Publications
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Aas, Erlend Marius; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Raveen, Ronny Rene; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter; Arnevik, Espen Kristian Ajo & Rognli, Eline B.
(2025).
‘I am somebody now’—exploring meanings and experiences of gaining employment among people in substance use disorder treatment.
Drugs: education prevention and policy.
ISSN 0968-7637.
p. 15–15.
doi:
10.1080/09687637.2025.2527640.
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Background
Many individuals with severe Substance Use Disorders (SUD) want to work. This study explores the experiences of what gaining employment represents for patients receiving Individual Placement and Support (IPS) early in their SUD treatment.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 17 patients in specialized SUD treatment who received IPS through participating in a randomized trial. Interviews were thematically analyzed in an interdisciplinary group.
Results
The analysis generated three main themes: Employment promoting positive change in self-experience, where employment was described as improving well-being, confidence, health stability and awareness of personal challenges; Employment as a bridge for reconnecting with society, where work was experienced to enable social participation, feelings of usefulness and identity reconstruction; and Employment as a risk factor for destabilization and relapse showing how employment could have negative impacts, and potentially trigger substance use.
Conclusion
Gaining employment during SUD treatment can support both personal development and social integration but may also involve risks. Tailored employment support that responds to the complexities of SUD and is delivered through interwoven collaboration between health care and employment support services may improve treatment outcomes. This has important implications for future policy and service development and warrants further exploration.
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Sundet, Anja Schanke; Løvstad, Marianne; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Andelic, Nada; Ustvedt, Caroline & Månum, Grethe
[Show all 12 contributors for this article]
(2025).
Rates and temporal onset of mental health disorders during inpatient rehabilitation after acute physical injury or illness: An observational cohort study.
PLOS ONE.
20(12).
doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0338207.
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Purpose
Patients exposed to acute injury or illness are at increased risk of developing mental health disorders, and at the same time, mental health disorders increase the risk for injury and illness. This study aimed to determine the rate and onset of mental health disorders in a mixed patient group receiving inpatient specialized rehabilitation following acute physical injury or illness and to assess whether mental health disorders emerged before or after the injury or illness.
Methods
Patients were recruited over a one-year period (2020–2021) during inpatient rehabilitation. To follow the patients` lifetime history of psychiatric morbidity, mental health disorders, including substance use disorders, were assessed using the M.I.N.I Plus structured diagnostic interview over two periods: 1) retrospective report of mental health disorders before injury or illness and 2) mental health disorders present during rehabilitation. In the latter case, we also took into account whether the condition was present at the time of injury or illness. Demographic and injury data were retrieved from medical charts, patient interviews, and the Oslo University Hospital Trauma Registry.
Results
The study included 130 patients, of whom 49% had a lifetime history, and 38% met the diagnostic criteria for one or more mental health disorders during inpatient rehabilitation. Specifically, the vast majority (72%) of patients with a current disorder had the condition already at the time of injury or illness. Only 5% developed a mental health disorder after injury or illness without having a lifetime history.
Conclusion
Mental health disorders are common and often predate patients physical injury or illness. Assessing patients` mental health in the sub-acute phase, without considering their mental health history, and especially their mental state at the time of injury or illness, may lead to an overestimation of injury or illness’s impact on mental health.
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Finstad, Jeanette; Clausen, Thomas; Røise, Olav; Rosseland, Leiv Arne & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2025).
Challenges in pain management and opioid prescribing practices following traumatic injury: a focus group study with orthopedic surgeons and general practitioners.
Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care.
ISSN 0281-3432.
43(4),
p. 864–879.
doi:
10.1080/02813432.2025.2517769.
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Svendsen, Vegard Testad; Stavseth, Marianne Riksheim; Skardhamar, Torbjørn; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Bukten, Anne
(2025).
Substance use disorders, severe mental illness and risk of reoffending among women released from prison: a national cohort study.
Scientific Reports.
15(1).
doi:
10.1038/s41598-025-00215-y.
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Women with a clinical history of a severe mental illness (SMI) or multiple mental disorders involving substance use disorder (SUD) might be at increased risk of re-offending after release from prison. This retrospective cohort study merged data from the Norwegian prison release study (nPRIS) with other registry sources. All women released from a Norwegian prison between 2011–2019 were followed for two years after date of release. Adjusting for several known risk factors, we used logistic regression to estimate risk of violent (VR), drug-related (DR) or other reoffending (ORE) after release among women with a history of SUD and severe mental illness (SUD-SMI), SMI, SUD and other mental illness (SUD-OMI) or a history of multiple SUDs (POLY-SUD) in comparison to a reference population with no history of such disorders or combination of disorders. Relative to the reference population, after adjusting for other relevant risk factors, women with a history of SUD-SMI (OR VR 2.27, 95% CI 1.37–3.76; OR DR 2.10, 95% CI 1.49–2.95), SUD-OMI (OR VR 1.81, 95% CI 1.11–2.47; OR DR 1.53, 95% CI 1.11–2.10) or POLY-SUD (OR VR 1.87, 95% CI 1.04–3.31; OR DR 2.51, 95% CI 1.80–3.49) were at significantly greater risk of violent and drug-related reoffending. Women with a history of SMI were at significantly greater risk of other reoffending (OR ORE 2.64, 95% CI 1.21–5.30). Women with a clinical history of a severe mental illness (SMI) or multiple mental disorders involving substance use disorder (SUD) have an elevated risk reoffending.
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Scarth, Morgan Elizabeth; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik & Bjørnebekk, Astrid Kristine
(2025).
Psychological traits associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use and dependence: an exploratory cross-sectional study among female athletes.
BMC Women's Health.
25.
doi:
10.1186/s12905-025-03711-5.
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Background
Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are commonly taken to increase muscle size and enhance performance. However, AAS can lead to many adverse effects, including challenges with mental health and behavior. This study aims to identify behavioral and psychological correlates of AAS use, and explore associations with dependence symptoms among female weightlifters.
Methods
A sample of n = 32 female weightlifters, including 16 with reported AAS use completed questionnaires including the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). AAS dependence was evaluated using the Structure Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Group comparisons were made using Welch’s t-tests between control and AAS groups, and AAS dependent and non-dependent groups. Exploratory correlation analyses were computed between symptoms of dependence and behavioral and psychiatric scales.
Results
Females who had used AAS had higher levels of both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, including antisocial and attention problems, as well as aggressive traits. The most prevalent dependence symptoms were time spent on activities surrounding AAS use (n = 7, 50%), and using more or for longer than planned (n = 6, 42.9%). Dependence symptoms were associated with several ASEBA scales: tolerance was correlated with aggressive behavior (ρ = 0.79, p < 0.001), withdrawal was correlated with attention problems (ρ = 0.78, p < 0.001), and being unable to quit use was associated with anxious/depressive (ρ = 0.80, p < 0.001) and internalizing problems (ρ = 0.79, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Females who currently or previously used AAS demonstrated significantly more difficulties with maladaptive functioning and aggressive traits compared to those who have never used. Attention problems and aggressive behavior were also associated with symptoms of AAS dependence, though longitudinal studies are required to determine the direction of this relationship.
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Scarth, Morgan Elizabeth; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Bjørnebekk, Astrid Kristine
(2025).
Anabolic-Androgenic steroid use disorder: Case for recognition as a substance use disorder with specific diagnostic criteria.
British Journal of Psychiatry.
ISSN 0007-1250.
228(1),
p. 68–72.
doi:
10.1192/bjp.2025.73.
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Approximately one in three people who use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) develop dependence, characterised by both psychiatric and somatic symptoms. Despite this, AAS use disorder (AASUD) is not distinctly recognised in the latest versions of either the ICD or DSM, impeding both clinical care and research progress. It is clear that AASUD shares many features and correlates with substance use disorders (SUDs) that have specific diagnostic criteria in these classification systems, such as stimulants or opioids. We aim to outline the overlap between AASUD and more ‘typical’ SUDs as well as highlight the specific concerns related to AASUD that warrant recognition and distinct diagnostic criteria.
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Henriksen, Hans Christian Bordado; Jørgensen, Anders Palmstrøm; Bjørnebekk, Astrid Kristine; Neupane, Sudan Prasad & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2024).
Clomiphene citrate and optional human chorionic gonadotropin for treating male hypogonadism arising from long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use—A pilot study.
Performance Enhancement & Health.
doi:
10.1016/j.peh.2024.100283.
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Introduction Long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use poses several health risks, including secondary hypogonadism. There is a knowledge gap on treatment targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis among men with anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism (ASIH). This study aims to gain insights into the potential utility of endocrine therapy to restore endogenous testosterone levels and alleviate ASIH symptoms in AAS dependent men. Methods In this proof-of-concept, single-site, open longitudinal pilot study, AAS dependent men with continuous AAS use and a desire to permanently discontinue use, were given endocrine therapy. The treatment included 25 mg clomiphene citrate (CC) every second day for 16 weeks, transdermal testosterone daily during the first four weeks, and if indicated, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injections for a maximum of eight weeks. Physical exams including blood collection and online questionnaires were completed every four and two weeks, respectively. Results Ten participants, with median age 32 years (interquartile range 30–45), with mean ± standard deviation AAS use of 11 ± 4 years, completed the CC intervention. Seven participants received hCG as part of their treatment protocol. Mild adverse events included headaches, dizziness, and mood swings, and no serious adverse events occurred. During the intervention, there was a decrease in levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin and ALT (alanine aminotransferase), as well as an increase in serum FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone) and SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). Five of ten participants reached a total testosterone level within normal range (9–30 nmol/l). The HPG axis response varied greatly among participants, and was not aligned with the severity of ASIH related withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions The findings from this proof-of-concept study may guide future randomized controlled trials aiming to investigate potential endocrine therapeutic approaches to ASIH.
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Piatkowski, Timothy; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Kill, Emma & Barratt, Monica J.
(2024).
“The compounds for females are really commonly faked!”: Women's challenges in anabolic steroid acquisition and the place of drug checking interventions.
Drug and Alcohol Review.
ISSN 0959-5236.
doi:
10.1111/dar.13931.
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Introduction Women who use drugs, particularly those using anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), encounter heightened social risks influenced by the legal status of AAS, varying regionally. In jurisdictions where AAS are legal, medical guidance and prescription are common, while in illegal regions, there are challenges associated with acquisition and safer usage. Therefore, we aimed to explore the experiences of women who use AAS in Australia, where these substances are criminalised, with a focus on the challenges they encounter in acquiring and using these drugs. Methods We focused on data from six women in a broader study interviewing 15 AAS users. The data were subjected to iterative inductive analysis, resulting in two theme-categories. Results Women who use AAS face distinct challenges in accessing reliable suppliers, with men seemingly having ‘easier’ access. Women experience this disparity as increasing their vulnerability to unsafe products, further compounded by their lack of knowledge regarding these substances. Moreover, mislabelling and counterfeiting of female-specific AAS substances is described to further compound these risks, reflecting the participants' expressed need for enhanced intervention and quality control in the AAS market. Discussion and Conclusions Ensuring product reliability, transparency and accountability are perceived as essential for the health and safety of women who use AAS. To address these issues, interventions should provide women with comprehensive drug checking services tailored to their health needs. ‘Steroid literacy’ must be an integral component, equipping women with knowledge to make informed decisions in the gendered AAS market.
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Henriksen, Hans Christian Bordado; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik; Abdullah, Rang; Thorsby, Per Medbøe & Hauger, Lisa Evju
[Show all 10 contributors for this article]
(2024).
Treatment-seeking behavior and cardiovascular morbidity among men with anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A cross-sectional study.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.
ISSN 0905-7188.
34(1).
doi:
10.1111/sms.14554.
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Aims To determine associations between anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use-related morbidity including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and engagement to health services. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 90 males with at least 12 months cumulative current or former use of AAS were included. The participants were divided into a treatment-seeking group (TSG) and a non-treatment seeking group (non-TSG) based on their responses to a self-report web questionnaire. All participants were screened for symptoms that could be indicative of CVD through a clinical interview, and examined with blood samples, blood pressure measurements and transthoracic echocardiography. Results In the total sample (n = 90), mean age was 39 ± 11 years with cumulative AAS use of 12 ± 9 years. Among men in the TSG with current use there were higher prevalence of dyspnoea (50% vs 7%) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in conjunction with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (36 vs. 9%) and/or high blood pressure (55% vs. 19%) compared to men in the non-TSG. Among men with current AAS use and established LVEF <50% (n = 25) or LVH (n = 21), 44% (11) and 43% (9) respectively, had never engaged health services due to AAS-related adverse effects. Deviant liver- and kidney parameters were frequently observed in the total sample but without between-group differences. Conclusions Treatment-seeking behavior among current AAS users may be associated with increased levels of dyspnoea and established CVD. Despite objective signs of severe CVD among a substantial amount of study participants, it is of great concern that the majority had never sought treatment for AAS-related concerns.
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Finstad, Jeanette; Røise, Olav; Clausen, Thomas; Rosseland, Leiv Arne & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2024).
A qualitative longitudinal study of traumatic orthopaedic injury survivors' experiences with pain and the long-term recovery trajectory.
BMJ Open.
14(1).
doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079161.
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Objectives To explore trauma patients’ experiences of the long-term recovery pathway during 18 months following hospital discharge. Design Longitudinal qualitative study. Setting and participants Thirteen trauma patients with injuries associated with pain that had been interviewed 6 weeks after discharge from Oslo University Hospital in Norway, were followed up with an interview 18 months postdischarge. Method The illness trajectory framework informed the data collection, with semistructured, in-depth interviews that were analysed thematically. Results Compared with the subacute phase 6 weeks postdischarge, several participants reported exacerbated mental and physical health, including increased pain during 18 months following discharge. This, andalternating periods of deteriorated health status during recovery, made the pathway unpredictable. At 18 months post-discharge, participants were coping with experiences of reduced mental and physical health and socioeconomic losses. Three main themes were identified: (1) coping with persistent pain and reduced physical function, (2) experiencing mental distress without access to mental healthcare and (3) unmet needs for follow-up care. Moreover, at 18 months postdischarge, prescribed opioids were found to be easily accessible from GPs. In addition to relieving chronic pain, motivations to use opioids were to induce sleep, reduce withdrawal symptoms and relieve mental distress. Conclusions and implications The patients’ experiences from this study establish knowledge of several challenges in the trauma population’s recovery trajectories, which may imply that subacute health status is a poor predictor of long-term outcomes. Throughout recovery, the participants struggled with physical and mental health needs without being met by the healthcare system. Therefore, it is necessary to provide long-term follow-up of trauma patients’ health status in the specialist health service based on individual needs. Additionally, to prevent long-term opioid use beyond the subacute phase, there is a need to systematically follow-up and reassess motivations and indications for continued use throughout the recovery pathway.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Henriksen, Hans Christian Bordado; Johansen, Per Wiik; Bjørnebekk, Astrid Kristine; Neupane, Sudan Prasad & Hisdal, Jonny
[Show all 11 contributors for this article]
(2024).
Off-label use of clomiphene citrate to treat anabolic androgenic steroid induced hypogonadism upon cessation among men (CloTASH) – A pilot study protocol.
MethodsX.
13.
doi:
10.1016/j.mex.2024.102810.
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Background Non-prescribed anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with AAS-induced hypogonadism (ASIH), and metabolic, cardiovascular, and mental health risks. Symptoms of ASIH (fatigue, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction) are hard to endure following cessation, but there is no consensus on whether endocrine treatment should be used to treat ASIH. This proof-of-concept study aims to explore safety of off-label clomiphene citrate therapy, whether the treatment will reduce the symptoms of androgen deficiency, and to study changes in health risks after cessation. Methods In this open-labeled non-randomized off-label hormone intervention pilot study, we shall include males with AAS dependence intending to cease use. The 16-week intervention included clomiphene citrate, transdermal testosterone gel for the first four weeks and optional human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from week 4 if low treatment response. Measures of physical and mental health will be examined from ongoing AAS use, during the intervention, and at 6- and 12 months post cessation. Change in self-reported symptoms of hypogonadism and other withdrawal symptoms will be compared with data from a group of men who ended AAS use temporarily without the medical intervention. The study may provide valuable clinical insights and may be used to inform the design of future intervention studies.
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Lamb, Harry; Dunn, Matthew; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Piatkowski, Timothy
(2024).
“I go back to it every f**king time”: the normalization of problematic Trenbolone use in online anabolic-androgenic steroid communities.
Addiction Research and Theory.
ISSN 1606-6359.
doi:
10.1080/16066359.2024.2352092.
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Introduction This study addresses the dearth of research on specific anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), focusing on the contentious substance Trenbolone. With increased potency and risks, Trenbolone’s effects, both in animal studies and among human users, raise concerns for neurodegeneration, genotoxicity, and significant social harms. Despite these risks, people persist using Trenbolone and other AAS, navigating the harm-to-benefit ratio. The study explores the representation of Trenbolone in online AAS forums, to gain nuanced insight into dynamics of identity and behavior specific to the Trenbolone context. Methods We employed a digital ethnographical approach to collect data from four Australian AAS forums. Grounded in a social constructivist framework and recognizing the influential role of identity and social categorization in shaping behaviors within these digital communities, we utilized inductive thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes from user discussions about Trenbolone. Results Three key themes were developed: shared cultural language and beliefs, experienced users’ perceptions of Trenbolone mastery and risk avoidance, and the normalization of problematic use of Trenbolone and signs of dependence within the community. The findings reveal a nuanced interplay of language, beliefs, and behaviors, providing insights into how the community navigates its cultural norms, showcases expertise, and collectively grapples with usage patterns. Conclusions We delineate the emergence of a 'Trenbolone prototype’ within online AAS-using communities. The findings point to a potential disconnect between community beliefs and empirical evidence on Trenbolone’s health effects. Addressing these disparities, public health campaigns should align with the community’s language and norms for effective harm reduction.
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Henriksen, Hans Christian Bordado; Jørgensen, Anders Palmstrøm; Wisløff, Christine & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2023).
Challenges recruiting men with a desire to cease anabolic-androgenic steroid use to a pilot involving hormone therapy intervention.
Drugs: education prevention and policy.
ISSN 0968-7637.
doi:
10.1080/09687637.2023.2244655.
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Introduction Long-term use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) might lead to distressing withdrawal symptoms following cessation. This paper aims to share challenges in recruiting patients to a pilot intervention study with parallel substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and to explore barriers to participation among AAS forum members. Methods Eligible AAS-dependent men were recruited to receive hormone therapy for 16 weeks, and exclusion reasons were registered. Audience engagement from social media advertisements was measured. Information about the study was posted in an AAS online forum, and discussion among forum members was thematically analyzed. Results Twelve of 81 potential participants were included, whereas ten completed the intervention. Participants were excluded due to residency outside the study area, illicit substance use or severe medical conditions. Challenges in recruitment were linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, funding and advertisements on social media. AAS forum members suggested modifications to the intervention, were skeptical to the SUD-patient requirement, feared prosecution or other negative outcomes and/or preferred to seek online advice on self-initiated testosterone replacement therapy or post cycle therapy. Conclusion AAS-related online recommendations among peers, criminalized AAS use setting and obligatory SUD treatment might have affected recruitment. Based on lessons learned, recommendations for future similar studies are presented.
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Henriksen, Hans Christian Bordado; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik & Bjørnebekk, Astrid Kristine
(2023).
Health service engagement, side effects and concerns among men with anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a cross-sectional Norwegian study.
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.
18(1),
p. 1–11.
doi:
10.1186/s13011-023-00528-z.
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Background Recreational use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is a public health concern world-wide associated with a range of physical and psychological side effects. Still, people who use AAS tend to be reluctant to seek treatment. This study aims to explore use characteristics, treatment-seeking behaviour, side effects and associated health concerns among men with AAS use. Methods The study includes cross-sectional self-report data from 90 men with a current or previous use of AAS exceeding 12 months, where 41 (45.6%) had sought treatment at least once during their lifetime, and 49 (54.4%) had not. Health service engagement was examined with descriptive statistics on reasons for contacting health services, transparency about AAS use, satisfaction with health services and reasons for not seeking treatment. Furthermore, experienced side effects and health concerns were compared between the treatment seeking and the non-treatment seeking group, using two-sample t-tests and Chi2 or Fisher exact tests for numerical and categorical variables, respectively. Results All 90 AAS-using men reported side effects from AAS use. Treatment seekers were significantly younger, experienced more side effects including gynecomastia, excessive sweating, fatigue, depression and anxiety, and expressed more concern for testosterone deficiency. Preventive health check-up was the most common reason for seeking treatment (n = 22, 53.7%), and 38 men (93%) were transparent about AAS use during consultations with health professionals. The main reported reasons for not seeking healthcare services were that the experienced side effects were not considered to be of treatment demanding nature (n = 39, 79.6%) and the belief that healthcare providers had scarce knowledge about AAS use and its health impacts (n = 12, 24.5%). Conclusions Reluctance to seek treatment among people who use AAS, despite having associated side effects and health concerns, may contribute to continued health risks. It is important to fill the knowledge gap on how to reach and treat this new patient group, and policy makers and treatment providers need to be educated on how to meet their treatment needs.
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Scarth, Morgan; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Bjørnebekk, Astrid Kristine
(2023).
Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis among male weightlifters.
BMC Psychiatry.
23(1).
doi:
10.1186/s12888-023-04781-1.
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Background Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence has numerous adverse health consequences, and may be driven in part by body image concerns, primarily muscle dysmorphia. This study aims to further understand and identify potential clinical targets using network analyses of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in males who used AAS and weightlifting controls. Methods A sample of 153 men who currently or previously used AAS and 88 weight-lifting controls were recruited through social media and relevant online forums, and via posters and flyers distributed in select gyms in Oslo, Norway. Symptoms of AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia were assessed using clinical interviews and standardized questionnaires. Severity of muscle dysmorphia symptoms were compared between the groups using independent samples t-tests. The following symptom networks were computed using Gaussian graphical modeling or mixed graphical modeling: (1) AAS dependence symptoms among men with AAS use (2) muscle dysmorphia symptoms among men with AAS use and weight-lifting controls in two separate networks, which were compared using a network comparison test, and (3) AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among men with AAS use. Results In a network of AAS dependence symptoms, continuing use despite physical and mental side effects, using longer than planned, tolerance, and work/life interference were the most central symptoms. When comparing symptom structures of muscle dysmorphia between those who used AAS and controls, the most central symptoms in each group were exercise dependence and size/symmetry concerns, respectively. Men with AAS use demonstrated elevated muscle dysmorphia symptoms compared to controls, indicating that both the severity and structure of symptoms differ between these groups. In a network including both AAS dependence and muscle dysmorphia symptoms, no significant connections between symptom groups were identified. Conclusions AAS dependence is complex, with correlated somatic and psychological challenges driving the symptom network, indicating that alleviating physical and mental health concerns during both AAS use and cessation is an important clinical target. Muscle dysmorphia symptoms related to taking action (diet, exercise, and supplement use) appear to cluster together more for those who use AAS than those who do not.
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Finstad, Jeanette; Clausen, Thomas; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Røise, Olav & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2022).
Patient experiences after physical trauma: The negative effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on recovery.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH).
ISSN 1661-7827.
19:12258(19),
p. 1–9.
doi:
10.3390/ijerph191912258.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic generated a crisis within the healthcare system, during which acute, COVID-19-related health needs were prioritized over less urgent needs, including vulnerable subgroups. This study explored experiences of recovery among survivors of physical injuries associated with severe pain during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. In-depth interviews were conducted among 13 participants. Findings generated by a thematic analysis revealed that the pandemic, including the contagion control measures and interrupted healthcare, were of negative consequence for the participants’ recovery experiences and mental and physical health. Despite experiencing severe pain and perceived needs for support, the participants experienced being deprioritized by the healthcare system. They experienced a reduced capacity to cope with pandemic-related stress and to perform everyday tasks, which they perceived as generating an additional burden for their loved ones. Alcohol was reported to be used in an effort to relieve the associated mental distress. As suggested by this study, injury survivors constitute a vulnerable subgroup for whom the continuity of rehabilitation services during a national crisis, as well as the integration of mental health support, can be essential for mitigating the negative impact of the crisis on recovery and for promoting optimal long-term health outcomes.
Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; physical trauma; recovery; rehabilitation; mental health; substance use; qualitative research
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Sjåfjell, Tommy Lunde; Lie, Anne Helene Kveim; Sørlie, Eva Kristin & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2022).
Brukermedvirkning i undervisning – erfaringer fra et utviklingsprosjekt.
Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid.
ISSN 1503-6707.
19(2-3),
p. 180–194.
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Scarth, Morgan; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik; McVeigh, Jim; Hout, Marie Claire Van & Westlye, Lars Tjelta
[Show all 8 contributors for this article]
(2022).
Severity of anabolic steroid dependence, executive function, and personality traits in substance use disorder patients in Norway.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
ISSN 0376-8716.
231.
doi:
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109275.
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Introduction Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), including testosterone and synthetic derivatives, are typically used to increase muscle mass. Many users develop a dependence on these substances, contributing to worsened physical and mental health outcomes. Aspects of personality and executive dysfunction may represent underlying vulnerabilities for developing dependence. Objective To identify levels of AAS dependence within substance use disorder (SUD) treatment patients and assess the relationship between dependence severity and personality traits and executive function (EF). Methods Data were collected from patients at 38 SUD treatment facilities in Norway. Questionnaires were completed for measures of personality and EF. Measures of symptoms of AAS dependence were used in latent class analysis to identify sub-groups of patients, which were evaluated for association with EF and personality traits, and compared with a group of non-AAS using SUD patients. Results Three classes were identified; largely reflecting low, moderate, and high symptoms of dependence. Multinomial regression analyses indicated that moderate and high symptoms were associated with several measures of EF and personality traits, particularly self-monitoring, antagonism, disinhibition, and rigid perfectionism while users with low symptoms exhibited higher capacities for emotional control and shift, and lower negative affectivity, relative to non-AAS using SUD patients. Backward stepwise regressions indicated antagonism, and decreased self-monitoring as key personality and cognitive characteristics of SUD patients with severe AAS dependence. Conclusion Our findings indicate that specific executive dysfunctions and personality features, particularly those associated with poor emotional control, reduced empathy, and impulsivity are associated with more severe AAS dependence in the SUD population.
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Finstad, Jeanette; Røise, Olav; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Clausen, Thomas & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2021).
Discharge from the trauma centre: exposure to opioids, unmet information needs and lack of follow up—a qualitative study among physical trauma survivors.
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine.
29(1),
p. 1–12.
doi:
10.1186/s13049-021-00938-7.
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Background Physical trauma is associated with mortality, long-term pain and morbidity. Effective pain management is fundamental in trauma care and opioids are indispensable for treating acute pain; however, the use and misuse of prescribed opioids is an escalating problem. Despite this, few studies have been directed towards trauma patients in an early phase of rehabilitation with focusing on experiences and perspectives of health and recovery including pain and persistent use of prescribed opioids with abuse potential. To explore pre- and post-discharge trauma care experiences, including exposure to opioids, physical trauma survivors were recruited from a major trauma centre in Norway that provides the highest level of surgical trauma care. Method Qualitative exploratory study. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted among 13 trauma patients with orthopedic injuries, known to be associated with severe pain, six weeks post-discharge. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed with an interdisciplinary approach. Results The overarching theme was that discharge from the trauma centre and the period that immediately followed were associated with feelings of insecurity. The three main themes that were identified as contributing to this was (a) unmet information needs about the injury, (b) exposure to opioids, and (c) lack of follow-up after discharge from the hospital. Participants experienced to be discharged with prescribed opioids, but without information about their addictive properties or tapering plans. This, and lack of attention to mental health and psychological impact of trauma, gave rise to unmet treatment needs of pain management and mental health problems during hospitalization and following discharge. Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that in addition to delivery of high-quality biomedical trauma care, health professionals should direct more attention to psychosocial health and safe pain management, including post-discharge opioid tapering and individually tailored follow-up plans for physical trauma survivors.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik & Bjørnebekk, Astrid
(2021).
Double trouble? A mixed methods study exploring experiences with combined use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and psychoactive substances among women.
Performance Enhancement & Health.
doi:
10.1016/j.peh.2021.100198.
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Hauger, Lisa Evju; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik & Bjørnebekk, Astrid
(2021).
Anabolic androgenic steroids, antisocial personality traits, aggression and violence.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
ISSN 0376-8716.
221,
p. 1–8.
doi:
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108604.
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Bukten, Anne; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Kinner, Stuart A.; Rognli, Eline Borger; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Muller, Ashley Elizabeth
[Show all 7 contributors for this article]
(2020).
Factors associated with drug use in prison – results from the Norwegian offender mental health and addiction (NorMA) study.
Health & Justice.
8.
doi:
10.1186/s40352-020-00112-8.
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Background Remarkably little is known about drug use during imprisonment, including whether it represents a continuation of pre-incarceration drug use, or whether prison is also a setting for drug use initiation. This paper aims to describe drug use among people in prison in Norway and investigate risk factors associated with in-prison drug use. Methods We used data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study, a cross-sectional survey of 1499 individuals in Norwegian prisons. Respondents reported on drug use (narcotics and non-prescribed medications) both before and during imprisonment. We used multivariate logistic regression to investigate the associations between drug use in prison and demographics, previous drug use, mental health, and criminal activity. Results Sixty-five percent of respondents reported lifetime drug use, and about 50% reported daily use of drugs during the 6 months before incarceration. Thirty-five percent reported ever using drugs in prison, but initiation of drug used during incarceration was uncommon. In a multivariate model, factors independently associated with drug use in prison included lifetime number of drugs used (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–1.23; p < 0.001), daily drug use in the 6 months before imprisonment (aOR = 7.12; 95%CI 3.99–12.70; p < 0.001), and being intoxicated while committing the crime related to current imprisonment (aOR = 2.13; 95%CI 1.13–4.03; p = 0.020). Conclusions In-prison drug use is independently associated with high-risk drug use before imprisonment. To reduce drug use in prison, correctional services must systematically screen for pre-prison drug use and offer effective drug treatment for those in need.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik; Innerdal, Ingveig & Bjørnebekk, Astrid
(2020).
Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among women – A qualitative study on experiences of masculinizing, gonadal and sexual effects.
International journal of drug policy.
ISSN 0955-3959.
doi:
10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102876.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Bukten, Anne; Rognli, Eline Borger & Muller, Ashley Elizabeth
(2020).
Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and other substances prior to and during imprisonment - Results from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
ISSN 0376-8716.
217.
doi:
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108255.
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Background Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with health problems and substance use. Substance use is common among inmates. This study aims to estimate lifetime and prison use of AAS and other substances, compare characteristics of groups of inmates, and describe factors associated with AAS use in a national prison population. Methods Data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study, a cross-sectional survey of people in prisons, included sociodemographic variables and lifetime and prison use of AAS and other substances. Altogether 1,499 inmates, including 96 (6.4%) women, were divided into three mutually exclusive groups according to lifetime AAS use, non-AAS substance use and no substance use. Results Lifetime AAS use was reported by 427 (28.5%) inmates; 6 women and 421 men. Non-AAS substance use was reported by 593 (39.6%) and 479 (31.9%) had never used AAS or non-AAS substances. Compared to the non-AAS substance group, the AAS group reported younger debut ages for nearly all non-AAS substances, higher mean number of non-AAS substances used in their lifetime (8.9, 6.6, p < 0.001), during the six months prior to incarceration (5.2, 3.1, p < 0.001), and during (2.3, 1.3, p < 0.001) imprisonment. Although 120 (8.0%) inmates used AAS during the six months prior to incarceration, only ten continued during imprisonment. Conclusions Lifetime AAS use is common among inmates and may be an indicator of more severe substance use problems. Screening for previous and present AAS use at incarceration and increased staff awareness are needed to tailor treatment approaches appropriately.
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Pettersen, Henning; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Landheim, Anne
(2020).
Housing Preferences Among Persons With Severe Mental Illness and Co-Occurring Substance Use in Assertive Community Treatment: A Qualitative Study.
American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation (AJPR).
ISSN 1548-7768.
23(1-2),
p. 76–100.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik; McVeigh, Jim; Hout, Marie-Claire Van & Bjørnebekk, Astrid
(2020).
The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Treatment Gap: A National Study of Substance Use Disorder Treatment.
Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.
14,
p. 1–9.
doi:
10.1177/1178221820904150.
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Pettersen, Henning; Brodahl, Morten; Rundgren, Jeanette; Davidson, Larry & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2019).
Partnering with persons in long-term recovery from substance use disorder: experiences from a collaborative research project.
Harm Reduction Journal.
16(40).
doi:
10.1186/s12954-019-0310-x.
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BACKGROUND: Traditional research about substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is considered, among an increasing number of service users, to be disempowering and poorly reflective of their priorities. Thus, this methodological article sought to examine the experiences of a peer research group (PRG), whose four members were in long-term SUD recovery, and a principal investigator (PI), when collaborating on a study of SUD recovery. This article has also aspired to discern the influence of peer researcher participation on the research process. The purpose of the qualitative research project that formed the basis of this methodological study was to examine the reasons provided and strategies employed for abstaining from problematic substance use among persons with SUDs. METHODS: The project took place from 2015 to 2018, during which time individual interviews were conducted with 18 persons in recovery from SUDs. The PRG contributed to all parts of the project and worked alongside the PI in preparing the study, during early stages of data analysis, and while writing up the findings. In total, ten group discussions were held over the course of 3 years. RESULTS: The study showed that the PRG offered important contributions with respect to developing the interview guide, preunderstanding among the PRG members, and discussing alternative forms of data collection. Key findings about how this collaborative research process was experienced relate to three matters: the group aspect of participation, the value of predictable routines and clear expectations, and the open sharing of private matters. The PI experienced the research process as having been enriched by alternative ways of asking questions and interpreting findings and as an interactive arena for reciprocal social and professional support. CONCLUSIONS: When establishing a PRG while studying recovery processes, it can be advantageous to include several peer researchers with diverse lived experiences concerning substance use, treatment, and recovery. If possible, at least one peer researcher with formal training or qualitative research experience might be included. The PI should be trained in collaborating with peer researchers or should be part of a research environment in which it is possible to discuss methodological challenges with other researchers.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Jørstad, Marie Lindvik & Wisløff, Christine
(2019).
Anabolic-androgenic steroid users receiving health-related information; Health problems, motivations to quit and treatment desires.
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.
14(1),
p. 1–12.
doi:
10.1186/s13011-019-0206-5.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Skogheim, Thea Steen
(2019).
Alienation and Lack of Trust: Barriers to Seeking Substance Use Disorder Treatment Among Men Who Struggle to Cease Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use.
Journal of Extreme Anthropology.
3(2),
p. 94–115.
doi:
10.5617/jea.7046.
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Muller, Ashley Elizabeth; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Rognli, Eline Borger & Bukten, Anne
(2018).
Inmates with harmful substance use increase both exercise and nicotine use under incarceration.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH).
ISSN 1661-7827.
15(12).
doi:
10.3390/ijerph15122663.
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Exercise is increasingly understood as an important resource for people who engage in harmful substance use, including those in prison. Little is known about how inmates adopt various health behaviors during incarceration, without interventions. This cross-sectional study analyzed self-reports from 1464 inmates in Norwegian prisons in 2013⁻2014, compared them according to harmful substance use pre-incarceration, and explored changes in exercise and nicotine use during incarceration. Results were presented in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. Inmates with harmful substance use reported higher rates of smoking, smokeless tobacco, and physical inactivity pre-incarceration than inmates without harmful use. However, inmates with harmful use also exhibited more behavioral changes: they adopted exercise, ceased smoking, and adopted smokeless tobacco at higher rates during incarceration than the non-harmful group, to the extent that inmates with harmful use exercised during incarceration more. Exercise is being taken up by a significant proportion of inmates, and may in particular be a replacement behavior for substance use. However, unhealthy behaviors also begin or are maintained. If prisons were used as an arena to facilitate healthy behaviors, the public health benefits to a marginalized group such as substance-using inmates could be substantial.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Clausen, Thomas & Middelthon, Anne-Lise Orvin
(2014).
Execution of control among 'non-compliant', imprisoned individuals in opioid maintenance treatment.
International journal of drug policy.
ISSN 0955-3959.
25(3),
p. 480–485.
doi:
10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.018.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Clausen, Thomas; Mburu, Christina Brux & Middelthon, Anne-Lise Orvin
(2014).
The role of substance use and morality in violent crime - a qualitative study among imprisoned individuals in opioid maintenance treatment.
Harm Reduction Journal.
11:24.
doi:
10.1186/1477-7517-11-24.
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Background Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) is regarded as a crime control measure. Yet, some individuals are charged with violent criminal offenses while enrolled in OMT. This article aims to generate nuanced knowledge about violent crime among a group of imprisoned, OMT-enrolled individuals by exploring their understandings of the role of substances in violent crime prior to and during OMT, moral values related to violent crime, and post-crime processing of their moral transgressions. Methods Twenty-eight semi-structured interviews were undertaken among 12 OMT-enrolled prisoners. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. An exploratory, thematic analysis was carried out with a reflexive and interactive approach. Findings Prior to OMT, substances and, in particular, high-dose benzodiazepines were deliberately used to induce ‘antisocial selves’ capable of transgressing individual moral codes and performing non-violent and violent criminal acts, mainly to support costly heroin use. During OMT, impulsive and uncontrolled substance use just prior to the violent acts that the participants were imprisoned for was reported. Yet, to conduct a (violent) criminal act does not necessarily imply that one is without moral principles. The study participants maintain moral standards, engage in complex moral negotiations, and struggle to reconcile their moral transgressions. Benzodiazepines were also used to reduce memories of and alleviate the guilt associated with having committed violent crimes. Conclusions Substances are used to transgress moral codes prior to committing and to neutralize the shame and guilt experienced after having committed violent crimes. Being simultaneously enrolled in OMT and imprisoned for a (violent) crime might evoke feelings of ‘double’ shame and guilt for both the criminal behavior prior to treatment and the actual case(s) one is imprisoned for while in OMT. Treatment providers should identify individuals with histories of violent behavior and, together with them, explore concrete episodes of violence and their emotional reactions. Particular attention should be given to potential relationships between substance use and violence and treatment approaches tailored accordingly. What appears as severe antisocial personality disorder may be partly explained by substance use.
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Pettersen, Henning; Ruud, Torleif; Ravndal, Edle; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Landheim, Anne
(2014).
Engagement in assertive community treatment as experienced by recovering clients with severe mental illness and concurrent substance use.
International Journal of Mental Health Systems.
8(40).
doi:
10.1186/1752-4458-8-40.
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Background: Clients with severe mental illness (SMI) who use substances are less engaged in treatment than those who do not use substances, and assertive community treatment (ACT) engages and retains clients with SMI and concurrent substance use at a higher rate compared with traditional treatment. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of being recruited to, and remaining in, ACT among recovering clients diagnosed with SMI and concurrent substance use.
Methods: Twenty semi-structured interviews were undertaken among 11 clients with SMI and concurrent substance use who were included in ACT teams. The inclusion criteria were SMI and concurrent substance use and improvement after a minimum of 12 months in treatment regarding one or several of the following parameters: quality of life, general functioning and substance use. Systematic text condensation was applied in the analyses.
Results: The experiences of building trust through enduring involvement and receiving benefits were most important for the acceptance of ACT by clients. A feeling of exclusiveness, perceiving ACT as a safety net and the clients’ own personal responsibility for taking part in the treatment were stated as the most important factors for remaining in treatment.
Conclusions: The implications of the results of the present study are that service providers have to prove that they can be trusted in the initial phase of the clients’ contact with the team. The feeling by clients with SMI and concurrent substance use that service providers in ACT believe they can improve their client’s quality of life, is of importance for feeling exclusive, having hope for the future and remaining in treatment.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Clausen, Thomas & Middelthon, Anne-Lise Orvin
(2013).
'Diversion' of methadone or buprenorphine: 'harm' versus 'helping'.
Harm Reduction Journal.
10:24.
doi:
10.1186/1477-7517-10-24.
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Background 'Non-compliant’ individuals in opioid maintenance treatment, OMT, are often met with tight control regimes to reduce the risk of 'diversion’, which may lead to harm or death among persons outside of OMT. This article explores reported practices of, and motivations for, diversion of methadone and buprenorphine, in a group of imprisoned individuals in OMT. Findings 28 in-depths interviews were conducted among 12 OMT-enrolled, imprisoned individuals, most of whom were remand prisoners. All had experienced tight control regimes prior to imprisonment due to varying degrees of 'non-compliance’ and illicit drug use during treatment. Their acquired norm of sharing with others in a drug using community was maintained when entering OMT. Giving one’s prescription opioids to an individual in withdrawal was indeed seen as an act of helping, something that takes on particular significance for couples in which only one partner is included in OMT and the other is using illicit heroin. Individuals enrolled in OMT might thus be trapped between practicing norms of helping and sharing and adhering to treatment regulations. ’Diversion’, as this term is conventionally used, is not typically understood as practices of giving and helping, but may nevertheless be perceived as such by those who undertake them. Conclusions As we see it, the need to sustain oneself as a decent person in one’s own eyes and those of others through practices such as sharing and helping should be recognized. Treatment providers should consider including couples in which both individuals are motivated for starting OMT.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Bukten, Anne; Gossop, Michael; Waal, Helge; Stangeland, Per Ingolf & Clausen, Thomas
(2012).
Reductions in convictions for violent crime during opioid maintenance treatment: A longitudinal national cohort study.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
ISSN 0376-8716.
124(3),
p. 307–310.
doi:
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.005.
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Clausen, Thomas; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Waal, Helge
(2009).
Overdosestatistikk - et komplisert regnskap.
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
129(21),
p. 2233–2236.
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Lauritzen, Lise Mari; Schei, Edvin; Ihler, Henrik Myhre; Roald, Madicken Victoria Söderlind; Akre, Victoria & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2026).
Piloting a social supervision model in psychiatric placements: A focus group protocol with medical students, residents, and training coordinators (SUPPORT).
doi:
10.1016/j.mex.2026.103847.
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Piatkowski, Timothy; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Kill, Emma & Ven, Katinka van de
(2024).
Could testosterone be the new methadone? New ways for approaching anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence.
Performance Enhancement & Health.
12(1).
doi:
10.1016/j.peh.2024.100275.
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Bukten, Anne; Lokdam, Nicoline; Skjærvø, Ingeborg; Ugelvik, Thomas; Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova & Gabrhelík, Roman
[Show all 20 contributors for this article]
(2022).
PriSUD-Nordic—Diagnosing and Treating Substance Use Disorders in the Prison Population: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.
JMIR Research Protocols.
11(3).
doi:
10.2196/35182.
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Background:
A large proportion of the prison population experiences substance use disorders (SUDs), which are associated with poor physical and mental health, social marginalization, and economic disadvantage. Despite the global situation characterized by the incarceration of large numbers of people with SUD and the health problems associated with SUD, people in prison are underrepresented in public health research.
Objective:
The overall objective of the PriSUD (Diagnosing and Treating Substance Use Disorders in Prison)-Nordic project is to develop new knowledge that will contribute to better mental and physical health, improved quality of life, and better life expectancies among people with SUD in prison.
Methods:
PriSUD-Nordic is based on a multidisciplinary mixed method approach, including the methodological perspectives of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative part includes ethnographic fieldwork and semistructured interviews. The quantitative part is a registry-based cohort study including national registry data from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. The national prison cohorts will comprise approximately 500,000 individuals and include all people imprisoned in Norway, Sweden, and Demark during the period from 2000 to 2019. The project will investigate the prison population during three different time periods: before imprisonment, during imprisonment, and after release.
Results:
PriSUD-Nordic was funded by The Research Council of Norway in December 2019, and funding started in 2020. Data collection is ongoing and will be completed in the first quarter of 2022. Data will be analyzed in spring 2022 and the results will be disseminated in 2022-2023. The PriSUD-Nordic project has formal ethical approval related to all work packages.
Conclusions:
PriSUD-Nordic will be the first research project to investigate the epidemiology and the lived experiences of people with SUD in the Nordic prison population. Successful research in this field will have the potential to identify significant areas of benefit and will have important implications for ongoing policy related to interventions for SUD in the prison population.
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Muller, Ashley Elizabeth; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Rognli, Eline Borger & Bukten, Anne
(2019).
Innsatte trener og snuser mer i fengsel…hvis de hadde slitt med rusbruk før soning.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Clausen, Thomas & Bukten, Anne
(2016).
Anabolic androgenic steroid use prior to and during imprisonment - findings from a Norwegian national prison survey.
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Gaasland, Anders; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Venberget, Morten & Andresen, Jan Fredrik
(2015).
RE: Alle selvmord skyldes ikke behandlingssvikt.
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
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Aasen, Helene Paus; Wisløff, Christine & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2015).
Anabolic androgenic steroid dependence and accessible treatment in the addiction health care system - a case policy study.
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Aasen, Helene Paus; Wisløff, Christine & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2015).
Anabolic androgenic steroid dependence - accessible treatment in the addiction health care system.
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Lie, Anne Helene Kveim; Jensen, Terje; Lichtwarck, Hanne; Storaas, Jon; Torjussen, Erik & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2015).
Å sette brukeren i sentrum – allerede som student :.
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
135(14),
p. 1236–1237.
doi:
10.4045/tidsskr.15.0702.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Wüsthoff, Linda Elise
(2014).
Hest eller Sebra - Rusmiddelavhengige sitt møte med helsevesenet.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Wüsthoff, Linda Elise
(2014).
Hest eller Sebra - Rusmiddelavhengige sitt møte med helsevesenet.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2014).
Rusmiddelbruk, moralkoder og vold - en kvalitativ studie blant LAR-brukere i fengsel.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Wüsthoff, Linda Elise
(2013).
Hest eller Sebra - Rusmiddelavhengiges møte med helsevesenet.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Wüsthoff, Linda Elise
(2013).
Hest eller Sebra - Rusmiddelavhengiges møte med helsevesenet.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Middelthon, Anne-Lise Orvin
(2012).
"Så lenge jeg ikke bryter mine moralske retningslinjer, så ser jeg ikke på det som kriminalitet" - moralkoder og erfart motivasjon for vold i et utvalg LAR-pasienter i varetekt.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Middelthon, Anne-Lise Orvin
(2012).
Moral codes and experienced motivation for violent crime – a qualitative study of OMT-patients in custody.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2011).
”Moralkoder og motivasjon for vold – en kvalitativ studie blant LAR-pasienter i varetekt”.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Bukten, Anne; Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas
(2010).
Violent crime before, during and after opioid maintenance treatment; a national cohort study.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Bukten, Anne; Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas
(2010).
Voldskriminalitet før, under og etter LAR.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony; Waal, Helge; Clausen, Thomas & Mørland, Jørg
(2010).
Methadone treatment and methadone-related deaths in Norway.
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Bukten, Anne; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Gossop, Michael; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas
(2010).
The effect of Opioid Maintenance Treatment on rates of criminal charges during a 7 year study period: A longitudinal national cohort study.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2008).
Patients in custody while on Opioid Maintenance Treatment (OMT); Tales of why OMT could not stop criminal activity.
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Wusthoff, Linda Elise; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Gjersing, Linn Renathe & Willersrud, Astrid Brandsberg
(2008).
Selvtilfreds kursledelse - sett fra den andre siden.
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
128(19),
p. 2224–2225.
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Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Clausen, Thomas; Middelthon, Anne-Lise Orvin & Waal, Helge
(2015).
Violence and diversion of prescribed opioids among individuals in opioid maintenance treatment.A complementary methods study of violent crime convictions in a national cohort and qualitative interviews among prisoners.
Universitetet i Oslo.
ISSN 9788282649445.
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Torjussen, Erik; Harwiss, Hilde & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia
(2014).
Brukermedvirkning i TSB – en myte? – en nasjonal kartlegging av brukermedvirkning i Tverrfaglig spesialisert behandling av ruslidelser (TSB).
Nasjonal Kompetansetjeneste TSB.
ISSN 9788299961301.
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Published
Dec. 14, 2021 3:30 PM
- Last modified
July 4, 2024 2:22 PM
