Jørg Gustav Mørland

• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Lid, Torgeir Gilje; Høye, Anne & Høiseth, Gudrun (2026). The impact of drinking patterns on the relationship between alcohol use and levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Alcohol. ISSN 0741-8329. 135, p. 70–76. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2026.07.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Olsen, Thomas; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Hjelmeland, Knut Johan & Strand, Maren (2026). Associations between blood ethanol concentration, clinical impairment test results, and traffic accident involvement among apprehended drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2026.2688460.
• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Pandey, Susmita; Skulberg, Knut Ragnvald & Bolstad, Ingeborg (2025). The level of response to alcohol is related to level of se-phosphate in the general population. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 60(6), p. 1–6. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agaf065. Full text in Research Archive
• Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Gorwood, Philip & Ramoz, Nicolas (2025). Association Between GABRG2 and Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol in a French Young Adult Sample. Risk Mangement and Healthcare Policy. 18, p. 291–304. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S483830. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for preventable death, injury, and disease globally. Low sensitivity to the effects of alcohol is influenced by genes and predicts risk for harmful alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcohol induces effects partly by modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors type A (GABAARs). This study investigates the relationship between genetic variation in GABA_AR subunit genes and individual alcohol sensitivity among French university students.<p> <p>Patients and Methods: The study involved 1,409 French university students (34.5% women; mean age 20.3 years). Alcohol sensitivity was measured by the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol Scale (SRE). SRE-scores from initial drinking, regular drinking, and heavy drinking were investigated for correlations with alcohol consumption and for associations with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GABA_AR subunit genes (GABRA2, GABRG2, GABRA6).<p> <p>Results: We replicated correlations between low alcohol sensitivity and high alcohol consumption. We further found an association between the minor allele in rs211014 (GABRG2) and higher SRE-scores, linked to dizziness and motor incoordination. Genetic variation in GABRG2 has previously been associated with processes involving motor coordination (alcohol withdrawal, febrile- and epileptic seizures).<p> <p>Conclusion: The results from our study suggest that genetic variation in GABRG2 may influence alcohol sensitivity, which could inform strategies for assessing risk for harmful alcohol use and AUD.

• Årving, Alexander Braadving; Hilberg, Thor; Vigerust, Elisabeth; Jørgenrud, Benedicte Marie; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Mørland, Jørg Gustav [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Assessing alcohol consumption across phosphatidylethanol levels using HDL-cholesterol as a predictor. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 60(1), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agae085. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims: Prior research has established a correlation between increases of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and alcohol consumption. This study aimed to explore the association between phosphatidylethanol (PEth) levels and the amount of consumed ethanol, utilizing HDL-C as a surrogate marker on a population level. This endeavor offers an adjunct to other studies. Methods: PEth and HDL-C levels in 50 751 samples from 29 899 patients in Norway were measured simultaneously in whole blood and serum, respectively. Linear mixed model analyses were employed to assess HDL-C levels within different PEth intervals. Drawing on previous research indicating an increase of .0035 mmol/L in HDL-C per gram of pure ethanol consumed per day, and assuming no alcohol intake in the zero PEth group, we estimated mean daily ethanol intake at the group level for males in each PEth interval. Results: Results revealed a significant correlation between PEth and HDL-C levels (Spearman’s rho = .385 for women, .420 for men, P

• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Høiseth, Gudrun (2024). The relationship between clinical impairment and blood drug concentration: Comparison between the most prevalent traffic relevant drug groups. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 363. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112180. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between blood concentrations of four different drug classes; ethanol, benzodiazepines, amphetamines and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and driver impairment as assessed by a clinical test of impairment (CTI). Methods Data was retrieved from a national database on CTI assessments and accompanying blood drug concentrations from apprehended drivers. All drug concentrations in blood were quantified using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and compared to the results of the CTI which were categorized as either “not impaired”, “mildly impaired”, “moderately impaired”, or “considerably impaired”. Results A total number of 15 514 individual mono drug-cases collected over 9 years was included. 89 % were men and the median age was 34 years. In addition, 3 684 individual cases with similar age and gender distribution where no drugs were detected, were included as a reference group. For ethanol and benzodiazepines the percentage of clinically impaired cases increased markedly from lower to higher concentration windows, from 60 % to 97 % for ethanol and from 38 % to 76 % for benzodiazepines. The corresponding increase for amphetamines and THC was modest, from 43 % to 58 % for amphetamines and from 41 % to 55 % for THC. The correlation between drug concentration and degree of impairment was high for ethanol (Spearman´s rho=0.548, p<0.001) and relatively high for benzodiazepines (Spearman´s rho=0.377, p<0.001), but low for amphetamines (Spearman´s rho=0.078, p<0.001) and THC (Spearman´s rho=0.100, p<0.001). Conclusion The percentage of impaired drivers increased with increasing blood drug concentration for all four drug classes, most pronounced for ethanol and benzodiazepines and much less for amphetamines and THC. The median blood drug concentration increased with increasing magnitude of impairment for ethanol and benzodiazepines, while this was much less pronounced for amphetamines and THC. The ranges of drug concentrations, however, were wide for all four drug classes in all impairment categories as assessed by individual clinical examination.

• Holman, Peder Olai Skjeflo; Høiseth, Gudrun; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras; Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Vevelstad, Merete Synnøve Horn & Mørland, Jørg Gustav [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). A two-sample approach to retrograde extrapolation of blood THC concentrations – Is it feasible? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 352(111833). doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111833. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Retrograde extrapolation of drug concentrations in blood can be relevant in cases of drug-impaired driving and is regularly used in forensic toxicology in Norway. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has complex, multi-compartmental pharmacokinetics, which makes retrograde extrapolation of blood THC concentrations problematic. In the present study, we evaluated an approach to retrograde extrapolation in which momentary rates of decrease of THC were estimated from two consecutive blood samples in apprehended drivers. Material and methods Data were collected from apprehended drivers in Norway 2000–2020. We included 548 cases in which THC was detected in two consecutive blood samples collected ≥ 20 min apart. THC concentrations were measured by GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS. In each case, THC concentrations and the time between the two sampling points (Δt) were used to estimate the rate constant k. The relationship between THC concentration and k was modelled by linear regression. Results The median Δt was 31 min (interquartile range, IQR = 9). The median blood THC concentration was 2.4 μg/L (IQR = 3.4) at the first sampling point and 2.3 μg/L (IQR =3.1) at the second. The concentration decreased in 62% and increased in 38% of all cases. However, considering measurement uncertainty, the changes were not statistically significant in 87% of cases. The mean of k was 0.12 h-1, corresponding to an apparent t1/2 of 6.0 h. The t1/2 predicted from linear regression of k against THC concentration ranged from 0.93 to 13 h for the highest and lowest concentrations observed (36 and 0.63 μg/L, respectively). The time from driving to blood collection had a median of 1.7 h (IQR = 1.5), and did not correlate with k. Conclusions The apparent t1/2 of THC calculated from the mean of k was 6.0 h, which is shorter than the terminal elimination t1/2 suggested in previous population studies. This indicates that blood samples were often taken during the late distribution phase of THC. Because Δt was short relative to the rates of decrease expected in the late distribution and elimination phases, the underlying true concentration changes related to in vivo pharmacokinetics were small and masked by the relatively larger “false” changes introduced by random analytical and pre-analytical error. Therefore, individual values of k calculated from only two blood samples taken a short time apart are unreliable, and a two-sample approach to retrograde extrapolation of THC cannot be recommended.

• Bogen, Inger Lise; Boix, Fernando; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Steinsland, Synne; Nerem, Elisabeth & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2023). Heroin metabolism in human blood and its impact for the design of an immunotherapeutic approach against heroin effects. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 133(4), p. 418–427. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13926. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Immunotherapeutic interventions that block drug effects by binding drug molecules to specific antibodies in the bloodstream have shown promising effects in animal studies. For heroin, which effects are mainly mediated by the metabolites 6‐acetylmorphine (6‐AM; also known as 6‐monoacetylmorphine or 6‐MAM) and morphine, the optimal antibody specificity has been discussed. In rodents, 6‐AM specific antibodies have been recommended based on the rapid metabolism of heroin to 6‐AM in the bloodstream. Since the metabolic rate of heroin in blood is unsettled in humans, we examined heroin metabolism with state‐of–the‐art analytical methodology (UHPLC–MS/MS) in freshly drawn human whole blood incubated with a wide range of heroin concentrations (1–500 μM). The half‐life of heroin was highly concentration dependent, ranging from 1.2–1.7 min for concentrations at or above 25 μM, and gradually increasing to approximately 20 min for 1 μM heroin. At concentrations that can be attained in the bloodstream shortly after an i.v. injection, approximately 70% was transformed into 6‐AM within 3 min, similar to previous observations in vivo. Our results indicate that blood enzymes play a more important role for the rapid metabolism of heroin in humans than previously assumed. This points to 6‐AM as an important target for an efficient immunotherapeutic approach to block heroin effects in humans.

• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Skulberg, Knut Ragnvald; Skulberg, Andreas; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2023). The Self-Rated Effects of Alcohol Are Related to Presystemic Metabolism of Alcohol. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 58(2), p. 203–208. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agad002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims: A high number of alcohol units required to feel a subjective effect of alcohol predicts future alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The subjective response to alcohol can be measured using the validated retrospective self-rated effects of alcohol (SRE) questionnaire. Few studies have investigated the specific relationship between SRE and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in an experimental setting. Methods: Twenty healthy young adult male volunteers who had experience with binge drinking, but did not have AUD, filled out the SREquestionnaire and were served with a fixed amount of alcohol per body weight. BACs were measured throughout a 12-hour period, reaching a maximum BAC of ∼0.13%. Median split of SRE-scores was utilized to compare BACs among participants with relatively high effects (low SRE) and relatively low effects (high SRE) of alcohol. Results: Participants reporting a relatively low SRE-score had a statistically significant higher measured BAC at all time points until alcohol was eliminated. This was especially pronounced during the first 2 hours after alcohol (P = 0.015) without a significant difference in the alcohol elimination rate being detected. Conclusion: The study indicates that a self-ated SRE-score is related to BACs after the ingestion of a standardized amount of alcohol per body weight. Reporting a higher number of alcohol units before feeling an effect was related to a lower BAC. As the differences in BAC between relatively high and low self-rated effects appeared rapidly after intake, this could be interpreted as an effect of presystemic metabolism of alcohol.

• Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Magnus, Per Minor; Vollset, Stein Emil; Leon, David A.; Selmer, Randi Marie & Tverdal, Aage (2023). Associations between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cause-specific mortality in a general population of 345 000 men and women aged 20–79 years. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 52(4), p. 1257–1267. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyad011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background Benefits of elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are challenged by reports demonstrating U-shaped relations between HDL-C levels and all-cause mortality; the association with cause-specific mortality is less studied. Methods A total of 344 556 individuals (20–79 years, 52 % women) recruited from population-based health screening during 1985–2003 were followed until the end of 2018 for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by serum HDL-C level at inclusion of &amp;lt;30, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, 90–99 and &amp;gt;99 mg/dl (&amp;lt; 0.78, 0.78–1.01, 1.04–1.27, 1.30–1.53, 1.55–1.79, 1.81–2.04, 2.07–2.31, 2.33–2.56, &amp;gt;2.56 mmol/L). Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for sex, age, calendar period, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, physical activity, educational length, body mass index and ill health. Results During a mean follow-up of 22 years, 69 505 individuals died. There were U-shaped associations between HDL-C levels and all-cause, cancer and non-cardiovascular disease/non-cancer mortality (non-CVD/non-cancer), whereas for CVD there was increased risk of death only at lower levels. With HDL-C stratum 50–59 mg/dl (1.30–1.53 mmol/L) as reference, HRs [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for levels &amp;gt;99 mg/dl (&amp;gt;2.56 mmol/L) were 1.32 (1.21–1.43), 1.05 (0.89–1.24), 1.26 (1.09–1.46) and 1.68 (1.48–1.90) for all–cause, CVD, cancer and non–CVD/non–cancer mortality, respectively. For HDL-C levels &amp;lt;30 mg/dl (0.78 mmol/L), the corresponding HRs (95% CIs) were 1.30 (1.24–1.36), 1.55 (1.44–1.67), 1.14 (1.05–1.23) and 1.19 (1.10–1.29). The mortality from alcoholic liver disease, cancers of mouth-oesophagus-liver, chronic liver diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accidents and diabetes increased distinctly with increasing HDL-C above the reference level. HDL-C levels lower than the reference level were mainly associated with increased mortality of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), other CVDs, stomach cancer and diabetes. Conclusions Higher HDL-C levels were associated with increased mortality risk of several diseases which also have been associated with heavy drinking, and lower HDL-C levels were associated with increased mortality from IHD, other CVDs, gastric cancer and diabetes.

• Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Bogen, Inger Lise; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Vindenes, Vigdis [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Does the preparation for intravenous administration affect the composition of heroin injections? A controlled laboratory study. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 116(11), p. 3104–3112. doi: 10.1111/add.15492. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims To study whether the preparation procedure, and its acidic and heating conditions, used by heroin users to prepare heroin for intravenous administration affects the final composition of the fluid to be injected. Methods Samples from different seizures of illegal heroin provided by the Norwegian police were prepared by adding water and ascorbic acid before heating under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Further, three seizures were prepared with different amounts of ascorbic or citric acid relative to their diacetylmorphine content. Pure diacetylmorphine base or salt was also submitted to the procedure applying two different heating intensities. The seizures and the final product after preparation were analysed for diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Results After preparation, a decrease of 19.8% (25th and 75th percentiles = −29.2 and −15.3) in the initial diacetylmorphine content was observed. Both the 6-acetylmorphine and morphine content increased but, due to their low content in the initial product, diacetylmorphine still represented 83.9% (25th and 75th percentiles = 77.3 and 88.0) of the sum of these three opioids in the final solution. The loss of water during preparation caused an increase in the concentration of diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine, depending on the heating intensity applied. The content of these opioids was affected by the quantity and type of acid added in relation to the heroin purity and the level of diacetylmorphine dissolved being proportional to the amount of ascorbic acid, but not citric acid, in the sample with high heroin purity. Conclusions Preparation of heroin for intravenous injection appears to change the amount or concentration of diacetylmorphine and its active metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine in the final product, depending on heroin purity, amount and type of acid used or heating conditions. These circumstances can contribute to unintentional variations in the potency of the final injected solution, and therefore affect the outcome after injection.

• Degerud, Eirik Magnus Meek; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Associations of Binge Drinking with the Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Study of Pooled Norwegian Health Surveys. American Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0002-9262. 190(8), p. 1592–1603. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab063. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norwegian health survey data (1987 – 2003) were analysed to determine if binge drinking increases the risk of incident major events from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Among current drinkers reporting average alcohol intakes between 2 to 60 g/day (n = 44,476), frequent binge drinking (5+ units ≥ once per month) was not associated with a greater risk of IHD (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.76, 1.09) nor stroke (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.19), in comparison with participants who reported that they never or only infrequently (<once per month) had episodes of binge drinking. Participants with an average alcohol intake between 2 – 60 g/day had a lower risk of IHD in comparison with participants with very low intakes (<2 g/day) both among frequent binge drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.80) and among never/infrequent binge drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.84). The findings suggest that frequent binge drinking does not, independently of the average alcohol intake, increase the risk of incident IHD or stroke events. However, the findings should be interpreted in light of the limitations of the study design.

• Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2021). GABAA subunit single nucleotide polymorphisms show sex-specific association to alcohol consumption and mental distress in a Norwegian population-based sample. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 307. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114257. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Little is known about genetic influences on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress in the general population, where the majority report consumption and distress far below diagnostic thresholds. This study investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from candidate gene studies on alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders, for association with alcohol consumption and with mental distress in a population-based sample from the Cohort of Norway (n = 1978, 49% women). The relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress was further examined for genotype modification. There was a positive correlation between mental distress and alcohol consumption in men, as well as an association between SNPs and mental distress in men (GABRG1, GABRA2, DRD2, ANKK1, MTHFR) and women (CHRM2, MTHFR) and between SNPs and alcohol consumption in women (GABRA2, MTHFR).<p> <p>No modification by SNP genotype was found on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress. The association between mental distress and GABRG1 in men remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. The results indicate that alcohol consumption and mental distress are associated in the general population even at levels below clinical thresholds and point to SNPs in genes related to GABAergic signalling for level of mental distress in men.

• Tverdal, Aage; Høiseth, Gudrun; Magnus, Per; Næss, Øyvind; Selmer, Randi & Knudsen, Gun Peggy [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Alcohol Consumption, HDL-Cholesterol and Incidence of Colon and Rectal Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study including 250,010 Participants. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 56(6), p. 718–725. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agab007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims:Alcohol consumption has been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) and also to the high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C). HDL-C has been associated with the incidence of CRC. The aimof this study was to investigate the association between self-reported alcohol consumption, HDL-Cand incidence of CRC, separately for the two sites. Methods:Altogether, 250,010 participants in Norwegian surveys have been followed-up for anaverage of 18 years with respect to a first-time outcome of colon or rectal cancer. During follow-up,3023 and 1439 colon and rectal cancers were registered. Results:For men, the HR per 1 drink per day was 1.05 with 95% confidence interval (0.98–1.12)for colon and 1.08 (1.02–1.15) for rectal cancer. The corresponding figures for women were 1.03(0.97–1.10) and 1.05 (1.00–1.10). There was a positive association between alcohol consumptionand HDL-C. HDL-C was inversely associated with colon cancer in men (0.74 (0.62–0.89) per 1 mmol/l)and positively associated with rectal cancer, although not statistically significant (1.15 (0.92–1.44).A robust regression that assigned weights to each observation and exclusion of weights≤0.1increased the HRs per 1 drink per day and decreased the HR per 1 mmol/l for colon cancer. Theassociations with rectal cancer remained unchanged. Conclusion:Our results support a positive association between alcohol consumption and colonand rectal cancer, most pronounced for rectal cancer. Considering the positive relation betweenalcohol consumption and HDL-C, the inverse association between HDL-C and colon cancer in menremains unsettled.

• Oshaug, Katja; Kronstrand, Robert; Kugelberg, Fredrik C.; Kristoffersen, Lena; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Høiseth, Gudrun (2021). Frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor – Improving diagnostic accuracy with the use of ethylsulphate and putrefactive alcohols. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 331. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111152. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose This study aimed to compare the frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor according to negative ethylsulphate (EtS) in blood or positive putrefactive alcohols (PA’s) in either medium. Furthermore, it aimed to evaluate the interpretational value of calculated ethanol ratios in relation to EtS and PA results. Methods Blood ethanol positive forensic cases were included; one dataset consisting of 2504 cases with EtS analysed in blood and another dataset with 8001 cases where PA’s were analysed. Results PA’s were found in 24.4% of cases. EtS was negative in 15.3%, 9.4% and 7.4% of cases that were positive for ethanol in blood, urine and vitreous humor, respectively. In EtS negative cases, the concentrations of ethanol in blood, urine and vitreous humor were lower than 0.20 g/kg in 51.3%, 67.4% and 77.8%, respectively. It was 1.0 g/kg or higher in blood in 4.2% of cases. More EtS negative and PA positive cases were seen in central compared to peripheral blood. Ethanol ratios between urine or vitreous humor and blood were significantly lower in both EtS negative and PA positive cases, but large variations were observed. Conclusion EtS and PA analysis improve the diagnostic accuracy of ethanol in postmortem cases. Postmortem ethanol formation in vitreous humor and urine were both more frequent than expected and we recommend the analysis of ethanol primarily in peripheral blood if available.

• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2020). The relationship between ingested dose of ethanol and amount of ethyl glucuronide formed in blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 44(8), p. 861–863. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa090. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract A positive non-linear relation between the dose of ethanol ingested and the area under the curve (AUC) for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in urine is previously observed. The relation between both doses and AUC of ethanol and the AUC for EtG in blood is not previously published, and this study aimed to investigate this relationship. After an overnight fast, 10 healthy volunteers ingested 0.5-g ethanol per kilo body weight (low dose) in one occasion and 1.0-g ethanol per kilo body weight (high dose) in the next occasion. Results showed that there was a significant higher median ratio between blood AUC for EtG and dose of ethanol in the high-dose (8.99; range 7.37–10.94) group compared to the low-dose (5.02; range 4.25–6.15) group (P = 0.005). The median ratio between the AUC for EtG and AUC for ethanol was actually significantly higher in the low-dose (1.77; range 1.51–2.24) group compared to the high-dose (1.67; range 1.30–2.02) group (P = 0.005), although values are quite similar. This study therefore showed that the ratio between the AUC for EtG in blood and dose of ethanol is higher after intake of 1.0 g/kg than 0.5 g/kg. This pattern is however not seen when AUC for EtG is compared to AUC for ethanol. Results therefore support that the percentage of ethanol converted to EtG is not increasing when the doses increase. An explanation for the positive non-linear relation previously observed between the dose of ethanol ingested and amount of EtG formed may be a relative higher first-pass metabolism of ethanol at lower doses.

• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2020). The implementation of per-se limits for driving under the influence of benzodiazepines and related drugs: No increased risk for arrest during therapeutic use in Norway. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 21(2), p. 122–126. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1724977. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To investigate whether the use of recommended therapeutic doses of medicinal drugs has led to suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) after implementation of legislative limits for illicit and medicinal drugs in 2012. Methods: Data from suspected drug-impaired drivers apprehended by the police from 2013 to 2015 were selected from the Norwegian Forensic Toxicology Database. The blood samples had been analyzed for benzodiazepines (BZDs), z-hypnotics, opioids, stimulants, certain hallucinogens, and alcohol. Drivers who tested positive for one BZD or a z-hypnotic only, were included in the study. Drug concentrations measured in their blood samples were compared to the maximal obtainable steady state concentrations if the drug had been used in accordance with the recommendations set by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. Results: BZDs or z-hypnotics were found in 10 248 samples, representing 59.6% of the total number of drivers arrested for suspected DUID (n = 17 201). Only one BZD or z-hypnotic with a blood drug concentration above the legislative limit was detected in 390 (2.3%) of the total number of samples. Clonazepam was the most frequently detected BZD (n = 4656), while as a single drug above the legislative limit, it was detected in only 3.6% (n = 168) of the clonazepam-positive blood samples. For drivers testing positive for only one z-hypnotic, drug concentrations above the legislative limit were found in 27% (n = 55) of the blood samples that tested positive for zolpidem and 12.4% (n = 53) of the samples that tested positive for zopiclone. In total, 155 subjects out of 10 248 testing positive for BZDs or z-hypnotics displayed concentrations above the legislative limit but within the concentration ranges that are expected when taking recommended therapeutic drug doses, and 77 below the legislativel limit. Conclusions: The results show that the implementation of legislative limits for BZDs and z-hypnotics may have contributed to DUID suspicion for a small group of patients using therapeutic drug doses; only 1.3% of the suspected DUID offenders had concentrations of only one of those drugs in-line with recommended therapeutic dosing.

• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren H. & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2020). Driving Under the influence of non-alcohol drugs: Epidemiological studies. In Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Ed.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. p. 465–508. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-16. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Maren H.; Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2020). Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs: Experimental studies. In Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Ed.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. p. 421–463. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-15. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2020). Driving Under the Influence of Non-alcohol Drugs: Review of Earlier Studies. In Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Ed.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-14. Full text in Research Archive
• Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (2020). Driving Under the Influence of Psychoactive Substances: a historical review. In Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Ed.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Hjelmeland, Knut Johan & Mørland, Jørg (2020). A comparison of driving related skills impaired by ethanol and zopiclone. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 22(1), p. 26–31. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1849643. Full text in Research Archive
• Degerud, Eirik Magnus Meek; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Ariansen, Inger; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Association of coincident self-reported mental health problems and alcohol intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: A Norwegian pooled population analysis. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 17(2), p. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003030. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The disease burden attributable to mental health problems and to excess or harmful alcohol use is considerable. Despite a strong relationship between these 2 important factors in population health, there are few studies quantifying the mortality risk associated with their co-occurrence in the general population. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality according to self-reported mental health problems and alcohol intake in the general population. Methods and findings We followed 243,372 participants in Norwegian health surveys (1994–2002) through 2014 for all-cause and CVD mortality by data linkage to national registries. The mean (SD) age at the time of participation in the survey was 43.9 (10.6) years, and 47.8% were men. During a mean (SD) follow-up period of 16.7 (3.2) years, 6,587 participants died from CVD, and 21,376 died from all causes. Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs according to a mental health index (low, 1.00–1.50; high, 2.01–4.00; low score is favourable) based on the General Health Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and according to self-reported alcohol intake (low, <2; light, 2–11.99; moderate, 12–23.99; high, ≥24 grams/day). HRs were adjusted for age, sex, educational level, marital status, and CVD risk factors. Compared to a reference group with low mental health index score and low alcohol intake, HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality were 0.93 (0.89, 0.97; p = 0.001), 1.00 (0.92, 1.09; p = 0.926), and 1.14 (0.96, 1.35; p = 0.119) for low index score combined with light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively. HRs (95% CIs) were 1.22 (1.14, 1.31; p < 0.001), 1.24 (1.15, 1.33; p < 0.001), 1.43 (1.23, 1.66; p < 0.001), and 2.29 (1.87, 2.80; p < 0.001) for high index score combined with low, light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively. For CVD mortality, HRs (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.86, 1.00; p = 0.058), 0.90 (0.76, 1.07; p = 0.225), and 0.95 (0.67, 1.33; p = 0.760) for a low index score combined with light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively, and 1.11 (0.98, 1.25; p = 0.102), 0.97 (0.83, 1.13; p = 0.689), 1.01 (0.71, 1.44; p = 0.956), and 1.78 (1.14, 2.78; p = 0.011) for high index score combined with low, light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively. HRs for the combination of a high index score and high alcohol intake (HRs: 2.29 for all-cause and 1.78 for CVD mortality) were 64% (95% CI 53%, 74%; p < 0.001) and 69% (95% CI 42%, 97%; p < 0.001) higher than expected for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality, respectively, under the assumption of a multiplicative interaction structure. A limitation of our study is that the findings were based on average reported intake of alcohol without accounting for the drinking pattern. Conclusions In the general population, the mortality rates associated with more mental health problems and a high alcohol intake were increased when the risk factors occurred together.

• Mørland, Jørg & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2020). Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is present in the body between smoking sessions in occasional non-daily cannabis users. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 309, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110188. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: THC can be measured in blood up to a month after last intake in heavy cannabis users. The cognitive deficits during abstinence have been hypothesized to be at least in part due to residual THC in brain. To which extent THC accumulation will occur after occasional cannabis use has gained limited attention. We aimed to predict THC-levels between smoking sessions in non-daily as well as daily cannabis users and to compare these predictions with published THC levels. Methods: Predictions were based on pharmacokinetic principles on drug accumulation after repeated dosing, applied to different cannabis smoking patterns, using data from a three-compartment model for THC pharmacokinetics and results on the terminal elimination half-life of THC in humans. We searched the literature for THC measurements which could be compared with these predictions. We found no such results from controlled studies of long-term repeated cannabis consumption of known THC amounts. Thirteen published studies contained, however, enough information on cannabis use and results from THC-measurements to make tentative comparisons with the predictions. Results: The predictions of THC-plasma levels present after different cannabis smoking patterns assuming terminal elimination half-lives of THC of 21.5 h or longer, had some support in published THC levels measured in individuals self-reporting their cannabis consumption. We found no consistent discrepancies between the predictions and reported THC plasma levels after non-daily or daily cannabis use. The predictions indicate that THC might be presentin plasma between smoking sessions above usual analytical limits when smoking every third and second day, and at lower levels after once weekly smoking. Conclusions: The study indicates that THC might be present continuously even in non-daily smokers at low levels, even if the smoking occasions are separated by a week. This is different from alcohol, where ethanol has disappeared after a day. From a toxicological point of view the persistance of THC in the brain, raises questions whether this should be given more attention as with other toxicological thinking where long-term presence of bioactive substances gives rise to concern. There are some uncertainties in this analysis, and controlled studies on THC-accumulation accompanying different use patterns seem warranted.

• Avvisati, Riccardo; Bogen, Inger Lise; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Vindenes, Vigdis; Mørland, Jørg & Badiani, Aldo [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). The active heroin metabolite 6-acetylmorphine has robust reinforcing effects as assessed by self-administration in the rat. Neuropharmacology. ISSN 0028-3908. 150, p. 192–199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.023. Full text in Research Archive
• Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg & Liu, Ray H. (2019). Driving under the influence of psychoactive substances - A historical review. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 31(2), p. 103–140. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus & Mørland, Jørg (2019). Methodologies for establishing the relationship between alcohol/drug use and driving impairment - Differences between epidemiological, experimental, and real-case studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 31(2), p. 141–160. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-20. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Maren; Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus; Gjerde, Hallvard; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Vindenes, Vigdis (2019). Pharmacokinetics of single doses of methadone and suprenorphine in blood and oral fluid in healthy volunteers and correlation with effects on psychomotor and cognitive functions. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. ISSN 0271-0749. 39(5), p. 489–493. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001077. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose We aimed to study the pharmacokinetics of methadone and buprenorphine in blood and oral fluid after single-dose administration and investigate correlations between concentrations in blood and neurocognitive functions. Methods A 5-way, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-dummy, crossover study was performed to study the pharmacokinetics and neurocognitive effects of methadone (5 and 10 mg per oral) and buprenorphine (0.2 and 0.4 mg sublingual) in 22 healthy volunteers. Blood and oral fluid were collected throughout the test days, and drug concentrations in both matrices were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. On-road driving testing, neurocognitive computerized tests, and subjective questionnaires were performed. Results Large individual variations in concentrations of methadone and buprenorphine in blood and oral fluid, and accordingly oral fluid/blood drug concentration ratios, were observed. The mean ratio 6.5 hours after drug administration was 2.0 (range, 0.49–7.39) for methadone after both doses. Buprenorphine was not detected above the limit of quantification in blood after 6.5 hours. No significant correlation between methadone concentration in blood and effect was found. Significant correlations were found between buprenorphine concentration in blood and standard deviation of lateral position in the driving test and some measures of reaction time, divided attention, balance, alertness, contentedness. and sleepiness. Conclusions Concentrations of methadone and buprenorphine in blood and oral fluid showed large interindividual variations. No concentration-effect correlations were found for methadone, whereas low to moderate correlations were observed between buprenorphine concentration and driving, psychomotor function, and subjective rating of sleep and alertness.

• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Steinsland, Synne; Aase, Audun & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). A monoclonal antibody against 6-acetylmorphine protects female mice offspring from adverse behavioral effects induced by prenatal heroin exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 368(1), p. 106–115. doi: 10.1124/jpet.118.251504. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Boix, Fernando; Mørland, Jørg & Bogen, Inger Lise (2019). The role of 6-acetylmorphine in heroin-induced reward and locomotor sensitization in mice. Addiction Biology. ISSN 1355-6215. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/adb.12727. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We have previously demonstrated that heroin's first metabolite, 6‐acetylmorphine (6‐AM), is an important mediator of heroin's acute effects. However, the significance of 6‐AM to the rewarding properties of heroin still remains unknown. The present study therefore aimed to examine the contribution of 6‐AM to heroin‐induced reward and locomotor sensitization. Mice were tested for conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by equimolar doses of heroin or 6‐AM (1.25‐5 μmol/kg). Psychomotor activity was recorded during the CPP conditioning sessions for assessment of drug‐induced locomotor sensitization. The contribution of 6‐AM to heroin reward and locomotor sensitization was further examined by pretreating mice with a 6‐AM specific antibody (anti–6‐AM mAb) 24 hours prior to the CPP procedure. Both heroin and 6‐AM induced CPP in mice, but heroin generated twice as high CPP scores compared with 6‐AM. Locomotor sensitization was expressed after repeated exposure to 2.5 and 5 μmol/kg heroin or 6‐AM, but not after 1.25 μmol/kg, and we found no correlation between the expression of CPP and the magnitude of locomotor sensitization for either opioid. Pretreatment with anti–6‐AM mAb suppressed both heroin‐induced and 6‐AM–induced CPP and locomotor sensitization. These findings provide evidence that 6‐AM is essential for the rewarding and sensitizing properties of heroin; however, heroin caused stronger reward compared with 6‐AM. This may be explained by the higher lipophilicity of heroin, providing more efficient drug transfer to the brain, ensuring rapid increase in the brain 6‐AM concentration.

• Strand, Maren; Vindenes, Vigdis; Gjerde, Hallvard; Mørland, Jørg & Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus (2019). A clinical trial on the acute effects of methadone and buprenorphine on actual driving and cognitive function of healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0306-5251. 85, p. 442–453. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13818. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims: The present study assessed the acute effects of methadone and buprenorphine on actual on‐road driving performance and neurocognitive function. Methods: Methadone (5 and 10 mg per os) and buprenorphine (0.2 and 0.4 mg sublingual) were administered to 22 healthy volunteers in a five‐way, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐dummy, cross‐over study. Driving performance was assessed with an on‐road driving test. The primary outcome measure was standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP), a measure of road tracking control. Laboratory tests were used to measure cognitive function (e.g. reaction time and attention) and questionnaires were used to assess subjective measures of mood and sedation. Results: There was no significant main effect of treatment on SDLP. Yet, analysis of individual drug‐placebo contrast data revealed that buprenorphine 0.4 mg significantly increased SDLP. Driving impairment was mild and below the impairment threshold of a blood alcohol concentration of 0.5 mg ml−1. Four participants stopped their driving test while under the influence of either opioid due to sleepiness. Both opioids produced impairments of cognitive task performance and increased sleepiness particularly at the highest dose. Conclusions: Analgesic doses of buprenorphine produced mild impairing effects on driving and related cognitive skills, while methadone impaired cognitive task performance but not driving performance. Large individual variations were observed for both drugs. Patients should be informed about the possibility of driving impairment when initiating opioid treatment.

• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche & Andersen, Jannike Mørch [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Metabolites of heroin in several different post-mortem matrices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 42(5), p. 311–320. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky002. Full text in Research Archive
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Konstantinova, Svetlana V.; Normann, Per Trygve; Mørland, Jørg; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Arnestad, Marianne (2018). Heroin Deaths in Norway in 2000 and 2009: A comparative study of polydrug use. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems. ISSN 1592-1638. 20(2), p. 23–29. Full text in Research Archive
• Degerud, Eirik; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann; Ystrøm, Eivind; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Life course socioeconomic position, alcohol drinking patterns in midlife, and cardiovascular mortality: Analysis of Norwegian population-based health surveys. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 15(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002476. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups tend to experience more harm from the same level of exposure to alcohol as advantaged groups. Alcohol has multiple biological effects on the cardiovascular system, both potentially harmful and protective. We investigated whether the diverging relationships between alcohol drinking patterns and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality differed by life course socioeconomic position (SEP). Methods and findings: From 3 cohorts (the Counties Studies, the Cohort of Norway, and the Age 40 Program, 1987–2003) containing data from population-based cardiovascular health surveys in Norway, we included participants with self-reported information on alcohol consumption frequency (n = 207,394) and binge drinking episodes (≥5 units per occasion, n = 32,616). We also used data from national registries obtained by linkage. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD mortality was estimated using Cox models, including alcohol, life course SEP, age, gender, smoking, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides, diabetes, history of CVD, and family history of coronary heart disease (CHD). Analyses were performed in the overall sample and stratified by high, middle, and low strata of life course SEP. A total of 8,435 CVD deaths occurred during the mean 17 years of follow-up. Compared to infrequent consumption (<once/month), moderately frequent consumption (2–3 times per week) was associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality (HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.72, 0.84) overall. HRs for the high, middle, and low strata of SEP were 0.66 (95% CI 0.58, 0.76), 0.87 (95% CI 0.78, 0.97), and 0.79 (95% CI 0.64, 0.98), respectively, compared with infrequent users in each stratum. HRs for effect modification were 1.30 (95% CI 1.10, 1.54, p = 0.002; middle versus high), 1.23 (95% CI 0.96, 1.58, p = 0.10; low versus high), and 0.96 (95% CI 0.76, 1.21, p = 0.73; low versus middle). In the group with data on binge drinking, 2,284 deaths (15 years) from CVDs occurred. In comparison to consumers who did not binge during the past year, HRs among frequent bingers (≥1 time per week) were 1.58 (95% CI 1.31, 1.91) overall, and 1.22 (95% CI 0.84, 1.76), 1.71 (95% CI 1.31, 2.23), and 1.85 (95% CI 1.16, 2.94) in the strata, respectively. HRs for effect modification were 1.36 (95% CI 0.87, 2.13, p = 0.18; middle versus high), 1.63 (95% CI 0.92, 2.91, p = 0.10; low versus high), and 1.32 (95% CI 0.79, 2.20, p = 0.29; low versus middle). A limitation of this study was the use of a single measurement to reflect lifetime alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Moderately frequent consumers had a lower risk of CVD mortality compared with infrequent consumers, and we observed that this association was more pronounced among participants with higher SEP throughout their life course. Frequent binge drinking was associated with a higher risk of CVD mortality, but it was more uncertain whether the risk differed by life course SEP. It is unclear if these findings reflect differential confounding of alcohol consumption with health-protective or damaging exposures, or differing effects of alcohol on health across socioeconomic groups.

• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Høiseth, Gudrun & Handal, Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Can measurements of heroin metabolites in post-mortem matrices other than peripheral blood indicate if death was rapid or delayed? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 290, p. 121–128. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.041. Full text in Research Archive
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Høiseth, Gudrun; Sempio, Cristina; Giarratana, Nefele; Enger, Asle & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Hair EtG: Alterations in segment levels accompanying hair growth. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. 11, p. 112–118. doi: 10.1002/dta.2474. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Romeo, Giovanni & Mørland, Jørg (2018). Challenges and common weaknesses in case-control studies on drug use and road traffic injury based on drug testing of biological samples. Annals of Epidemiology. ISSN 1047-2797. 28(11), p. 812–820. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.08.006. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To determine and discuss common weaknesses and errors in case-control studies on the association between drug use and road traffic crash injury among drivers and recommend improvements for future studies. Methods: A search for case-control studies published between 2000 and 2016 was performed using PubMed and other databases in addition to manual search. The used methodologies were compared with requirements and recommendations for case-control studies as well as current knowledge on the interpretation of drug concentrations in biological samples. Results: Seventeen studies were identified. The major difficulties in the studies were related to likely selection bias, information bias, and confounding. In some studies, the definition of drug exposure was different for controls than for cases, generating potentially serious errors in the odds ratio estimations. Other weaknesses include lacking explanation of the assessment of drug exposure, missing covariates, lacking description of statistical methods, and lack of discussion of bias and confounding. Conclusions: Many of the observed challenges and weaknesses can be overcome or reduced. Recommendations for future studies are presented.

• Høiseth, Gudrun; Austdal, Linn Engeset; Wiik, Elisabeth; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Prevalence and concentrations of drugs in older suspected drugged drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(3), p. 231–236. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1247209. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Berg-Hansen, Grim Otto; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Impairment due to alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzodiazepines in impaired drivers compared to experimental studies. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(3), p. 244–250. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1201205. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Maren; Mørland, Jørg; Slørdal, Lars; Riedel, Bettina; Innerdal, Cato & Aamo, Trond Oskar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Conversion factors for assessment of driving impairment after exposure to multiple benzodiazepines/z-hypnotics or opioids. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 281, p. 29–36. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.022. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Maren; Arnestad, Marianne; Fjeld, Bente & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Acute impairing effects of morphine related to driving: A systematic review of experimental studies to define blood morphine concentrations related to impairment in opioid-naive subjects. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(8), p. 788–794. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1326595. Full text in Research Archive
• Degerud, Eirik; Ystrøm, Eivind; Tambs, Kristian; Ariansen, Inger Kristine; Mørland, Jørg & Magnus, Per [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). The interplay between cognitive ability, alcohol consumption, and health characteristics. Psychological Medicine. ISSN 0033-2917. 48(12), p. 2011–2022. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717003543. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Zopiclone concentrations in oral fluid and blood after, administration of therapeutic doses of zopiclone. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 278, p. 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Sakshaug, Solveig; Handal, Marte; Hjellvik, Vidar; Berg, Christian Lie; Ripel, Åse & Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Long-term Use of Z-Hypnotics and Co-Medication with Benzodiazepines and Opioids. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 120, p. 292–298. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12684. Full text in Research Archive
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Morini, Luca; Sempio, Cristina; Giarratana, Nefele; Enger, Asle & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Ethyl glucuronide elimination kinetics in fingernails and comparison to levels in hair. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 52(5), p. 580–586. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agx035. Full text in Research Archive
• Helland, Arne; Jenssen, Gunnar; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Moen, Terje; Engen, Thomas & Lydersen, Stian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Evaluation of measures of impairment in real and simulated driving: Results from a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 17(3), p. 245–250. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1065975. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) is often the primary outcome in experimental studies on impaired driving. However, other measures may be easier and more practical to obtain and reflect a broader range of driving-related behaviors. We wanted to assess the validity and sensitivity of a range of measures in a driving simulator as well as during real driving, and compare these to SDLP. Methods: Twenty healthy male volunteers undertook six driving trials each; three in a regular car on a closed track resembling rural road conditions, and three in a simulator with an identical driving scenario. Ethanol was used as impairing substance due to its well-characterized effects on driving. The subjects were tested sober and at blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of approx. 0.5 g/L and 0.9 g/L. We explored dose-response relationships between BAC and a range of driving-related measures, as well as their BAC-dependent effect sizes. Results: In simulator driving, ethanol intake increased steering wheel reversal frequency, steering wheel movement measures, average speed, standard deviation of speed and pedal use frequency. At the test track, only steering wheel movement and standard deviation of speed were significantly correlated to BAC. Likewise, reaction to unexpected incidents and observance of red traffic lights were adversely affected by ethanol in the simulator, but not at the test track. Whereas SDLP showed a relatively large effect size that was similar in simulated and real driving, all other measures demonstrated smaller effect sizes, with less pronounced BAC effects on the test track than in the simulator. Conclusions: The results suggest that the driving-related measures explored in this study are less sensitive to alcohol-mediated driving impairment than SDLP, especially during real (test track) driving. The discrepancy in effect sizes between simulated and real driving may imply low external validity of these measures in simulator studies.

• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Mørland, Jørg & Bogen, Inger Lise (2016). Pharmacological Effects of a Monoclonal Antibody against 6-Monoacetylmorphine upon Heroin-Induced Locomotor Activity and Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 358(2), p. 181–189. doi: 10.1124/jpet.116.233510. Full text in Research Archive
• Helland, Arne; Lydersen, Stian; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Jenssen, Gunnar; Mørland, Jørg & Slørdal, Lars (2016). Driving simulator sickness: Impact on driving performance, influence of blood alcohol concentration, and effect of repeated simulator exposures. Accident Analysis and Prevention. ISSN 0001-4575. 94, p. 180–187. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.008. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Simulator sickness is a major obstacle to the use of driving simulators for research, training and driver assessment purposes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of simulator sickness on driving performance measures such as standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP), and the effect of alcohol or repeated simulator exposure on the degree of simulator sickness. Twenty healthy male volunteers underwent three simulated driving trials of 1 h’s duration with a curvy rural road scenario, and rated their degree of simulator sickness after each trial. Subjects drove sober and with blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of approx. 0.5 g/L and 0.9 g/L in a randomized order. Simulator sickness score (SSS) did not influence the primary outcome measure SDLP. Higher SSS significantly predicted lower average speed and frequency of steering wheel reversals. These effects seemed to be mitigated by alcohol. Higher BAC significantly predicted lower SSS, suggesting that alcohol inebriation alleviates simulator sickness. The negative relation between the number of previous exposures to the simulator and SSS was not statistically significant, but is consistent with habituation to the sickness-inducing effects, as shown in other studies. Overall, the results suggest no influence of simulator sickness on SDLP or several other driving performance measures. However, simulator sickness seems to cause test subjects to drive more carefully, with lower average speed and fewer steering wheel reversals, hampering the interpretation of these outcomes as measures of driving impairment and safety. BAC and repeated simulator exposures may act as confounding variables by influencing the degree of simulator sickness in experimental studies.

• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Morini, Luca; Sempio, Cristina; Ganss, Rudiger; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2016). Levels of Hair Ethyl Glucuronide in Patients with Decreased Kidney Function: Possibility of Misclassification of Social Drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 40(3), p. 451–456. doi: 10.1111/acer.12970. Full text in Research Archive
• Eriksen, Guro Søe; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Boix, Fernando; Bergh, Marianne Skov-Skov; Vindenes, Vigdis & Rice, Kenner C. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Comparison of (+)- and (-)-Naloxone on the acute psychomotor-stimulating effects of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 358(2), p. 209–215. doi: 10.1124/jpet.116.233544. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Wiik, Elisabeth; Kristoffersen, Lena & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Ethanol elimination rates at low concentrations based on two consecutive blood samples. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 266, p. 191–196. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.039. Full text in Research Archive
• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Mørland, Jørg; Stewart, Kathryn & Gjerde, Hallvard (2016). International Trends in alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle drivers. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 28(1), p. 38–66. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-17. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren Cecilie & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs – An Update. Part II: Experimental Studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 28(2), p. 79–101. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-15. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Fosen, Jan Toralf; Liane, Veronica Horpestad; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Alcohol Hangover as a Cause of Impairment in Apprehended Drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 16(4), p. 323–328. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2014.938324. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Can a simple clinical test detect impairment of zopiclone and alcohol? - A randomized controlled trial. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 248, p. 129–133. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.028. Full text in Research Archive
• Medhus, Sigrid; Rognli, Eline Borger; Gossop, Michael; Holm, Bjørn; Mørland, Jørg & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2015). Amphetamine-induced psychosis: Transition to schizophrenia and mortality in a small prospective sample. American Journal on Addictions. ISSN 1055-0496. 24(7), p. 586–589. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12274. Full text in Research Archive
• Gottås, André; Ripel, Åse; Boix, Fernando; Vindenes, Vigdis; Mørland, Jørg & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2015). Determination of dopamine concentrations in brain extracellular fluid using microdialysis with short sampling intervals, analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods. ISSN 1056-8719. 74, p. 75–79. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.06.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Berg-Hansen, Grim Otto & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Evaluation of the hip-flask defence by determination of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate concentrations in blood. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 257, p. 398–402. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.017. Full text in Research Archive
• Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony; Khiabani, Hassan; Hilberg, Thor; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Slørdal, Lars & Waal, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Characteristics of methadone-related fatalities in Norway. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. ISSN 1752-928X. 36, p. 114–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.011. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren Cecilie & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs – An Update. Part I: Epidemiological Studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 27(2), p. 89–113. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2015). Has previous abuse of flunitrazepam been replaced by clonazepam? European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 21(4), p. 217–221. doi: 10.1159/000377628. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs - An update part I: Epidemiological studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 27(2), p. 89–113. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg (2015). Rettsmedisinsk sakkyndighet - tid for nytenking? Lov og Rett. ISSN 0024-6980. 54(3), p. 191–194. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Sousa, Tanara R; Boni, Raquel de; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Limberger, Renata P & Zancanaro, Ivomar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2014). A comparison of alcohol and drug use by random motor vehicle drivers in Brazil and Norway. International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 25(3), p. 393–400. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.019. Full text in Research Archive
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Høiseth, Gudrun; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Handal, Marte & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Pharmacokinetic interactions between ethanol and heroin: a study on post-mortem cases. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 242, p. 127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.032. Full text in Research Archive
• Bogen, Inger Lise; Boix, Fernando; Nerem, Elisabeth; Mørland, Jørg & Andersen, Jannike Mørch (2014). A monoclonal antibody specific for 6-monoacetylmorphine reduces acute heroin effects in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 349(3), p. 568–576. doi: 10.1124/jpet.113.212035. Full text in Research Archive
• Eriksen, Guro Søe; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Boix, Fernando & Mørland, Jørg (2014). 3-Methoxynaltrexone is not a selective antagonist for the acute psychomotor stimulating effects of heroin and 6-monoacetylmorphine in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. ISSN 0091-3057. 122, p. 82–88. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.018. Full text in Research Archive
• Gottås, André; Boix, Fernando; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Vindenes, Vigdis & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Role of 6-monoacetylmorphine in the acute release of striatal dopamine induced by intravenous heroin. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. ISSN 1461-1457. 17(9), p. 1357–1365. doi: 10.1017/S1461145714000169. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Haugen, Karianne Slåtta; Ripel, Åse & Mørland, Jørg (2014). The interference of ethanol with heroin-stimulated psychomotor activation in mice is not related to changed brain concentrations of the active metabolites 6MAM or morphine. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 114(2), p. 197–201. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12133. Full text in Research Archive
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Andresen, Wenche; Smith-Kielland, Anne & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Long-term storage of authentic postmortem forensic blood samples at -20° C: Measured concentrations of benzodiazepines, central stimulants, opioids and certain medicinal drugs before and after storage for 16-18 years. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 38(9), p. 686–695. doi: 10.1093/jat/bku080. Full text in Research Archive
• Krabseth, Hege-Merete; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2014). Assistance of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in the interpretation of postmortem ethanol findings. International journal of legal medicine (Print). ISSN 0937-9827. 128(5), p. 765–770. doi: 10.1007/s00414-014-1031-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Andås, Hilde Teigen; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Impairment due to amphetamines and benzodiazepines, alone and in combination. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ISSN 0376-8716. 145, p. 174–179. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.013. Full text in Research Archive
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Boix, Fernando; Koksæter, Paul Martin; Strand, Maren Cecilie; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Drugged driving arrests in Norway before and after the implementation of per se law. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 245, p. 171–177. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.038. Full text in Research Archive
• Jansen, Mona Dverdal; Knudsen, Gun Peggy; Myhre, Ronny; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg & Næss, Øyvind [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Genetic variants in loci 1p13 and 9p21 and fatal coronary heart disease in a Norwegian case-cohort study. Molecular Biology Reports. ISSN 0301-4851. 41(5), p. 2733–2743. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3096-7. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (2020). Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISBN 9781003030799. 700 p. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Høiseth, Gudrun (2025). Blackout – alkoholfremkalt hukommelsestap og seksuelle overgrep. 145, p. 1–6. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.25.0691. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Innerdal, Cato Rolland; Markussen, Olav; Vindenes, Vigdis; Aamo, Trond Oskar & Slørdal, Lars Johan (2024). Faste grenser for andre rusgivende stoff enn alkohol i veitrafikken. 144(8). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0160. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2024). Non-Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 36(1), p. 32–40. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2022). On the duration of cannabis effects and the presence of THC in the body. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. p. 1–2. doi: 10.1111/add.16080. Full text in Research Archive
• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Stewart, Kathryn & Gjerde, Hallvard (2020). International trends in alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle drivers. In Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Ed.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. p. 509–561. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-17. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2020). Methodologies for establishing the relationship between alcohol/drug use and driving impairment: differences between epidemiological, experimental, and real-case studies. In Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Ed.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. p. 581–609. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-20. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg & Waal, Helge (2019). «Hele Felleskatalogen» i behandling av rusmiddellidelser. 139(3), p. 1–5. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0678. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg (2018). J. Mørland & J.G. Bramness svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(2), p. 112–112. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0014. Full text in Research Archive
• Waal, Helge & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Stoff, straff og sosial smitte - en uheldig sammenblanding. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 137(4), p. 262–262. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0024. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2017). Effekter av cannabis varer lenger enn antatt. 137(20). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0429. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Epidemiological studies on risk for crash involvement after cannabis use. Full text in Research Archive
• Waal, Helge & Mørland, Jørg (2017). H. Waal & J. Mørland svarer:. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 137(12/13), p. 857–857. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0505. Full text in Research Archive
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Mørland, Jørg & Bachs, Liliana Casulleras (2016). Gir sterkere cannabis flere helseproblemer? 136(20), p. 1736–1738. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1297. Full text in Research Archive
• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Mørland, Jørg; Stewart, Kathryn & Gjerde, Hallvard (2016). Alcohol and drugs in general road traffic and crashes - A comparison between low/middle and high income countries. Full text in Research Archive
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Mørland, Jørg; Riedel, Bettina; Slørdal, Lars Johan; Aamo, Trond Oskar & Mathisrud, Grete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Update on the regulation of legislative limits for drugs of abuse in the Norwegian Road Traffic Act. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Risk for involvement in road traffic crash during acute cannabis intoxication. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 111(8), p. 1492–1495. doi: 10.1111/add.13435. Full text in Research Archive
• Mørland, Jørg (2016). Alcohol and the heart. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 279(4), p. 362–364. doi: 10.1111/joim.12440. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere & Mørland, Jørg (2016). COMPARISION OF ZOPICLONE CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOOD AND ORAL FLUID. Full text in Research Archive
• Strand, Maren Cecilie; Innerdal, Cato; Mathisrud, Grete; Mørland, Jørg; Riedel, Bettina & Slørdal, Lars [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Revisjon av faste grenser for rusmidler i trafikken. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 136(19), p. 1619–1620. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0730. Full text in Research Archive
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2015). Has previous abuse of flunitrazepam been replaced by clonazepam? Full text in Research Archive
• Bergh, Anne; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Gjerde, Hallvard; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg Gussgard; Mørland, Jørg & Normann, Per Trygve [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Trafikkulykker som globalt folkehelseproblem. 13(1), p. 12–12. Full text in Research Archive
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Boix, Fernando; Koksæter, Paul Martin; Strand, Maren H.; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Drugged driving arrests in Norway before and after implementation of a per-se law. Full text in Research Archive
• Bråthen, Geir & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Rusmiddelrelaterte nevrologiske sykdommer, Nevrologi og nevrokirurgi fra barn til voksen, 6.utgave. Forlaget Vett & Viten AS. ISSN 9788241207099. p. 649–663. Full text in Research Archive
• Gottås, Andre; Mørland, Jørg; Boix, Fernando; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Vindenes, Vigdis (2014). Pharmacokinetics of heroin and heroin metabolites and its relation to the striatal dopaminergic response in a rat model. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788282647984. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA