Nils Einar Kløw

• Hanekamp, Bettina Andrea; Viktil, Ellen; Dormagen, Johann Baptist; Kløw, Nils Einar; Brunborg, Cathrine & Malinen, Eirik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Optimal time for MRI response evaluation in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. BJR Open. 8(1). doi: 10.1093/bjro/tzag004. Full text in Research Archive
• Kindberg, Kristine Lovise Mørk; Broch, Kaspar; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Åkra, Sissel & Woxholt, Sindre [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2024). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Reduced by Tocilizumab and Associated With Infarct Size. JACC: Advances. 3(9). doi: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101193. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background - Interleukin-6-receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves myocardial salvage in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Reduced levels of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of nuclear material studded with proteins released upon neutrophil activation, might contribute to this effect.<p> <p>Objectives - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tocilizumab on NETs and investigate the association between NETs and myocardial injury in patients with STEMI.<p> <p>Methods - In the ASSAIL-MI study, 199 patients with STEMI were randomized to tocilizumab or placebo during percutaneous coronary intervention. In this substudy, we analyzed blood levels of the NET markers double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA), myeloperoxidase-DNA, and citrullinated histone 3 (H3Cit) at admission and after 24 hours and 3 to 7 days. In a subgroup of patients, we assessed regulation of transcripts related to the formation of NETs. We also investigated associations between NET markers and the myocardial salvage index (MSI).<p> <p>Results - All NET markers were lower in the tocilizumab group than in the placebo group at 3 to 7 days (all P < 0.04). Several NET-related pathways were downregulated in the tocilizumab group. The beneficial effect of tocilizumab on the MSI seemed to be partly dependent on reduction of NETs (structural equation modeling: 0.05, P = 0.001 [dsDNA] and 0.02, P = 0.055 [H3Cit]). Patients with NETs in the 3 lowest quartiles had higher MSI than patients in quartile 4 (β = 10.9 [95% CI: 4.0-15.0] [dsDNA] and β = 8.9 [95% CI: 2.0-15.9] [H3Cit], both P = 0.01).<p> <p>Conclusions - NETs were reduced by tocilizumab and associated with myocardial injury. The effect of tocilizumab on MSI might be mediated through reduced NETs. (ASSessing the Effect of Anti-IL-6 Treatment in Myocardial Infarction: The ASSAIL-MI Trial [ASSAIL-MI]

• Woxholt, Sindre; Ueland, Thor; Aukrust, Pål; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Broch, Kaspar & Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2023). Cytokine pattern in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab. Open heart. 10(2), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002301. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Tocilizumab improves myocardial salvage index (MSI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but its mechanisms of action are unclear. Here, we explored how cytokines were affected by tocilizumab and their correlations with neutrophils, C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin T, MSI and infarct size. Methods STEMI patients were randomised to receive a single dose of 280 mg tocilizumab (n=101) or placebo (n=98) before percutaneous coronary intervention. Blood samples were collected before infusion of tocilizumab or placebo at baseline, during follow-up at 24–36, 72–168 hours, 3 and 6 months. 27 cytokines were analysed using a multiplex cytokine assay. Cardiac MRI was performed during hospitalisation and 6 months. Results Repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant (p<0.001) between-group difference in changes for IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1ra due to an increase in the tocilizumab group during hospitalisation. IL-6 and IL-8 correlated to neutrophils in the placebo group (r=0.73, 0.68, respectively), which was attenuated in the tocilizumab group (r=0.28, 0.27, respectively). A similar pattern was seen for MSI and IL-6 and IL-8 in the placebo group (r=−0.29, –0.25, respectively) in patients presenting ≤3 hours from symptom onset, which was attenuated in the tocilizumab group (r=−0.09,–0.14, respectively). Conclusions Tocilizumab increases IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1ra in STEMI. IL-6 and IL-8 show correlations to neutrophils/CRP and markers of cardiac injury in the placebo group that was attenuated in the tocilizumab group. This may suggest a beneficial effect of tocilizumab on the ischaemia-reperfusion injury in STEMI patients.

• Hanekamp, Bettina; Viktil, Ellen; Slørdahl, Kathinka; Dormagen, Johann Baptist; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Malinen, Eirik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Magnetic resonance imaging of anal cancer: tumor characteristics and early prediction of treatment outcome. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie (Print). ISSN 0179-7158. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s00066-023-02114-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Purpose To analyze tumor characteristics derived from pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) before and during chemoradiotherapy (CRT), and to compare the changes in these characteristics between scans of responders vs. nonresponders to CRT. Methods We included 52 patients with a pelvic 3T MRI scan prior to CRT (baseline scan); 39 of these patients received an additional scan during week 2 of CRT (second scan). Volume, diameter, extramural tumor depth (EMTD), and external anal sphincter infiltration (EASI) of the tumor were assessed. Mean, kurtosis, skewness, standard deviation (SD), and entropy values were extracted from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histograms. The main outcome was locoregional treatment failure. Correlations were evaluated with Wilcoxon’s signed rank-sum test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, quantile regression, univariate logistic regression, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analyses. Results In isolated analyses of the baseline and second MRI scans, none of the characteristics were associated with outcome. Comparison between the scans showed significant changes in several characteristics: volume, diameter, EMTD, and ADC skewness decreased in the second scan, although the mean ADC increased. Small decreases in volume and diameter were associated with treatment failure, and these variables had the highest AUC values (0.73 and 0.76, respectively) among the analyzed characteristics. Conclusion Changes in tumor volume and diameter in an early scan during CRT could represent easily assessable imaging-based biomarkers to eliminate the need for analysis of more complex MRI characteristics.

• Haukeland, John Willy; Midgard, Håvard; Zbigniew, Konopski; Sarna, Vikas Kumar; Grøtta, Ole Jørgen & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2022). Transjugulær intrahepatisk portosystemisk shunt ved portal hypertensjon. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 142(14). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0911. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BAKGRUNN Transjugulær intrahepatisk portosystemisk shunt (TIPS) er en behandling av komplikasjoner ved portal hypertensjon, som gastroøsofageal variceblødning og refraktær ascites. Vi viser her våre erfaringer med denne behandlingsmetoden. MATERIALE OG METODE Alle pasienter som fikk satt inn transjugulær intrahepatisk portosystemisk shunt i perioden 2011–21 ved Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål ble studert retrospektivt. Kumulativ insidens av død ble beregnet med levertransplantasjon som konkurrerende hendelse. RESULTATER Prosedyren var teknisk vellykket hos 62 av 64 pasienter. Gjennomsnittlig reduksjon av trykkgradienten mellom vena cava inferior og portvenen var 12,7 mmHg (standardavvik 5,0). 1 av 31 pasienter som fikk utført prosedyren på grunn av gastrointestinal blødning, opplevde en ny blødningsepisode. 4 av 29 pasienter som fikk utført prosedyren på grunn av ascites, hadde behov for ytterligere 1–2 ascitestappinger. 2 av 62 pasienter fikk direkte prosedyrerelaterte komplikasjoner i form av leverabscess og portvenetrombose. 5 av 62 pasienter utviklet symptomer på hjertesvikt eller overvæsking. Etter én, tre og tolv måneder var henholdsvis 49 av 62 (79 %), 45 av 62 (73 %) og 38 av 62 (61 %) fortsatt i live. Prosedyren fungerte som «bro til levertransplantasjon» for åtte pasienter med refraktær ascites. FORTOLKNING Transjugulær intrahepatisk portosystemisk shunt er en nyttig behandlingsmetode for komplikasjoner ved portal hypertensjon.

• Huse, Camilla; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Michelsen, Annika Elisabet; Ueland, Thor; Broch, Kaspar & Woxholt, Sindre [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2022). Interleukin-6 inhibition in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Immune cell profile in the randomised ASSAIL-MI trial. EBioMedicine. 80(104013). doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We recently showed that interleukin (IL)-6 inhibition by tocilizumab improves myocardial salvage in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the mechanisms for this effect are not clear. Methods In this exploratory sub-study of the ASSAIL-MI trial, we examined leukocyte differential counts and their relation to myocardial salvage and peak troponin T (TnT) in STEMI patients randomised to tocilizumab (n = 101) or placebo (n = 98). We performed RNA-sequencing on whole blood (n = 40) and T cells (n = 20). B and T cell subpopulations were examined by flow cytometry (n = 69). Findings (i) STEMI patients had higher neutrophil counts at hospitalisation compared with stable angina patients. (ii) After percutaneous coronary intervention there was a gradual decline in neutrophils, which was significantly more pronounced in the tocilizumab group. (iii) The decrease in neutrophils in the tocilizumab group was associated with improved myocardial salvage and lower peak TnT. (iv) RNA-sequencing suggested that neutrophil function was also attenuated by tocilizumab. (v) B and T cell sub-populations changed only minimally after STEMI with minor effects of tocilizumab, supported as well by RNA-sequencing analyses of T cells. (vi) However, a low CD8+ count was associated with improved myocardial salvage in patients admitted to the hospital > 3 h after symptom onset. Interpretation Tocilizumab induced a rapid reduction in neutrophils and seemed to attenuate neutrophil function in STEMI patients potentially related to the beneficial effects of tocilizumab on myocardial salvage.

• Tran, Thien Trung; Kristiansen, Cathrine Helgestad; Thomas, Owen Matthew Truscott; Roy, Sumit K; Haidl, Frans Felxi & Ashraf, Haseem [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Indirect CT venography of the lower extremities: impact of scan delay and patient factors on contrast enhancement and examination quality. European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. 32(11), p. 7946–7955. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-08841-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Indirect computed tomography venography (CTV) is often the next imaging modality for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) when sonography is inconclusive. Our aim was to investigate the impact of scan delay and patient factors on contrast enhancement (CE) and examination quality in CTV. Methods Patients with clinical suspicion or clinical mimics of DVT in one large hospital were enrolled. Age, sex, body weight, height, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and cardiac output were registered. CTV of the popliteal veins was obtained at 30 s intervals at 30–210 s delays. The proportions of examinations with CE exceeding predefined cut-offs were estimated and subjective examination quality was rated. Changes in CE with time, and associations between patient factors and time to peak contrast enhancement (TPCE) were modelled with mixed effects non-linear and linear regression, respectively. Results The CE increased with increasing scan delay and reached a plateau from 120 to 210 s. The percentages of examinations achieving enhancement above cut-offs across all thresholds from 70 to 100 HU were higher at 120 s compared to 90 s (p < 0.001). After 120 s, there were no differences across scan delays for any thresholds. No patient factors showed a significant effect on TPCE. The percentage of examinations rated as acceptable was higher at 120 s compared to 90 s (p < 0.001). After 120 s, there were no statistically significant differences across scan delays. Conclusions No patient factors were associated with TPCE in CTV. A fixed scan delay of 120–210 s yielded the best examination quality.

• Tran, Thien Trung; Bjarnason, Haraldur; Mcdonald, Jennifer Rebecca; Skaga, Nils Oddvar; Houghton, Damon E & Kim, Brian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Prophylactic placement of inferior vena cava filters and the risk of death or venous thromboembolism in severe trauma patients: a retrospective study comparing two hospitals with different approaches. Acta Radiologica Open. 10(3), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1177/2058460121999345. Full text in Research Archive
• Svarc, Petra; Hagen, Thijs; Waltenburg, Hanne; Andersson, Christian; Bläckberg, Mats & Baco, Eduard [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Center experience and other determinants of patient radiation exposure during prostatic artery embolization: a retrospective study in three Scandinavian centers. European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-08351-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives To evaluate the effects of center experience and a variety of patient- and procedure-related factors on patient radiation exposure during prostatic artery embolization (PAE) in three Scandinavian centers with different PAE protocols and levels of experience. Understanding factors that influence radiation exposure is crucial in effective patient selection and procedural planning. Methods Data were collected retrospectively for 352 consecutive PAE procedures from January 2015 to June 2020 at the three centers. Dose area product (DAP (Gy·cm2)) was selected as the primary outcome measure of radiation exposure. Multiple patient- and procedure-related explanatory variables were collected and correlated with the outcome variable. A multiple linear regression model was built to determine significant predictors of increased or decreased radiation exposure as reflected by DAP. Results There was considerable variation in DAP between the centers. Intended unilateral PAE (p = 0.03) and each 10 additional patients treated (p = 0.02) were significant predictors of decreased DAP. Conversely, increased patient body mass index (BMI, p < 0.001), fluoroscopy time (p < 0.001), and number of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) acquisitions (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of increased DAP. Conclusions To minimize patient radiation exposure during PAE radiologists may, in collaboration with clinicians, consider unilateral embolization, pre-interventional CTA for procedure planning, using predominantly anteroposterior (AP) projections, and limiting the use of cone-beam CT (CBCT) and fluoroscopy.

• Broch, Kaspar; Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Woxholt, Sindre; Sharma, Kapil Kishore; Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria & Bendz, Bjørn [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2021). Randomized Trial of Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibition in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 77(15), p. 1845–1855. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.049. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background - Prompt myocardial revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces infarct size and improves outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, as much as 50% of the loss of viable myocardium may be attributed to the reperfusion injury and the associated inflammatory response. Objectives - This study sought to evaluate the effect of the interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab on myocardial salvage in acute STEMI. Methods - The ASSAIL-MI trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at 3 high-volume PCI centers in Norway. Patients admitted with STEMI within 6 h of symptom onset were eligible. Consenting patients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to promptly receive a single infusion of 280 mg tocilizumab or placebo. The primary endpoint was the myocardial salvage index as measured by magnetic resonance imaging after 3 to 7 days. Results - We randomized 101 patients to tocilizumab and 98 patients to placebo. The myocardial salvage index was larger in the tocilizumab group than in the placebo group (adjusted between-group difference 5.6 [95% confidence interval: 0.2 to 11.3] percentage points, p = 0.04). Microvascular obstruction was less extensive in the tocilizumab arm, but there was no significant difference in the final infarct size between the tocilizumab arm and the placebo arm (7.2% vs. 9.1% of myocardial volume, p = 0.08). Adverse events were evenly distributed across the treatment groups. Conclusions - Tocilizumab increased myocardial salvage in patients with acute STEMI. (ASSessing the effect of Anti-IL-6 treatment in Myocardial Infarction [ASSAIL-MI]; NCT03004703)

• Tran, Thien Trung; Bjarnason, Haraldur; McDonald, Jennifer; Gross, Brian; Kim, Brian & Houghton, Damon E. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Does prophylactic inferior vena cava filter reduce the hazard of pulmonary embolism and mortality in severe trauma? A single center retrospective comparative study. European Journal of Radiology Open (EJR Open). 8:100299, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100299. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in patients following severe trauma without recent history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is controversial. Our objective was to determine if IVC filter placement in the setting of severe trauma effects the hazard of in-hospital pulmonary embolism (PE), deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and mortality. Methods This retrospective study recruited patients from a single Level I Trauma Center between 1/2008 and 12/2013. Inclusion criteria were age>15 years, Injury Severity Score (ISS)>15 and survival>24 h after hospital admission. Patients with VTE diagnosed prior to IVC filter placement were excluded. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used, adjusting for immortal time bias with landmark analysis at predefined time after injury. Differences between IVC filter and non-IVC filter groups were adjusted using propensity score. Results In total 1451 patients were reviewed; 282 patients received an IVC filter and 1169 patients had no IVC filter placed. The mean age was 45.9 vs. 56.9 years and the mean ISS was 29.8 vs. 22.6 in the IVC filter and the non-IVC filter group, respectively. IVC filter placement was not associated with the hazard of PE (HR = 0.46; 95 % CI, 0.12,1.70; P = 0.24) or mortality (HR = 1.02; 95 % CI 0.60,1.75; P = 0.93). However, IVC filter placement was associated with the hazard of DVT (HR = 2.73; 95 % CI, 1.28,5.85; P = 0.01). Conclusions In patients with severe trauma, those with prophylactic IVC filter placement did not have a reduced hazard of PE or mortality, but an increased hazard of DVT was observed.

• Bethke, Anne; Limalanathan, Shanmuganathan; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Eritsland, Jan; Swanson, David & Kløw, Nils-Einar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Microvascular perfusion in infarcted and remote myocardium after successful primary PCI: angiographic and CMR findings. European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. 29(2), p. 941–950. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5588-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Sommer, Martin Skage; Lippe, Nanna von der; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Høieggen, Aud (2019). Renal fibromuskulær dysplasi og hypertensjon. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 139(4). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0226. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  middelsstore arterier. Tilstanden har ukjent etiologi og sees hyppigst hos middelaldrende kvinner, men kan ramme begge kjønn i alle aldre. Ved affeksjon av nyrearteriene er hypertensjon den vanligste kliniske manifestasjonen. Diagnosen stilles på bakgrunn av klinisk mistanke og spesifikke angiografiske funn. Behandlingen rettes mot normalisering av blodtrykket ved hjelp av medikamenter eller ved revaskularisering.

• Anstensrud, Anne Kristine; Woxholt, Sindre; Sharma, Kapil Kishore; Broch, Kaspar; Bendz, Bjørn & Aakhus, Svend [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2019). Rationale for the ASSAIL-MI-trial: a randomised controlled trial designed to assess the effect of tocilizumab on myocardial salvage in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Open heart. 6(2), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001108. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Interleukin-6 (IL-6) may be involved in ischaemia-reperfusion injury and myocardial remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI). We have recently shown that IL-6 inhibition by tocilizumab attenuates systemic inflammation and troponin T-release in patients with acute non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). Experimental studies suggest that IL-6 inhibition can limit infarct size through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, but this has not been tested in clinical studies. With the ASSessing the effect of Anti-IL-6 treatment in MI (ASSAIL-MI) trial, we aim to examine whether a single administration of the IL-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab can increase myocardial salvage in patients with acute ST-elevation MI (STEMI). Methods and analysis The ASSAIL-MI trial is a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial, conducted at three high-volume percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centres in Norway. 200 patients with first-time STEMI presenting within 6 hours of the onset of chest pain will be randomised to receive tocilizumab or matching placebo prior to PCI. The patients are followed-up for 6 months. The primary endpoint is the myocardial salvage index measured by cardiac MRI (CMR) 3–7 days after the intervention. Secondary endpoints include final infarct size measured by CMR and plasma markers of myocardial necrosis. Efficacy and safety assessments during follow-up include blood sampling, echocardiography and CMR. Ethics and dissemination Based on previous experience the study is considered feasible and safe. If tocilizumab increases myocardial salvage, further endpoint-driven multicentre trials may be initiated. The ASSAIL-MI trial has the potential to change clinical practice in patients with STEMI. Registration Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03004703.

• Beitland, Sigrid; Wimmer, Rolf Henning; Lorentsen, Torleif; Jacobsen, Dag; Drægni, Tomas & Brunborg, Cathrine [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Venous thromboembolism in the critically ill: A prospective observational study of occurrence, risk factors and outcome. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 63(5), p. 630–638. doi: 10.1111/aas.13316. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The aim of the study was to explore occurrence, risk factors and outcome of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods Prospective observational study of ICU patients receiving thromboprophylaxis at Oslo University Hospital in Norway. Adult medical and surgical patients with ICU length of stay (LOS) longer than 48 hours were included. For detection of VTE, Doppler ultrasound screening of neck, upper and lower extremity veins was used, and computed tomography angiography when clinically indicated for any medical reason. Results Among 70 included patients, 79% were males and mean age was 62 (±12.1) years. All received thromboprophylaxis with dalteparin, and 44 (63%) used graduated compression stockings. VTE was found in 19 (27%) patients; deep vein thrombosis in 15 (21%) and pulmonary embolism in 4 (6%). Among the VTEs, 11 (58%) presented within the first 48 hours after admission, two (11%) were located in the lower limbs and five (26%) were symptomatic. Risk factors for VTE in multivariable analyses were malignancy, abdominal surgery and SAPS II score <41 with an AuROC (95% CI) of 0.72 (0.58‐0.85, P = 0.01). Patients with and without VTE had comparable ICU LOS (13 vs 11 days, P = 0.27) and mortality (16% vs 20%, P = 0.72). Conclusion Venous thromboembolism was observed in 27% of ICU patients receiving thromboprophylaxis. Factors associated with increased risk of VTE were malignancy, abdominal surgery and SAPS II score <41. Presence of VTE did not impact on patient outcome.

• Svanteson, Mona; Rollefstad, Silvia Christin Hellerud; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Hisdal, Jonny; Ikdahl, Eirik & Sexton, Joseph [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Effects of long-term statin-treatment on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with inflammatory joint diseases. PLOS ONE. 14(12), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226479. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The effect of statins over time on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with inflammatory joint diseases (IJD) is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the change in coronary plaque morphology and volume in long-term statin-treated patients with IJD. Methods Sixty-eight patients with IJD and carotid artery plaque(s) underwent coronary computed tomography angiography before and after a mean of 4.7 (range 4.0–6.0) years of statin treatment. The treatment target for low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was ≤1.8 mmol/L. Changes in plaque volume (calcified, mixed/soft and total) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) from baseline to follow-up were assessed using the 17-segment American Heart Association-model. Results Median (IQR) increase in CAC after statin treatment was 38 (5–236) Agatston units (p<0.001). Calcified and total plaque volume increased with 5.6 (0.0–49.1) and 2.9 (0.0–23.5) mm3, respectively (p<0.001 for both). The median (IQR) change in soft/mixed plaque volume was -10 (-7.1–0.0), p = <0.001. Patients who had obtained the LDL-c treatment target at follow-up, experienced reduced progression of both CAC and total plaque volume compared to patients with LDL-c >1.8mmol/L (21 [2–143] vs. 69 [16–423], p = 0.006 and 0.65 [-1.0–13.9] vs. 13.0 [0.0–60.8] mm3, p = 0.019, respectively). Conclusions A progression of total atherosclerotic plaque volume in statin-treated patients with IJD was observed. However, soft/mixed plaque volume was reduced, suggesting an alteration in plaque composition. Patients with recommended LDL-c levels at follow-up had reduced atherosclerotic progression compared to patients with LDL-c levels above the treatment target, suggesting a beneficial effect of treatment to guideline-recommended lipid targets in IJD patients.

• Svanteson, Mona; Holte, Kristine Bech; HAIG, YLVA; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Berg, Tore Julsrud (2019). Coronary plaque characteristics and epicardial fat tissue in long term survivors of type 1 diabetes identified by coronary computed tomography angiography. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 18(58), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12933-019-0861-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives The aim was to assess coronary atherosclerosis, plaque morphology and associations to cardiovascular risk factors and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in patients with long duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Materials and methods Eighty-eight patients with ≥ 45 year T1DM duration and 60 controls underwent coronary CT angiography (CCTA) for evaluation of coronary artery plaque volume (total, calcified or mixed/soft), coronary artery calcification score (CAC) and EAT. Results Plaques were detected in 75 (85%) T1DM patients and 28 (47%) controls, p < 0.01. Median (interquartile range) plaque volume (mm3) in T1DM vs. controls was: 21.0 (1.0–66.0) vs. 0.2 (0.0–7.1), p < 0.01 for calcified, 0.0 (0.0–8.7) vs. 0.0 (0.0–0.0), p < 0.01 for soft/mixed and 29.5 (3.9–95.8) vs. 0.4 (0.0–7.4), p < 0.01 for total plaque volume. Median CAC was 128 (13–671) vs. 1 (0.0–39.0), p < 0.01 in T1DM vs. controls. Median EAT volume did not differ between the groups; 52.3 (36.1–65.5) cm3 vs. 55 (38.3–79.6), p = 0.20. No association between CAC or plaque volumes and EAT were observed. Low time-weighted LDL-cholesterol and HbA1c for 30 years were associated with having plaque volume < 25th percentile, OR (95% CI) 0.18 (0.05–0.70), p = 0.01 and 0.45 (0.20–1.00), p < 0.05, respectively. Time-weighted LDL-c was linearly associated with CAC (beta 0.82 (95% CI 0.03–1.62), p = 0.04) and total plaque volume (beta 0.77 (95% CI 0.19–1.36), p = 0.01). Conclusion Long-term survivors of T1DM have a higher prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis compared to controls. Low LDL-cholesterol and HbA1c over time have a protective effect on coronary atherosclerosis. EAT volume was not associated with coronary atherosclerosis in T1DM patients.

• Bethke, Anne; Limalanathan, Shanmuganathan; Shetelig, Christian; Swanson, David; Andersen, Geir Øystein & Eritsland, Jan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). MR findings of microvascular perfusion in infarcted and remote myocardium early after successful primary PCI. PLOS ONE. 13:e0206723(11), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206723. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate CMR myocardial first-pass perfusion in the injured region as well as the non-infarcted area in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients few days after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Materials and methods 220 patients with first time STEMI successfully treated with PCI (with or without postconditioning) were recruited from the Postconditioning in STEMI study. Contrast enhanced CMR was performed at a 1.5 T scanner 2 (1–5) days after PCI. On myocardial first-pass perfusion imaging signal intensity (SI) was measured in the injured area and in the remote myocardium and maximum contrast enhancement index (MCE) was calculated. MCE = (peak SI after contrast—SI at baseline) / SI at baseline x 100. Results There were no significant differences in first-pass perfusion between patients treated with standard PCI and patients treated with additional postconditioning. The injured myocardium showed a significantly lower MCE compared to remote myocardium (94 ± 55 vs. 113 ± 49; p < 0.001). When patients were divided into four quartiles of MCE in the injured myocardium (MCE injured myocardium), patients with low MCE injured myocardium had: significantly lower ejection fraction (EF) than patients with high MCE injured myocardium, larger infarct size and area at risk, smaller myocardial salvage and more frequent occurrence of microvascular obstruction on late gadolinium enhancement. MCE in the remote myocardium revealed that patients with larger infarction also had significantly decreased MCE in the non-infarcted, remote area. Conclusion CMR first-pass perfusion can be impaired in both injured and remote myocardium in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. These findings indicate that CMR first-pass perfusion may be a feasible method to evaluate myocardial injury after STEMI in addition to conventional CMR parameters.

• Hoffman, Pavel; Al-Ani, Ahmed Ibrahim; Lueder, Thomas Gero von; Hoffman, Jenny; Majak, Peter & Hagen, Ove Andreas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Access site complications after transfemoral aortic valve implantation - a comparison of Manta and ProGlide. CVIR Endovascular. 1(1). doi: 10.1186/s42155-018-0026-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Despite decreasing sheath diameter, access site bleeding and vascular complications are still a major concern in transfemoral aortic valve implantation (TAVI), and may increase morbidity and even increase mortality. The aim was to compare safety of arterial closure in transfemoral TAVI with two different principles, pre-suture with ProGlide and collagen plug closure with Manta. Results: Seventy-six patients treated with ProGlide and 75 with Manta were analysed. The endpoints were 1: access site vascular complications and 2: non-planned vascular or endovascular surgery at the puncture site. Complications occurred in 2 (2.7%) ProGlide and in 8 (10.7%) Manta cases, p = 0.047. During the learning phase there were no significant differences. In the established phase there was one event (2%) in the ProGlide group, compared to 6 endpoints (12.0%), p = 0.047, in the Manta group. Unplanned surgery or intervention was seen in two (2.7%) ProGlide and in 7 (9.3%) Manta patients, p = ns. There were no significant differences during the learning phase. In established use, endpoints occurred more frequently in patients treated with the Manta device (12%), than in patients treated with the ProGlide (2%), p = 0.047. Conclusion: The ProGlide presuture closure device was associated with significantly lower rates of vascular complications and lower rates of surgery and interventions compared to the collagen plug Manta system.

• Kløw, Nils-Einar; Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Bay, Dag; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Johansen, Truls Erik Bjerklund & Hagen, Thijs [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Outcome after prostatic artery embolization in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. p. 1–6. doi: 10.1177/0284185118813709. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoffmann, Pavel; Al-Ani, Ahmed Ibrahim; Lueder, Thomas Gero von; Hoffman, Jenny; Majak, Peter & Hagen, Ove Andreas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Access site complications after transfemoral aortic valve implantation - a comparison of Manta and proGlide. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 1:20. doi: 10.1186/s42155-018-0026-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Gjerdalen, Gard Filip; Slagsvold, Carl Erik & Bay, Dag [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Infrainguinal inflow assessment and endovenous stent placement in iliofemoral post-thrombotic obstructions. CVIR Endovascular. 1(1). doi: 10.1186/s42155-018-0038-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Anne Sofie Frøyshov; Reiersen, Anne Therese; Jacobsen, Morten; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Nordanstig, Joakim & Morgan, Mark [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Validation of the Vascular quality of life questionnaire - 6 for clinical use in patients with lower limb peripheral arterial disease. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 15:184, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12955-017-0760-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The VascuQoL-6 (VQ-6) health-related quality of life questionnaire, a short version of the disease-specific VascuQoL-25, was developed for clinical practice and use in vascular registries. The study purpose was to evaluate the validity and reliability of VQ-6. Methods VQ-6 was translated to Norwegian with linguistic validation and face value evaluation, and consecutive patients with intermittent claudication (IC) or critical limb ischemia (CLI) were included. All patients completed VQ-6 and Short Form-36 (SF-36), and were evaluated with ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement pre- and post-exercise, a constant load treadmill test and clinical consultation at baseline and after 4 weeks. Correlation analysis, change statistics and receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves were used to evaluate reliability, validity and responsiveness to change. Results One hundred seventy-one patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) were included, 70 (41%) female. 147 (86%) of the patients suffered from IC. The reliability of VQ-6 was good, Cronbachs-α 0.82. The ability of VQ-6 to differentiate between IC and CLI was good, area under the curve (AUC) 0.754. There was good correlation between SF-36 physical domains and component scores and VQ-6 score (r = 0.55–0.62) and excellent responsiveness to change after treatment, standard response mean (SRM) 1.12. The clinical anchors of ABI at rest, treadmill walking performance and Fontaine class improvement were less responsive to change than VQ-6, SF-36 and the vascular surgeon’s evaluation. Conclusions VQ-6 is reliable and valid, and can be used to evaluate PAD treatment in clinical practice and in vascular registries. Further research is necessary to determine the clinically important change over time. Trial registration ISRCTN14846962 (retrospectively registered).

• Svanteson, Mona; Rollefstad, Silvia Christin Hellerud; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Hisdal, Jonny; Ikdahl, Eirik & Semb, Anne Grete [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Associations between coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with inflammatory joint diseases. RMD Open. 3(2). doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000544. Full text in Research Archive
• Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Sandbæk, Gunnar; Gjerdalen, Gard Filip; Slagsvold, Carl Erik & Bay, Dag [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Patency and Clinical Outcome After Stent Placement for Chronic Obstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. ISSN 1078-5884. 54(5), p. 620–628. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.07.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Anne Sofie Frøyshov; Jacobsen, Morten; Wesche, Jarlis & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2017). Additional functional outcomes after endovascular treatment for intermittent claudication. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 58(8), p. 944–951. doi: 10.1177/0284185116679459. Full text in Research Archive
• HAIG, YLVA; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Grøtta, Ole Jørgen; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Slagsvold, Carl Erik & Ghanima, Waleed Khalid [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). Post-thrombotic syndrome after catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis (CaVenT): 5-year follow-up results of an open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Haematology. ISSN 2352-3026. 3(2), p. e64–e71. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00248-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Bønaa, Kaare; Mannsverk, Jan Torbjørn; Wiseth, Rune; Aaberge, Lars; Myreng, Yngvar & Nygård, Ottar [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2016). Drug-Eluting or Bare-Metal Stents for Coronary Artery Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. ISSN 0028-4793. 375(13), p. 1242–1252. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607991. Full text in Research Archive
• Aas-Eng, Mee Kristine; Qvigstad, Erik; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Hald, Kirsten (2016). The impact of uterine artery embolization to reduce postpartum hysterectomy. Gynecological Surgery. ISSN 1613-2076. 13(3), p. 153–158. doi: 10.1007/s10397-016-0936-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Gaski, Iver Anders; Barckman, Jeppe; Næss, Pål Aksel; Skaga, Nils Oddvar; Madsen, Jan Erik & Kløw, Nils-Einar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Reduced need for extraperitoneal pelvic packing for severe pelvic fractures is associated with improved resuscitation strategies. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. ISSN 2163-0755. 81(4), p. 644–651. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001139. Full text in Research Archive
• Schulz, Anselm; Viktil, Ellen; Godt, Johannes Jakob C; Johansen, Cathrine Kiperberg; Dormagen, Johann Baptist & Holtedahl, Jon Erik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Diagnostic performance of CT, MRI and PET/CT in patients with suspected colorectal liver metastases: The superiority of MRI. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 57(9), p. 1040–1048. doi: 10.1177/0284185115617349. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Grepperud, Sverre; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd (2015). Effects on length of stay and costs with same-day retransfer to the referring hospitals for patients with acute coronary syndrome after angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention. European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care. ISSN 2048-8726. doi: 10.1177/2048872615593386. Full text in Research Archive
• Schulz, Anselm; Godt, Johannes Jakob C; Dormagen, Johann Baptist; Holtedahl, Jon Erik; Bogsrud, Trond & Labori, Knut Jørgen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Respiratory gated PET/CT of the liver: A novel method and its impact on the detection of colorectal liver metastases. European Journal of Radiology. ISSN 0720-048X. 84(8), p. 1424–1431. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.05.011. Full text in Research Archive
• Hegna, Tuva Matheson; Qvigstad, Eirik; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Opdahl, Helge (2015). Kvinne med høyt oksygeninnhold i sentralvenøs blodgass. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 135(10), p. 954–958. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0850. Full text in Research Archive
• Labori, Knut Jørgen; Schulz, Anselm; Drolsum, Anders; Guren, Marianne; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Bjørnbeth, Bjørn Atle (2015). Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: trends in management and outcome during a decade at a single center. Acta Radiologica Open. 4(7), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1177/2058460115580877. Full text in Research Archive
• HAIG, YLVA; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Sandvik, Leiv; Sandset, Per Morten & Klow, Nils-Einar (2014). Residual rates of reflux and obstruction and their correlation to post-thrombotic syndrome in a randomized study on catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders (JVS-VL). ISSN 2213-333X. 2(2), p. 123–130. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2013.10.054. Full text in Research Archive
• Kozinszky, Zoltan; Sand, Sverre; Klow, Nils-Einar & Hald, Kirsten (2014). Shortened cervix in the subsequent pregnancy after embolization for postpartum cervical hemorrhage. Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. ISSN 2090-6692. 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/607835. Full text in Research Archive
• Shanmuganathan, Limalanathan; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Abdelnoor, Michael; HOFFMANN, PAVEL & Eritsland, Jan (2014). Effect of ischemic postconditioning on infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary PCI results of the POSTEMI (POstconditioning in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) randomized trial. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). doi: 10.1161/jaha.113.000679. Full text in Research Archive
• Undseth, Ragnhild Marie; Berstad, Arnold; Klow, Nils-Einar; Arnljot, Kristine; Moi, Kristin Skjeggestad & Valeur, Jørgen (2014). Abnormal accumulation of intestinal fluid following ingestion of an unabsorbable carbohydrate in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: an MRI study. Neurogastroenterology and Motility. ISSN 1350-1925. 26(12), p. 1686–1693. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12449. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Wik, Hilde Skuterud; Kvam, Ann Kristin; Klow, Nils-Einar & Sandset, Per Morten (2013). Health-related quality of life after catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis: secondary outcomes of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group CaVenT study. BMJ Open. 3(8). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002984. Full text in Research Archive
• HAIG, YLVA; Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Sandvik, Leiv; Sandset, Per Morten & Klow, Nils-Einar (2013). Determinants of Early and Long-term Efficacy of Catheter-directed Thrombolysis in Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. ISSN 1051-0443. 24(1), p. 17–24. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2012.09.023. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Klow, Nils-Einar & Sandset, Per Morten (2013). Symptom burden and job absenteeism after treatment with additional catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis. Patient Related Outcome Measures. 4, p. 55–59. doi: 10.2147/PROM.S47233. Full text in Research Archive
• Shanmuganathan, Limalanathan; Eritsland, Jan; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Abdelnoor, Michael & HOFFMANN, PAVEL (2013). Myocardial Salvage is Reduced in Primary PCI-Treated STEMI Patients with Microvascular Obstruction, Demonstrated by Early and Late CMR. PLOS ONE. 8(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071780. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Resch, S.; White, Christopher; Wik, Hilde Skuterud; Klow, Nils-Einar & Sandset, Per Morten (2013). Cost-effectiveness of additional catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. ISSN 1538-7933. 11(6), p. 1032–1042. doi: 10.1111/jth.12184. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Klow, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd (2013). Safe and feasible immediate retransfer of patients to the referring hospital after acute coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary angioplasty, for patients with acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care. ISSN 2048-8726. Sep: 2(3), p. 256–261. doi: 10.1177/2048872613483587. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The challenge with fast track (FT) is to avoid compromising medical safety. We aimed to investigate whether patients with acute coronary syndrome could be safely retransferred to the referral hospital on the same day after coronary angiography and/or percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCI). Methods and results: A total of 399 consecutive patients were prospectively randomized: 206 to ordinary care (OC) and 193 to the FT group. Of these, 30% of patients were admitted for unstable angina pectoris and 70% for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The FT patients were evaluated for possible same-day return after angiography and/or PCI. Crossover, acute, and 30-day major events were recorded. The radial approach was used in 91 and 87% in the OC and FT group, respectively. Of the FT patients, 95% were returned on the same day and nine crossover patients (4.7%) the next day or later. Major events occurred in nine patients (2.2%); five in the OC and four in the FT group. There were a total of five events within 24 hours. No events were observed during transportation and there were no early retransfers. Conclusions: Immediate written reports and good communication with the referring hospital enabled thoroughly selected patients to be safely returned on the same day as angiography and/or PCI.

• Schulz, Anselm; Dormagen, Johann Baptist; Drolsum, Anders; Bjørnbeth, Bjørn Atle; Labori, Knut Jørgen & Klow, Nils-Einar (2012). Impact of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasound on operation strategy in case of colorectal liver metastasis. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 53(10), p. 1081–1087. doi: 10.1258/ar.2012.120049. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; HAIG, YLVA; Klow, Nils-Einar; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Sandvik, Leiv & Ghanima, Waleed Khalid [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2012). Long-term outcome after additional catheter-directed thrombolysis versus standard treatment for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (the CaVenT study): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 379(9810), p. 31–38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61753-4. Full text in Research Archive
• STENSÆTH, KNUT-HAAKON; HOFFMANN, PAVEL; Fossum, Eigil; Mangschau, Arild; Sandvik, Leiv & Klow, Nils-Einar (2012). Cardiac magnetic resonance visualizes acute and chronic myocardial injuries in myocarditis. The International Journal of Cardiac Imaging. ISSN 0167-9899. 28(2), p. 327–335. doi: 10.1007/s10554-011-9812-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Dormagen, Johann Baptist; MEYERDIERKS, OLIVER; Gaarder, Christine; Næss, Pål Aksel; Sandvik, Leiv & Klow, Nils-Einar (2011). Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Injured Spleen After Embolization - Comparison with Computed Tomography. Ultraschall in der Medizin. ISSN 0172-4614. 32(5), p. 485–491. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1246003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to computed tomography (CT) in trauma patients after splenic embolization. Materials and Methods: 22 patients (17 male and 5 female) with a mean age of 32 (15 - 57 years) were studied with ultrasound (US), CEUS and CT in 23 early follow-up examinations 5 days (range: 0-12 days) after intervention and 17 late follow-up examinations 69 days (range: 52 - 189 days) after intervention. Perisplenic fluid, hematoma, laceration, infarction, scars and injury grade were evaluated. US and CEUS readings were performed independently by two radiologist, blinded to the CT results. Results: The sensitivity and specificity for CEUS at early follow-up were 85% and 70% for perisplenic fluid, 80% and 94% for subcapsular hematomas, 83% and 73% or lacerations and 75% and 87% for infarctions, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity at late follow-up were 60% and 100% for subcapsular hematomas, 91% and 67% for intrasplenic hematomas, 100% and 93% for lacerations and 89% and 100% for scars, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity for all lesions were 87% and 88% at early follow-up (n=138) and 85% and 95% at late follow-up (n=102), respectively. Compared to CT, CEUS underestimated the injury grade in 2/40 cases and overestimated the injury grade in 3/40 cases. Conclusion: CEUS is a useful tool for the detection of post-traumatic lesions. It is comparable to CT in follow-up after splenic embolization and may replace CT in follow-up studies.

• STENSÆTH, KNUT-HAAKON; Fossum, Even; HOFFMANN, PAVEL; Mangschau, Arild & Klow, Nils-Einar (2011). Clinical characteristics and role of early cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries. The International Journal of Cardiac Imaging. ISSN 0167-9899. 27(3), p. 355–365. doi: 10.1007/s10554-010-9671-7. Full text in Research Archive
• STENSÆTH, KNUT-HAAKON; Fossum, Eigil; HOFFMANN, PAVEL; Mangschau, Arild; Skretteberg, Torger & Klow, Nils-Einar (2011). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in acute coronary syndrome; clinical features and contribution of cardiac magnetic resonance during the acute and convalescent phase. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 45(2), p. 77–85. doi: 10.3109/14017431.2010.531140. Full text in Research Archive
• Negård, Anne; Løberg, Else Marit; Næss, Pål Aksel; Eriksen, Morten & Klow, Nils-Einar (2010). Feasibility of MRI in experimentally induced inflammatory small bowel disease: a pilot study in a porcine model. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. ISSN 0163-2116. 55(1), p. 14–20. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0707-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Storås, Tryggve; Gjesdal, Kjell-Inge; Gadmar, Øystein Bech; Geitung, Jonn Terje & Klow, Nils-Einar (2010). Three-Dimensional Balanced Steady State Free Precession Imaging of the Prostate: Flip Angle Dependency of the Signal Based on a Two Component T2-decay Model. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ISSN 1053-1807. 31(5), p. 1124–1131. doi: 10.1002/jmri.22135. Full text in Research Archive
• Dormagen, Johann Baptist; Tötterman, Anna; Røise, Olav; Sandvik, Leiv & Klow, Nils-Einar (2010). Efficacy of plain radiography and computer tomography in localizing the site of pelvic arterial bleeding in trauma patients. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 51(1), p. 107–115. doi: 10.3109/02841850903286703. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Storås, Tryggve; Negård, Anne; HAIG, YLVA; Sandvik, Leiv & Gjesdal, Kjell-Inge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Visualization of Deep Veins and Detection of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) With Balanced Turbo Field Echo (b-TFE) and Contrast-Enhanced T1 Fast Field Echo (CE-FFE) Using a Blood Pool Agent (BPA). Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ISSN 1053-1807. 31(2), p. 416–424. doi: 10.1002/jmri.22046. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To assess image quality, vessel visualization, preliminary diagnostic properties, and interobserver variability of a novel balanced turbo field echo (b-TFE) sequence and contrast-enhanced T1 fast field echo (CE-FFE) sequence with blood pool agent (BPA). Materials and Methods: A total of 15 healthy volunteers and six patients with ultrasound-verified proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were examined from the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the proximal calf veins. Results: The great majority of deep veins were completely visualized on both sequences. In healthy volunteers the IVC was completely visualized in five b-TFE and 11 CE-FFE scans, and partially in seven b-TFE and four CE-FFE scans (P = 0.008). Poorest image quality was in the pelvis. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was higher on b-TFE compared to CE-FFE, with significant difference in calf images (P = 0.036). Sensitivity was 100% for proximal DVT with both methods. Specificity was 70% (CE-FFE) and 80% (b-TFE) for proximal femoral DVT; 100% in distal femoral. Interobserver reliability was kappa 1.0 (b-TFE), 0.9 (CE-FFE) for proximal, and overall poor for distal DVT. Conclusion: Contrast-enhancement did not add valuable information in visualizing deep veins of the lower limbs compared to b-TFE, though the IVC was slightly better visualized. Diagnostic properties and interobserver reliability of both sequences were good for proximal DVT and poor for distal DVT.

• Negård, Anne; Løberg, Else Marit; Næss, Pål Aksel; Eriksen, Morten & Klow, Nils-Einar (2010). Feasibility of MRI in Experimentally Induced Inflammatory Small Bowel Disease: A Pilot Study in a Porcine Model. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. ISSN 0163-2116. 55(1), p. 14–20. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0707-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Shanmuganathan, Limalanathan; Andersen, Geir Øystein; HOFFMANN, PAVEL; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Abdelnoor, Michael & Eritsland, Jan (2010). Rationale and Design of the POSTEMI (Postconditioning in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Study. Cardiology. ISSN 0008-6312. 116(2), p. 103–109. doi: 10.1159/000316965. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone; Garratt, Andrew Malcolm; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Sandset, Per Morten (2009). Assessing burden of illness following acute deep vein thrombosis: data quality, reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of VEINES-QOL/Sym, a disease-specific questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 23(2), p. 369–374. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00618.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Sandvik, Leiv; Slagsvold, Carl Erik; Ghanima, Waleed & Hafsahl, Geir [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2009). Catheter-directed thrombolysis versus anticoagulant therapy alone in deep vein thrombosis: Results of an open randomized, controlled trial reporting on short term patency. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. ISSN 1538-7933. 7(8), p. 1268–1275. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03464.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Approximately one in four patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) given anticoagulation and compression therapy develop post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Accelerated removal of thrombus by thrombolytic agents may increase patency and prevent PTS. Objectives: To assess short-term efficacy of additional catheterdirected thrombolysis (CDT) compared with standard treatment alone. Patients and methods: Open, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Patients (18–75 years) with iliofemoral DVT and symptoms < 21 days were randomized to receive additional CDT or standard treatment alone. After 6 months, iliofemoral patency was investigated using duplex ultrasound and air-plethysmography assessed by an investigator blinded to previous treatment. Results: One hundred and three patients (64 men, mean age 52 years) were allocated additional CDT (n = 50) or standard treatment alone (n=53). After CDT, grade III (complete) lysis was achieved in 24 and grade II (50%–90%) lysis in 20 patients. One patient suffered major bleeding and two had clinically relevant bleeding related to the CDT procedure. After 6 months, iliofemoral patency was found in 32 (64.0%) in the CDT group vs. 19 (35.8%) controls, corresponding to an absolute risk reduction (RR) of 28.2% (95% CI: 9.7%–46.7%; P = 0.004). Venous obstruction was found in 10 (20.0%) in the CDT group vs. 26 (49.1%) controls; absoluteRR29.1%(95%CI: 20.0%–38.0%; P = 0.004). Femoral venous insufficiency did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: After 6 months, additional CDT increased iliofemoral patency from 36% to 64%. The ongoing long-term follow-up of this study will document whether patency is related to improved functional outcome.

• Hald, Kirsten; NORENG, HANS JØRGEN; ISTRE, OLAV & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2009). Uterine Artery Embolization versus Laparoscopic Occlusion of Uterine Arteries for Leiomyomas: Long-term Results of a Randomized Comparative Trial. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. ISSN 1051-0443. 20(10), p. 1303–1310. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.07.022. Full text in Research Archive
• Negaard, Anne; Loberg, EM; Naess, PA; Eriksen, Morten & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2009). Feasibility of MRI in Experimentally Induced Inflammatory Small Bowel Disease: A Pilot Study in a Porcine Model. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. ISSN 0163-2116. Full text in Research Archive
• Dormagen, Johann Baptist; Tøtterman, Anna; Røise, Olav; Sandvik, Leiv & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2009). Efficacy of plain radiography and computer tomography in localizing the site of pelvic arterial bleeding in trauma patients. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. Full text in Research Archive
• Dormagen, JB & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2008). Intraparenchymal Doppler ultrasound after proximal embolization of the splenic artery in trauma patients. European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. 18(6), p. 1224–1231. Full text in Research Archive
• Negaard, Astrid Terese; Mulahasanovic, A; Reisaeter, LA; Aasekjaer, K; Sandvik, Leiv & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2008). Crohn's Disease Evaluated with Magnetic Resonance Enteroclysis: Diagnostic Performance of Experienced and Inexperienced Readers before and after Training. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 49(9), p. 967–974. doi: 10.1080/02841850802409539. Full text in Research Archive
• Negaard, Anne & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2008). MRI of the small bowel with oral contrast or nasojejunal intubation in Crohn's disease: Randomized comparison of patient acceptance. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 43(1), p. 44–51. Full text in Research Archive
• Storås, Tryggve & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2008). Prostate magnetic resonance imaging: multiexponential T2 decay in prostate tissue. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ISSN 1053-1807. 28(5), p. 1166–1172. Full text in Research Archive
• Larssen, Lena & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2008). Transcatheter arterial embolization in the management of bleeding duodenal ulcers: a 5.5-year retrospective study of treatment and outcome. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 43(2), p. 217–222. Full text in Research Archive
• Hald, Kirsten; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Qvigstad, Erik & ISTRE, OLAV (2008). Treatment of uterine myomas with transvaginal uterine artery occlusion: Possibilities and limitations. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology. ISSN 1553-4650. 15(5), p. 631–635. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2008.06.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Negård, Anne; Sandvik, Leiv; Berstad, AE; Paulsen, Vemund; Lygren, Idar & Borthne, Arne Sigmund [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2008). MRI of the small bowel with oral contrast or nasojejunal intubation in Crohn's disease: randomized comparison of patient acceptance. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. p. 44–51. Full text in Research Archive
• Hellund, Johan Castberg & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2007). Magnetic resonance-assisted imaging of slow flow in the pancreatic and common bile duct in healthy volunteers. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 48(9), p. 943–947. Full text in Research Archive
• Hald, Kirsten & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2007). Laparoscopic occlusion compared with embolization of uterine vessels: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology. ISSN 0029-7844. 109(1), p. 20–27. Full text in Research Archive
• Negård, Anne; Paulsen, V; Sandvik, Leiv; Berstad, AE; Borthne, A & Try, K [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2007). A prospective randomized comparison between two MRI studies of the small bowel in Crohn's disease, the oral contrast method and MR enteroclysis. European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. 17, p. 2294–2301. doi: 10.1007/s00330-007-0648-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Gaarder, Christina & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2007). Liver injuries--improved results with a formal protocol including angiography. Injury. ISSN 0020-1383. 38(9), p. 1075–1083. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone; Sandvik, Leiv; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Hafsahl, Geir; Holme, Pål Andre & Holmen, Lars Olaf [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2007). Catheter-directed venous thrombolysis in acute iliofemoral vein thrombosis (CaVenT) study: Rationale and design of a multicenter, randomized, controlled, clinical trial (NCT00251771). American Heart Journal. ISSN 0002-8703. 154, p. 808–814. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.07.010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background. The conventional treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is anticoagulation and compression therapy, as recommended in the international guidelines. Anticoagulation prevents recurrent venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and death. Compression therapy reduces the risk of developing long-term sequelae, that is, postthrombotic syndrome (PTS). Evaluation of systemic thrombolysis has shown effective thrombolysis and a likely reduction in PTS but at the cost of increased risk of bleeding complications. Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) was introduced for rapid removal of thrombi and salvage of venous valves with less systemic thrombolytic effect, and is being offered to selected patients with iliofemoral DVT to prevent development of PTS. Case series have shown technical and thrombolytic success; however, no randomized studies have evaluated the long-term clinical effects of venous CDT. The aim of the CaVenT study is to investigate the role of adjunctive CDT by evaluating its clinical efficacy and safety compared with conventional treatment alone in patients with acute iliofemoral DVT. Methods. The CaVenT study is an open, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. We plan to include 200 patients who will receive either CDT, in addition to conventional treatment, or conventional treatment alone. The primary outcome measures are patency at 6 months and prevalence of PTS at 2 years. Conclusion. Implementation of the CaVenT study will be a contribution toward evidence-based medicine in the treatment of acute proximal DVT of the leg. Any documentation of improved functional outcome will have a significant impact on clinical practice for this patient group and may lead to a modification of existing international guidelines.

• Hoffmann, P; Halvorsen, S; Stensaeth, KH; Brekke, M; Muller, C & Anker, GO [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). Myocardial perfusion in ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated successfully with primary angioplasty. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 40, p. 96–104. Full text in Research Archive
• Tøtterman, Anna & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2006). A protocol for angiographic embolization in exsanguinating pelvic trauma: A report on 31 patients. Acta Orthopaedica. ISSN 1745-3674. 77(3), p. 462–468. Full text in Research Archive
• Enden, Tone Rønnaug & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2006). Catheter-directed thrombolysis in acute deep venous thrombosis. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 126(13), p. 1765–1765. Full text in Research Archive
• Gaarder, Christine & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2006). Nonoperative management of splenic injuries: improved results with angioembolization. Journal of Trauma. ISSN 0022-5282. 61(1), p. 192–198. Full text in Research Archive
• Negaard, Anne & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2006). Magnetic Resonance Enteroclysis in the Diagnosis of Small-Intestinal Crohn's Disease: Diagnostic Accuracy and Inter- and Intra-observer Agreement. Acta Radiologica. ISSN 0284-1851. 47(10), p. 1008–1016. Full text in Research Archive

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• Aaløkken, Trond M; Parkar, Anagha P; Markussen, Tom-Vegard; Ashraf, Haseem; Mynarek, Georg & Nes, Harald [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Bildediagnostikk av pasienter med covid-19. www.tidsskriftet.no. 140(8). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0332. Full text in Research Archive
• Aaløkken, Trond M; Parkar, Anagha P; Markussen, Tom-Vegard; Ashraf, Haseem; Mynarek, Georg & Nes, Harald [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Diagnostic imaging of COVID-19 patients. 140(8). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0332. Full text in Research Archive
• Svanteson, Mona; Afadzi, Mercy; Martinsen, Anne Catrine Trægde; Lysvik, Elisabeth Kirkeby; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Bjørklund, Knut [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Assessment of coronary in-stent stenosis using high resolution scan mode and dual energy CT: a phantom study. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjeldstad, Marie Elisabeth; Østerås, Bjørn Helge; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Tokerud, Gunn Eli & Olerud, Hilde M (2018). Flat-panel detector computed tomography vs multi-slice computed tomography for visualisation of intracranial low contrast lesions: a phantom study. Full text in Research Archive
• Tran, Thien Trung; Goss, Brian; Bjarnason, Haraldur; Skaga, Nils Oddvar; Roy, Sumit & Lauritzen, Peter Mæhre [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). IVC filters´ role in prevention of pulmonary embolism in severe trauma. Full text in Research Archive
• Tran, Thien Trung; Goss, Brian; Bjarnason, Haraldur; Skaga, Nils Oddvar; Roy, Sumit & Leonard, Jennifer [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with severe trauma: role of IVC filters. Full text in Research Archive
• Limalanathan, Shanmuganathan; Eritsland, Jan; Kløw, Nils-Einar; Abdelnoor, Michael; HOFFMANN, PAVEL & Andersen, Geir Øystein (2015). Influence of ischemic postconditioning on myocardial dysfunction measured by speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology. ISSN 0167-5273. 187, p. 459–461. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.192. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Grepperud, Sverre; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd (2014). Effekten på liggetid og kostnader ved samme dags retur av pasienter med Akutt Koronarsyndrom som henvises fra lokalsykehus til koronarangiografi /PCI ved OUS - Ullevål POSTER. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Grepperud, Sverre; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd (2014). Effects on length of stay and costs with same-day retransfer to the referring hospitals for patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome after angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention. Oral presentation at the workshop. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd (2014). Akutt koronarsyndrom - trygg og umiddelbar retur til primærsykehuset etter koronar angiografi og perkutan koronar intervensjon. BestPractice Hjerte-karsykdommer: Faglig dialog mellom leger. p. 12–15. Full text in Research Archive
• Undseth, Ragnhild Marie; Berstad, Arnold; Klow, Nils-Einar & Valeur, Jørgen (2014). FODMAP-intoleranse ved IBS: En MRI-studie. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Klow, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd (2013). Length of stay for patients with acute coronary syndrome immediately retransferred to the referral hospital after acute coronary angiography/PCI POSTER presentation. Full text in Research Archive
• Limalanathan, Shanmuganathan; Andersen, Geir Ove; Klow, Nils-Einar; Abdelnoor, Michael; HOFFMANN, PAVEL & Eritsland, Jan (2013). Ischemic postconditioning in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Results of the POSTEMI trial. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 34, p. 5–5. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Klow, Nils-Einar & Johansen, Odd (2013). Length of stay for patients with acute coronary syndrome immediately retransferred to the referral hospital after acute coronary angiography/PCI Written abstract for the Poster presentation at XXIV Nordic Baltic Congress of Cardiology. Cardiology. ISSN 0008-6312. 125, p. 15–15. doi: 10.1159/000351756. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  "Study Objectives: The challenge with Fast track (FT) is to avoid compromising medical safety. We aimed to investigate whether patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) could be safely retransferred to the referral hospital on the same day as coronaryangiography and/or PCI, without extending the length of hospital stay (LOS). Methods and Materials: 399 consecutive patients were prospectively randomized, 206 to the ordinary care (OC), and 193 to the FT group. 30% of patients were admitted for unstable angina pectoris and 70% for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The FT patients were evaluated for possible same day return after angiography and/or PCI. The radial approach was used in 91% and 87% in the OC and FT group, respectively. Length of stay was recorded at both the PCI centre and the referring hospital. Acute and 30 days major events were recorded. Results: 95% of the FT patients were returned the same day and nine crossover patients (4.7%) the next day or later. Major events occurred in nine patients (2.2%), five in the OC and four in the FT group. There were a total of five events within 24 hours. No events were observed during transportation and there were no early retransfers. Median LOS in the OC group was 30 hours (mean 54.5), compared with 5.7 hours (mean 10) in the FT group. In the referring hospital additional median LOS was 31 and 26 hours(mean 68.7 and 59.8 hours) in OC and FT group, after return from the PCI centre. Conclusion: Early retransfer was safe and did not delay discharge from the referral hospital. Immediate written reports and good communication with the referring hospital enabled that thoroughly selected patients were safely returned the same day as angiography and/or PCI."

• Enden, Tone Rønnaug; Klow, Nils-Einar & Sandset, Per Morten (2012). Catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute deep vein thrombosis Reply. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 379(9828), p. 1786–1787. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Kristin; Dahl, Thomas; Tollefsen, Lise; Kløw, Nils-Einar & Martinsen, Anne Catrine Trægde (2009). Image quality and doses in digital flat panel cardiovascular imaging. Full text in Research Archive
• Kløw, Nils-Einar (2007). Do the benefits outweigh the risks with drug-eluting stents? Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 41, p. 8–9. doi: 10.1080/14017430601132633. Full text in Research Archive
• Undseth, Ragnhild Marie; Valeur, Jørgen; Berstad, Arnold & Kløw, Nils-Einar (2018). Irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical, pathophysiological and radiological aspects. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• STENSÆTH, KNUT-HAAKON & Klow, Nils-Einar (2011). Acute cardiac symptoms and normal coronary arteries : diagnostic role of a multisequential cardiac magnetic resonance approach. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788282641296. Full text in Research Archive
• Gaarder, Mario; Klow, Nils-Einar & Sølvik, Una Ørvim (2010). Deteksjon av tidlige veggforandringer i halsarterier hos barn og unge med type-1 diabetes. Universitetet i Bergen. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Detection of early changes in the carotid artery walls in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes. Background and objectives. Diabetics have twice the mortality rate as non-diabetics, atherosclerosis being the main cause of this. I wanted to see if I could separate a group of young diabetics (d+) from a sex and age matched group of non- diabetics (d-) using validated measures of vascular health. Materials and method. The study was a cross sectional study. Non-invasive ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries were performed in 433 subjects (13,6 ± 2,8 yrs), 48,5% boys, was performed. There were 313 subjects in the d+ group (13,7 ± 2,7 yrs), 49% boys and 119 subjects in the d- group (13,2 ± 2,7 yrs), 47% boys. Intima-Media Thickness (IMT), elasticity parameters (Carotid Compliance (CC), Carotid Stiffness (CS) and Distensbility Coefficient (DC)) and blood pressure were collected. The collected data was compared using a two-sample students t-test, with level of significance p≤0,05. Results. Boys in the d+ group showed a tendency to increased value for IMT compared to boys in the d- group (0,46 ± 0,055 mm versus 0,45 ± 0,045 mm; p=0,082). Boys in the d+ group had an increased value for IMT compared to girls in the d+ group (0,46 ± 0,055 mm versus 0,44 ± 0,051 mm; p=0,002). Boys in the d+ group also showed tendencies of decreased elasticity compared with girls in the same group (CS: 2,97 ± 0,603 versus 1,98 ± 0,624; p=0,083 and DC: 0,53 ± 0,18 mmHg-1x102 versus 0,57 ± 0,21 mmHg-1x102 ). No such findings were done in the d- group. Conclusion. The groups (d+ and d-) differ with boys in d+ showing signs of early development of atherosclerosis compared to the rest of the subjects.

• Dormagen, Johann Baptist & Klow, Nils-Einar (2010). Diagnostic imaging strategies before and after transcatheter arterial embolization in patients with major abdominal and pelvic trauma. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Selected trauma patients with severe abdomino-pelvic injuries can be treated with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). The present investigation has studied the usefulness of diagnostic imaging in the forefield and aftermaths of embolization. Aims: To evaluate specific radiological signs on trauma admission imaging prior to TAE that may help the interventional radiologist (IR) to rapidly assess the injured pelvic arteries. To investigate the hemodynamic changes over time after TAE of the splenic artery with means of Doppler. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound after TAE of the spleen for posttraumatic lesion characterization and detection. <br><br> Patients and methods: In 95 patients with pelvic trauma and suspected pelvic artery injury, fracture size and location on pelvic X-ray (PXR) and arterial blush and hematoma on computed tomography (CT) were compared with findings of arterial injury on angiography. Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data and receiver operating characteristic curve statistic was used for comparison of continuous data with the reference method angiography. Of 22 patients with TAE of the splenic artery, intraparenchymal Doppler was performed at three different time intervals in 17 patients. Velocity parameters were sampled from three different sites and parameters for systolic inflow and intraparenchymal resistance were calculated. Seventeen healthy volunteers were used as control group. All 22 patients were also examined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for detection of different posttraumatic lesions and injury severity at early (one week after TAE) and late (2-4 months after TAE) - follow up. Contrast-enhanced CT was used as standard of reference. <br><br> Results: The overall presence or absence of fracture on PXR and of hematomas on CT was moderately accurate for arterial injuries in the same segment. Including only fractures with major displacements and larger hematomas increased the specificity to a clinically acceptable level at the cost of reduced sensitivity. Presence of arterial blush on CT was highly specific for arterial injury. Normalization of the Doppler parameters indicated recovery of intrasplenic blood flow by formation of collaterals. CEUS was accurate for detection of significant posttraumatic lesions and grading of the injury severity.<br><br> Conclusions: In the hemodynamic unstable patient with pelvic injury, PXR is a useful tool for rapid assessment and occlusion of the injured arteries. Contrast enhanced CT of the hemodynamically stable patient can provide the IR with useful information about the site of arterial injury. Normalization of intrasplenic Doppler parameters over time indicates that the use of TAE of the splenic artery is a safe adjunct of the nonoperative management of splenic injury. TAE does not prevent formation of sufficient arterial collaterals. Finally, CEUS may compete with CT in follow-up imaging of posttraumatic lesions of the spleen.

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