Morten Lindbæk

• Gr⊘nmo, Maria Mellemstrand; M⊘ller-Stray, Janne; Akselsen, Per Espen; Lindemann, Paul Christoffer; Fostervold, Aasmund & Knudsen, Caroline Vestby [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Gentamicin b⊘r fortsatt inngå i empirisk sepsisregime hos voksne. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 144(3), p. 1–8. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0659.
• Abrahamsen, Cathrine; Reme, Silje Endresen; Wangen, Knut Reidar; Lindbæk, Morten & Werner, Erik Lønnmark (2023). The effects of a structured communication tool in patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms: a cluster randomized trial. EClinicalMedicine. ISSN 2589-5370. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102262. Full text in Research Archive
• Harbin, Nicolay Jonassen; Haug, Jon Birger; Lindbæk, Morten; Akselsen, Per Espen & Romøren, Maria (2023). A Multifaceted Intervention and Its Effects on Antibiotic Usage in Norwegian Nursing Homes. Antibiotics. ISSN 2079-6382. 12(9), p. 1–16. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12091372.
• Schwartz, Kevin L.; Xu, Alice X. T.; Alderson, Sarah; Bjerrum, Lars; Brehaut, Jamie & Brown, Benjamin C. [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2023). Best practice guidance for antibiotic audit and feedback interventions in primary care: a modified Delphi study from the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial resistance: Primary Care Antibiotic Audit and Feedback Network (JPIAMR-PAAN). Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. ISSN 2047-2994. 12(1). doi: 10.1186/s13756-023-01279-z.
• Gunnarsson, Ronny K.; Ebell, Mark; Centor, Robert; Little, Paul; Verheij, Theo & Lindbæk, Morten [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Best management of patients with an acute sore throat–a critical analysis of current evidence and a consensus of experts from different countries and traditions. Infectious Diseases. ISSN 2374-4235. 55(6), p. 384–395. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2191714.
• Michalsen, Benedikte Olsen; Xu, Alice X. T; Alderson, Sarah L.; Bjerrum, Lars; Brehaut, Jamie & Bucher, Heiner C. [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2023). Regional and national antimicrobial stewardship activities: a survey from the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance - Primary Care Antibiotic Audit and Feedback Network (JPIAMR-PAAN). JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance (JAC-AMR). ISSN 2632-1823. 5(2). doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad048.
• Hartman, Esther; Van De Pol, Alma C.; Heltveit-Olsen, Silje Rebekka; Lindbæk, Morten; Høye, Sigurd & Lithén, Sara Sofia [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2023). Effect of a multifaceted antibiotic stewardship intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing for suspected urinary tract infections in frail older adults (ImpresU): pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in four European countries. The BMJ. ISSN 1756-1833. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072319. Full text in Research Archive
• Rui, Linda; Lindbæk, Morten & Gjelstad, Svein (2022). Preventive effect of methenamine in women with recurrent urinary tract infections–a case–control study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2022.2139363.
• Kaußner, Yvonne; Röver, Christian; Heinz, Judith; Hummers, Eva; Debray, Thomas P.A. & Hay, Alastair D. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). Reducing antibiotic use in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adult women: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection (CMI). ISSN 1198-743X. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.06.017.
• Li, Xiao; Bilcke, Joke; van der Velden, Alike W.; Bruyndonckx, Robin; Coenen, Samuel & Bongard, Emily [Show all 31 contributors for this article] (2022). Cost-effectiveness of adding oseltamivir to primary care for influenza-like-illness: economic evaluation alongside the randomised controlled ALIC⁴E trial in 15 European countries. European Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1618-7598. doi: 10.1007/s10198-022-01521-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Heltveit-Olsen, Silje Rebekka; Sundvall, Pär-Daniel; Gunnarsson, Ronny; Arnljots, Egill Snaebjörnsson; Kowalzcyk, Anna & Godycki-Cwirko, Maciek [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Methenamine hippurate to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in older women: protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled trial (ImpresU). BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12:e065217(11), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065217. Full text in Research Archive
• Takada, Toshihiko; Hoogland, Jeroen; Hansen, Jens G.; Lindbæk, Morten; Autio, Timo & Alho, Olli-Pekka [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Diagnostic prediction models for CT-confirmed and bacterial rhinosinusitis in primary care: Individual participant data meta-analysis. British Journal of General Practice. ISSN 0960-1643. 72(721), p. E601–E608. doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0585.
• Abrahamsen, Cathrine; Lindbæk, Morten & Werner, Erik Lønnmark (2022). Experiences with a structured conversation tool: a qualitative study on feasibility in general practice in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 40(2). doi: 10.1080/02813432.2022.2076396.
• Harbin, Nicolay Jonassen; Lindbæk, Morten & Romøren, Maria (2022). Barriers and facilitators of appropriate antibiotic use in primary care institutions after an antibiotic quality improvement program – a nested qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03161-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Hartman, Esther; Groen, Wim; Heltveit-Olsen, Silje Rebekka; Lindbæk, Morten; Høye, Sigurd & Skoglund, Ingmarie [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2022). Decisions on antibiotic prescribing for suspected urinary tract infections in frail older adults: A qualitative study in four European countries. Age and Ageing. ISSN 0002-0729. 51(6). doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac134. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Bjørn Åsheim; Grude, Nils; Lindbæk, Morten & Stenstad, Tore (2022). The efficacy of pivmecillinam in oral step-down treatment in hospitalised patients with E. coli bacteremic urinary tract infection; a single-arm, uncontrolled treatment study. BMC Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1471-2334. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07463-7. Show summary

  Background The role of oral beta-lactam antibiotics in treating febrile urinary tract infections (UTI) is not yet definite. Today, fluoroquinolones together with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–MTX) are considered standard of care and often the only available evidence-based oral treatment for febrile UTI. This study clarifies the efficacy and safety of pivmecillinam (PIV) used as step-down therapy for bacteremic urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods A single-arm, uncontrolled treatment trial was conducted in the period September 2017–March 2020. Candidates for inclusion were men and women suffering from E. coli bacteremia due to UTI and were consecutively included in a Norwegian hospital. Exclusion criteria were among others: other ongoing bacterial infection, septic shock, pyonephrosis/abscess and pregnancy. After 3 days of parenteral antibiotic, the treatment was converted to the study drug; oral PIV 400 mg QID for 1 week. Primary endpoint was a combination of three elements; afebrility, no need for retreatment and improvement in self-reported health status. Test Of Cure (TOC) was 1 week post-treatment. Secondary endpoints included among others microbiological efficacy and CRP value < 30 mg/L. Results Of 476 screened subjects, 53 patients were included. Median age was 67 years, 28 (56%) were women. 50 patients were evaluated for per-protocol analysis. 44 of 50 patients (88%) (95% CI [75.7–95.5]) reached the primary endpoint on TOC. 14 of 48 patients (29.2%) had significant growth (> 103 CFU/mL) of E.coli on TOC. CRP-level was strongly associated to treatment outcome, (OR 0.006 [95% CI 0.00–0.11], p < 0.001). Conclusions This trial documents that PIV 400 mg QID given for 1 week following 3 days of parenteral antibiotics, is a suitable treatment option in patients suffering from bacteremic UTI due to E. coli. Randomised clinical trials studying the efficacy of PIV vs standard of care of febrile UTI are warranted.

• Verheij, Theo; Cianci, Daniela; van der Velden, Alike; Butler, Christopher C.; Bongard, Emily & Coenen, Samuel [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2021). Clinical presentation and disease course in patients with flu-like illness: does microbiological aetiology matter? British Journal of General Practice. ISSN 0960-1643. doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0344.
• Høye, Sigurd & Lindbæk, Morten (2021). Riktigere bruk av antibiotika i primærhelsetjenesten. Michael quarterly. Supplement. ISSN 1893-0808. 18(28), p. 134–140. Show summary

  Antibiotika er en begrenset ressurs, og fornuftig bruk av antibiotika i primærhelsetjenesten er nødvendig for å redusere utbredelsen av antibiotikaresistens. Infeksjonstilstander og antibiotikabruk i primærhelsetjenesten er blant de viktigste forskningsområdene ved Avdeling for allmennmedisin. Forskningen er knyttet til Antibiotikasenteret for primærmedisin, et nasjonalt kompetansesenter som skal fremme rasjonell og begrenset bruk av antibiotika i primærhelsetjenesten. Resultatene fra forskningen har fått direkte innvirkning på pasientbehandlingen i primærhelsetjenesten.

• Harbin, Nicolay Jonassen; Rystedt, Karin; Lindbæk, Morten; Radzeviciene Jurgute, Ruta; Johan, Westin & Gunnarsson, Ronny [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Does C-reactive protein predict time to recovery and benefit from oseltamivir treatment in primary care patients with influenza-like illness? A randomized controlled trial secondary analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2021.2006482. Full text in Research Archive
• Ouchi, Dan; Garcia-Sangenis, Ana; Moragas, Ana; van der Velden, Alike; Verheij, Theo J. M. & Butler, Christopher C. [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2021). Clinical prediction of laboratory-confirmed influenza in adults with influenza-like illness in primary care. A randomized controlled trial secondary analysis in 15 European countries. Family Practice. ISSN 0263-2136. 39(3), p. 398–405. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmab122.
• Eliassen, Knut Eirik Ringheim; Ocias, Lukas; Krogfelt, Karen; Wilhelmsson, Peter; Dudman, Susanne & Andreassen, Åshild Kristine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Tick-transmitted co-infections among erythema migrans patients in a general practice setting in Norway: a clinical and laboratory follow-up study. BMC Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1471-2334. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06755-8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Erythema migrans (EM) is the most common manifestation of Lyme borreliosis. Here, we examined EM patients in Norwegian general practice to find the proportion exposed to tick-transmitted microorganisms other than Borrelia, and the impact of co-infection on the clinical manifestations and disease duration. Methods Skin biopsies from 139/188 EM patients were analyzed using PCR for Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia spp. Follow-up sera from 135/188 patients were analyzed for spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia, A. phagocytophilum and Babesia microti antibodies, and tested with PCR if positive. Day 0 sera from patients with fever (8/188) or EM duration of ≥ 21 days (69/188) were analyzed, using PCR, for A. phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp. and N. mikurensis. Day 14 sera were tested for TBEV IgG. Results We detected no microorganisms in the skin biopsies nor in the sera of patients with fever or prolonged EM duration. Serological signs of exposure against SFG Rickettsia and A. phagocytophilum were detected in 11/135 and 8/135, respectively. Three patients exhibited both SFG Rickettsia and A. phagocytophilum antibodies, albeit negative PCR. No antibodies were detected against B. microti. 2/187 had TBEV antibodies without prior immunization. There was no significant increase in clinical symptoms or disease duration in patients with possible co-infection. Conclusions Co-infection with N. mikurensis, A. phagocytophilum, SFG Rickettsia, Babesia spp. and TBEV is uncommon in Norwegian EM patients. Despite detecting antibodies against SFG Rickettsia and A. phagocytophilum in some patients, no clinical implications could be demonstrated.

• Hartman, Esther; Groen, Wim; Heltveit-Olsen, Silje Rebekka; Lindbæk, Morten; Høye, Sigurd & Sundvall, Pär-Daniel [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2021). Multifaceted antibiotic stewardship intervention using a participatory-action-research approach to improve antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections in frail elderly (ImpresU): study protocol for a European qualitative study followed by a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial . BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 11(10), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052552. Full text in Research Archive
• Kållberg, Cecilia Birgit Maria; Hudson, Jemma; Blix, Hege Salvesen; Årdal, Christine Oline; Klein, E & Lindbæk, Morten [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). The effect of generic market entry on antibiotic prescriptions in the United States. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 12(1), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23049-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  When patented, brand-name antibiotics lose market exclusivity, generics typically enter the market at lower prices, which may increase consumption of the drug. To examine the effect of generic market entry on antibiotic consumption in the United States, we conducted an interrupted time series analysis of the change in the number of prescriptions per month for antibiotics for which at least one generic entered the US market between 2000 and 2012. Data were acquired from the IQVIA Xponent database. Thirteen antibiotics were analyzed. Here, we show that one year after generic entry, the number of prescriptions increased for five antibiotics (5 to 406%)—aztreonam, cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin —and decreased for one drug: cefdinir. These changes were sustained two years after. Cefprozil, cefuroxime axetil and clarithromycin had significant increases in trend, but no significant level changes. No consistent pattern for antibiotic use following generic entry in the United States was observed.

• Heinz, Judith; Röver, Christian; Furaijat, Ghefar; Kaußner, Yvonne; Hummers, Eva & Debray, Thomas [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2020). Strategies to reduce antibiotic use in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection in primary care: protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis including individual patient data. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 10(10), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035883.
• Venekamp, Roderick; Hansen, Jens Georg; Reitsma, Johannes B.; Ebell, Mark H & Lindbæk, Morten (2020). Accuracy of signs, symptoms and blood tests for diagnosing acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and CT-confirmed acute rhinosinusitis in adults: protocol of an individual patient data meta-analysis . BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 10(11), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040988.
• Eig, Ruth Davey; Harbin, Nicolay Jonassen; Gjelstad, Svein; Høye, Sigurd; Jensen, Siri & Lindbæk, Morten [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). RASK – Promoting appropriate use of antibiotics in municipal healthcare institutions. In Simonsen, Gunnar Skov; Blix, Hege Salvesen; Grave, Kari & Urdahl, Anne Margrete (Ed.), NORM/NORM-vet 2019. Usage of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Norway. NORM/NORM-VET. ISSN 1502-2307. p. 42–43.
• Høye, Sigurd; Lindbæk, Morten & Blix, Hege Salvesen (2020). RAK – Promoting appropriate use of antibiotics among general practitioners. In Simonsen, Gunnar Skov; Blix, Hege Salvesen; Grave, Kari & Urdahl, Anne Margrete (Ed.), NORM/NORM-vet 2019. Usage of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Norway. NORM/NORM-VET. ISSN 1502-2307. p. 40–41.
• Harbin, Nicolay Jonassen; Haug, Jon Birger; Romøren, Maria & Lindbæk, Morten (2020). Oral and parenteral antibiotic use in Norwegian nursing homes: are primary care institutions becoming our new local hospitals? JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance (JAC-AMR). ISSN 2632-1823. 2(4), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlaa093. Full text in Research Archive
• Rystedt, Karin; Harbin, Nicolay Jonassen; Lindbæk, Morten; Radzeviciene, Ruta; Gunnarsson, Ronny & Eggertsen, Robert [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Is C-reactive protein associated with influenza A or B in primary care patients with influenza-like illness? A cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. p. 1–7. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2020.1843942. Full text in Research Archive
• Butler, Christopher C.; van der Velden, Alike; Bongard, Emily; Saville, Benjamin R; Holmes, Jane & Coenen, Samuel [Show all 35 contributors for this article] (2020). Oseltamivir plus usual care versus usual care for influenza-like illness in primary care: an open-label, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 395(10217), p. 42–52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32982-4.
• Vik, Ingvild; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Bollestad, Marianne; Cordoba, Gloria; Bjerrum, Lars & Neumark, Thomas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Predicting the use of antibiotics after initial symptomatic treatment of an uncomplicated urinary tract infection: Analyses performed after a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 10:e035074(8), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035074. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective To predict antibiotic use after initial treatment with ibuprofen using data from a randomised controlled trial comparing ibuprofen to pivmecillinam in the treatment of women with symptoms of an uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). Setting 16 sites in a primary care setting in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Participants Data from 181 non-pregnant women aged 18–60 presenting with symptoms of uncomplicated UTI, initially treated with ibuprofen. Methods Using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression model, we conducted analyses to see if baseline information could help us predict which women could be treated with ibuprofen without risking treatment failure and which women should be recommended antibiotics. Results Of the 143 women included in the final analysis, 77 (53.8%) recovered without antibiotics and 66 (46.2 %) were subsequently prescribed antibiotics. In the unadjusted binary logistic regression, the number of days with symptoms before inclusion (<3 days) and feeling moderately unwell or worse (≥4 on a scale of 0–6) were significant predictors for subsequent antibiotic use. In the adjusted model, no predictors were significantly associated with subsequent antibiotic use. The area under the curve of the final model was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.57 to 0.74). Conclusion We did not find any baseline information that significantly predicted the use of antibiotic treatment. Identifying women who need antibiotic treatment to manage their uncomplicated UTI is still challenging. Larger data sets are needed to develop models that are more accurate

• Van Buul, Laura W; Monnier, Annelie A; Sundvall, Par-Daniel; Ulleryd, Peter; Godycki-Cwirko, Maciek & Kowalczyk, Anna [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Antibiotic Stewardship in European Nursing Homes: Experiences From the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. ISSN 1525-8610. 21(1), p. 34–40.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.10.005.
• Holmedal, Øystein; Olaussen, Morten; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Natvig, Bård & Lindbæk, Morten (2019). Predictors for outcome in acute lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. ISSN 1471-2474. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2758-y.
• Jansåker, Filip; Bollestad, Marianne; Vik, Ingvild; Lindbæk, Morten; Bjerrum, Lars & Frimodt-Møller, Niels [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Pivmecillinam for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections caused by staphylococcus saprophyticus - cumulative observational data from four recent clinical studies. Antibiotics. ISSN 2079-6382. 8(2). doi: 10.3390/antibiotics8020057.
• Lindbæk, Morten (2018). Broad-spectrum antibiotics gave no clinical benefit and more adverse effects than narrow-spectrum antibiotics in treating acute respiratory tract infections in US children. BMJ Evidence Based Medicine. doi: 10.1136/bmjebm-2018-110938.
• Kållberg, Cecilia Birgit Maria; Årdal, Christine Oline; Blix, Hege Salvesen; Klein, Eili; Martinez, Elena M & Lindbæk, Morten [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Introduction and geographic availability of new antibiotics approved between 1999 and 2014. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 13(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205166. Full text in Research Archive
• Fossum, Guro Haugen; Lindbæk, Morten; Gjelstad, Svein & Kvaerner, Kari Jorunn (2018). Relationship between Maternal and First Year of Life Dispensations of Antibiotics and Antiasthmatics. Antibiotics. ISSN 2079-6382. 7(3). doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7030084. Full text in Research Archive
• Fossum, Guro Haugen; Gjelstad, Svein; Kvaerner, Kari Jorunn & Lindbæk, Morten (2018). Prescribing antibiotics when the stakes are higher — do GPs prescribe less when patients are pregnant? A retrospective observational study. British Journal of General Practice Open. ISSN 2398-3795. 2(2), p. 1–12. doi: 10.3399/bjgpopen18X101505. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Most oral antibiotics are prescribed by GPs, and they are therefore the most important influencers with regard to improving antibiotic prescription patterns. Although GPs’ prescription patterns in general are well-studied, little is known about antibiotic prescription patterns in pregnancy. Aim To study GPs’ antibiotic prescriptions in respiratory tract infections (RTIs) during pregnancy, and assess differences, if any, between pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Design & setting Retrospective observational study combining prescription data from the Norwegian Peer Academic Detailing (Rx-PAD) study database, pregnancy data from the Norwegian birth registry, and pharmacy dispension data from the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD). Method Records of patient contacts with 458 GPs, between December 2004 and February 2007, were screened for RTI episodes. Similar diagnoses were grouped together, as were similar antibiotics. Episodes were categorised according to whether the patient was pregnant or not, and included women aged 16–46 years. Logistic regression models were used to assess odds ratios (ORs), and calculated relative risks (cRRs) were produced. The authors also adjusted for clustering at various levels. Results Overall prescription rate for RTI episodes was 30.8% (n = 96 830). The cohort was reduced to include only episodes with women pregnant in the study period (n = 18 890). The antibiotic prescription rate in pregnancy was 25.9% versus 34.2% in the time before and after pregnancy (cRR = 0.66 [95% confidence intervals {CI} = 0.68 to 0.81]). During pregnancy, 83.0% of the antibiotic prescriptions were picked up at a pharmacy, compared to an 86.6% filling rate in non-pregnant patients. The difference was not significant when adjusting for clustering at the patient level. Conclusion Norwegian GPs prescribe fewer antibiotics overall when patients are pregnant and, when they do prescribe, choose more narrow spectrum antibiotics for RTIs. This indicates a possible lower target rate for GP prescriptions to females. A low antibiotic dispension rate during pregnancy may represent a discussion topic in the consultation setting, to address possible reasons and avoid under-treatment.

• Bollestad, Marianne; Vik, Ingvild; Grude, Nils & Lindbæk, Morten (2018). Predictors of Symptom Duration and Bacteriuria in Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2018.1499602.
• Bollestad, Marianne; Grude, Nils; Solhaug, Sigrid; Raffelsberger, Niclas Peter; Handal, Nina & Nilsen, Hans-Johnny [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2018). Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of pivmecillinam treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing Escherichia coli: a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. ISSN 0305-7453. 73(9), p. 2503–2509. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky230.
• Eliassen, Knut Eirik Ringheim; Reiso, Harald; Berild, Dag & Lindbæk, Morten (2018). Comparison of phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and doxycycline for erythema migrans in general practice. A randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up. Clinical Microbiology and Infection (CMI). ISSN 1198-743X. 24(12), p. 1290–1296. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.028.
• Vik, Ingvild; Bollestad, Marianne; Grude, Nils; Baerheim, Anders; Damsgaard, Eivind & Neumark, Thomas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Ibuprofen versus pivmecillinam for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women-A double-blind, randomized non-inferiority trial. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 15(5), p. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002569.
• Bollestad, Marianne; Vik, Ingvild; Grude, Nils; Blix, Hege Salvesen; Brekke, Hanne & Lindbæk, Morten (2017). Bacteriology in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in Norwegian general practice from 2001–2015. British Journal of General Practice Open. ISSN 2398-3795. doi: 10.3399/bjgpopen17X101145.
• Romøren, Maria; Gjelstad, Svein & Lindbæk, Morten (2017). A structured training program for health workers in intravenous treatment with fluids and antibiotics in nursing homes: A modified stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial to reduce hospital admissions. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182619. Full text in Research Archive
• Alberg, Torunn; Holen, Øyunn; Blix, Hege Salvesen; Lindbæk, Morten; Bentele, Horst & Eriksen, Hanne-Merete (2017). Antibiotikabruk og infeksjoner i sykehjem. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(5), p. 357–361. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0621.
• Berg, Are Stuwitz; Inchley, Christopher; Fjærli, Hans Olav; Leegaard, Truls Michael; Lindbæk, Morten & Nakstad, Britt (2017). Clinical features and inflammatory markers in pediatric pneumonia: a prospective study. European Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0340-6199. 176(5), p. 629–638. doi: 10.1007/s00431-017-2887-y.
• Eliassen, Knut Eirik; Hjetland, Reidar; Reiso, Harald; Lindbæk, Morten & Tschudi-Madsen, Hedda (2017). Symptom load and general function among patients with erythema migrans: a prospective study with a 1-year follow-up after antibiotic treatment in Norwegian general practice. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 35(1), p. 75–83. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2017.1288812.
• Eliassen, Knut Eirik; Berild, Dag; Reiso, Harald; Grude, Nils; Christophersen, Karen Sofie & Finckenhagen, Cecilie [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Incidence and antibiotic treatment of erythema migrans in Norway 2005–2009. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 8(1), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.06.006.
• Ulstad, Charlotte Rosenberg; Solheim, Margrete; Berg, Sophie; Lindbæk, Morten; Dahle, Ulf R & Wester, Astrid Lousie (2016). Carriage of ESBL/AmpC-producing or ciprofloxacin non-susceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in healthy people in Norway. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. ISSN 2047-2994. 5. doi: 10.1186/s13756-016-0156-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Gran, Sarah Frandsen; Brænd, Anja Maria; Lindbæk, Morten & Frich, Jan C (2016). General practitioners’ and students’ experiences with feedback during a six-week clerkship in general practice: A qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 34(2), p. 172–179. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2016.1160633.
• Dyrkorn, Roar; Gjelstad, Svein; Espnes, Ketil Arne & Lindbæk, Morten (2016). Peer academic detailing on use of antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. A controlled study in an urban Norwegian out-of-hours service. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 34(2), p. 180–185. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2016.1163035.
• Touboule-Lundgren, Pia; Jensen, Siri; Drai, Johan & Lindbæk, Morten (2015). Identification of cultural determinants of antibiotic use cited in primary care in Europe: A mixed research synthesis study of integrated design "culture is all around us" Health behavior, health promotion and society. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 15:908. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2254-8. Show summary

  BACKGROUND: Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, particularly for respiratory tract infections (RTI) in ambulatory care, has become a worldwide public health threat due to resulting antibiotic resistance. In spite of various interventions and campaigns, wide variations in antibiotic use persist between European countries. Cultural determinants are often referred to as a potential cause, but are rarely defined. To our knowledge, so far no systematic literature review has focused on cultural determinants of antibiotic use. The aim of this study was to identify cultural determinants, on a country-specific level in ambulatory care in Europe, and to describe the influence of culture on antibiotic use, using a framework of cultural dimensions. METHOD: A computer-based systematic literature review was conducted by two research teams, in France and in Norway. Eligible publications included studies exploring antibiotic use in primary care in at least two European countries based on primary study results, featuring a description of cultural determinants, and published between 1997 and 2015. Quality assessment was conducted independently by two researchers, one in each team, using appropriate checklists according to study design. Each included paper was characterized according to method, countries involved, sampling and main results, and cultural determinants mentioned in each selected paper were extracted, described and categorized. Finally, the influence of Hofstede's cultural dimensions associated with antibiotic consumption within a primary care setting was described. RESULTS: Among 24 eligible papers, 11 were rejected according to exclusion criteria. Overall, 13 papers meeting the quality assessment criteria were included, of which 11 used quantitative methods and two qualitative or mixed methods. The study participants were patients (nine studies) and general practitioners (two studies). This literature review identified various cultural determinants either patient-related (illness perception/behaviour, health-seeking behaviour, previous experience, antibiotic awareness, drug perception, diagnosis labelling, work ethos, perception of practitioner) or practitioner-related (RTI management, initial training, antibiotic awareness, legal issues, practice context) or both (antibiotic awareness). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Cultural factors should be considered as exerting an ubiquitous influence on all the consecutive stages of the disease process and seem closely linked to education. Interactions between determinant categories, cultural dimensions and antibiotic use in primary care are multiple, complex and require further investigation within overlapping disciplines. The context of European projects seems particularly

• Fagan, Mark Stephan; Lindbæk, Morten; Grude, Nils; Reiso, Harald; Romøren, Maria & Skaare, Dagfinn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections in the elderly living in nursing homes versus the elderly living at home: an observational study . BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. 15. doi: 10.1186/s12877-015-0097-x.
• Olaussen, Morten; Holmedal, Øystein; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Brage, Søren Karl & Lindbæk, Morten (2015). Corticosteroid or placebo injection combined with deep transverse friction massage, Mills manipulation, stretching and eccentric exercise for acute lateral epicondylitis: a randomised, controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. ISSN 1471-2474. 16. doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0582-6.
• Bollestad, Marianne; Grude, Nils & Lindbæk, Morten (2015). A randomized controlled trial of a diagnostic algorithm for symptoms of uncomplicated cystitis at an out-of-hours service . Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 33(2), p. 57–64. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2015.1041827.
• Foshaug, Mats; Vandbakk-Rüther, Maria; Skaare, Dagfinn; Grude, Nils & Lindbæk, Morten (2015). Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection causes excess antibiotic use in Norwegian general practice: a retrospective case–control study . British Journal of General Practice. ISSN 0960-1643. 65(631), p. e82–e88. doi: 10.3399/bjgp15X683509.
• Earnshaw, S; Lindbæk, Morten & Antibiotic Awareness Day Col, European (2014). European Antibiotic Awareness Day: a five-year perspective of Europe-wide actions to promote prudent use of antibiotics. Eurosurveillance. ISSN 1025-496X. 19(41).
• Lindbæk, Morten (2014). Delayed prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care results in lower antibiotic use. Evidence-Based Medicine. ISSN 1356-5524. 19(5), p. 197–197. doi: 10.1136/eb-2014-110012.
• Vik, Ingvild; Bollestad, Marianne; Grude, Nils; Baerheim, Anders; Mölstad, Sigvard & Bjerrum, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Ibuprofen versus mecillinam for uncomplicated cystitis - a randomized controlled trial study protocol. BMC Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1471-2334. 14:693. doi: 10.1186/s12879-014-0693-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Fagan, Mark Stephan; Lindbæk, Morten; Reiso, Harald & Berild, Dag (2014). A simple intervention to reduce inappropriate ciprofloxacin prescribing in the emergency department. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0036-5548. 46(7), p. 481–485. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2014.880187.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Clausen, Thomas; Gossop, Michael; Lindbæk, Morten & Reinertsen, Even [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Increased Somatic Morbidity in the First Year after Leaving Opioid Maintenance Treatment: Results from a Norwegian Cohort Study. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 19(4), p. 194–201. doi: 10.1159/000345229.
• Høye, Sigurd; Gjelstad, Svein & Lindbæk, Morten (2013). Effects on antibiotic dispensing rates of interventions to promote delayed prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care. British Journal of General Practice. ISSN 0960-1643. 63(616), p. E777–E786. doi: 10.3399/bjgp13X674468..
• Olaussen, Morten; Holmedal, Øystein; Lindbæk, Morten; Brage, Søren Karl & Solvang, Hiroko Kato (2013). Treating lateral epicondylitis with corticosteroid injections or non-electrotherapeutical physiotherapy: a systematic review. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 3(10:e003564). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003564. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjelstad, Svein; Høye, Sigurd; Straand, Jørund; Brekke, Mette; Dalen, Ingvild & Lindbæk, Morten (2013). Improving antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial from Norwegian general practice (prescription peer academic detailing (Rx-PAD) study). BMJ. British Medical Journal. ISSN 0959-8146. 347. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4403.
• Fossum, Guro Haugen; Lindbæk, Morten; Gjelstad, Svein; Dalen, Ingvild & Kvaerner, Kari Jorunn (2013). Are children carrying the burden of broad-spectrum antibiotics in general practice? Prescription pattern for paediatric outpatients with respiratory tract infections in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 3(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002285.
• Hjetland, Reidar; Eliassen, Knut Eirik; Lindbæk, Morten; Nilsen, Roy Miodini; Grude, Nils & Ulvestad, Elling (2013). Tick bites in healthy adults from western Norway: Occurrence, risk factors, and outcomes. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 4(4), p. 304–310. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.02.003.
• Johansen, Inger; Lindbæk, Morten; Stanghelle, Johan K & Brekke, Mette (2012). Independence, institutionalization, death and treatment costs 18 months after rehabilitation of older people in two different primary health care settings. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 12(400). doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-400.
• Johansen, Inger; Lindbæk, Morten; Stanghelle, Johan K & Brekke, Mette (2012). Structured community-based inpatient rehabilitation of older patients is better than standard primary health care rehabilitation - an open comparative study. Disability and Rehabilitation. ISSN 0963-8288. 34(24), p. 2039–2046. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.667193.
• Hjerkinn, Bjørg; Lindbæk, Morten & Rosvold, Elin Olaug (2012). Behaviour among children of substance-abusing women attending a Special Child Welfare Clinic in Norway, as assessed by Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2012.01030.x.
• Waal, Helge; Brekke, Mette; Clausen, Thomas; Lindbæk, Morten; Rosta, Judith & Skeie, Ivar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Fastlegers syn på legemiddelassistert rehabilitering. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(16), p. 1861–1866. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0124.
• Romøren, Maria; Lindbæk, Morten & Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland (2012). Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to erythromycin - a population-based register study from Norway. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0306-5251. 74(6), p. 1053–1062. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04286.x.
• Jensen, Siri; Lie, Anne Kveim; Eliassen, Knut Eirik; Lindbæk, Morten & Gradmann, Christoph (2012). Antibiotikaresistens i Norge-aktørseminar 16.01.2008. Michael Quarterly. ISSN 1504-0658. 9(1), p. 13–79.
• Jensen, Siri; Lie, Anne Kveim; Eliassen, Knut Eirik; Lindbæk, Morten & Gradmann, Christoph (2012). Erindringer om resistens- Et aktørseminar om antibiotikaresistensens historie. Michael Quarterly. ISSN 1504-0658. 9(1), p. 7–12. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.10.0283.
• Fagan, Mark Stephan; Mæhlen, Marthe Thoresen; Lindbæk, Morten & Berild, Dag (2012). Antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes in an area with low prevalence of antibiotic resistance: Compliance with national guidelines. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 30(1), p. 10–15. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2011.629156.

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• Lindbæk, Morten (2013). Nasjonale retningslinjer for antibiotikabruk i primærhelsetjenesten. Helsedirektoratet. ISBN 978-82-8081-271-1. 330 p.
• Lindbæk, Morten (2012). Nasjonale faglige retningslinjer for antibiotikabruk i primærhelsetjenesten. 2 utgave (2012). Helsedirektoratet. ISBN 978-82-8081-252-0. 238 p.

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• Lindbæk, Morten; Austad, Bjarne & Siem, Geir (2023). Kapittel 3.4 Øret. In Hunskaar, Steinar (Eds.), Allmennmedisin. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S. ISSN 9788205579866. p. 326–348.
• Lindbæk, Morten & Sundsfjord, Arnfinn Ståle (2023). Improving antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated UTIs. The BMJ. ISSN 1756-1833. 383. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p2456.
• Gunnarsson, Ronny K.; Ebell, Mark; Centor, Robert; Little, Paul; Verheij, Theo & Lindbæk, Morten [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Best management of patients with an acute sore throat is still best management for these patients. Infectious Diseases. ISSN 2374-4235. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2212054.
• Høye, Sigurd & Lindbæk, Morten (2021). Antibiotikasenteret for primærmedisin - kort vei fra forskning til forbedring av klinisk praksis. LVS-info. p. 5–9.
• Høye, Sigurd; Lindbæk, Morten & Blix, Hege Salvesen (2019). Effects of an easy-to-implement, sustainable antimicrobial stewardship intervention in primary care – the ENORM (Educational intervention in NORwegian Municipalities for antibiotic treatment in line with guidelines) study .
• Lindbæk, Morten; Bjerrum, Lars & Llor, Carl (2019). Challenges in handling of Urinary tract infections in primary care.
• Lindemann, Paul Christoffer; Gammelsrud, Karianne Wiger; Löhr, Iren Høyland; Akselsen, Per Espen; Lindbæk, Morten & Sundsfjord, Arnfinn (2019). Valg av antibiotika - viktig endring i prøvesvar fra mikrobiologen. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(12). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0339.
• Lindbæk, Morten (2018). Antibiotic prescribing does not decrease complications in adult patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Evidence-Based Medicine. ISSN 1356-5524. doi: 10.1136/bmjebm-2017-110794.
• Dysthe, Bjørg Elise Tønnesen; Lødøen, Gjertrud; Romøren, Maria & Lindbæk, Morten (2018). Klamydiaepidemien som viste seg å være feilregistreringer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0965.
• Bollestad, Marianne; Grude, Nils; Lindbæk, Morten & Simonsen, Gunnar Skov (2017). “Mecillinam treatment of UTI caused by ESBL producing E. coli”.
• Bollestad, Marianne; Vik, Ingvild; Lindbæk, Morten; Grude, Nils; Brekke, Hanne & Blix, Hege Salvesen (2017). “Bacteriology in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in Norwegian general practice from 2001-2015.”.
• Bjerrum, Lars & Lindbæk, Morten (2015). Which treatment strategy for women with symptoms of urinary tract infection. The BMJ. ISSN 1756-1833. 351, p. 6888–6888.
• Lindbæk, Morten; Jensen, Siri; Eliassen, Knut Eirik; Fetveit, Arne; Grude, Nils & Berild, Dag [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). New guidelines for use of antibiotics in the primary health care service. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001.
• Bjerrum, Lars; Cordoba Correa, GC; Llor, Carl & Lindbæk, Morten (2013). Lower threshold for rapid antigen detection testing in patients with sore throats would reduce antibiotic use. BMJ. British Medical Journal. ISSN 0959-8146. 347. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f7055.
• kallestrup, Per; Schriver, Michael; Lindbæk, Morten & Hjortdahl, Per (2013). "If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together": a call for a Nordic engagement in the development of family medicine in Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 31(4), p. 183–184. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2013.838340.
• Gjelstad, Svein & Lindbæk, Morten (2013). Prognosis of respiratory tract infections in primary care. BMJ. British Medical Journal. ISSN 0959-8146. 347. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f7185.
• Johansen, Inger; Lindbæk, Morten; Stanghelle, Johan K & Brekke, Mette (2013). Effekt av rehabilitering av eldre i to ulike modeller i primærhelsetjenesten - en åpen, prospektiv, sammenliknende observasjonsstudie.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Lindbæk, Morten & Waal, Helge (2013). Somatisk sykelighet blant opioidavhengige før, under og etter legemiddelassistert rehabilitering (LAR).
• Lindbæk, Morten (2012). Hvordan behandle akutt sinusitt. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132.
• Lindbæk, Morten & Førde, Reidun (2012). Virksom antibiotika – et samfunnsansvar. Dagsavisen. ISSN 1503-2892.
• Johansen, Inger; Lindbæk, Morten; Stanghelle, Johan K & Brekke, Mette (2012). Funksjon, institusjonalisering, død og kostnadsanalyse 18 måneder etter rehabilitering av eldre i to ulike modeller i primærhelsetjenesten.
• Berg, Sophie; Ulstad, Charlotte Rosenberg; Lindbæk, Morten; Wester, Astrid Louise & Dahle, Ulf R (2015). Rapport fra nettbasert spørreundersøkelse om antibiotikaresistens. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 978-82-8082-689-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Steinbakk, Martin; Sunde, Marianne; Urdal, Anne Margrete; Barkbu, Kjersti Nilsen; Sørum, Henning & Lunestad, Bjørn Tore [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2014). Antibiotikaresistens - kunnskapshull, utfordringer og aktuelle tiltak. Rapport fra tverrsektoriell ekspertgruppe. Folkehelseinstituttet. Full text in Research Archive
• Skeie, Ivar; Waal, Helge; Brekke, Mette & Lindbæk, Morten (2012). Somatic morbidity among dependent opioid users before, during and after opioid maintenance treatment Longitudinal cohort studies of acute and subacute disease incidents. Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-8264-557-7.

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