menopause. A population study of women in Norway.
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig; Gran, Jon Michael & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2019). Temporal trends in age at menarche and age at menopause: a population study of 312 656 women in Norway. Norsk Epidemiologi, Supplement. ISSN 0803-4206. 28, p. 77–77.
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig; Gran, Jon Michael & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2019). Temporal trends in age at menarche and age at menopause: a population study of 312 656 women in Norway.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Gran, Jon Michael; Hofvind, Solveig & Eskild, Anne (2019). The association of birthweight with age at natural menopause. A population study of women in Norway. Norsk Epidemiologi, Supplement. ISSN 0803-4206. 28, p. 78–78.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Gran, Jon Michael; Hofvind, Solveig & Eskild, Anne (2019). The association of birthweight with age at natural menopause. A population study of women in Norway.
• Blix, Ellen; Eskild, Anne; Skau, Irene & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2019). Har innføringen av STAN-teknologien i Norge ført til færre dødfødsler, dødsfall hos nyfødte eller at færre barn blir født med lav apgar-skår? En populasjonstudie.
• Eskild, Anne; Klovning, Atle; Swensen, Elisabeth & Salvesen, Kjell Å (2019). Glukosebelastningstesting av de fleste gravide er en dårlig ide. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(2), p. 131–131. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0898.
• Eskild, Anne (2018). Who should be in a position to provide pregnancy terminations? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0304.
• Gottschalk, Marthe Sørli; Eskild, Anne; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting (2018). Childbirth close to natural menopause: does age at menopause matter?
• Sandvei, Marie Søfteland; Vatten, Lars Johan; Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Eskild, Anne; Hofvind, Solveig & Ursin, Giske [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: effect modification by body mass through life.
• Larsen, Sandra; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Dypvik, Johanne; Jukic, Anne Marie & Eskild, Anne (2018). Placental weight and birthweight; the relations with number of daily cigarettes and smoking cessation in pregnancy. A population study. Norsk Epidemiologi, Supplement. ISSN 0803-4206.
• Larsen, Sandra; Haavaldsen, Camilla; Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Dypvik, Johanne; Jukic, Anne Marie & Eskild, Anne (2018). Placental weight and birthweight; the relations with number of daily cigarettes and smoking cessation in pregnancy. A population study.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Hofvind, Solveig; Byberg, Liisa & Eskild, Anne (2018). The relation of age at menarche with age at menopause: a population study of 336 788 women in Norway.
• Eskild, Anne (2018). Hvem skal kunne tilby svangerskapsavbrudd? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 138(9), p. 796–796. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0304.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Hofvind, Solveig; Byberg, Liisa & Eskild, Anne (2017). The relation of age at menarche with age at menopause: a population study of 336 788 women in Norway. Norsk Epidemiologi, Supplement. ISSN 0803-4206.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Hofvind, Solveig; Byberg, Liisa & Eskild, Anne (2017). The relation of age at menarche with age at menopause: a population study of 336 788 women in Norway.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Hofvind, Solveig; Byberg, Liisa & Eskild, Anne (2017). The relation of age at menarche with age at menopause: a population study of 336 788 women in Norway.
• Strand, Kristin Melheim; Andersen, Guro Lillemoen; Vik, Torstein & Eskild, Anne (2015). Is placental weight and placental weight relative to the infant size at birth associated with risk of cerebral palsy? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. ISSN 0012-1622. 57. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.35_12887.
• Strand, Kristin Melheim; Andersen, Guro Lillemoen; Vik, Torstein & Eskild, Anne (2015). Is placental weight and placental weight relative to the infant size at birth associated with risk of cerebral palsy?
• Haavaldsen, Camilla; Fedorcsák, Péter; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2015). Reply to Bang Hyun Lee et al.: Maternal age and human chorionic gonadotropin in early pregnancy: Influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 94(4). doi: 10.1111/aogs.12583.
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Wilkosz, Pawel; Tanbo, Tom Gunnar & Eskild, Anne (2014). Is unilateral oophorectomy associated with age at menopause? A population study.
• Sørensen, Ingvild M.; Joner, Geir; Jenum, Pål; Eskild, Anne; Brunborg, Cathrine & Torjesen, Peter A [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Lower serum Levels of vitamin D-binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy in mothers whose children later develop type 1 diabetes.
• Sørensen, Ingvild M.; Joner, Geir; Jenum, Pål; Eskild, Anne; Brunborg, Cathrine & Torjesen, Peter A [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Repeated measurements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein throughout pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
• Eskild, Anne & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2013). Sosiale ulikheter i barnedødelighet. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133, p. 1439–1439.
• Eskild, Anne & Grytten, Jostein Ivar (2013). The reduction in fetal death rates; a result of improved identification of high-risk pregnancies? Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 92(10), p. 1123–1124. doi: 10.1111/aogs.12226.

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