Theresa Wilberg

• Kvarstein, Elfrida H; Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Folmo, Espen; Urnes, Øyvind; Hummelen, Benjamin; Wilberg, Theresa; Karterud, Sigmund & Johansen, Merete Selsbakk (2019). Mentalization-based treatment or psychodynamic treatment programs for patients with borderline personality disorder – the impact of clinical severity.. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice.  ISSN 1476-0835.  92(1), s 91- 111 . doi: 10.1111/papt.12179 Full text in Research Archive.
• Normann, Eivind; Antonsen, Bjørnar Torske; Kvarstein, Elfrida H; Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Vaskinn, Anja & Wilberg, Theresa (2019). Are Impairments in Theory of Mind Specific to Borderline Personality Disorder?. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X. . doi: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_417
• Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Karterud, Sigmund; Normann, Eivind; Rø, Frida Gullestad; Kvarstein, Elfrida H & Wilberg, Theresa (2018). The relationship between reflective functioning and affect consciousness in patients with avoidant and borderline personality disorders. Psychoanalytic psychology.  ISSN 0736-9735.  35(4), s 382- 393 . doi: 10.1037/pap0000169
• Mehlum, Lars; Bateman, Anthony; Dalewijk, Henk-Jan; Doering, Stephan.; Kaera, Andres; Moran, Paul; Renneberg, Babette; Ribaudi, Joaquim Soler; Simonsen, Sebastian; Wilberg, Theresa & Bohus, Martin (2018). Building a strong European alliance for personality disorder research and intervention. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation (BPDED).  ISSN 2051-6673.  (2) . doi: 10.1186/s40479-018-0082-z
• Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Urnes, Øyvind; Hummelen, Benjamin; Wilberg, Theresa & Kvarstein, Elfrida H (2018). Revised manual for the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. European psychiatry.  ISSN 0924-9338.  51, s 16- 19 . doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.12.028
• Simonsen, Sebastian; Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Nørgaard, Nana Lund; Normann, Eivind; Juul, Sophie & Wilberg, Theresa (2018). Specialized Treatment for Patients with Severe Avoidant Personality Disorder: Experiences from Scandinavia. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy.  ISSN 0022-0116.  s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1007/s10879-018-9395-x
• Sørensen, Kristine Dahl; Råbu, Marit; Wilberg, Theresa & Berthelsen, Eivind (2018). Struggling to be a person: Lived experience of avoidant personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology.  ISSN 0021-9762.  1(17), s 1- 17 . doi: 10.1002/jclp.22740
• Wilberg, Theresa (2018). The neurobiological basis of avoidant personality disorder, In C Schmahl (ed.),  Neurobiology of personality disorders.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780199362318.  15.
• Antonsen, Bjørnar Torske; Kvarstein, Elfrida H; Urnes, Øyvind; Hummelen, Benjamin; Karterud, Sigmund & Wilberg, Theresa (2017). Favourable outcome of long-term combined psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder: Six-year follow-up of a randomized study. Psychotherapy Research.  ISSN 1050-3307.  27(1), s 51- 63 . doi: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1072283
• Klungsøyr, Ole; Antonsen, Bjørnar Torske & Wilberg, Theresa (2017). Contours of a causal feedback mechanism between adaptive personality and psychosocial function in patients with personality disorders: A secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry.  ISSN 1471-244X.  17:210, s 1- 13 . doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1365-4
• Kvarstein, Elfrida H; Nordviste, Ola; Dragland, Lone Irene & Wilberg, Theresa (2017). Outpatient psychodynamic group psychotherapy – outcomes related to personality disorder, severity, age and gender. Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  11(1), s 37- 50 . doi: 10.1002/pmh.1352
• Paap, Muirne C. S.; Braeken, Johan; Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Urnes, Øyvind; Karterud, Sigmund; Wilberg, Theresa & Hummelen, Benjamin (2017). A Psychometric Evaluation of the DSM-IV Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder: Dimensionality, Local Reliability, and Differential Item Functioning Across Gender. Assessment (Odessa, Fla.).  ISSN 1073-1911. . doi: 10.1177/1073191117745126 Full text in Research Archive.
• Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Arnevik, Espen Kristian; Hummelen, Benjamin; Walderhaug, Espen & Wilberg, Theresa (2017). Psychometric Properties of the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP) in Two Samples: A Norwegian Community Sample and Clinical Samples of Patients With and Without Personality Disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment.  ISSN 1015-5759. . doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000436 Full text in Research Archive.
• Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Kvarstein, Elfrida H & Wilberg, Theresa (2017). The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: Psychometric properties and validity among males and females, and outpatients with and without personality disorders. Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  11(4), s 215- 228 . doi: 10.1002/pmh.1382
• Antonsen, Bjørnar Torske; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Rø, Frida Gullestad; Kvarstein, Elfrida H & Wilberg, Theresa (2016). Is reflective functioning associated with clinical symptoms and long-term course in patients with personality disorders?. Comprehensive Psychiatry.  ISSN 0010-440X.  64, s 46- 58 . doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.05.016 Show summary

  Objective Mentalization is the capacity to understand behavior as the expression of various mental states and is assumed to be important in a range of psychopathologies, especially personality disorders (PDs). The first aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mentalization capacity, operationalized as reflective functioning (RF), and clinical manifestations before entering study treatment. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between baseline RF and long-term clinical outcome both independent of treatment (predictor analyses) and dependent on treatment (moderator analyses). Methods Seventy-nine patients from a randomized clinical trial (Ullevål Personality Project) who had borderline and/or avoidant PD were randomly assigned to either a step-down treatment program, comprising short-term day-hospital treatment followed by outpatient combined group and individual psychotherapy, or to outpatient individual psychotherapy. Patients were evaluated on variables including symptomatic distress, psychosocial functioning, personality functioning, and self-esteem at baseline, 8 and 18 months, and 3 and 6 years. Results RF was significantly associated with a wide range of variables at baseline. In longitudinal analyses RF was not found to be a predictor of long-term clinical outcome. However, when considering treatment type, there were significant moderator effects of RF. Patients with low RF had better outcomes in outpatient individual therapy compared to the step-down program. In contrast, patients in the medium RF group achieved better results in the step-down program. Conclusion These findings indicate that RF is associated with core aspects of personality pathology and capture clinically relevant phenomena in adult patients with PDs. Moreover, patients with different capacities for mentalization may need different kinds of therapeutic approaches.

• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Pedersen, Geir Feigum & Wilberg, Theresa (2016). Attachment styles in patients with avoidant personality disorder compared with social phobia. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice.  ISSN 1476-0835.  89(3), s 245- 260 . doi: 10.1111/papt.12075
• Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann, Eivind; Normann-Eide, Tone; Klungsøyr, Ole; Kvarstein, Elfrida Hartveit & Wilberg, Theresa (2016). Relationship Between Affect Consciousness and Personality Functioning in Patients With Personality Disorders: A Prospective Study. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  30(5), s 633- 652 . doi: 10.1521/pedi_2015_29_220
• Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Johansen, Merete; Wilberg, Theresa; Davis, Ken & Pankseep, Jaak (2016). Primary emotional traits in patients with personality disorders. Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  10(10), s 261- 273 . doi: 10.1002/pmh.1345
• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Egeland, Jens; Hummelen, Benjamin & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Avoidant personality disorder versus social phobia: The significance of childhood neglect. PLoS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  10(3) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122846
• Hummelen, Benjamin; Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Wilberg, Theresa & Karterud, Sigmund (2015). Poor validity of the DSM IV schizoid personality disorder construct as a diagnostic category. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  29(3), s 334- 346 . doi: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_159
• Kvarstein, Elfrida Hartveit; Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Urnes, Øyvind; Hummelen, Benjamin; Wilberg, Theresa & Karterud, Sigmund (2015). Changing from a traditional psychodynamic treatment programme to mentalization-based treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder - Does it make a difference?. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice.  ISSN 1476-0835.  88(1), s 71- 86 . doi: 10.1111/papt.12036
• Lorentzen, Steinar; Wilberg, Theresa & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm (2015). Group psychotherapy in Norway. International journal of group psychotherapy.  ISSN 0020-7284.  65(4), s 543- 551 . doi: 10.1521/ijgp.2015.65.4.543
• Normann, Eivind; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann-Eide, Tone; Egeland, Jens & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Personality Disorder and Changes in Affect Consciousness: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study of Patients with Avoidant and Borderline Personality Disorder. PLoS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  10(12) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145625
• Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Urnes, Øyvind; Skulberg, Guro Mikaelsen & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Experiences in Close Relationships - Psychometric properties among patients with personality disorders. Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  9(3), s 208- 219 . doi: 10.1002/pmh.1298 Show summary

  Patients with personality disorders represent maladaptive attachment strategies, influencing the quality of their interpersonal relationships. Within these patient populations, it is important to have a measure, easily applied, to assess such strategies. A widely used instrument is Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR), assessing two constructs called avoidance and anxiety. Lately, two short forms of ECR have been proposed, called ECR-S and ECR-N12. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Norwegian @version of ECR and its two short forms in a sample of patients with mainly personality disorders. An internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of ECR, ECR-S and ECR-N12 from 495 patients was conducted, as well as an exploratory factor analysis of ECR. The internal consistency of ECR was found questionable. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a poor model fit based on ECR and ECR-S. The ECR-N12 revealed a mediocre fit, indicating a potential for improvement. Exploratory factor analysis indicated two different aspects of avoidance and three aspects of anxiety. This five-factor solution was called ECR-FF. Inferences from scores based on ECR should be derived with care. A revision of ECR and ECR-N12 is warranted, and further studies are needed to investigate the validity of ECR-FF.

• Vaskinn, Anja; Antonsen, Bjørnar Torske; Fretland, Ragnhild Avdem; Dziobek, Isabel; Sundet, Kjetil Søren & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Theory of mind in women with borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia: differences in overall ability and error patterns. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078. . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01239 Full text in Research Archive.
• Antonsen, Bjørnar Torske; Klungsøyr, Ole; Kamps, Anne; Hummelen, Benjamin; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Urnes, Øyvind; Kvarstein, Elfrida Hartveit; Karterud, Sigmund & Wilberg, Theresa (2014). Step-down versus outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment for personality disorders: 6-year follow-up of the Ullevål personality project. BMC Psychiatry.  ISSN 1471-244X.  14(119) . doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-119
• Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Wilberg, Theresa & Karterud, Sigmund (2014). Testing different versions of the affective neuroscience personality scales in a clinical sample. PLoS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  9(10) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109394
• Wilberg, Theresa; Kvarstein, Elfrida Hartveit & Røvik, Jan Ole (2014). Pasienter med personlighetsforstyrrelse i avtalepraksis. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  134(23/24), s 2267- 2271 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.1581
• Bakali, Jan Vegard; Wilberg, Theresa; Klungsøyr, Ole & Lorentzen, Steinar (2013). Development of Group Climate in Short- and Long-Term Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy. International journal of group psychotherapy.  ISSN 0020-7284.  63(3), s 366- 393 . doi: 10.1521/ijgp.2013.63.3.366
• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Hummelen, Benjamin; Abrahamsen, Gun; Andrea, Helene & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). Personality functioning in patients with avoidant personality disorder and social phobia. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  27(6), s 746- 763 . doi: 10.1521/pedi_2013_27_109
• Gullestad, Frida Slagstad; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Høglend, Per Andreas; Karterud, Sigmund & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). Mentalization as a moderator of treatment effects: Findings from a randomized clinical trial for personality disorders. Psychotherapy Research.  ISSN 1050-3307.  23(6), s 674- 689 . doi: 10.1080/10503307.2012.684103
• Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann, Eivind; Normann-Eide, Tone & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). Emotional dysfunction in avoidant compared to borderline personality disorder: A study of affect consciousness. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.  ISSN 0036-5564.  54(6), s 515- 521 . doi: 10.1111/sjop.12076
• Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Pedersen Feigum; Engen, Magnus Johan; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Johansson, Paul Niklas; Schlüther, Christian; Urnes, Øyvind; Wilberg, Theresa & Bateman, Anthony W (2013). The MBT Adherence and Competence Scale (MBT-ACS): Development, structure and reliability. Psychotherapy Research.  ISSN 1050-3307.  23(6), s 705- 717 . doi: 10.1080/10503307.2012.708795
• Kvarstein, Elfrida Hartveit; Arnevik, Espen Kristian; Halsteinli, Vidar; Rø, Frida Gullestad; Karterud, Sigmund & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). Health service costs and clinical gains of psychotherapy for personality disorders: a randomized controlled trial of day-hospital-based step-down treatment versus outpatient treatment at a specialist practice. BMC Psychiatry.  ISSN 1471-244X.  13(315) . doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-315 Full text in Research Archive.
• Normann, Eivind; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann-Eide, Tone; Egeland, Jens & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). Is low affect consciousness related to the severity of psychopathology? A cross-sectional study of patients with avoidant and borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry.  ISSN 0010-440X.  54(2), s 149- 157 . doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.003
• Pedersen, Geir Feigum; Karterud, Sigmund; Hummelen, Benjamin & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). The impact of extended longitudinal observation for assessment of personality disorders. Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  7(4), s 277- 287 . doi: 10.1002/pmh.1234
• Gullestad, Frida Slagstad; Wilberg, Theresa; Klungsøyr, Ole; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Urnes, Øyvind & Karterud, Sigmund (2012). Is treatment in a day hospital step-down program superior to outpatient individual psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders? 36 months follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing different treatment modalities. Psychotherapy Research.  ISSN 1050-3307.  22(4), s 426- 441 . doi: 10.1080/10503307.2012.662608
• Wilberg, Theresa (2012). Avoidant personality, cluster A traits and Taijin kyofusho: Deconstructing a treatment resistant socially fearful young man: A commentary on a case by Maruta et al. Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  6(3), s 276- 278 . doi: 10.1002/pmh.1209
• Gullestad, Frida Slagstad & Wilberg, Theresa (2011). Change in reflective functioning during psychotherapy-A single-case study. Psychotherapy Research.  ISSN 1050-3307.  21(1), s 97- 111 . doi: 10.1080/10503307.2010.525759
• Arnevik, Espen Kristian; Wilberg, Theresa; Urnes, Øyvind; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Monsen, Jon Trygve & Karterud, Sigmund (2010). Psychotherapy for persoality disorders: 18 months' follow-up of the Ullevål Personality Project. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  24, s 188- 203 . doi: 10.1521/pedi.2010.24.2.188
• Arnevik, Espen Kristian; Wilberg, Theresa; Urnes, Øyvind; Johansen, Merete; Monsen, Jon Trygve & Karterud, Sigmund (2010). PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS: 18 MONTHS' FOLLOW-UP OF THE ULLEVAL PERSONALITY PROJECT. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  24(2), s 188- 203
• Bakali, Jan-Vegard; Wilberg, Theresa; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Lorentzen, Steinar (2010). Sources accounting for alliance and cohesion at three stages in group psychotherapy: Variance component analyses. Group Dynamics.  ISSN 1089-2699.  14(4), s 368- 383 . doi: 10.1037/a0019170
• Arnevik, Espen Kristian; Wilberg, Theresa; Monsen, Jon Trygve; Andrea, Helene & Karterud, Sigmund (2009). A cross-national validity study of the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118). Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  3(1), s 41- 55 . doi: 10.1002/pmh.60
• Arnevik, Espen Kristian; Wilberg, Theresa; Urnes, Øyvind; Johansen, Merete; Monsen, Jon Trygve & Karterud, Sigmund (2009). Psychotherapy for personality disorders: Short-term day hospital psychotherapy versus outpatient individual therapy - a randomized controlled study. European psychiatry.  ISSN 0924-9338.  24(2), s 71- 78 . doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.09.004
• Wilberg, Theresa; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir & Urnes, Øyvind (2009). The impact of avoidant personality disorder on psychosocial impairment is substantial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  63(5), s 390- 396 . doi: 10.1080/08039480902831322
• Wilberg, Theresa; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir; Urnes, Øyvind & Costa, PT (2009). Nineteen-Month Stability of Revised NEO Personality Inventory Domain and Facet Scores in Patients With Personality Disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.  ISSN 0022-3018.  197(3), s 187- 195 . doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181923fa0
• Hummelen, Benjamin; Wilberg, Theresa; Pedersen, G & Karterud, Sigmund (2008). The quality of the DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder construct as a prototype category. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.  ISSN 0022-3018.  196 . doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181775a4e
• Lynum, Linn Ingunn; Wilberg, Theresa & Karterud, S. (2008). Self-esteem in patients with borderline and avoidant personality disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.  ISSN 0036-5564.  49(5), s 469- 477 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00655.x Show summary

  This study compared self-esteem in patients with avoidant personality disorder (APD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Patients diagnosed with one or more personality disorders answered the questionnaire Index of Self Esteem as part of a comprehensive evaluation within the setting of a treatment trial. Our hypotheses were that (1) both patients with APD and patients with BPD would report low levels of self-esteem, (2) patients with APD would report lower self-esteem than patients with BPD. We further expected that (3) patients with higher levels of depression would report lower levels of self-esteem, but that (4) both borderline and avoidant personality pathology would contribute to explained variance in self-esteem beyond what would be accounted for by depression. All of our hypotheses were supported. The results from our study showed a significant difference in self-esteem level between the two personality disorders, patients with APD reporting lower self-esteem than patients with BPD. Subjects with both disorders were measured to have self-esteem levels within the range that presumes clinical problems. Self-esteem represents an important quality of subjective experience of the self, and the study of self-esteem in PDs can offer new and important knowledge of PDs as self-pathology.

• Wilberg, Theresa; Hummelen, Benjamin; Pedersen, Geir Feigum & Karterud, Sigmund (2008). A study of patients with personality disorder not otherwise specified. Comprehensive Psychiatry.  ISSN 0010-440X.  49(5), s 460- 468 . doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.008
• Hummelen, Benjamin; Wilberg, Theresa & Karterud, Sigmund (2007). An Interview study of female patients with borderline personality disorders who dropped out of group psychoterapy. International journal of group psychotherapy.  ISSN 0020-7284.  57, s 67- 91
• Hummelen, Benjamin; Wilberg, Theresa; Pedersen, Geir & Karterud, Sigmund (2007). The relationship between avoidant personality disorder and social phobia. Comprehensive Psychiatry.  ISSN 0010-440X.  48, s 348- 356
• Karterud, Sigmund; Johansen, Merete & Wilberg, Theresa (2007). Conjoint group and individual psychotherpay in a research trial for patients with severe personality disorders. Group.  ISSN 0362-4021.  s 31- 46
• Hummelen, Benjamin; Wilberg, Theresa; Pedersen, Geir & Karterud, Sigmund (2006). An investigation of the prototype validity of the Diagnostic and Statictical Manual of Mental Disoroders, Fourth Edition avoidant personality disorder construct as a protoype category and the psychometric properties of the diagnostic criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry.  ISSN 0010-440X.  47, s 376- 383
• Karterud, Sigmund; Wilberg, Theresa & Urnes, T. (2005). Complex and diverse, yet similar ?, In Mario Maj (ed.),  Evidence and experince in psychiatry. Vol. 8. Personality disorders.  John Wiley & Sons.  Kapittel.  s 243 - 245
• Wilberg, Theresa; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, G; Urnes, Øyvind; Irion, T; Brabrand, J; Haavaldsen, G; Leirvåg, Harald; Johnsen, Kari; Andreasen, H; Hedmark, H & Stubbhaug, B (2004). Outpatient group psychotherapy following day treatment for patients with personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  17, s 510- 521
• Chiesa, Marco; Bateman, Anthony; Wilberg, Theresa & Friis, Svein (2002). Patients' characteristics outcome and cost-benefit of hospital-based treatment for patients with personality disorder: A comparison of three different programmes. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice.  ISSN 1476-0835.  75, s 381- 392 Show summary

  In this study we aimed (A) ascertain whether a relationship exists between different treatment programmes and settings for personality disorder and patient characteristics; (b)to give an indication of treatment contexts; and (c) to compare costs in relation to outcomes. We collected and compared three samples from one in-patient site (Casel in England) and two day hospitals (Halliwick in England and Ulleval in Norway) on a number of demographic, diagostic and other key clinical variables. Outcome in the areas of symptom severity (Symptom Checklist-90-R)and social adaptation (Social Adjustment Scale) was evaluated by comparing admission with discharge scores. Treatment costs for each sample were also estimated and compared. Significant differences were found on most baseline variables across the three sites. In general with regard to severity of psychopathology, the Halliwick sample was the most disturbed, Ulleval the least, with Cassel somewhat in between. No significant differences in improvement were found among the three sites, but treatment costs were considerably higher than in the two day centres. The diffrences found in the three samples bear no clear relationship to context of treatment. These results suggest that referral of personality disorder for in-patient or day hospital treatment is less influenced by severity of problem than had previosly been suposed and may depend more on availability of treatment facility.

• Karterud, Sigmund & Wilberg, Theresa (2002). Amerikanske retningslinjer for behandling av borderline personlighetsforstyrrelse. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  122(20), s 2028- 2029
• Wilberg, Theresa (2002). Modeller for forståelse av personlighetspatologi. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  122(1), s 54- 58
• Karterud, Sigmund & Wilberg, Theresa (2001). Diagnostikk (DSM-IV) og forekomst, I: Sigmund Karterud; Øyvind Urnes & Geir Pedersen (red.),  Personlighetsforstyrrelser.  Pax forlag,Oslo.  ISBN 82-530-2305-7.  s 34 - 59
• Wilberg, Theresa (2001). Arv og personlighetsforstyrrelser, I: Sigmund Karterud; Øyvind Urnes & Geir Pedersen (red.),  Personlighetsforstyrrelser.  Pax forlag,Oslo.  ISBN 82-530-2305-7.  Forståelse, evauering kombinert gruppebehandling.  s 81 - 85
• Wilberg, Theresa (2001). Disponerende oppvekstfaktorer ved personlighetsforstyrrelse, I: Sigmund Karterud; Øyvind Urnes & Geir Pedersen (red.),  Personlighetsforstyrrelser.  Pax forlag,Oslo.  ISBN 82-530-2305-7.  Personlighetsforstyrrelser,.  s 97 - 103
• Wilberg, Theresa (2001). Effekt av behandling hos pasienter med personlighetsforstyrrelse, I: Sigmund Karterud; Øyvind Urnes & Geir Pedersen (red.),  Personlighetsforstyrrelser.  Pax forlag,Oslo.  ISBN 82-530-2305-7.  Personlighetsforstyrrelser.  s 111 - 118
• Wilberg, Theresa (2001). Langtidsforløp ved personlighetsforstyrrelser, I: Sigmund Karterud; Øyvind Urnes & Geir Pedersen (red.),  Personlighetsforstyrrelser.  Pax forlag,Oslo.  ISBN 82-530-2305-7.  Personlighetsforstyrrelser,.  s 104 - 110
• Wilberg, Theresa & Karterud, Sigmund (2001). The place of group psychotherapy in the treatment of personality disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry.  ISSN 0951-7367.  14, s 125- 129
• Wilberg, Theresa; Dammen, Toril & Friis, Svein (2000). Comparing Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ With Longitudinal, Expert, All Data (LEAD) Standard Diagnoses in a Sample With High Prevalence of Axis I and Axis II Disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry.  ISSN 0010-440X.  41(4), s 295- 302 Show summary

  A comparison between the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) and Longitudinal,Expert, All Data (LEAD) standard diagnoses was made in a sample of 100 patients with a high prevalence of both axis I and axis II disorders. The internal consistency was considered acceptable (alpha >.70) for 3 of 12 PDQ-4+ scales. Diagnostic agreement between the assessment methods was poor for specific personality disorders (PDs). The PDQ-4+ gave many false-postitive diagnoses. Changing the diagnostic thresholds only marginally increased the agreement between methods or the diagnostic efficiency of the PDQ-4+. Multiple regression analyses showed that the discrepancies between the methods were strongly associated withm the current level of perceived symptoms (SCL-90R).

• Friis, Svein; Wilberg, Theresa; Dammen, Toril & Urnes, Øyvind (1999). Pharmacotherapy for Patiens with Personality Disorders. Experiences from a Group Analytic Treatment Program, I: Jan Derksen; Cesare Maffei & Herman Groen (red.),  Treatment of Personality Disorders.  Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York.  ISBN 0-306-46215-X.  s 255 - 268
• Wilberg, Theresa; Karterud, Sigmund; Urnes, Øyvind; Pedersen, Geir & Friis, Svein (1999). Outcomes of poorly functioning patients with personality disorders in a day treatment program. Psychiatric Services.  ISSN 1075-2730.  49, s 1462- 1467 Show summary

  Objective: Rates of completion, complications and outcome were examined in a sample of poorly functioning patients who participated in a group-oriented day treatment program for patients with personality disorders. Methods: The study was a naturalistic prospective study of 183 patients admitted to a day treatment program in Oslo. The Global Severity Index (GSI) of the SCL-90-R, the circumplex version of Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were administered at admission and discharge. Results: A total of 138 patients (75 percent) completed the day treatment program. Few patients experienced treatment complications. Effect sizes for GAF, GSI and IIP-scores for treatment completers were in the medium-to-high range, indicating a fair level of improvement. Patients` rating of benefit was positive. Conclusions: The results are promising as a first step toward development a cost-efficient comprehensive long-term treatment program for patients with severe personality disorders.

• Wilberg, Theresa; Urnes, Øyvind; Friis, Svein; Irion, Torill; Pedersen, Geir & Karterud, Sigmund (1999). One year follow up of day treatment for poorly functioning patients with personality disorders. Psychiatric Services.  ISSN 1075-2730.  50, s 1326- 1330 Show summary

  Objective: The study evaluated the effectiveness of day treatment for poorly functioning patients with personality disorders who participated in day treatment consisting of analytically oriented and cognitive-behavioral groups as part of a comprehensive group therapy program. Methods: At admission, discharge, and one year after discharge, patients completed the Global Severity Index (GSI) and the circumplex version of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and were assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. At one-year follow-up, patients also completed a questionnaire covering social adaption and clinical information and participated in a telephone interview with a clinician. The clinician used the completed instruments and information from the interview to assign patients follow-up GAF scores. Results: Follow-up data were available for 96 patients who completed the study, or 53 percent of the patients who were admitted to the study. Improvements in GAF, GSI, and IIP-C scores during day treatment were maintained at follow-up. Seventy-four percent of the treatment completers improved clinically from program admission to follow-up, as indicated by change in GAF scores, and 64% of the treatment completers continued in the outpatient group program. For the 26% of patients whose change in GAF score did not indicate clinical improvement, lack of improvement was most strongly predicted by the expression of suicidal thoughts during treatment. No patient committed suicide. Conclusion: The day treatment program appears to be effective in improving the symptoms and functioning of poorly functioning patients with personality disorders and in encouraging patients to continue in longer-term outpatients therapy.

• Wilberg, Theresa; Urnes, Øyvind; Friis, Svein; Pedersen, Geir & Karterud, Sigmund (1999). Borderline and avoidant personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality: A comparison of DSM-IV diagnoses and NEO-PI-R. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  13, s 226- 240 Show summary

  A self-report measure of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality, NEO-PI-R, was administered to a sample of patients with borderline (BPD, N=29) or avoidant PD (AVPD, N=34), admitted to a day treatment program, to investigate the NEO-PI-R profiles of the disorders, and the ability of NEO-PI-R to discriminate between the two disorders. The diagnoses were assessed according to the LEAD standard. AVPD was associated with high levels of Neuroticism and Agreeableness, and low levels of Extraversion and Conscientiousness. BPD was associated with high levels of Neuroticism and low levels of Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness. Eighty-eight percent of the AVPD group had high scores on Neuroticism and low scores on Extraversion, whereas sixty-five percent of the BPD group were high on Neuroticism and low on Agreeableness. The Extraversion and Agreeableness scales of NEO-PI-R discriminated between patients with BPD and AVPD. Patients with BPD scored significantly higher on the Angry Hostility and Impulsiveness subscales of Neuroticism and significantly lower on three Extraversion subscales, three Agreeableness subscales, and one Conscientiousness subscale. At the DSM-IV criterion level, there were more significant relationships between the subscales of NEO-PI-R and the AVPD criteria than the BPD criteria. The findings suggest that the FFM has good discriminating ability regarding BPD and AVPD. However, there may be a closer conceptual relationship between the FFM and AVPD than the FFM and BPD.

• Karterud, Sigmund; Wilberg, Theresa; Pedersen, Geir; Friis, Svein; Irion, Torill & Urnes, Øyvind (1998). Quality assurance of psychiatric day hospital treatment. 2. Ward level. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  52, s 327- 335
• Karterud, Sigmund; Wilberg, Theresa; Pedersen, Geir; Friis, Svein; Urnes, Øyvind; Irion, Torill; Brabrand, Jørgen; Leirvåg, Harald & Falkum, Leif Roar (1998). The norwegian network of psychotherapeutic day hospitals. Therapeutic Communities: International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive Organizations.  ISSN 0964-1866.  19(1), s 15- 28
• Urnes, Øyvind; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir; Irion, Torill & Wilberg, Theresa (1998). Quality assurance of psychiatric day hospital treatment. 1. Individual level. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  52, s 251- 262
• Wilberg, Theresa; Friis, Svein; Karterud, Sigmund; Mehlum, Lars; Urnes, Øyvind & Vaglum, Per (1998). Outpatient group psychotherapy. A valuable continuation treatment for patients with borderline personality disorders treated in a day hospital? A three years follow-up study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  52, s 213- 221 Show summary

  Our object was to investigate, in a naturalistic, prospective study, the follow-up status of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) treated with a combination of day treatment and subsequent outpatient group psychotherapy (G-group, n=12), and compare their status with patients with BPD treated in the same day unit, but without subsequent outpatient group therapy (NonG-group, n=31). At follow-up an average of 34 months after discharge from the Day unit, the G-group patients had a moderate impairment in global health (HSRS), a low level of symptoms (GSI), a low rate of rehospitalization and suicide attempts, and a high rate of remission from substance use disorders. Compared with the NonG-group, the G-group patients had a significantly higher HSRS and a significantly lower GSI at follow-up. In multivariate analyses controlling for background and treatment variables, number of months in work last year before admission and outpatient group therapy, predicted a better HSRS at follow-up. Outpatient group therapy contributed significantly to a lower GSI, and percent time on medication during the follow-up period contributed significantly to a higher GSI at follow-up. The results support the clinical experience that a treatment model combining day treatment and outpatient group psychotherapy may be favorable for selected patients with BPD.

• Wilberg, Theresa; Friis, Svein; Karterud, Sigmund; Mehlum, Lars; Urnes, Øyvind & Vaglum, Per (1998). Patterns of short-term course in patients treated in a day unit for personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry.  ISSN 0010-440X.  39, s 75- 84 Show summary

  The objectives of the study were 1) to explore differences in course for patients treated in a day unit specialized for personality disorders (PDs), 2) to determine characteristics of patients with different courses, and predictors of various courses. K-mean cluster analysis was applied to partition a sample of 128 patients, 101 with various PDs and 27 patients with axis I disorders only, into 4 groups representing different courses. Course was defined on the basis of global functioning (HSRS) at admission, discharge and three years follow-up. The four courses were labeled: good, fair, late improvement and poor, demonstrating great variations in short-term course among the patients with PDs. Predictors were studied by means of polychotomous logistic regression with the fair course patients as the reference group. The dichotomy NoPD/cluster C vs. cluster A/B predicted a good vs. a fair course. Poor work status last year before admission, and irregular discharge predicted a poor or a late improvement course vs. a fair course, also when controlling for PD clusters. None of the included variables discriminated between patients with a poor vs. a late improvement course.

• Wilberg, Theresa; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir; Friis, Svein; Brabrand, Jørgen; Falkum, Leif Roar; Leirvåg, Harald & Urnes, Øyvind (1998). Kvalitetssikring av psykiatrisk dagavdelingsbehandling. Del 3: Helsetjenestenivå. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  52, s 431- 439 Show summary

  Four psychiatric day units at different hospitals in southern Norway have used the same quality control system. The system itself and its benefits for evaluation and estimation of treatment effect for the individual patient and for ward management are described in two previous papers. In this paper we compare data form different wards. The comparisons include ward size, number of patients treated, treatment length, cost per treatment, demographic variables, illness course variables, diagnoses, use of medication, ward atmosphere, complications during treatment, treatment results as for symptoms, interpersonal problems, global functioning, and patient satisfaction. Differences between the day units are discussed. It is concluded that the quality control system provides opportunities for highly useful feedback for each unit, for realistic estimation of the potential of such treatment, and for psychiatric health care planning.

• Wilberg, Theresa; Karterud, Sigmund; Pedersen, Geir; Friis, Svein; Brabrand, Jørgen; Falkum, Leif Roar; Leirvåg, Harald & Urnes, Øyvind (1998). Quality assurance of psychiatric day hospital treatment. 3. Health care level. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  52, s 431- 439

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• Karterud, Sigmund; Wilberg, Theresa & Urnes, Øyvind (2010). Personlighetspsykiatri. Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-39210-6.  538 s.

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• Homqvist, Rolf; Nissen-Lie, Helene A; Jørgensen, Carsten René; Broberg, Anders; Gustavsson, Per; Hau, Stephan; Høglend, Per Andreas; Johansson, Håkan; Leiman, Mikael; Lorentzen, Steinar; Philips, Bjorn; Poulsen, Stig; Rønnestad, Michael Helge; Sandahl, Christian; Sandell, Rolf; Varvin, Sverre & Wilberg, Theresa (2017). Enfäldiga riktlinjer för behandling av depression. Dagens nyheter.  ISSN 1101-2447.
• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Urnes, Øyvind & Wilberg, Theresa (2011). Attachment patterns in patients with Avoidant Personality Disorder. AAI of two cases coded according to the manuals of Mary Main and Patricia McKinsey Crittenden. Show summary

  Aims: To investigate attachment patterns in Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD). APD is one of the most prevalent personality disorders in clinical settings as well as in the general population. Despite evidence that APD is associated with significant psychosocial impairment and poor treatment progress, there is still little research that focuses directly on APD. We assume that Unsecure Attachment and adverse childhood experiences will be predictors of APD. Method: This is a part of a cross-sectional multi-site study of 91 patients with Social Phobia and/or APD, recruited from units treating PDs or anxiety disorder clinics. They are assessed by diagnostic interviews, AAI and self report questionnaires, incl. ECR (Experiences in close relationships). We will use two cases with APD to compare attachment pattern coded according to the manual of Mary Main vs. Patricia M Crittenden Results: Analyses of the Attachment data are in progress. Conclusions: The results will be presented and discussed.

• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene & Wilberg, Theresa (2011). Essential Differences between Social Phobia and Avoidant Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders.  ISSN 0885-579X.  25, s 38- 38 . doi: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25Supplement37 Show summary

  Aims: Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) is one of the most prevalent personality disorders in clinical settings as well as in the general population. Despite evidence that APD is associated with significant psychosocial impairment and poor treatment progress, there is still little research that focus directly on APD. A main hypothesis is that APD is a more severe form of Social Phobia (SP); the so called “severity continuum hypotheses”, and it is disputed whether APD should be classified as a PD or belong to SP and axis I. However, results from later research does not uniformly support this hypothesis and more studies are needed. This study aims to provide more knowledge about the core pathology of APD and the relationship between APD and SP. Method: It is a cross-sectional multi-site study of 91 patients with SP and/or APD, recruited from units treating PDs or anxiety disorder clinics. They are assessed by diagnostic interviews and self report questionnaires. We will test hypotheses of similarities and differences between APD and SP regarding extent of psychosocial dysfunction, symptoms, and personality functioning. Results: Preliminary results points to substantial differences in self-pathology, in line with the proposal for DSM-V. Conclusions: The final results will be presented and discussed.

• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Wilberg, Theresa & Urnes, Øyvind (2011). Experiences in close relationships in patients with Avoidant Personality Disorder and Social Phobia. Show summary

  Aims: Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) is one of the most prevalent personality disorders in clinical settings as well as in the general population. Despite evidence that APD is associated with significant psychosocial impairment and poor treatment progress, there is still little research that focuses directly on APD. A main hypothesis is that APD is a more severe form of Social Phobia (SP); the so called “severity continuum hypotheses”. However, results from later research do not uniformly support this hypothesis and more studies are needed. This study is part of a project which aims to provide more knowledge about the core pathology of APD and the relationship between APD and SP. We assume that attachment and adverse childhood experiences will be predictors of APD vs SP. The present study focus on experiences in close relationships. Method: A cross-sectional multi-site study of 91 patients with SP and/or APD, recruited from units treating PDs or anxiety disorders. The patients are assessed by diagnostic interviews, AAI and self report questionnaires, incl. ECR. We will test hypotheses of similarities and differences between APD and SP regarding attachment by use of the ECR, a self-report measure of experiences in close relationships. Results: Preliminary results points to substantial differences in self-pathology and interpersonal functioning, in line with the proposal for DSM-5. Analyzes of the Attachment data are in progress. Conclusions: The results will be presented and discussed.

• Wilberg, Theresa & Karterud, Sigmund (2008). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive - disorder in the context of an avoidant personality disorder. Personality and Mental Health.  ISSN 1932-863X.  (2), s 110- 112
• Wilberg, Theresa (2006). Clinical utility of dimensional models for personality disorders - Comment on article of R.Vertheul, In TA Widiger (ed.),  Dimensional models of personality disorder: refining the research agenda for DSM-V.  American Psychiatric Publishing.  ISBN 0890422966.  Clinical utility.
• Sandahl, C & Wilberg, Theresa (2003). Forsker og terapeut i samme person - Det går an! Steinar Lorentzens avhandling: Long-term analytic group psychotherapy with outpatients. Evaluation of process and change. Matrix.  ISSN 0109-646X.  (20), s 305- 314
• Wilberg, Theresa (2000). Clinical studies of personality disordered patients treated in a psychotherapeutic day unit, with emphasis on assessment, treatment and course.

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