Trygve Holmøy

• Eid, Karine; Torkildsen, Øivind Fredvik Grytten; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Holmøy, Trygve; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Riise, Trond; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Torkildsen, Cecilie Fredvik; Wergeland, Stig; Willumsen, Johannes Sverre; Øksendal, Nina; Gilhus, Nils Erik & Bjørk, Marte-Helene (2021). Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Women with Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Neurology.  ISSN 0028-3878. . doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012062 Show summary

  Objective: To assess the occurrence of perinatal depression and anxiety in women before and after diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: 114,629 pregnant women were included in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study 1999-2008. We assessed depression and anxiety by questionnaires during and after pregnancy. Women with MS were identified from national health registries and hospital records and grouped into 1) MS diagnosed before pregnancy (n = 140), MS diagnosed after pregnancy with 2) symptom onset before pregnancy (n = 98) and 3) symptom onset after pregnancy (n = 308). Thirty-five women were diagnosed with MS in the postpartum period. The reference group (n = 111,627) consisted of women without MS. Results: Women with MS diagnosed before pregnancy had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.2-3.1) for depression in the third trimester. Risk factors were adverse socioeconomic factors, history of psychiatric disease and physical/sexual abuse. The risk of anxiety was not increased. Women diagnosed with MS in the postpartum period had especially high risk of postpartum depression. Women with MS symptom onset within 5 years after pregnancy had increased risk of both depression and anxiety during pregnancy, whereas women with more than 5 years until symptom onset did not. Conclusion: Women diagnosed with MS have increased risk of perinatal depression. Women with MS symptom onset within 5 years after pregnancy have increased risk of both depression and anxiety during pregnancy.

• Wesnes, Kristin; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Riise, Trond; Stokke, Silje Agnethe; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig; Holmøy, Trygve; Midgard, Rune; Bru, Alla Nikolajevna S; Edland, Astrid; Eikeland, Randi; Gosal, Sonia; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Kleveland, Grethe; Sørenes, Yvonne; Øksendal, Nina & Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland (2021). Low vitamin D, but not tobacco use or high BMI, is associated with long-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.  ISSN 2211-0348.  50 . doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102801 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Background: Low vitamin D levels, tobacco use and high body mass index (BMI) have been linked to adverse disease outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS), but their influence on long-term disability progression remains unclear. Therefore, we explored whether these modifiable lifestyle factors were associated with 10-year clinical disability progression in patients with MS. Methods: In this prospective study, a cohort of 88 patients with relapsing-remitting MS completed a randomized controlled study on ω-3 fatty acids between 2004 and 2008. During 24 months, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D), serum cotinine (nicotine metabolite), and BMI were repeatedly measured. In 2017, a follow-up study was conducted among 80 of the participants, including disability assessment by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Linear regression was used to explore associations between the lifestyle factors and the EDSS change over 10 years. Results: Higher seasonally adjusted 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower 10-year EDSS progression (change in EDSS per 1 SD increase in 25(OH)D in a model adjusted for sex, age and baseline EDSS: -0.45 point, 95% CI: -0.75 to -0.16, p=0.003). Further adjustments for potential confounders related to lifestyle and disease status gave similar results. The association was mainly driven by low 25(OH)D levels during spring, as well as seasonally adjusted levels below 80 nmol/L. No clear association was found for BMI and cotinine. Conclusion: Lower 25(OH)D levels, but apparently not tobacco use or higher BMI, were significantly associated with worse long-term disability progression in MS.

• Gilmour, Brian Christopher; Gudmundsrud, Ruben; Frank, Johannes; Hov, Amund; Hindkjær Lautrup, Sofie; Aman, Yahyah; Røsjø, Helge; Brenner, Charles; Ziegler, Mathias; Tysnes, Ole-Bjørn; Tzoulis, Charalampos; Omland, Torbjørn; Søraas, Arne Vasli; Holmøy, Trygve; Bergersen, Linda Hildegard; Storm-Mathisen, Jon; Nilsen, Hilde & Fang, Evandro Fei (2020). Targeting NAD+ in translational research to relieve diseases and conditions of metabolic stress and ageing. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.  ISSN 0047-6374.  186, s 1- 6 . doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111208 Full text in Research Archive.
• Hartung, HP; Berger, T.; Bermel, RA; Brochet, B; Carroll, WM; Holmøy, Trygve; Karabudak, R; Killestein, J; Nos, C; Patti, Francesco; Ross, A; Vanopdenbosch, L; Vollmer, Timothy; Buffels, R; Garas, M; Kadner, Kathrin; Manfrini, M; Wang, Q & Freedman, M (2020). Shorter infusion time of ocrelizumab: Results from the randomized, doubleblind ENSEMBLE PLUS substudy in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.  ISSN 2211-0348. . doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102492 Full text in Research Archive.
• Holmøy, Trygve; Høglund, Rune Alexander; Illes, Zsolt; Myhr, Kjell-Morten & Torkildsen, Øivind (2020). Recent progress in maintenance treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 0340-5354. . doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10235-5 Full text in Research Archive.
• Høglund, Rune Alexander; Bremel, Robert; Homan, E. Jane; Torsetnes, Silje Bøen; Lossius, Andreas Winnem & Holmøy, Trygve (2020). CD4+ T Cells in the Blood of MS Patients Respond to Predicted Epitopes From B cell Receptors Found in Spinal Fluid. Frontiers in Immunology.  ISSN 1664-3224.  11, s 1- 12 . doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00598 Full text in Research Archive.
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Holmøy, Trygve; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Varhaug, Kristin Nielsen & Torkildsen, Øivind Fredvik (2020). Natural Variation of Vitamin D and Neurofilament Light Chain in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology.  ISSN 1664-2295. . doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00329 Full text in Research Archive.
• Holmøy, Trygve; Fevang, Børre; Olsen, David Benee; Spigset, Olav & Bø, Lars (2019). Adverse events with fatal outcome associated with alemtuzumab treatment in multiple sclerosis. BMC Research Notes.  ISSN 1756-0500.  12(1), s 1- 5 . doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4507-6 Full text in Research Archive.
• Hupperts, Raymond; Smolders, Joost; Vieth, Reinhold; Holmøy, Trygve; Marhardt, Kurt; Schluep, Myriam; Killestein, Joep; Barkhof, Frederik; Beelke, Manolo & Grimaldi, Luigi M. E. (2019). Randomized trial daily high-dose vitamin D3 in patients with RRMS receiving subcutaneous interferon β-1a. Neurology.  ISSN 0028-3878.  93(20), s E1906- E1916 . doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008445 Full text in Research Archive.
• Høglund, Rune Alexander; Myro, Aija Zuleron; Zarnovicky, Svetozar & Holmøy, Trygve (2019). En ung kvinne med krampeanfall, synsforstyrrelser og lammelser. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  139(11) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0122
• Høglund, Rune Alexander; Torsetnes, Silje Bøen; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Bogen, Bjarne; Homan, E. Jane; Bremel, Robert & Holmøy, Trygve (2019). Human cysteine cathepsins degrade immunoglobulin G in vitro in a predictable manner. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.  ISSN 1422-0067.  20:4843(19), s 1- 19 . doi: 10.3390/ijms20194843 Full text in Research Archive.
• Larsen, Christopher Storm; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Farbu, Elisabeth; Midgard, Rune; Nyquist, Kaja Beate; Broch, Line; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Buness, A; Holm, Kristian; Ueland, Thor; Fallang, Lars-Egil; Burum-Auensen, Espen; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund & Holmøy, Trygve (2019). Gut microbiota composition during a 12-week intervention with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis – a pilot trial. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical.  ISSN 2055-2173.  5(4), s 1- 13 . doi: 10.1177/2055217319888767 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  INTRODUCTION: Patients with multiple sclerosis may have a distinct gut microbiota profile. Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate is an orally administered drug for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, which has been associated with gastrointestinal side-effects in some patients. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine if dimethyl fumarate alters the abundance and diversity of commensal gut bacteria, and if these changes are associated with gastrointestinal side-effects. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis received either dimethyl fumarate (n = 27) or an injectable multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapy (glatiramer acetate or interferons, n = 9) for 12 weeks. Stool samples were collected at baseline, two and 12 weeks. We included 165 healthy individuals as controls. RESULTS: At baseline, 16 microbial genera were altered in multiple sclerosis patients compared with healthy controls. In the dimethyl fumarate-treated patients (n = 21) we observed a trend of reduced Actinobacteria (p = 0.03, QFDR = 0.24) at two weeks, mainly driven by Bifidobacterium (p = 0.06, QFDR = 0.69). At 12 weeks, we observed an increased abundance of Firmicutes (p = 0.02, QFDR = 0.09), mostly driven by Faecalibacterium (p = 0.01, QFDR = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study did not detect a major effect of dimethyl fumarate on the gut microbiota composition, but we observed a trend towards normalization of the low abundance of butyrate-producing Faecalibacterium after 12 weeks treatment. The study was underpowered to link microbiota to gastrointestinal symptoms. © The Author(s) 2019.

• Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Torkildsen, Øivind; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Bø, Lars & Holmøy, Trygve (2019). B cell depletion in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy.  ISSN 1471-2598.  19(3), s 261- 271 . doi: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1568407
• Nakken, Ola; Meyer, Haakon E; Stigum, Hein & Holmøy, Trygve (2019). High BMI is associated with low ALS risk: A population-based study. Neurology.  ISSN 0028-3878.  93(5), s e424- e432 . doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007861 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased. Abstract Objective To investigate the temporal relationship among prediagnostic body mass index (BMI), weight change, and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods From the compulsory Norwegian tuberculosis screening program, we collected objectively measured BMI from 85% of all citizens (near 1.5 million) between 20 and 70 years of age living in 18 of 19 Norwegian counties between 1963 and 1975. For those who participated in later health surveys, we collected further information on weight change, lifestyle, and health. We identified ALS cases until September 2017 through national registries of diagnoses at death and at encounters with the specialist health service. Both Cox hazard models and flexible parametric survival models were fitted to address our research question. Results We identified 2,968 ALS cases during a mean of 33 (maximum 54) years follow-up. High prediagnostic BMI was associated with low subsequent ALS risk across the typical ALS ages in both sexes. Overall, hazard ratio (HR) for ALS per 5-unit increase in prediagnostic BMI was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–0.88). After an initial increase during the first 10 years, it decreased almost linearly throughout the observation period and was 0.69 (95% CI 0.62–0.77) after 50 years. Those in the quartile with highest weight gain had lower ALS risk than those in the lowest quartile (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.44–0.89). Conclusion High BMI and weight gain are associated with low ALS risk several decades later. The strength of the association between BMI and ALS risk increases up to 50 years after BMI measurement.

• Smolders, Joost; Torkildsen, Øivind; Camu, William & Holmøy, Trygve (2019). An Update on Vitamin D and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs.  ISSN 1172-7047.  33(12), s 1187- 1199 . doi: 10.1007/s40263-019-00674-8 Full text in Research Archive.
• Tomescu-Baciu, Alina; Johansen, Jorunn; Holmøy, Trygve; Greiff, Victor; Stensland, Maria; De Souza, Gustavo Antonio; Vartdal, Frode & Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold (2019). Persistence of intrathecal oligoclonal B cells and IgG in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology.  ISSN 0165-5728.  333:576966, s 1- 7 . doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576966 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In multiple sclerosis (MS), B cells are trafficking across the blood-brain barrier, but it is not known how this relates to the synthesis of oligoclonal IgG. We used quantitative mass spectrometry of oligoclonal bands and high-throughput sequencing of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable transcripts to study the longitudinal B cell response in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of two MS patients. Twenty of 22 (91%) and 25 of 28 (89%) of oligoclonal band peptides persisted in samples collected 18 months apart, in spite of a dynamic exchange across the blood-CSF barrier of B lineage cells connecting to oligoclonal IgG.

• Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Holmøy, Trygve; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Midgard, Rune; Riise, Trond; Wergeland, Stig & Torkildsen, Øivind (2018). α-Linolenic acid is associated with MRI activity in a prospective cohort of multiple sclerosis patients.. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  25(7), s 987- 993 . doi: 10.1177/1352458518779925
• Holmøy, Trygve; Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Zetterberg, Henrik; Blennow, Kaj; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Steffensen, Linn Hofsøy & Kampman, Margitta Theodora (2018). Vitamin D supplementation and neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica.  ISSN 0001-6314.  s 1- 5 . doi: 10.1111/ane.13037
• Høglund, Rune Alexander; Polak, Justyna; Vartdal, Frode; Holmøy, Trygve & Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold (2018). B-cell composition in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.  ISSN 2211-0348.  26, s 90- 95 . doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.08.032 Full text in Research Archive.
• Magelssen, Morten; Holmøy, Trygve; Horn, Morten Andreas; Fondenes, Ove; Dybwik, Knut Gustav & Førde, Reidun (2018). Ethical challenges in tracheostomy-assisted ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 0340-5354.  265(11), s 2730- 2736 . doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-9054-x Full text in Research Archive.
• Nakken, Ola; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer & Holmøy, Trygve (2018). Sex ratio in multiple sclerosis mortality over 65 years; an age-period-cohort analysis in Norway. Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 0340-5354.  265(6), s 1295- 1302 . doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8832-9 Full text in Research Archive.
• Nakken, Ola; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Tysnes, Ole-Bjørn & Holmøy, Trygve (2018). Assessing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prevalence in Norway from 2009 to 2015 from compulsory nationwide health registers. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration.  ISSN 2167-8421.  19(3-4), s 303- 310 . doi: 10.1080/21678421.2017.1418004 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Objective: In Norway, diagnoses from specialist health care visits, drug prescriptions, and causes of deaths are registered in compulsory health registers. We aimed to determine amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) prevalence from 2009 to 2015 by combining these registers. Methods:We validated the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR) through hospital files, and linked it with the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry and the Norwegian Prescription Database. Poisson regression models were fitted for estimating gender ratios, time trends and possible interactions. Similar models were used for mortality data subtracted from the dataset. Results: Eleven percent of patients with at least one ALS-related entry in NPR did not have ALS. ALS prevalence could nevertheless be reliably estimated through ascertaining cases identified in two separate registers, or with at least two entries in NPR with first entry within four years prior to prevalence date. ALS prevalence remained stable, and was 7.6/100,000 (95% CI 6.9–8.4) at 31st December 2015. Mean male:female ratio was higher for prevalence (1.8; 95% CI 1.6–2.0) than for mortality (1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8) (p¼0.04). There were also significant regional differences in prevalence (p50.01) but not in mortality. Conclusions: Norwegian compulsory health registers provide reliable tools for ALS surveillance, and suggest gender and regional differences in survival after diagnosis.

• Nakken, Ola; Sørum, Lillian & Holmøy, Trygve (2018). Genetisk utredning ved amyotrofisk lateral sklerose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  138(13) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0193
• Stokke, Silje Agnethe; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Holmøy, Trygve; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Wergeland, Stig; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Midgard, Rune; Sagen, Jørn V. & Torkildsen, Øivind (2018). Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin are not associated with disease activity or treatment response in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology.  ISSN 0165-5728.  323, s 73- 77 . doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.011
• Tomescu-Baciu, Alina; Vartdal, Frode; Holmøy, Trygve; Vedeler, Christian A. & Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold (2018). G1m1 predominance of intrathecal virus-specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Annals of clinical and translational neurology.  ISSN 2328-9503.  5(10), s 1303- 1309 . doi: 10.1002/acn3.642 Full text in Research Archive.
• Zuleron Myro, Aija; Bjerke, Gisle; Zarnovicky, Svetozar & Holmøy, Trygve (2018). Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage during alemtuzumab infusion in a patient with multiple sclerosis: a case report. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology.  ISSN 2050-6511.  19(75), s 1- 4 . doi: 10.1186/s40360-018-0267-5 Full text in Research Archive.
• Al-Chalabi, Ammar; Andersen, Peter M.; Chandran, Siddharthan; Chio, Adriano; Corcia, Philippe; Couratier, Philippe; Danielsson, Olof; de Carvalho, Mamede; Desnuelle, Claude; Grehl, Torsten; Grosskreutz, Julian; Holmøy, Trygve; Ingre, Caroline; Karlsborg, Merete; Kleveland, Grethe; Koch, Jan Christoph; Koritnik, Blaz; KuzmaKozakiewicz, Magdalena; Laaksovirta, Hannu; Ludolph, Albert; McDermott, Christopher; Meyer, Thomas; Mitre Ropero, Bernardo; Mora Pardina, Jesus; Nygren, Ingela; Petri, Susanne; Povedano Panades, Monica; Salachas, François; Shaw, Pamela; Silani, Vincenzo; Staaf, Gert; Svenstrup, Kirsten; Talbot, Kevin; Tysnes, Ole-Bjørn; Van Damme, Philip; van der Kooi, Anneke; Weber, Markus; Weydt, Patrick; Wolf, Joachim; Hardiman, Orla & van den Berg, Leonard H. (2017). July 2017 ENCALS statement on edaravone. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration.  ISSN 2167-8421.  18(7-8), s 471- 474 . doi: 10.1080/21678421.2017.1369125
• Holmøy, Trygve; Gythfeldt, Hedda & Leegaard, Truls Michael (2017). Listeria monocytogenes infection associated with alemtuzumab - - a case for better preventive strategies. BMC Neurology.  ISSN 1471-2377.  17(65) . doi: 10.1186/s12883-017-0848-8
• Holmøy, Trygve; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Eriksen, Erik Fink; Steffensen, Linn Hofsøy & Kampman, Margitta Theodora (2017). High dose vitamin D supplementation does not affect biochemical bone markers in multiple sclerosis - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology.  ISSN 1471-2377.  17:67, s 1- 6 . doi: 10.1186/s12883-017-0851-0 Full text in Research Archive.
• Holmøy, Trygve; Torkildsen, Øivind & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2017). An update on cladribine for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy.  ISSN 1465-6566.  18(15), s 1627- 1635 . doi: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1372747
• Høglund, Rune Alexander; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Johansen, Jorunn; Homan, Jane; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Robins, Harlan; Bogen, Bjarne; Bremel, Robert D & Holmøy, Trygve (2017). In silico prediction analysis of idiotope-driven T-B cell collaboration in multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Immunology.  ISSN 1664-3224.  8 . doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01255 Full text in Research Archive.
• Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Tomescu-Baciu, Alina; Holmøy, Trygve; Vedeler, Christian A.; Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Casetta, Ilaria & Vartdal, Frode (2017). Selective intrathecal enrichment of G1m1-positive B cells in multiple sclerosis. Annals of clinical and translational neurology.  ISSN 2328-9503.  4(10), s 756- 761 . doi: 10.1002/acn3.451 Full text in Research Archive.
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Abdelmagid, Nada; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Jørgensen, Lone; Sundström, Peter; Olsson, Tomas; Steffensen, Linn Hofsøy; Torkildsen, Øivind & Holmøy, Trygve (2017). Effect of high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation on antibody responses against Epstein-Barr virus in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  23(3), s 395- 402 . doi: 10.1177/1352458516654310
• Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Riise, Trond; Bostrom, Inger; Casetta, Ilaria; Cortese, Marianna; Granieri, Enrico; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Landtblom, Anne-Marie; Magalhaes, Sandra; Pugliatti, Maura; Wolfson, Christina & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2016). Negative interaction between smoking and EBV in the risk of multiple sclerosis: The EnvIMS study. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  23(7), s 1018- 1024 . doi: 10.1177/1352458516671028
• Berge, Tone; Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Brorson, Ina Skaara; Bos, Steffan Daniel; Page, Christian; Gustavsen, Marte Wendel; Bjølgerud, Anja; Holmøy, Trygve; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Damoiseaux, J.; Smolders, J; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad & Spurkland, Anne (2016). The multiple sclerosis susceptibility genes TAGAP and IL2RA are regulated by Vitamin D in CD4+ T cells. Genes and Immunity.  ISSN 1466-4879.  17(2), s 118- 127 . doi: 10.1038/gene.2015.61
• Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Riise, Trond; Cortese, Marianna; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Magalhaes, Sandra; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Wolfson, Christina & Pugliatti, Maura (2016). Level of education and multiple sclerosis risk after adjustment for known risk factors: The EnvIMS study. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  22(1), s 104- 111 . doi: 10.1177/1352458515579444 Full text in Research Archive.
• Holmøy, Trygve; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Zarnovicky, Svetozar; Zuleron Myro, Aija; Røsjø, Egil Rørvik & Kerty, Emilia (2016). Severe inflammatory disease activity 14`months after cessation of Natalizumab in a patient with Leber's optic neuropathy and multiple sclerosis - a case report. BMC Neurology.  ISSN 1471-2377.  16(1) . doi: 10.1186/s12883-016-0720-2
• Holmøy, Trygve; Esbensen, Qin Ying; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig; Bjerve, Kristian S; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Midgard, Rune; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Hovdal, Harald Olav & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2016). WT1 and interferon-β–vitamin D association in MS: a longitudinal study.. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica.  ISSN 0001-6314.  133(4), s 309- 312 . doi: 10.1111/ane.12448
• Holmøy, Trygve & Torkildsen, Øivind (2016). Familieplanlegging, graviditet og amming ved multippel sklerose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  136(20), s 1726- 1729 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0563
• Kvistad, Silje; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Holmøy, Trygve; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Wergeland, Stig; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Bakke, Søren Jacob & Torkildsen, Øivind (2016). No association of tobacco use and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology: Neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation.  ISSN 2332-7812.  3(4) . doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000260 Full text in Research Archive.
• Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Johansen, Jorunn; Vartdal, Frode & Holmøy, Trygve (2016). High-throughput sequencing of immune repertoires in multiple sclerosis. Annals of clinical and translational neurology.  ISSN 2328-9503.  3(4), s 295- 306 . doi: 10.1002/acn3.295 Full text in Research Archive.
• Nakken, Ola; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Tysnes, Ole-Bjørn & Holmøy, Trygve (2016). Mortality trends of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Norway 1951–2014: an age–period–cohort study. Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 0340-5354.  s 1- 8 . doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8273-2 Full text in Research Archive.
• Nordin, Angelica; Chizuru, Akimoto; Wuolikainen, Anna; Alstermark, Helena; Forsberg, Karin; Baumann, Peter; Pinto, Susana; de Carvalho, Mamede; Hübers, Annemarie; Nordin, Frida; Ludolph, Albert C.; Weishaupt, Jochen H.; Meyer, Thomas; Grehl, Torsten; Schweikert, Kathi; Weber, Markus; Burkhardt, Christian; Neuwirth, Christoph; Holmøy, Trygve; Morita, Mitsuya; Tysnes, Ole-Bjørn; Benatar, Michael; Wuu, Joanne; Lange, Dale J; Bisgård, Carsten; Asgari, Nasrin; Tarvainen, Ilkka; Brännström, Thomas & Andersen, Peter M (2016). Sequence variations in C9orf72 downstream of the hexanucleotide repeat region and its effect on repeat-primed PCR interpretation: a large multinational screening study. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration.  ISSN 2167-8421.  18(3-4), s 256- 264 . doi: 10.1080/21678421.2016.1262423
• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Brunborg, Cathrine; Tallaksen, Chantal; Eriksen, Erik Fink; Holmøy, Trygve & Moen, Stine Marit (2016). Bone mineral density in patients with multiple sclerosis, hereditary ataxia or hereditary spastic paraplegia after at least 10 years of disease - a case control study. BMC Neurology.  ISSN 1471-2377.  16 . doi: 10.1186/s12883-016-0771-4
• Vego, Heidi; Sand, Kristin Larsen; Høglund, Rune Alexander; Fallang, Lars-Egil; Gundersen, Glenn; Holmøy, Trygve & Maghazachi, Azzam (2016). Monomethyl fumarate augments NK cell lysis of tumor cells through degranulation and the upregulation of NKp46 and CD107a. Cellular & Molecular Immunology.  ISSN 1672-7681.  13(1), s 57- 64 . doi: 10.1038/cmi.2014.114
• Wergeland, Stig; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Midgard, Rune; Stokke, Silje Agnethe; Holmøy, Trygve; Riise, Trond & Torkildsen, Øivind (2016). Vitamin D, HLA-DRB1 and Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels in a prospective cohort of multiple sclerosis patients. European Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 1351-5101.  23(6), s 1064- 1070 . doi: 10.1111/ene.12986
• Aspli, Klaus Thanke; Flaten, Trond Peder; ROOS, PER; Holmøy, Trygve; Skogholt, Jon Henry & Aaseth, Jan (2015). Iron and copper in progressive demyelination: New lessons from Skogholt’s disease. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology.  ISSN 0946-672X.  31, s 183- 187 . doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.12.002 Show summary

  The pathophysiological mechanisms of progressive demyelinating disorders including multiple sclerosis are incompletely understood. Increasing evidence indicates a role for trace metals in the progression of several neurodegenerative disorders. The study of Skogholt disease, a recently discovered demyelinating disease affecting both the central and peripheral nervous system, might shed some light on the mechanisms underlying demyelination. Cerebrospinal fluid iron and copper concentrations are about four times higher in Skogholt patients than in controls. The transit into cerebrospinal fluid of these elements from blood probably occurs in protein bound form. We hypothesize that exchangeable fractions of iron and copper are further transferred from cerebrospinal fluid into myelin, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of demyelination. Free or weakly bound iron and copper ions may exert their toxic action on myelin by catalyzing production of oxygen radicals. Similarities to demyelinating processes in multiple sclerosis and other myelinopathies are discussed.

• Beiske, Anton Giæver; Holmøy, Trygve; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Johannessen, Svein Ivar & Landmark, Cecilie Johannessen (2015). Antiepileptic and Antidepressive Polypharmacy in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.. Multiple Sclerosis International.  ISSN 2090-2654. . doi: 10.1155/2015/317859 Full text in Research Archive.
• Cortese, Marianna; Riise, Trond; Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Magalhaes, Sandra; Pugliatti, Maura; Wolfson, Christina & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2015). Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study.. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  21(14), s 1856- 1864 . doi: 10.1177/1352458515578770 Full text in Research Archive.
• Geis, Christian; Ritter, Christian; Ruschil, Christoph; Weishaupt, Andreas; Grünewald, Benedikt; Stoll, Guido; Holmøy, Trygve; Misu, Tatsuro; Fujihara, Kazuo; Hemmer, Bernhard; Stadelmann, Christine; Bennett, Jeffrey L.; Sommer, Claudia & Toyka, Klaus V. (2015). The intrinsic pathogenic role of autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 mediating spinal cord disease in a rat passive-transfer model. Experimental Neurology.  ISSN 0014-4886.  265, s 8- 21 . doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.12.015
• Helland, Caroline; Holmøy, Trygve & Gulbrandsen, Pål (2015). Barriers and facilitators related to rehabilitation stays in multiple sclerosis: A qualitative study. International Journal of MS Care.  ISSN 1537-2073.  17(3), s 122- 129 . doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2014-007
• Johansen, Jorunn; Vartdal, Frode; Desmarais, Cindy; Tutturen, Astrid Elisabeth Voorham; De Souza, Gustavo Antonio; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold & Holmøy, Trygve (2015). Intrathecal BCR transcriptome in multiple sclerosis versus other neuroinflammation: Equally diverse and compartmentalized, but more mutated, biased and overlapping with the proteome. Clinical Immunology.  ISSN 1521-6616.  160(2), s 211- 225 . doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.06.001
• Lerum, Sverre Vigeland; Solbrække, Kari Nyheim; Holmøy, Trygve & Frich, Jan C (2015). Unstable terminality - negotiating the meaning of chronicity and terminality in motor neurone disease. Sociology of Health and Illness.  ISSN 0141-9889.  37(1), s 81- 96 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.12182
• Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Torkildsen, Øivind & Holmøy, Trygve (2015). Miljøets betydning ved multippel sklerose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  135(9), s 856- 860 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0751
• Magalhaes, Sandra; Pugliatti, Maura; Casetta, Ilaria; Drulovic, Jelena; Granieri, Enrico; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Landtblom, Anne-Marie; Lauer, Klaus; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Parpinel, Maria; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Riise, Trond; Wolfson, David; Zhu, Bin & Wolfson, Christina (2015). The EnvIMS study: Design and methodology of an international case-control study of environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology.  ISSN 0251-5350.  44(3), s 173- 181 . doi: 10.1159/000381779
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Bakke, Søren Jacob; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn G.; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig; Michelsen, Annika; Aukrust, Pål; Ueland, Thor & Holmøy, Trygve (2015). Vitamin D status and effect of interferon-β1a treatment on MRI activity and serum inflammation markers in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology.  ISSN 0165-5728.  280, s 21- 28 . doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.02.001
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Steffensen, Linn Hofsøy; Jørgensen, Lone; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Michelsen, Annika; Aukrust, Pål; Ueland, Thor; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Torkildsen, Øivind & Holmøy, Trygve (2015). Vitamin D supplementation and systemic inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 0340-5354.  262(12), s 2713- 2721 . doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7902-5 Show summary

  Observational studies have suggested that vitamin D may reduce inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), but this has not been clearly confirmed in randomized controlled trials. To further explore the possible anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D in RRMS, we examined the effect of high-dose oral vitamin D3 on eleven markers of systemic inflammation in 68 RRMS patients enrolled in a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation (20,000 IU/week) (NCT00785473). Serum inflammation markers and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were measured at baseline and week 96, and no restrictions were set on additional standard immunomodulatory treatment for RRMS. The mean 25(OH)D level rose from 56 ± 29 to 123 ± 34 nmol/L among patients receiving vitamin D3 supplementation, whereas only a minor increase from 57 ± 22 to 63 ± 24 nmol/L was seen in the placebo group. However, no significant differences appeared between the vitamin D group and the placebo group for any of the inflammation markers. Patients on immunomodulatory therapy had significantly higher levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 than patients without immunomodulatory treatment, but there were no clear synergistic effects between immunomodulatory therapy and vitamin D3 supplementation on any of the inflammation markers. The rise in 25(OH)D levels after vitamin D3 supplementation was unaffected by immunomodulatory treatment. We conclude that in this study of RRMS patients, high-dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation prominently increased serum 25(OH)D levels without affecting markers of systemic inflammation, while a more anti-inflammatory phenotype was found among patients on immunomodulatory treatment.

• Stokke, Silje Agnethe; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Holmøy, Trygve; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Wergeland, Stig; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Bakke, Søren Jacob; Michelsen, Annika; Aukrust, Pål; Ueland, Thor; Sagen, Jørn V. & Torkildsen, Øivind (2015). Body mass index influence interferon-beta treatment response in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology.  ISSN 0165-5728.  288, s 92- 97 . doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.008
• Wesnes, Kristin; Riise, Trond; Casetta, Ilaria; Drulovic, Jelena; Granieri, Enrico; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Landtblom, Anne Marie; Lauer, Klaus; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Magalhaes, Sandra; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Wolfson, Christina; Pugliatti, Maura & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2015). Body size and the risk of multiple sclerosis in Norway and Italy: The EnvIMS study. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  21(4), s 388- 395 . doi: 10.1177/1352458514546785
• Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Riise, Trond; Casetta, Ilaria; Drulovic, Jelena; Granieri, Enrico; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Landtblom, Anne-Marie; Lauer, Klaus; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Magalhaes, Sandra; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Wesnes, Kristin; Wolfson, Christina & Pugliatti, Maura (2014). Sun exposure and multiple sclerosis risk in Norway and Italy: The EnvIMS study. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  20(8), s 1042- 1049 . doi: 10.1177/1352458513513968
• Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Johansen, Jorunn; Vartdal, Frode; Robins, Harlan; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Holmøy, Trygve & Olweus, Johanna (2014). High-throughput sequencing of TCR repertoires in multiple sclerosis reveals intrathecal enrichment of EBV-reactive CD8+ T cells. European Journal of Immunology.  ISSN 0014-2980.  44(11), s 3439- 3452 . doi: 10.1002/eji.201444662
• Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Riise, Trond; Pugliatti, Maura; Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Casetta, Ilaria; Drulovic, Jelena; Granieri, Enrico; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Landtblom, Anne Marie; Lauer, Klaus; Magalhaes, Sandra; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Wesnes, Kristin; Wolfson, Christina & Holmøy, Trygve (2014). Season of infectious mononucleosis and risk of multiple sclerosis at different latitudes; the EnvIMS Study. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  20(6), s 669- 674 . doi: 10.1177/1352458513505693
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Bakke, Jacob; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig; Michelsen, Annika; Aukrust, Pål; Ueland, Thor & Holmøy, Trygve (2014). Increasing serum levels of vitamin A, D and E are associated with alterations of different inflammation markers in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology.  ISSN 0165-5728.  271(1-2), s 60- 65 . doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.014 Show summary

  To explore the relationships between vitamin A, D and E and inflammation in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, we assessed their associations with 11 inflammation markers in 9 serial serum samples from 85 patients, before and during interferon-β1a treatment. A negative association was found between vitamin A and pentraxin 3 independent of interferon-β1a use, whereas positive associations between vitamin D and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and secreted frizzled-related protein 3 were seen before, and between vitamin E and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 during interferon-β1a treatment. These findings suggest associations with diverse inflammatory pathways, which may be differentially influenced by interferon-β1a treatment.

• Stokke, Silje Agnethe; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Holmøy, Trygve; Bakke, Søren Jacob; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Njølstad, Gro; Pedersen, Tom; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Wergeland, Stig & Torkildsen, Øivind Fredvik (2014). Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus and MRI disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  20(14), s 1833- 1840 . doi: 10.1177/1352458514533843 Show summary

  Background: Previous reports indicate an association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody levels and multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity, but the results have been conflicting. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to study if EBV antibody levels reflect MRI disease activity in MS and examine the potential for EBV antibody levels as biomarkers for treatment response. Methods: A total of 87 MS patients were followed for two years prior to and during interferon beta (IFNB) treatment, with MRI examinations and serum measurement of IgM and IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA), EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) and early antigen (EA). Associations between EBV antibody levels and MRI activity were assessed by a logistic regression model. Results: Higher anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels were associated with increased MRI activity, OR = 2.95 (95% CI 1.07–8.10; p = 0.036) for combined unique activity (CUA; the sum of T1Gd+ lesions and new or enlarging T2 lesions). Although most patients were anti-VCA IgM negative, there was an inverse association, OR = 0.32 (95% CI 0.12–0.84; p = 0.021) with CUA during IFNB treatment. Conclusions: This study supports an association between anti-EBNA-1 IgG levels and MS disease activity. We also found an inverse association with anti-VCA IgM levels during IFNB treatment not previously described, indicating anti-VCA IgM as a possible biomarker for IFNB treatment response.

• Torkildsen, Øivind Fredvik; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Benjaminsen, Espen; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Midgard, Rune; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Riise, Trond & Grytten, Nina Agnethe (2014). Month of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: confounding and adjustments. Annals of clinical and translational neurology.  ISSN 2328-9503.  1(2), s 141- 144 . doi: 10.1002/acn3.37 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  A month of birth effect on multiple sclerosis (MS) risk has been reported from different countries. Recent critics have suggested that this finding is caused by confounding and that adequately adjusting for year and place of birth would markedly reduce this effect. All inhabitants in Norway are registered in the Norwegian Population Registry (Statistics Norway), making this an ideal area for performing adjusted analyses. Using the entire Norwegian population born between 1930 and 1979 (n = 2,899,260), we calculated the excess between observed and expected number of births for each month for 6649 Norwegian MS patients, 5711 mothers, 5247 fathers, and 8956 unaffected siblings. The analyses were adjusted for year of birth and place of birth according to the 19 counties in Norway. An unadjusted analysis revealed 13% fewer MS births than expected in February (P = 0.0015; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.018), 10% more in April (P = 0.0083; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.0996) and 15% more in December (P = 0.00058; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.007). Adjustments for both year and place of birth significantly altered our results for February and December, but even after these adjustments there were still 10% more MS births than expected in April (P = 0.00796; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.096). MS patients had a higher incidence of April births than their siblings (Fisher-exact test; P = 0.011), mothers (Fisher-exact test; P = 0.004), and fathers (Fisher-exact test; P = 0.011) without MS. Adjustments for confounding significantly affected our results. However, even after adjustments, there appears to be a persistent higher than expected frequency of April births in the MS population.

• Grytten, Nina Agnethe; Torkildsen, Øivind; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Benjaminsen, Espen; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Dahl, Ole-Petter; Holmøy, Trygve; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Midgard, Rune; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Risberg, Geir; Vatne, Anita & Kampman, Margitta Theodora (2013). Month of birth as a latitude-dependent risk factor for multiple sclerosis in Norway. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  19(8), s 1028- 1034 . doi: 10.1177/1352458512471094
• Holmøy, Trygve; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Bakke, Jacob; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Michelsen, Annika; Aukrust, Pål & Ueland, Thor (2013). Inflammation markers in multiple sclerosis: CXCL16 reflects and may also predict disease activity. PLOS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  8(9) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075021 Full text in Research Archive.
• Høglund, Rune Alexander; Holmøy, Trygve; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad & Maghazachi, Azzam (2013). A One Year Follow-Up Study of Natural Killer and Dendritic Cells Activities in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Glatiramer Acetate (GA). PLOS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  8(4) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062237
• Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Grytten, Nina Agnethe; Benjaminsen, Espen; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Dahl, Ole-Petter; Holmøy, Trygve; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Midgard, Rune; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Risberg, Geir; Vatne, Anita & Torkildsen, Øivind (2013). Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in persons born from 1930 to 1979 and its relation to latitude in Norway. Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 0340-5354.  260(6), s 1481- 1488 . doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6814-x
• Løken, Kristin Ingeleiv; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Bakke, Jacob; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Bjørnarå, Bård T.; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig & Holmøy, Trygve (2013). Retinol levels are associated with magnetic resonance imaging outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  19(4), s 451- 457 . doi: 10.1177/1352458512457843
• Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Bakke, Søren Jacob; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Bjørnarå, Bård T.; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig & Holmøy, Trygve (2013). Alpha-tocopherol and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis - association and prediction. PLOS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  8(1) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054417 Full text in Research Archive.
• Siewers, Vibeke; Holmøy, Trygve & Frich, Jan C (2013). Experiences with using mechanical in–exsufflation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. European Journal of Physiotherapy.  ISSN 2167-9169.  15, s 201- 207 . doi: 10.3109/21679169.2013.834513
• Torkildsen, Øivind; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Wergeland, Stig; Myhr, Kjell-Morten & Holmøy, Trygve (2013). Fat-soluble vitamins as disease modulators in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica.  ISSN 0001-6314.  127, s 16- 23 . doi: 10.1111/ane.12045
• Pugliatti, Maura; Casetta, Ilaria; Drulovic, Jelena; Granieri, Enrico; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Landtblom, Anne Marie; Lauer, Klaus; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Parpinel, Maria; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Riise, Trond; Zhu, Bin & Wolfson, Christina (2012). A questionnaire for multinational case-control studies of environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis (EnvIMS-Q). Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplementum.  ISSN 0065-1427.  126, s 43- 50 . doi: 10.1111/ane.12032
• Holmøy, Trygve; Hanssen, Kjersti Træland & Beiske, Antonie Giæver (2012). Pasienttilfredshet ved rehabilitering av pasienter med multippel sklerose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  132(5), s 523- 525 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.1043
• Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora & Smolders, Joost (2012). Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: implications for assessment and treatment. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.  ISSN 1473-7175.  12(9), s 1101- 1112 . doi: 10.1586/ERN.12.99
• Holmøy, Trygve; Lossius, Peter Andreas Vold; Gundersen, Thomas Erik; Moen, Stine Marit; Castellazzi, Massimilano; Fainardi, Enrico & Casetta, Ilaria (2012). Intrathecal levels of vitamin D and IgG in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica.  ISSN 0001-6314.  125(6), s e28- e31 . doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01577.x
• Holmøy, Trygve; Torkildsen, Øivind; Myhr, Kjell-Morten & Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv (2012). Vitamin D supplementation and monitoring in multiple sclerosis: who, when and wherefore. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica.  ISSN 0001-6314.  126, s 63- 69 . doi: 10.1111/ane.12028
• Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Holmøy, Trygve; Bakke, Søren J.; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Bjørnarå, Bård T.; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Sandvik, Leiv; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2012). Vitamin D and disease activity in multiple sclerosis before and during interferon beta treatment. Neurology.  ISSN 0028-3878.  79(3), s 267- 273 . doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825fdf01

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• Holmøy, Trygve & Bø, Lars (2020). MS-behandlingen blir stadig bedre. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.
• Holmøy, Trygve; Torkildsen, Øivind & Bø, Lars (2020). Treatment of multiple sclerosis under the COVID-19 pandemic. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.
• Glover, Joel; Tysnes, Ole-Bjørn; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Bråthen, Geir; Sandvig, Ioanna; Høyer, Helle; Holmøy, Trygve; Nakken, Ola & Harbo, Hanne Flinstad (2019). Hvor står ALS-forskningen i Norge?. VG : Verdens gang.  ISSN 0805-5203.
• Nakken, Ola & Holmøy, Trygve (2018). Rett til ikke å vite og amyotrofisk lateral sklerose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  138(16), s 1502- 1502 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0734
• Torkildsen, Øivind; Holmøy, Trygve & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2018). Severe multiple sclerosis reactivation after gonadotropin treatment. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.  ISSN 2211-0348.  22, s 38- 40 . doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.02.031
• Holmøy, Trygve & Torkildsen, Øivind (2017). Re: Familieplanlegging, graviditet og amming ved multippel sklerose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  137(4), s 259- 259 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0054
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik & Holmøy, Trygve (2017). Vitamin A, D and E and inflammation in multiple scerosis.
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Lossius, Andreass; Abelmagid, Nada; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Jørgensen, Lone; Sundstrøm, Peter; Olsson, Tomas; Steffensen, Linn Hofsøy; Torkildesen, Øivind & Holmøy, Trygve (2017). Selective and transient effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on antibody responses against Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
• Holmøy, Trygve (2016). Re: Kronisk utmattelsessyndrom/ myalgisk encefalopati – sykdomsmekanismer, diagnostikk og behandling. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  136(3), s 204- 205 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0051
• Holmøy, Trygve & Torkildsen, Øivind (2016). Can Vitamin D reduce inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.  ISSN 1473-7175.  16(3), s 233- 235 . doi: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1146134
• McKenna, Malachi John & Holmøy, Trygve (2015). Approach to bone protection in multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Neurology.  ISSN 1351-5101.  22(4), s 601- 602 . doi: 10.1111/ene.12504
• Røsjø, Egil Rørvik; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Steffensen, Linn Hofsøy; Bakke, Søren Jacob; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Lilleås, Finn; Midgard, Rune; Pedersen, Tom; Benth, Jūratė Šaltytė; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Mellgren, Svein Ivar; Jørgensen, Lone; Torkildsen, Øivind; Wergeland, Stig; Michelsen, Annika; Aukrust, Pål; Ueland, Thor & Holmøy, Trygve (2015). Vitamin D og interferon-behandling ved multippel sklerose.
• Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Riise, Trond; Kirkeleit, Jorunn; Cortese, Marianna; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Magalhaes, Sandra; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Wolfson, Christina & Pugliatti, Maura (2014). Level of education and multiple sclerosis risk after adjustment for known risk factors: the EnvIMS study.
• Gulbrandsen, Pål; Ofstad, Eirik Hugaas; Holmøy, Trygve & Vandvik, Per Olav (2014). Pasientmedvirkning ved beslutninger om behandling. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  134(17), s 1670- 1672 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0239
• Holmøy, Trygve; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Torkildsen, Øivind & Myhr, Kjell-Morten (2014). Re: Vitamin D-how much is enough, and is more better for your Health?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  134(10), s 1024- 1025 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0618
• Holmøy, Trygve; Myhr, Kjell-Morten & Bø, Lars (2014). Re: Uetisk av nevrologene ikke å tilby pasienter med multippel sklerose cytostatikabehandling med autolog stamcellestøtte. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  134(23/24), s 2239- 2240 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.1458
• Torkildsen, Øivind; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Holmøy, Trygve; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Løken-Amsrud, Kristin Ingeleiv; Midgard, Rune; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Riise, Trond & Grytten, Nina Agnethe (2014). Reply to comment: Month of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: confounding and adjustments. Annals of clinical and translational neurology.  ISSN 2328-9503.  5(1), s 376- 377 . doi: 10.1002/acn3.56
• Kvistad, SS; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Holmøy, Trygve; Bakke, S.; Beiske, Antonie Giæver; Bjerve, Kristian S; Bjornara, BT; Hovdal, Harald Olav; Loken, KI; Lilleås, F; Midgard, Rune; Njølstad, Gro; Pedersen, T; Benth, JS; Wergeland, Stig & Torkildsen, Øivind (2013). Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  19(11), s 400- 400
• Lerum, Sverre Vigeland; Holmøy, Trygve; Solbrække, Kari Nyheim & Frich, Jan C (2013). Frail terminality: Health professionals’ and carers’ dynamic and diverging perceptions of chronicity and terminality in ALS/MND.
• Bjørnevik, Kjetil Lauvland; Riise, Trond; Wesnes, Kristin; Granieri, Enrico; Casetta, Ilaria; Drulovic, Jelena; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Lauer, Klaus; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Magalhaes, Sandra; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Holmøy, Trygve; Landtblom, Anne-marie; Wolfson, Christina & Pugliatti, Maura (2012). An age at exposure effect between sun exposure and the risk of MS in Norway and Italy. Multiple Sclerosis.  ISSN 1352-4585.  18, s s15- s15
• Wesnes, Kristin; Riise, Trond; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Magalhaes, Sandra; Wolfson, Christina; Holmøy, Trygve; Casetta, Ilaria; Granieri, Enrico; Drulovic, Jelena; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Landtblom, Anne-Marie; Lauer, Klaus & Pugliatti, Maura (2012). The relationship between body size and the risk of multiple sclerosis. -The EnvIMS study.

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