Erlend Hem

• Ekeberg, Øivind & Hem, Erlend (2019). Hvorfor går ikke selvmordsraten ned i Norge?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  139(11) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0943
• Gravensteen, Ida Kathrine; Ekeberg, Øivind; Thiblin, Ingemar; Helweg-Larsen, Karin; Hem, Erlend; Rogde, Sidsel & Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria (2019). Psychoactive substances in natural and unnatural deaths in Norway and Sweden - A study on victims of suicide and accidents compared with natural deaths in psychiatric patients. BMC Psychiatry.  ISSN 1471-244X.  19:33, s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2015-9 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Hem, Erlend (2018). Den medisinske krise. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  138(1), s 1- 6 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0401
• Hem, Erlend & Børdahl, Per E (2018). Augusta Rasmussen - psykiater, pioner og tidens vitenskapelige sannheter. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  138(11) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0712
• Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind; Zahl, Per Henrik & Helweg-Larsen, Karin (2017). Differing Procedures for Recording Mortality Statistics in Scandinavia. Crisis.  ISSN 0227-5910.  38(2), s 123- 130 . doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000425
• Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria; Thiblin, Ingemar; Helweg-Larsen, Karin; Hem, Erlend; Kastrup, Marianne; Nyberg, Ullakarin; Rogde, Sidsel; Zahl, Per Henrik; Østevold, Gunvor Furu & Ekeberg, Øivind (2016). Accidents and undetermined deaths: Re-evaluation of nationwide samples from the Scandinavian countries. BMC Public Health.  ISSN 1471-2458.  16(1) . doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3135-5 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Tønnessen, Espen; Rasdal, Vegard; Svendsen, Ida S.; Haugen, Thomas A.; Hem, Erlend & Sandbakk, Øyvind (2015). Concurrent Development of Endurance Capacity and Explosiveness: The Training Characteristics of World-Class Nordic Combined Athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP).  ISSN 1555-0265. . doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0309 Vis sammendrag

  Performing at an elite level in Nordic combined requires both the explosiveness required for ski jumping performance as well as endurance capacity required for cross-country skiing. PURPOSE: To describe the characteristics of world-class Nordic combined athletes´ training, and to determine how endurance and non-endurance (i.e. strength, power and ski jumping) training is periodized. METHODS: Annual training characteristics and the periodization of endurance and non-endurance training were determined by analysing the training diaries of six world-class Nordic combined athletes. RESULTS: Of 846 ± 72 annual training hours, 540 ± 37 hours were endurance training, with 88.6% being low-, 5.9% moderate- and 5.5% high-intensity training. While training frequency remained relatively constant, the total training volume was reduced from the general preparatory to the competition phase, primarily due to less low- and moderate-intensity training (p<0.05). 236 ± 55 hours per year were spent as non-endurance training, including 211 ± 44 hours of jump training (908 ± 165 ski jumps and ski-jump imitations). The proportion of non-endurance training increased significantly towards the competition phase (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: World-class Nordic combined athletes reduce the volume of low- and moderate-intensity endurance training towards the competition phase, followed by an increase in the relative contribution of power and ski jump training. These data provide novel insight on how successful athletes execute their training, and may facilitate more precise coaching of future athletes in this sport. Additionally, this information is of high relevance for the training organization of other sports that require optimization of two fundamentally different physical capacities.

• Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria; Helweg-Larsen, Karin; Thiblin, Ingemar; Hem, Erlend; Kastrup, Marianne; Nyberg, Ullakarin; Rogde, Sidsel; Zahl, Per Henrik; Østevold, Gunvor Furu & Ekeberg, Øivind (2015). Are suicide deaths under-reported? Nationwide re-evaluations of 1800 deaths in Scandinavia. BMJ Open.  ISSN 2044-6055.  5 . doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009120 Vis sammendrag

  Objective Valid mortality statistics are important for healthcare planning and research. Suicides and accidents often present a challenge in the classification of the manner of death. The aim of this study was to analyse the reliability of the national suicide statistics by comparing the classification of suicide in the Scandinavian cause of death registers with a reclassification by 8 persons with different medical expertise (psychiatry, forensic pathology and public health) from each of the 3 Scandinavian countries. Methods The cause of death registers in Norway, Sweden and Denmark retrieved available information on a sample of 600 deaths in 2008 from each country. 200 were classified in the registers as suicides, 200 as accidents or undetermined and 200 as natural deaths. The reclassification comprised an assessment of the manner and cause of death as well as the level of certainty. Results In total, 81%, 88% and 90% of deaths registered as suicide in the official mortality statistics were confirmed by experts using the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish data sets, respectively. About 3% of deaths classified as accidents or natural deaths in the cause of death registers were reclassified as suicides. However, after a second reclassification based on additional information, 9% of the natural deaths and accidents were reclassified as suicides in the Norwegian data set, and 21% of the undetermined deaths were reclassified as suicides in the Swedish data set. In total, the levels of certainty of the experts were 87% of suicides in the Norwegian data set, 77% in the Swedish data set and 92% in Danish data set; the uncertainty was highest in poisoning suicides. Conclusions A high percentage of reported suicides were confirmed as being suicides. Few accidents and natural deaths were reclassified as suicides. Hence, reclassification did not increase the overall official suicide statistics of the 3 Scandinavian countries.

• Tønnessen, Espen; Haugen, Thomas Andre; Hem, Erlend; Leirstein, Svein & Seiler, Stephen (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990-2013. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP).  ISSN 1555-0265.  10(7), s 835- 839 . doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0431
• Tønnessen, Espen; Sylta, Øystein; Haugen, Thomas A.; Hem, Erlend; Svendsen, Ida Siobhan & Seiler, Stephen (2014). The road to gold: Training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance. PLOS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  9:e101796(7) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101796
• Haugen, Thomas Andre; Tønnessen, Espen (red.); Leirstein, Svein; Hem, Erlend & Seiler, Stephen (2014). Not quite so fast: effect of training at 90% sprint speed on maximal and repeated-sprint ability in soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences.  ISSN 0264-0414.  32(20), s 1979- 1986 . doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.976248
• Haugen, Thomas Andre; Tønnessen, Espen; Hem, Erlend; Leirstein, Svein & Seiler, Stephen (2014). VO2 max characteristics of elite female soccer players 1989-2007. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP).  ISSN 1555-0265.  9(3), s 515- 521 . doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2012-0150
• Skogstad, Laila; Tøien, Kirsti; Hem, Erlend; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Sandvik, Leiv & Ekeberg, Øivind (2014). Psychological distress after physical injury: A one-year follow-up study of conscious hospitalised patients. Injury.  ISSN 0020-1383.  45(1), s 289- 298 . doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.10.001
• Tøllefsen, Ingvild Maria; Hem, Erlend & Ekeberg, Øivind (2012). The reliability of suicide statistics: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry.  ISSN 1471-244X.  12 . doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-9
• Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw; Hem, Erlend; Haldorsen, Tor & Ekeberg, Øivind (2011). Mortality among Norwegian doctors 1960-2000. BMC Public Health.  ISSN 1471-2458.  11, s 173 . doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-173
• Jacobsen, Geir Wenberg; Hem, Erlend & Sigurdsson, Johan Àgust (2011). "No doubt this childhood disease on Vestmannö can be prevented" - neonatal tetanus on the Westman Islands. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  131(7), s 701- 706 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.10.1023
• Skogstad, Laila; Hem, Erlend; Sandvik, Leiv & Ekeberg, Øivind (2011). The Casualty Chain Inventory: A new Scale for Measuring Peritraumatic Responses: a cross-sectional study. BMC Emergency Medicine.  ISSN 1471-227X.  11, s 6 . doi: 10.1186/1471-227x-11-6
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Lau, Bjørn & Ekeberg, Øivind (2011). A comparison of general and ambulance specific stressors. predictors of job satisfaction and health problems in a nationwide one-year follow up study of Norwegian ambulance personnel. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology.  ISSN 1745-6673.  6(1) . doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-10 Vis sammendrag

  Objectives To address the relative importance of general job-related stressors, ambulance specific stressors and individual characteristics in relation to job satisfaction and health complaints (emotional exhaustion, psychological distress and musculoskeletal pain) among ambulance personnel. Materials and methods A nationwide prospective questionnaire survey of ambulance personnel in operational duty at two time points (n = 1180 at baseline, T1 and n = 298 at one-year follow up, T2). The questionnaires included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, The Job Satisfaction Scale, Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-10), Job Stress Survey, the Norwegian Ambulance Stress Survey and the Basic Character Inventory. Results Overall, 42 out of the possible 56 correlations between job stressors at T1 and job satisfaction and health complaints at T2 were statistically significant. Lower job satisfaction at T2 was predicted by frequency of lack of leader support and severity of challenging job tasks. Emotional exhaustion at T2 was predicted by neuroticism, frequency of lack of support from leader, time pressure, and physical demands. Adjusted for T1 levels, emotional exhaustion was predicted by neuroticism (beta = 0.15, p < .05) and time pressure (beta = 0.14, p < 0.01). Psychological distress at T2 was predicted by neuroticism and lack of co-worker support. Adjusted for T1 levels, psychological distress was predicted by neuroticism (beta = 0.12, p < .05). Musculoskeletal pain at T2 was predicted by, higher age, neuroticism, lack of co-worker support and severity of physical demands. Adjusted for T1 levels, musculoskeletal pain was predicted neuroticism, and severity of physical demands (beta = 0.12, p < .05). Conclusions Low job satisfaction at T2 was predicted by general work-related stressors, whereas health complaints at T2 were predicted by both general work-related stressors and ambulance specific stressors. The personality variable neuroticism predicted increased complaints across all health outcomes.

• Tyssen, Reidar; Hem, Erlend; Gude, Tore; Grønvold, Nina Tangnæs; Ekeberg, Øivind & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2009). Lower life satisfaction in physicians compared with a general population sample: a 10-year longitudinal, nationwide study of course and predictors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.  ISSN 0933-7954.  44(1), s 47- 54 . doi: 10.1007/s00127-008-0403-4
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2008). Health problems and help-seeking in a nationwide sample of operational Norwegian ambulance personnel. BMC Public Health.  ISSN 1471-2458.  8 . doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-3 Vis sammendrag

  Background: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, and their association with professional help-seeking, among operational ambulance personnel and a general working population, and to study the symptoms of musculoskeletal pain and disturbed sleep among ambulance personnel. Methods: The results of a comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of operational ambulance personnel (n = 1180) were compared with the findings of a population-based Norwegian health study of working people (n = 31,987). The questionnaire included measures of help-seeking, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Subjective Health Complaints Questionnaire, the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire and the Need for Recovery after Work Scale. Results: Compared with those in the reference population, the mean of level anxiety symptoms in the ambulance sample was lower for men (3.5 vs. 3.9, P <0.001) and women (4.0 vs. 4.4, P <0.05), and the mean level of depression symptoms in ambulance workers was lower for men (2.3 vs. 2.8, P <0.05) but not for women (2.9 vs. 3.1, P = 0.22). A model adjusted for anxiety and depression symptoms indicated that ambulance personnel had lower levels of help-seeking except for seeing a chiropractor (12% vs. 5%, P <0.01). In the ambulance sample, symptoms of musculoskeletal pain were most consistently associated with help-seeking. In the adjusted model, only symptoms of disturbed sleep were associated with help-seeking from a psychologist/psychiatrist (total sample = 2.3%). Help-seeking was more often reported by women but was largely unaffected by age. Conclusion: The assumption that ambulance personnel have more anxiety and depression symptoms than the general working population was not supported. The level of musculoskeletal pain and, accordingly, the level of help-seeking from a chiropractor were higher for ambulance workers. More research should address the physical strains among ambulance personnel.

• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2008). Occupational stressors and its organizational and individual correlates: A nationwide study of Norwegian ambulance personnel. BMC Emergency Medicine.  ISSN 1471-227X.  8 . doi: 10.1186/1471-227X-8-16 Vis sammendrag

  Background High levels of stress among ambulance personnel have been attributed to the conditions of ambulance work. However, there is little research to support this notion, and it has been questioned whether ambulance work is inherently stressful. We compared the severity and frequency level of organizational and ambulance-specific stressors, and studied their relationship to organizational conditions and individual differences Methods A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of ambulance personnel (n = 1180) in operational duty. The questionnaire included the Job Stress Survey, the Norwegian Ambulance Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and questions addressing organizational conditions. Results Serious operational tasks and physical demands were identified as the two most severe stressors. Lack of support from co-workers was the most severe and frequent organizational stressor. Higher frequency of stressors was most strongly associated with size of service districts (beta ranging between .18 and .30, p < .01) and working overtime (beta ranging from .13 to .27, p < .05). Stressor severity was related to lack of support after exposure to critical event (beta ranging from .11 to .24, p < .01) and working overtime. Neuroticism (beta ranging from .09 to .17, p < .01) and low general self-efficacy (beta ranging from -.12 to -.16, p < .001) were equally strongly related to severity of stressors, as were organizational conditions. Conclusion Ambulance-specific stressors were reported as both more severe and more frequently occurring stressors than were organizational stressors. Organizational working conditions were more strongly related to frequency of job stressors than were individual differences. In general, the relationship between occupational stressors and individual differences was weak.

• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2008). Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in a Nationwide Sample of Operational Norwegian Ambulance Personnel. Journal of Occupational Health.  ISSN 1341-9145.  50(5), s 406- 414 . doi: 10.1539/joh.L8025 Vis sammendrag

  This is the first paper on suicidal ideation and attempts among ambulance personnel. This study aimed to investigate levels of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among ambulance personnel, and to identify important correlates and the factors to which ambulance personnel attribute their serious suicidal ideation. A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 1,180 operational ambulance personnel was conducted. Measurements included: Paykel's Suicidal Feelings in the General Population questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, the Subjective Health Complaints Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Job Satisfaction Scale, the Basic Character Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Lifetime prevalence ranged from 28% for feelings that life was not worth living to 10.4% for seriously considered suicide and 3.1% for a suicide attempt. Serious suicidal ideation was independently associated with job-related emotional exhaustion (feelings of being overextended and depleted of resources) (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0) and bullying at work (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.02-2.7), younger age, not married/cohabitant, depression symptoms, low self-esteem and the personality trait reality weakness. In general, suicidal thoughts were hardly attributable to working conditions, since only 1.8% of ambulance personnel attributed suicidal ideation to work problems alone. In conclusion, ambulance personnel reported a moderate level of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Although serious suicidal ideation was rarely attributed to working conditions in general, this study suggests that job-related factors like emotional exhaustion and bullying may be of importance.

• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2007). Occupational stress and alcohol use: A study of two nationwide samples of operational police and ambulance personnel in Norway. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.  ISSN 1937-1888.  68(6), s 896- 904 Vis sammendrag

  OBJECTIVE: Police and ambulance personnel are widely believed to have a high prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption. However, the empirical basis for this assumption is scant or nonexistent. We assessed the association of alcohol use with burnout and job stressors, with drinking to cope and neuroticism as two possible moderating factors in two occupations, the police and ambulance services. METHOD: We undertook a comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of police (n = 2,372) and ambulance (n = 1,096) personnel in operational duty. The questionnaire encompassed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Job Stress Survey, and the Basic Character Inventory. RESULTS: With a modified AUDIT score of 6 or more, the prevalence for men was 17.7% (police personnel) versus 16.6% (ambulance personnel). The prevalence for women was 9.1% versus 7.4%, respectively. Personnel who were male, were younger, and had higher levels of neuroticism reported higher levels of alcohol-related problems. Drinking to cope was most strongly associated with higher levels of alcohol-related problems (standardized beta = .29, p < .001) and was found to moderate the effect of depersonalization (e.g., cynical and distant attitude toward one's work and the people with whom one works) and gender. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the present study does not support the notion of a strong relationship between occupational stress and alcohol use in these emergency service occupations. However, drinking to cope may be a risk factor for alcohol-related problems, particularly among male personnel and those experiencing higher levels of depersonalization.

• Hem, Erlend (2007). Henrik Ibsen som pasient, I: Erlend Hem; Per Jørgen Wiggen Vaglum; Live Fyrand & Per Nerdrum (red.),  Pasienten og sykdommen. Psykiske faktorer ved somatisk sykdom.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-37501-7.  kapittel.  s 169 - 178
• Røvik, Jan Ole; Tyssen, Reidar; Hem, Erlend; Gude, Tore; Ekeberg, Øivind; Moum, Torbjørn & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2007). Job stress in young physicians with an emphasis on the work-home interface: a nine-year, nationwide and longitudinal study of its course and predictors. Industrial Health.  ISSN 0019-8366.  45, s 662- 671
• Tyssen, Reidar; Dolatowski, Filip C; Røvik, Jan Ole; Thorkildsen, Ruth Foseide; Ekeberg, Øivind; Hem, Erlend; Gude, Tore; Grønvold, Nina Tangnæs & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2007). Personality traits and types predict medical school stress: a six-year longitudinal and nationwide study. Medical Education.  ISSN 0308-0110.  41, s 781- 787 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02802.x
• Berg, Anne Marie Lie; Hem, Erlend; Lau, Bjørn & Ekeberg, Øivind (2006). An exploration of job stress and health in the Norwegian police service: a cross sectional study. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology.  ISSN 1745-6673.  1(26) . doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-1-26 Vis sammendrag

  BACKGROUND: Police work is regarded as a high-stress occupation, but so far, no nationwide study has explored the associations between work stress and health. AIMS: To explore physical and mental health among Norwegian police and associations to job stress. Comparisons were made with a nationwide sample of Norwegian physicians and the general Norwegian population. METHODS: Comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3,272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey with two factors (serious operational tasks and work injuries), the Job Stress Survey with two factors (job pressure and lack of support), the Basic Character Inventory, the Subjective Health Complaint questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Paykel's Suicidal Feelings in the General Population. RESULTS: The frequency of job pressure and lack of support was mainly associated to physical and mental health problems. Females showed higher means on anxiety symptoms than males (4.2, SD 2.9 and 3.7, SD 2.9, respectively; p < 0.01), while males showed higher means on depressive symptoms (3.1, SD 2.9 and 2.4, SD 2.5, respectively; p < 0.001). Police reported more subjective health complaints, depersonalization and higher scores on three of four personality traits than physicians, but lower scores on anxiety and depressive symptoms than the general population. CONCLUSION: This is the first nationwide study to explore job stress and physical and mental health in police. The results indicate that Norwegian police have high levels of musculoskeletal health problems mainly associated to the frequency of job pressure and lack of support. However, also frequent exposure to work injuries was associated to health problems. This may indicate that daily routine work as well as police operational duties must be taken into consideration in assessing job stress and police health

• Lau, Bjørn; Hem, Erlend; Berg, Anne Marie Lie; Ekeberg, Øivind & Torgersen, Svenn (2006). Personality types, coping, and stress in the Norwegian police service. Personality and Individual Differences.  ISSN 0191-8869.  41(5), s 971- 982 . doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.006 Vis sammendrag

  Much research has been undertaken to determine what characterizes the ‘police personality’, but so far the results have been ambiguous. We conducted a comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police personnel at all ranks, using a short form of the Basic Character Inventory, Job Stress Survey, and Coping Strategies Scale. We combined the three personality traits of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness into eight personality types: the spectator, insecure, sceptic, brooder, hedonist, impulsive, entrepreneur, and complicated. The results showed that entrepreneur and hedonist personality types, characterized by a combination of high values on Extraversion and low values on Neuroticism, reported lower values on perceived stress compared to others, whereas the insecure and brooder types, which combine low Extraversion with high values on Neuroticism, reported higher levels on perceived stress. Further, the entrepreneur and complicated types reported higher values on active coping strategies, whereas those combining low Extraversion and low Conscientiousness reported either less control coping (the insecure type), or support coping (the spectator type) compared to others. The findings indicate that a typology approach may be fruitful in exploring how police personnel with different combinations of personality traits experience and cope with stress.

• Berg, Anne Marie; Hem, Erlend; Lau, Bjørn & Ekeberg, Øivind (2006). Help-seeking in the Norwegian police service. Journal of Occupational Health.  ISSN 1341-9145.  48(3), s 142- 153 . doi: 10.1539/joh.48.145 Vis sammendrag

  A traditional view is that police officers possess negative attitudes toward seeking professional help. However, few empirical studies have investigated help-seeking behaviour in police services. This study aimed to investigate help-seeking behaviour, gender differences, and the relationship to self-reported physical and mental health problems in the Norwegian police service. Comparisons were made with a sample of the general Norwegian population. A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3,272 Norwegian police officers at all hierarchical levels was conducted; measurements included help-seeking, Subjective Health Complaint questionnaire (SHC), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Paykel's Suicidal Feelings in the General Population, alcohol and medication to cope, self reported health, and sick leave. Female police officers contacted nearly all health professionals more than their male counterparts. Help-seeking was largely unaffected by age. Less than 10% of those reporting anxiety or depressive symptoms or serious suicidal ideation had contacted a psychologist or psychiatrist. A chiropractor had been contacted by 14.5% of the sample during the past year, compared with 7% in the general Norwegian population. Anxiety symptoms were associated with seeking a chiropractor (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.7). The strongest association with contacting a psychologist or psychiatrist was medication used to cope (OR 5.8, 95% CI 3.0-11.1). The first nationwide study on help-seeking behaviour showed that police officers sought help among specialists in private practice, physiotherapists and chiropractors relatively often. However, they contacted a psychologist or psychiatrist rarely, even when reporting serious suicidal ideation.

• Frich, Jan C. & Hem, Erlend (2006). Den fatale historie – Ibsens helse i hans siste år. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(11), s 1497- 1501
• Hem, Erlend (2006). En eiendommelig språkforstyrrelse etter bombelesjon i hjernen. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(24), s 3311- 3313 Vis sammendrag

  6. september 1941 ble Oslo bombet av britiske fly, og en 28 år gammel kvinne ble rammet av en bombesplint i hodet. Hun ble hardt skadet, med en svær defekt i kraniet frontalt på venstre side, og man trodde hun ikke ville overleve. Hun var bevisstløs i 3 - 4 dager. Da hun kom til seg selv, hadde hun høyresidig hemiplegi og komplett afasi. Hun ble gradvis bedre, og to måneder senere ble hun utskrevet fra sykehus. Det bemerkelsesverdige var at hjerneskaden førte til at hun fikk endret setningsmelodi og kom til å snakke med tyskliknende aksent. Dette skapte problemer for henne under krigen, bl.a. ved at hun ikke ble ekspedert i butikkene. Sykehistorien ble etter krigen publisert av nevrologen Georg Herman Monrad-Krohn (1884 - 1964) og er blitt det best kjente tilfellet av utenlandsk aksent-syndrom (foreign accent syndrome). I denne artikkelen gis en kort beskrivelse av dette sjeldne syndromet belyst ved Monrad-Krohns pasient

• Hem, Erlend & Andersen, Kjell-Erik (2006). En apotekerlærling krysser sitt spor – om Ibsens medisinbestillinger. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(24), s 3314- 3317 Vis sammendrag

  Som ung arbeidet Henrik Ibsen (1828 - 1906) i seks år ved apoteket i Grimstad. Her lærte han bl.a. apotekerlatin, som han senere gjorde nytte av i diktningen. Også i eget liv fikk Ibsen bruk for latinkunnskapene, da han mot slutten av livet rekvirerte legemidler til seg selv. Ibsens siste år var preget av sykdom. Det er bevart noen medisinbestillinger der dikteren utber seg to legemidler, til tross for at begge var reseptpliktige. Det ene, jodnatrium, var et mye brukt middel mot arteriosklerose. Det andre, Brandts schweizerpiller, var et «mavemiddel». Jodnatrium var et relativt nytt middel. Det ble tatt i bruk på slutten av 1800-tallet. Selv om både effekt og virkningsmekanismer var usikre, var det en del av den etablerte medisin. Schweizerpillene var av en annen karakter. De var utviklet av den tyske apotekeren Richard Brandt (1828 - 1903) i 1877. Fra legehold ble det bestemt advart mot å bruke dette midlet. Det var et arkanum, dvs. at innholdet opprinnelig ble holdt hemmelig av produsenten. Forbruket av slike midler var i 1890-årene kommet helt ut av kontroll og var blitt et stort samfunnsproblem

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• Ekeberg, Øivind & Hem, Erlend (red.) (2016). PRAKTISK SELVMORDSFOREBYGGING. Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-49473-2.  240 s.
• Hem, Erlend (red.) (2016). Verken syk eller frisk. Sunnhet og sykdom er ikke lenger hva de var. Tidsskriftet. Den norske legeforening.  ISBN 9788280701190.  133 s.
• Natvig, Jacob B; Swärd, Elisabeth T. & Hem, Erlend (red.) (2009). Historier om helse. Den norske legeforening.  ISBN 978-82-8070-079-7.  300 s.
• Hem, Erlend; Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen; Fyrand, Live & Nerdrum, Per (red.) (2007). Pasienten og sykdommen. Psykiske faktorer ved somatisk sykdom. Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-37501-7.  299 s.
• Hem, Erlend (red.) (2006). Palliativ medisin. Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening.  ISBN 82-8070-053-6.  47 s.

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• Nylenna, Magne & Hem, Erlend (2020). Hva kan forskning om 1800-tallsepidemier lære oss i dag?. Michael.  ISSN 1893-9651.  17, s 615- 620
• Ekeberg, Øivind; Kvarstein, Elfrida H; Urnes, Øyvind; Eikenæs, Ingeborg Ulltveit-Moe & Hem, Erlend (2019). Pasienter med emosjonelt ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse trenger tilpasset akuttbehandling. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  139(15) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0492
• Hem, Erlend & Børdahl, Per E (2019). Ragnhild Vogt Hauge - psykiater, pioner og NS-medlem. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  139(10) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0944
• Søreide, Jon Arne & Hem, Erlend (2019). Roar Strøm - kirurgen som kom Zollinger og Ellison i forkjøpet. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  139(18) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0292
• Hem, Erlend; Nordhagen, Rannveig & Børdahl, Per E (2018). Vær alltid i godt humør - helseopplysning i 1920-årene. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  138(17) . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0660
• Ekeberg, Øivind & Hem, Erlend (2017). Kan vi forutsi selvmord?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  137(21), s 1680- 1681 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0573
• Ekeberg, Øivind & Hem, Erlend (2017). Kronisk suicidal?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  137(21), s 1682- 1683 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0630
• Bretthauer, Michael & Hem, Erlend (2016). M. Bretthauer & E. Hem svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  136(1), s 10- 10 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1307
• Hem, Erlend (2016). Den Gud gir et embete, gir han også forstand. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  136(5), s 449- 450 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1250
• Hem, Erlend & Madsen, Steinar (2016). Re: Smale legemidler. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  136(10), s 894- 894 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0441
• Hem, Erlend & Spigset, Olav (2016). Serotonergt eller serotoninergt syndrom?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  136(11), s 1018- 1018 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0424
• Bretthauer, Michael & Hem, Erlend (2015). Omskjæring av gutter.. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  135(21), s 1926- 1927 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0756
• Bretthauer, Michael & Hem, Erlend (2015). Vi trenger ikke flere tidsskrifter.. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Hem, Erlend (2015). Erlend Hem svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  135(17), s 1572- 1573 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0745
• Gjersvik, Petter; Hem, Erlend; Jacobsen, Geir Wenberg & Bretthauer, Michael (2014). P. Gjersvik og medarbeidere svarer:. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  134(12-13), s 1215 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0744
• Hem, Erlend; Gjersvik, Petter & Bretthauer, Michael (2014). Sammenliknende effektforskning. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001. . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0485
• Haugen, Trine Berit; Hem, Erlend & Jacobsen, Geir Wenberg (2012). Prevalens – ikke forbeholdt de syke?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  132(20), s 2300- 2300 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0766
• Schiøtz, Aina & Hem, Erlend (2011). Medisinhistorie eller medisinsk historie?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  131(12), s 1209 . doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0501
• Salvesen, Kjell Å; Hem, Erlend & Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn (2010). Hvor intenst kan toppidrettskvinner trene i 2. trimester uten fare for fosteret?.
• Bjørnaas, Mari Asphjell; Hem, Erlend; Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw & Ekeberg, Øivind (2009). Suicide methods among Norwegian physicians 1960 – 2000.
• Hem, Erlend & Ekeberg, Øivind (2009). Mortality among Norwegian physicians 1960 – 2000.
• Skogstad, Laila; Tøien, Kirsti; Hem, Erlend; Sandvik, Leiv & Ekeberg, Øivind (2009). The relationship between perceived threat at place of injury, during transportation and in hospital, and stress reactions 3-4months post-trauma.
• Hem, Erlend (2008). Ville du like å gå til en lege som er psykopat?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  128(16), s 1805
• Hem, Erlend & Bloch Helmers, Ann-Kristin (2008, 30. oktober). Psykiatri og sykepleie.  Sykepleien.
• Hem, Erlend & Brodal, Per (2008). E. Hem &amp; P. Brodal svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  128(2), s 211
• Tyssen, Reidar; Hem, Erlend; Gude, Tore; Grønvold, Nina Tangnæs; Ekeberg, Øivind & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2008). Lower life satisfaction in physicians compared with a general population sample: a 10-year longitudinal, nationwide study of course and predictors.
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2007). Occupational stress and alcohol use: A study of two nationwide samples of operational ambulance personnel and police in Norway.
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2007). Occupational stress and alcohol use: A study of two nationwide samples of operational ambulance personnel and police in Norway.
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2007). Occupational stressors and its organizational and individual correlates: A nationwide study of Norwegian ambulance personnel.
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2007). Occupational stressors and its organizational and individual correlates: A nationwide study of Norwegian ambulance personnel.
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Lau, Bjørn & Ekeberg, Øivind (2007). Suicidal ideation in a nationwide sample of operational Norwegian ambulance personnel.
• Ekeberg, Øivind & Hem, Erlend (2007, 01. februar). Nytter oppfølging etter selvmordsforsøk?. [Internett].  Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening.
• Grotmol, Kjersti Støen; Tyssen, Reidar; Ekeberg, Øivind; Gude, Tore; Hem, Erlend; Sterud, Tom & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2007). Expectancyof alcohol to reduce tension and hazardous drinking among young Norwegian doctors: aten-year longitudinal and nationwide study.
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Enkeltpasienter som læremestre. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(5), s 561
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Et eller en struma? Ja takk, begge deler. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(20), s 2717
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Helstøpt om Ibsen. [omtale]: Figueiredo I. Henrik Ibsen. Masken. Oslo: Aschehoug, 2007. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(24), s 3292
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Hva er galt med medisinske tidsskrifter? [omtale]: Smith R. The trouble with medical journals. London: RSM Press, 2006. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(19), s 2571
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Hvordan lese vitenskapelige artikler. [omtale]: David Bowers Allan House David Owens. Understanding clinical papers. 2. utg. Chichester: Wiley, 2006. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(17), s 2291
• Hem, Erlend (2007). I Kjærlighed er han en listig Rakker. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(8), s 1085
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Med åpent vindu mot verden. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(16), s 2130- 2131
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Medisinsk ordbok i lommeformat. [omtale]: Lappegard Ø. Medisinsk ordbok. Oslo: Lunde forlag, 2006. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(10), s 1411
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Norsk botanikk [omtale]: Jørgensen PM red. Botanikkens historie i Norge. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, 2007. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(24), s 3299
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Referanser – en akademisk dygd. [omtale]: Inger Cathrine Spangen. Referansehåndboken. Oslo: Spartacus, 2006/Wenche Blomberg. Litteraturlisteguiden VADE MECUM. Oslo: Transit, 2007. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(18), s 2428
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Steinbarnet fra Innset. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(24), s 3191
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Suicidal behaviour in some human service occupations with special emphasis on physicians and police: A nationwide study.
• Hem, Erlend (2007). Øyris medisinske ordbok - hva nå? [omtale]: Øyri A. Norsk medisinsk ordbok. 8. utg. Oslo: Samlaget, 2007. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(16), s 2137
• Hem, Erlend & Gillebo, Mathias (2007, 05. juli). Leger har høyest selvmordsrate.  Vårt land.
• Sterud, Tom; Hem, Erlend; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lau, Bjørn (2007). Occupational stress and alcohol use: A study of two nationwide samples of operational ambulance personnel and police in Norway. European psychiatry.  ISSN 0924-9338.  22, s s202
• Tyssen, Reidar; Dolatowski, Filip C; Røvik, Jan Ole; Thorkildsen, Ruth F; Ekeberg, Øivind; Hem, Erlend; Gude, Tore; Grønvold, Nina Tangnæs & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2007). Personality traits and types predict medical school stress: a six-year longitudinal and nationwide study.
• Ødegaard, Raida & Hem, Erlend (2007). Serumspeil - en reminisens. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  127(11), s 1541
• Hem, Erlend (2006). Status biopsychosocialis [omtale]: White P, red. Biopsychosocial medicine: an integrated approach to understanding illness. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(6), s 807- 807
• Hem, Erlend & Arentz, Jan Birger (2006, 23. mai). Legene i Henrik Ibsens siste år. [Radio].  NRK radio P2 Sånn er livet.
• Hem, Erlend & Frich, Jan C. (2006). Legene og sykdommene i Ibsens siste år.
• Hem, Erlend & Hoftun, Hanne (2006, 09. januar). Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening 125 år. [Radio].  NRK P1 Østlandssendingen.
• Tyssen, Reidar; Hem, Erlend; Gude, Tore; Grønvold, Nina Tangnæs; Ekeberg, Øivind & Vaglum, Per Jørgen Wiggen (2006). Lower life satisfaction among doctors compared with the general population: a 10-year longitudinal and nationwide study of course and predictors.
• Augensen, Kåre; Børdahl, Per E. & Hem, Erlend (2006). Er det barnet eller kvinnen som forløses?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(13-14), s 1787- 1787
• Hem, Erlend (2006). Hvordan blir man en god veileder? [omtale]: Delamont S, Atkinson P, Parry O. Supervising the doctorate: A guide to success. 2. utg. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2005. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(10), s 1368- 1368
• Hem, Erlend (2006, 11. mai). Møtepresentasjon påvirker behandlingsvalg. [Internett].  Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening.
• Hem, Erlend (2006). Rectum, reddhare, redaktør [omtale]: Gylseth CH. En forbannet svartsmusket redaktør! Olav Thommessen og hans tid. Oslo: Tiden, 2006. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(24), s 3339- 3339
• Hem, Erlend (2006). Selvmordsatferd og yrke – er det noen sammenheng?. Suicidologi.  ISSN 1501-6994.  11(2), s 15- 17
• Hem, Erlend (2006). Svindel og suksess. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(22), s 2931- 2931
• Hem, Erlend (2006). Var det lege Ibsen ville bli?. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  126(24), s 3295- 3296 Vis sammendrag

  En vanlig oppfatning har vært at Henrik Ibsen (1828 - 1906) hadde planer om å studere medisin. Denne oppfatningen ble trolig første gang presentert i vennen Paul Botten-Hansens Ibsen-biografi i 1863, da dikteren var 35 år gammel. Siden er den gjentatt en rekke ganger, bl.a. i Henrik Jægers biografi i 1888 og noe senere i Norsk Forfatter-Lexikon. Ibsen leste korrektur på begge disse verkene, og endret ikke på det. Selv om kildegrunnlaget er spedt, er det ikke utelukket at Ibsen kan ha hatt et ønske om å studere medisin. Men vi vet ikke når han eventuelt fikk denne ideen, hvor lenge den varte eller hvor grunnfestet den kan ha vært. Da Ibsen flyttet til Christiania for å ta examen artium i 1850, 22 år gammel, hadde han i alle fall andre planer. Historien illustrerer et viktig poeng: Hva skal kreves av kildegrunnlag før vi aksepterer en opplysning?

• Hem, Erlend (2006). Will anything really change?.

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