Niels Christian Danbolt

• Zhou, Yun; Dhaher, Roni; Parent, Maxime; Hu, Qiu Xiang; Hassel, Bjørnar; Hyder, Fahmeed; Yee, Siu-Pok; Gruenbaum, Shaun E.; Eid, Tore & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2019). Selective deletion of glutamine synthetase in the mouse cerebral cortex induces glial dysfunction and vascular impairment that precede epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Neurochemistry International.  ISSN 0197-0186.  123, s 22- 33 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.009 Vis sammendrag

  Glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase; Glul) is enriched in astrocytes and serves as the primary enzyme for ammonia detoxification and glutamate inactivation in the brain. Loss of astroglial Glul is reported in hippocampi of epileptic patients, but the mechanism by which Glul deficiency might cause disease remains elusive. Here we created a novel mouse model by selectively deleting Glul in the hippocampus and neocortex. The Glul deficient mice were born without any apparent malformations and behaved unremarkably until postnatal week three. There were reductions in tissue levels of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and GABA and in mRNA encoding glutamate receptor subunits GRIA1 and GRIN2A as well as in the glutamate transporter proteins EAAT1 and EAAT2. Adult Glul-deficient mice developed progressive neurodegeneration and spontaneous seizures which increased in frequency with age. Importantly, progressive astrogliosis occurred before neurodegeneration and was first noted in astrocytes along cerebral blood vessels. The responses to CO2-provocation were attenuated at four weeks of age and dilated microvessels were observed histologically in sclerotic areas of cKO. Thus, the abnormal glutamate metabolism observed in this model appeared to cause epilepsy by first inducing gliopathy and disrupting the neurovascular coupling.

• Zhou, Yun; Hassel, Bjørnar; Eid, Tore & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2019). Axon-terminals expressing EAAT2 (GLT-1; Slc1a2) are common in the forebrain and not limited to the hippocampus. Neurochemistry International.  ISSN 0197-0186.  123, s 101- 113 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.006
• Albertini, Giulia; Deneyer, L.; Hansen, Sigrid Ottestad; Zhou, Yun; Ates, G; Walrave, L; Demuyser, Thomas; Bentea, Eduard; Sato, Hideyo; De Bundel, D; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Massie, Ann & Smolders, Ilse (2018). Genetic deletion of xCT attenuates peripheral and central inflammation and mitigates LPS-induced sickness and depressive-like behavior in mice. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  66(9), s 1845- 1861 . doi: 10.1002/glia.23343 Vis sammendrag

  The communication between the immune and central nervous system (CNS) is affected in many neurological disorders. Peripheral injections of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are widely used to study this communication: an LPS challenge leads to a biphasic syndrome that starts with acute sickness and is followed by persistent brain inflammation and chronic behavioral alterations such as depressive-like symptoms. In vitro, the response to LPS treatment has been shown to involve enhanced expression of system. This cystine-glutamate antiporter, with xCT as specific subunit, represents the main glial provider of extracellular glutamate in mouse hippocampus. Here we injected male xCT knockout and wildtype mice with a single intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg LPS. LPS-injection increased hippocampal xCT expression but did not alter the mainly astroglial localization of the xCT protein. Peripheral and central inflammation (as defined by cytokine levels and morphological activation of microglia) as well as LPS-induced sickness and depressive-like behavior were significantly attenuated in xCT-deficient mice compared with wildtype mice. Our study is the first to demonstrate the involvement of system in peripheral and central inflammation in vivo and the potential therapeutic relevance of its inhibition in brain disorders characterized by peripheral and central inflammation, such as depression.

• Hansen, Sigrid Ottestad; Hu, Qiu Xiang; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Bentea, Eduard; Sato, Hideyo; Massie, Ann; Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2018). The cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT, Slc7a11) is expressed in significant concentrations in a subpopulation of astrocytes in the mouse brain.. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  66(5), s 951- 970 . doi: 10.1002/glia.23294 Vis sammendrag

  The cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT) promotes glutathione synthesis by catalyzing cystine uptake and glutamate release. The released glutamate may modulate normal neural signaling and contribute to excitotoxicity in pathological situations. Uncertainty, however, remains as neither the expression levels nor the distribution of xCT have been unambiguously determined. In fact, xCT has been reported in astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, but most of the information derives from cell cultures. Here, we show by immunohistochemistry and by Western blotting that xCT is widely expressed in the central nervous system of both sexes. The labeling specificity was validated using tissue from xCT knockout mice as controls. Astrocytes were selectively labeled, but showed greatly varying labeling intensities. This astroglial heterogeneity resulted in an astrocyte domain-like labeling pattern. Strong xCT labeling was also found in the leptomeninges, along some blood vessels, in selected circumventricular organs and in a subpopulation of tanycytes residing the lateral walls of the ventral third ventricle. Neurons, oligodendrocytes and resting microglia, as well as reactive microglia induced by glutamine synthetase deficiency, were unlabeled. The concentration of xCT protein in hippocampus was compared with that of the EAAT3 glutamate transporter by immunoblotting using a chimeric xCT-EAAT3 protein to normalize xCT and EAAT3 labeling intensities. The immunoblots suggested an xCT/EAAT3 ratio close to one (0.75 ± 0.07; average ± SEM; n = 4) in adult C57BL6 mice. CONCLUSIONS: xCT is present in select blood/brain/CSF interface areas and in an astrocyte subpopulation, in sufficient quantities to support the notion that system xc- provides physiologically relevant transport activity.

• Hu, Qiu Xiang; Hansen, Sigrid Ottestad; Holmseth, Silvia; Hassel, Bjørnar; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Zhou, Yun (2018). Expression of glutamate transporters in mouse liver, kidney, and intestine. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.  ISSN 0022-1554.  66(3), s 189- 202 . doi: 10.1369/0022155417749828 Vis sammendrag

  Glutamate transport activities have been identified not only in the brain, but also in the liver, kidney, and intestine. Although glutamate transporter distributions in the central nervous system are fairly well known, there are still uncertainties with respect to the distribution of these transporters in peripheral organs. Quantitative information is mostly lacking, and few of the studies have included genetically modified animals as specificity controls. The present study provides validated qualitative and semi-quantitative data on the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)1-3 subtypes in the mouse liver, kidney, and intestine. In agreement with the current view, we found high EAAT3 protein levels in the brush borders of both the distal small intestine and the renal proximal tubules. Neither EAAT1 nor EAAT2 was detected at significant levels in murine kidney or intestine. In contrast, the liver only expressed EAAT2 (but 2 C-terminal splice variants). EAAT2 was detected in the plasma membranes of perivenous hepatocytes. These cells also expressed glutamine synthetase. Conditional deletion of hepatic EAAT2 did neither lead to overt neurological disturbances nor development of fatty liver.

• Zhou, Yun; Dhaher, Roni; Parent, Maxime; Hu, Qiu Xiang; Hassel, Bjørnar; Yee, Siu-Pok; Hyder, Fahmeed; Gruenbaum, Shaun E.; Eid, Tore & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2018). Selective deletion of glutamine synthetase in the mouse cerebral cortex induces glial dysfunction and vascular impairment that precede epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Neurochemistry International.  ISSN 0197-0186.  s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.009
• Zhou, Yun; Hassel, Bjørnar; Eid, Tore & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2018). Axon-terminals expressing EAAT2 (GLT-1; Slc1a2) are common in the forebrain and not limited to the hippocampus. Neurochemistry International.  ISSN 0197-0186.  123, s 101- 113 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.006
• Demuyser, Thomas; Deneyer, L.; Bentea, Eduard; Albertini, Giulia; Femenia, T; Walrave, L; Sato, Hideyo; Danbolt, Niels Christian; De Bundel, D; Michotte, A; Lindskog, M.; Massie, Ann & Smolders, Ilse (2017). Slc7a11 (xCT) protein expression is not altered in the depressed brain and system xc- deficiency does not affect depression-associated behaviour in the corticosterone mouse model. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry.  ISSN 1562-2975.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Furness, David N & Zhou, Yun (2016). Neuronal vs glial glutamate uptake: Resolving the conundrum. Neurochemistry International.  ISSN 0197-0186.  98, s 29- 45 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.009 Vis sammendrag

  Neither normal brain function nor the pathological processes involved in neurological diseases can be adequately understood without knowledge of the release, uptake and metabolism of glutamate. The reason for this is that glutamate (a) is the most abundant amino acid in the brain, (b) is at the cross-roads between several metabolic pathways, and (c) serves as the major excitatory neurotransmitter. In fact most brain cells express glutamate receptors and are thereby influenced by extracellular glutamate. In agreement, brain cells have powerful uptake systems that constantly remove glutamate from the extracellular fluid and thereby limit receptor activation. It has been clear since the 1970s that both astrocytes and neurons express glutamate transporters. However the relative contribution of neuronal and glial transporters to the total glutamate uptake activity, however, as well as their functional importance, has been hotly debated ever since. The present short review provides (a) an overview of what we know about neuronal glutamate uptake as well as an historical description of how we got there, and (b) a hypothesis reconciling apparently contradicting observations thereby possibly resolving the paradox.

• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Zhou, Yun; Furness, David N & Holmseth, Silvia (2016). Strategies for immunohistochemical protein localization using antibodies: What did we learn from neurotransmitter transporters in glial cells and neurons. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  64(12), s 2045- 2064 . doi: 10.1002/glia.23027 Vis sammendrag

  Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting are still major methods for protein localization, but they rely on the specificity of the antibodies. Validation of antibody specificity remains challenging mostly because ideal negative controls are often unavailable. Further, immunochemical labeling patterns are also influenced by a number of other factors such as postmortem changes, fixation procedures and blocking agents as well as the general assay conditions (e.g., buffers, temperature, etc.). Western blotting similarly depends on tissue collection and sample preparation as well as the electrophoretic separation, transfer to blotting membranes and the immunochemical probing of immobilized molecules. Publication of inaccurate information on protein distribution has downstream consequences for other researchers because the interpretation of physiological and pharmacological observations depends on information on where ion channels, receptors, enzymes or transporters are located. Despite numerous reports, some of which are strongly worded, erroneous localization data are being published. Here we describe the extent of the problem and illustrate the nature of the pitfalls with examples from studies of neurotransmitter transporters. We explain the importance of supplementing immunochemical observations with other measurements (e.g., mRNA levels and distribution, protein activity, mass spectrometry, electrophysiological recordings, etc.) and why quantitative considerations are integral parts of the quality control. Further, we propose a practical strategy for researchers who plan to embark on a localization study. We also share our thoughts about guidelines for quality control.

• Eid, Tore; Gruenbaum, SE; Dhaher, R; Lee, T W; Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2016). The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle in Epilepsy. Advances in neurobiology.  ISSN 2190-5215.  13, s 351- 400
• Hanson, Elizabeth; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Dulla, Chris G. (2016). Astrocyte membrane properties are altered in a rat model of developmental cortical malformation but single-cell astrocytic glutamate uptake is robust. Neurobiology of Disease.  ISSN 0969-9961.  89, s 157- 168 . doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.02.012
• Li, Yuchuan; Hessvik, Nina Pettersen; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Holen, Torgeir (2016). A large-scale quantitative EM study on activation of olfactory glands shows no effect of cholinergic agents. Journal of Electron Microscopy.  ISSN 0022-0744.  65(5), s 438- 443 . doi: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw028 Vis sammendrag

  Little is known about olfactory glands' regulation despite their presumed importance for normal functioning of the cilia of olfactory neurons. The aim of this study was to establish an assay for olfactory gland activation by using large-scale quantitative electron microscopy (EM). In addition we wanted to test the hypothesis that cholinergic drugs activate the olfactory glands, by using our newly established EM assay. In total, over 70 000 secretory gland vesicles were quantified in over 3000 cells. Olfactory gland cell size (40.8 µm2 ± 2.0 SD), vesicle diameter (812 nm ± 57 SD) and vesicles per cell (21.6 ± 4.2 SD) were also quantified. The vesicle percentage of the cell area varied between 24% and 30%. In a blinded study we found no significant effects of cholinergic agents on parameters of vesicle number or vesicle diameter. Unexpectedly, pilocarpine treatment increased olfactory gland size, probably by inducing cell swelling. In conclusion, we have established a quantitative EM assay for olfactory gland activation and provided new data on basic olfactory gland cell characteristics. By using the EM assay, olfactory glands are shown not to be activated by cholinergic agents, which indicates an alternative regulation pathway or constitutive secretion from olfactory glands.

• Van Liefferinge, Joeri; Bentea, Eduard; Demuyser, Thomas; Albertini, Giulia; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Holmseth, Silvia; Merckx, Ellen; Sato, Hideyo; Aerts, Joeri L.; Smolders, Ilse; Arckens, Lutgarde; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Massie, Ann (2016). Comparative analysis of antibodies to xCT (Slc7a11): Forewarned is forearmed. Journal of Comparative Neurology.  ISSN 0021-9967.  524(5), s 1015- 1032 . doi: 10.1002/cne.23889
• Hanson, Elizabeth; Armbruster, Moritz; Cantu, David; Andresen, Lauren; Taylor, Amaro; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Dulla, Chris G. (2015). Astrocytic glutamate uptake is slow and does not limit neuronal NMDA receptor activation in the neonatal neocortex. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  63(10), s 1784- 1796 . doi: 10.1002/glia.22844
• Petr, Geraldine T; Sun, Yan; Frederick, Natalie M; Zhou, Yun; Dhamne, Sameer C; Hameed, Mustafa Q; Miranda, Clive; Bedoya, Edward A; Fischer, Kathryn D; Armsen, Wencke; Wang, Jianlin; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Rotenberg, Alexander; Aoki, Chiye J & Rosenberg, Paul A (2015). Conditional deletion of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 reveals that astrocytic GLT-1 protects against fatal epilepsy while neuronal GLT-1 contributes significantly to glutamate uptake into synaptosomes. Journal of Neuroscience.  ISSN 0270-6474.  35(13), s 5187- 5201 . doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4255-14.2015
• Raynaud, Xavier; Nordaas, Magne André; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2015). Well-posedness of a model equation for neurotransmitter diffusion with reactive boundaries. Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences.  ISSN 0218-2025.  25(2), s 195- 227 . doi: 10.1142/S0218202515500074 Vis sammendrag

  We consider a diffusion equation with reactive boundary conditions. The equation is a model equation for the diffusion of classical neurotransmitters in the tortuous space between cells in the brain. The equation determines the concentration of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) and the probability for neurotransmitter molecules to be immobilized by binding to protein molecules (receptors and transporters) at the cell boundary (cell membrane). On a regularized problem, we derive a priori estimates. Then, by a compactness argument, we show the existence of solutions. By exploiting the particular structure of the boundary reaction terms, we are able to prove that the solutions are unique and continuous with respect to initial data.

• Robel, Stefanie; Buckingham, Susan C.; Boni, Jessica L.; Campbell, Susan L.; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Riedemann, Therese; Sutor, Bernd & Sontheimer, Harald (2015). Reactive astrogliosis causes the development of spontaneous seizures. Journal of Neuroscience.  ISSN 0270-6474.  35(8), s 3330- 3345 . doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1574-14.2015
• Zhou, Yun; Kempson, S.A. & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2015). Betaine uptake with a focus on the betaine/GABA transporter. Food and Nutritional Components in Focus.  ISSN 2045-1695.  2015-January(7), s 76- 89
• Bjørnsen, Lars Petter; Hadera, Mussie Ghezu; Zhou, Yun; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Sonnewald, Ursula (2014). The GLT-1 (EAAT2; Slc1a2) glutamate transporter is essential for glutamate homeostasis in the neocortex of the mouse. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  128(5), s 641- 649 . doi: 10.1111/jnc.12509
• Martinov, Vladimir Nikolkaev; Dehnes, Yvette; Holmseth, Silvia; Shimamoto, Keiko; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Valen, Guro (2014). A novel glutamate transport blocker, LL-TBOA, attenuates ischemic injury in the isolated, perfused rat heart despite low transporter levels. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.  ISSN 1010-7940.  45(4), s 710- 716 . doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt487
• Yang, Mingyi; Luna, Linda; Sørbø, Jan Gunnar; Alseth, Ingrun; Johansen, Rune Forstrøm; Backe, Paul Hoff; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Eide, Lars & Bjørås, Magnar (2014). Human OXR1 maintains mitochondrial DNA integrity and counteracts hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress by regulating antioxidant pathways involving p21. Free Radical Biology & Medicine.  ISSN 0891-5849.  77, s 41- 48 . doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.003
• Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2014). Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain. Journal of neural transmission.  ISSN 0300-9564.  121(8), s 799- 817 . doi: 10.1007/s00702-014-1180-8
• Zhou, Yun; Waanders, LF; Holmseth, Silvia; Guo, C; Berger, Urs V; Li, Yuchuan; Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2014). Proteome analysis and conditional deletion of the EAAT2 glutamate transporter provide evidence against a role of EAAT2 in pancreatic insulin secretion in mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry.  ISSN 0021-9258.  289(3), s 1329- 1344 . doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.529065
• Zhou, Yun; Wang, Xiaoyu; Tzingounis, Anastasios V; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Larsson, H Peter (2014). EAAT2 (GLT-1; slc1a2) glutamate transporters reconstituted in liposomes argues against heteroexchange being substantially faster than net uptake. Journal of Neuroscience.  ISSN 0270-6474.  34(40), s 13472- 13485 . doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2282-14.2014
• Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2013). GABA and Glutamate Transporters in Brain. Frontiers in Endocrinology.  ISSN 1664-2392.  4 . doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00165
• Zhou, Yun; Waanders, Leonie; Holmseth, Silvia; Guo, Caiying; Berger, Urs V; Li, Yuchuan; Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2013). Proteome analysis and conditional deletion of the EAAT2 glutamate transporter provide evidence against a role of EAAT2 in pancreatic insulin secretion in mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry.  ISSN 0021-9258. . doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.529065
• Holmseth, Silvia; Dehnes, Yvette; Huang, YHH; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Verket, Nina Julie; Mylonakou, Maria-Niki; Plachez, C; Zhou, Yun; Furness, DN; Bergles, DE; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2012). The Density of EAAC1 (EAAT3) Glutamate Transporters Expressed by Neurons in the Mammalian CNS. Journal of Neuroscience.  ISSN 0270-6474.  32(17), s 6000- 6013 . doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5347-11.2012
• Holmseth, Silvia; Zhou, Yun; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Bergles, Dwight E. & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2012). Specificity Controls for Immunocytochemistry: The Antigen Preadsorption Test Can Lead to Inaccurate Assessment of Antibody Specificity. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.  ISSN 0022-1554.  60(3), s 174- 187 . doi: 10.1369/0022155411434828
• Li, Yuchuan; Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2012). The Rates of Postmortem Proteolysis of Glutamate Transporters Differ Dramatically between Cells and between Transporter Subtypes. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.  ISSN 0022-1554.  60(11), s 811- 821 . doi: 10.1369/0022155412458589
• Zhou, Yun; Holmseth, Silvia; Guo, C; Hassel, Bjørnar; Höfner, G; Huitfeldt, Henrik; Wanner, KT & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2012). Deletion of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2 and SLC6A13) gene in mice leads to changes in liver and brain taurine contents. Journal of Biological Chemistry.  ISSN 0021-9258.  287(42), s 35733- 35746 . doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.368175
• Zhou, Yun; Holmseth, Silvia; Hua, Rui; Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G; Olofsson, Anna Maria; Poblete-Naredo, Irais; Kempson, S.A. & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2012). The betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1, slc6a12) is predominantly expressed in the liver and at lower levels in the kidneys and at the brain surface. American Journal of Physiology - Renal, fluid and electrolyte physiology.  ISSN 0363-6127.  302(3), s F316- F328 . doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00464.2011
• Larsson, Max; Morland, Cecilie; Poblete-Naredo, Irais; Biber, Jürg; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Gundersen, Vidar (2011). The Sodium-Dependent Inorganic Phosphate Transporter SLC34Al (NaPi-IIa) Is Not Localized in the Mouse Brain: A Case of Tissue-Specific Antigenic Cross-Reactivity. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.  ISSN 0022-1554.  59(9), s 807- 812 . doi: 10.1369/0022155411411713
• Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G; Rowley, Nicole; Zhou, Yun; Holmseth, Silvia; Guo, Chungang; Holen, Torgeir; Hua, Rui; Laake, Petter; Olofsson, Anna Maria; Poblete-Naredo, Irais; Rusakov, Dimitri A.; Madsen, Karsten K.; Clausen, Rasmus P.; Schousboe, Arne; White, H. Steve & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2011). Deletion of the betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) gene does not affect seizure thresholds of adult mice. Epilepsy Research.  ISSN 0920-1211.  95(1-2), s 70- 81 . doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.02.014
• Mathiisen, Thomas Misje; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Ottersen, Ole Petter (2010). The Perivascular Astroglial Sheath Provides a Complete Covering of the Brain Microvessels: An Electron Microscopic 3D Reconstruction. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  58(9), s 1094- 1103 . doi: 10.1002/glia.20990
• Holmseth, Silvia; Scott, Heather A; Real, Katia; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Leergaard, Trygve Brauns; Bjaalie, Jan G. & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2009). The concentrations and distributions of three C-terminal variants of the GLT1 (EAAT2; slc1a2) glutamate transporter protein in rat brain tissue suggest differential regulation. Neuroscience.  ISSN 0306-4522.  162(4), s 1055- 1071 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.048
• Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Laake, Petter & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2009). Greater Intrasex Phenotype Variability in Males Than in Females is a Fundamental Aspect of the Gender Differences in Humans. Developmental Psychobiology.  ISSN 0012-1630.  51(2), s 198- 206 . doi: 10.1002/dev.20358
• Furness, DN; Dehnes, Yvette; Akhtar, Aisha Qureshi; Rossi, DJ; Hamann, M; Grutle, Nina J.; Gundersen, Vidar; Holmseth, Silvia; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Ullensvang, Kyrre; Wojewodzic, Marcin; Zhou, Yun; Attwell, D & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2008). A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF GLUTAMATE UPTAKE INTO HIPPOCAMPAL SYNAPTIC TERMINALS AND ASTROCYTES: NEW INSIGHTS INTO A NEURONAL ROLE FOR EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 2 (EAAT2). Neuroscience.  ISSN 0306-4522.  157(1), s 80- 94 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.043
• Holten, Aleksander Talgøy; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Keiko, S & Gundersen, Vidar (2008). Low-affinity excitatory amino acid uptake in hippocampal astrocytes: A possible role of Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporters. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  56, s 990- 997 . doi: 10.1002/glia.20672
• Bjørnsen, Lars Petter B. W.; Eid, T; Holmseth, Silvia; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Spencer, DD & de Lanerolle, NC (2007). Changes in glial glutamate transporters in human epileptogenic hippocampus: Inadequate explanation for high extracellular glutamate during seizures. Neurobiology of Disease.  ISSN 0969-9961.  25, s 319- 330 . doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.09.014
• Cristina, A; Fontana, K; Beleboni, RD; Wojewodzic, MW; dos Santos, WF; Coutinho, J; Grutle, Nina J.; Watts, SD; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Amara, SG (2007). Enhancing glutamate transport: Mechanism of action of Parawixin1, a neuroprotective compound from Parawixia bistriata spider venom. Molecular Pharmacology.  ISSN 0026-895X.  72(5), s 1228- 1237 . doi: 10.1124/mol.107.037127
• Holmseth, Silvia; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2006). Specificity controls for immunocytochemistry. Anatomy and Embryology.  ISSN 0340-2061.  211, s 257- 266
• O'Shea, RD; Lau, CL; Farso, MC; Diwakarla, S; Zagami, CJ; Svendsen, BB; Feeney, SJ; Callaway, JK; Jones, NM; Pow, DV; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Jarrott, B & Beart, PM (2006). Effects of lipopolysaccharide on glial phenotype and activity of glutamate transporters: Evidence for delayed up-regulation and redistribution of GLT-1. Neurochemistry International.  ISSN 0197-0186.  48, s 604- 610
• Gammelsæter, Runhild; Frøyland, Marianne; Gammelsaeter, R; Froyland, M; Aragon, C; Danbolt, NC; Fortin, D; Storm-Mathisen, J; Davanger, Svend & Gundersen, V (2004). Glycine, GABA and their transporters in pancreatic islets of Langerhans: evidence for a paracrine transmitter interplay. Journal of Cell Science.  ISSN 0021-9533.  117, s 3749- 3758
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Holmseth, Silvia; Skår, Aud Ragnhild; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin & Furness, DN (2004). Glutamate Uptake and Transporters, In Carlo Ferrarese & M.Flint Beal (ed.),  Excitotoxicity in Neurological Diseases.  Springer.  ISBN 978-1-4419-8959-8.  Chapter 3.  s 27 - 49
• Eid, T.; Thomas, Marion J.; Spencer, DD; Pran, Elise Rundén; Lai, JC; Malthankar, GV; Kim, JH; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Ottersen, Ole Petter & de lanerolle, NC (2004). Loss of glutamine synthetase in the human epileptogenic hippocampus: possible mechanism for raised extracellular glutamate in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The Lancet.  ISSN 0140-6736.  363, s 28- 37
• Boulland, Jean-Luc; Osen, Kirsten K.; Levy, Line Margrete; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Edwards, R. H.; Storm-Mathisen, Jon & Chaudhry, Farrukh Abbas (2002). Cell-specific expression of the glutamine transporter SN1 suggests differences in dependence on the glutamine cycle. European Journal of Neuroscience.  ISSN 0953-816X.  15(10), s 1615- 1631
• Gardiner, R.B.; Ullensvang, Kyrre; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Caveney, S. & Donly, B.C. (2002). Cellular distribution of a high-affinity glutamate transporter in the nervous system of the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni. Journal of Experimental Biology.  ISSN 0022-0949.  205(17), s 2605- 2613
• O´Shea, R.D.; Fodera, M.V.; Aprico, K.; Dehnes, Yvette; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Crawford, D. & Beart, P.M. (2002). Evaluation of drugs acting at glutamate transporters in organotypic hippocampal cultures: new evidence on substrates and blockers in excitotoxicity. Neurochemical Research.  ISSN 0364-3190.  27(1-2), s 5- 13
• Danbolt, Niels Christian (2001). Glutamate uptake. Progress in Neurobiology.  ISSN 0301-0082.  65(1), s 1- 105
• Hazell, A.S.; Rao, K. V.; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Pow, D.V. & Butterworth, R.F. (2001). Selective down-regulation of the astrocyte glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST within the medial thalamus in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  78(3), s 560- 568

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Danbolt, Niels Christian & Zhou, Yun (2019). The Functional Importance of Neuronal vs Glial Glutamate Uptake.
• Hu, Qiu Xiang; Klatt, Gesa; Ottestad-Hansen, Sigrid; Gudmundsrud, Ruben; Massie, Ann; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Zhou, Yun (2019). Differential Distribution of Glutamate Transporters EAAT1-3 and xCT in murine spinal cord: a semi-quantitative study.
• Hu, Qiu Xiang; Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2019). The concentration of GABA transporter proteins GAT1 and GAT3 in young adult mouse brain relative to those of glutamate transporter proteins.
• Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2019). Glutamate Transporters with Dual Personality.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Ottestad-Hansen, Sigrid; Hu, Qiu Xiang; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Bentea, Eduard; Sato, Hideyo; Massie, Ann & Zhou, Yun (2018). The cysteine-glutamate exchanger (xCT, slc7a11) is expressed in significant concentrations in a subpopulation of astrocytes in the mouse brain.
• Gudmundsrud, Ruben; Ottestad-Hansen, Sigrid; Hu, Qiu Xiang; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Zhou, Yun (2018). The role of glutamate/cystine exchanger (slc7a11) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• Zhou, Yun; Hassel, Bjørnar; Eid, Tore & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2018). Axon-terminals expressing EAAT2 (GLT-1; slc1a2) are common in the forebrain and not limited to the hippocampus.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian (2017). Dissecting the glutamine-glutamate cycle using knockout mice.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian (2017). Dissecting the glutamine-glutamate cycle using knockout mice.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Zhou, Yun; Dhaher, Roni; Parent, Maxime; Yee, Siu-Pok; Hyder, Fahmeed; Hu, Qiu Xiang & Eid, Tore (2017). Loss of glutamine synthetase initiates a sequence of neuropathological events that culminate in epilepsy and neurodegeneration.
• Hu, Qiu Xiang; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Eid, Tore & Zhou, Yun (2017). Phenotypic differences between brain- and liver-specific glutamine synthetase knockout mice.
• Ottestad-Hansen, Sigrid; Hu, Qiu Xiang; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Sato, Hideyo; Bentea, Eduard; Massie, Ann; Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2017). The cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT, Slc7a11) is expressed in significant concentrations in a subpopulation of astrocytes in the mouse brain..
• Danbolt, Niels Christian (2016). Dissecting the brain GGC using conditional knockouts.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian (2016). GABA transporters as targets for anticonvulsive drugs.
• Hu, Qiu Xiang; Ottestad-Hansen, Sigrid; Kavanaugh, M.; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Zhou, Yun (2016). Vizualization of the EAAT3 glutamate transporter EAAC1 in mouse kidney and intestine.
• Ottestad-Hansen, Sigrid; Zhou, Yun; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Sato, Hideyo; Massie, Ann & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2016). The localization of glutamate-cystine exchanger xCT (slc7a11) in mouse brain.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Zhou, Yun; Xu, Ji & Khakh, Baljit (2015). Generation and characterization of BAC transgenic GABA transporter 2 (GAT2; slc6a13) tdTomato reporter mice.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Zhou, Yun; Xu, Ji & Khakh, Baljit (2015). Generation and characterization of BAC transgenic GABA transporter 2 (GAT2; slc6a13) tdTomato reporter mice.
• Shih, J; Yang, Y.; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Dulla, Chris G. (2015). Distinct roles of GLAST and GLT-1 in regulating cortical network formation and maturation.
• Wang, Helen; Dhaher, Roni; Farina, M.; Zhou, Yun; Yee, Siu-Pok; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Eid, Tore (2015). Brain site specific suppression of glutamine synthetase in mice using an adenoassociated virus knockout approach.
• Wang, Helen; Dhaher, Roni; Farina, M.; Zhou, Yun; Yee, Siu-Pok; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Eid, Tore (2015). Brain site specific suppression of glutamine synthetase in mice using an adenoassociated virus knockout approach.
• Zhou, Yun; Corbin, Karen; Xiang, Yi-Kong; Eskild, Winnie; Zeisel, Steven H. & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2015). The betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) is not involved in the inactivation of transmitter GABA, but plays a role in preserving the choline levels in the liver.
• Zhou, Yun; Corbin, Karen; Xiang, Yi-Kong; Eskild, Winnie; Zeisel, Steven H. & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2015). The betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) may play its main roles in the liver rather than in the brain.
• Kempson, SA; Zhou, Yun & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2014). The betaine/GABA transporter and betaine: Roles in brain, kidney, and liver. Frontiers in Physiology.  ISSN 1664-042X.  5 APR . doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00159
• Zhou, Yun; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Kempson, S.A. (2014). The Betaine-GABA transporter, In Victor R. Preedy (ed.),  Betaine - Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects.  Royal Society of Chemistry.  ISBN 9781849738866.  The Betaine-GABA transporter.
• Hadera, Mussie Ghezu; Bjørnsen, Lars Petter; Zhou, Yun; Sonnewald, Ursula & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2013). Impairment of glial-neuronal interaction in GLT-1 knockout mice: an NMR spectroscopy study. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  125, s 109- 109
• Hadera, Mussie Ghezu; Bjørnsen, Lars Petter; Zhou, Yun; Sonnewald, Ursula & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2013). Impairment of glial-neuronal interaction in GLT-1 knockout mice: an NMR spectroscopy study.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Holmseth, Silvia; Dehnes, Yvette; Huang, Y.; Follin-Arbelet, Virginie; Grutle, N; Plachez, C.; Furness, D.; Zhou, Yun; Bergles, D & Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin (2011). QUANTIFICATION AND LOCALIZATION OF THE EAAC1 GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER IN BRAIN. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  59, s S66- S66
• Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G; Laake, Petter & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2011). Sex matters: Looking into variability. The variability hypothesis, the 2003 Quality Reform in higher education in Norway, and the role of BGT1 in seizure control.
• Zhou, Yun; Holmseth, Silvia; Holen, Torgeir & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2011). EVIDENCE AGAINST A ROLE OF THE BETAINE-GABA TRANSPORTER (BGT1, SLC6A12) IN THE CONTROL OF GABA RECEPTOR ACTIVATION. Glia.  ISSN 0894-1491.  59, s S69- S70
• Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Hansen, Arvid Hedley; Laake, Petter & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2010). Gender: Males are more extreme.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Attwell, D; Bergles, D; Dehnes, Yvette; Furness, DN; Gundersen, Vidar; Hamann, M; Holmseth, Silvia; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Qureshi, Aisha; Rossi, D & Ullensvang, Kyrre (2006). Glutamate transporters around synapses. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  96, s 87- 87
• Hazell, AS; Vemuganti, R; Yi, JH; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Wang, CL (2006). Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.  ISSN 0145-6008.  30, s 56A- 56A
• Hazell, AS; Yi, JH; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Wang, C (2006). Heat shock protein 27 involvement in astrocytic glutamate transporter regulation in thiamine deficiency. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  96, s 106- 106
• Yi, J; Wang, C; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Hazell, AS (2006). Heat shock protein 27 is associated with maintenance of the glast via a protein kinase c delta mechanism in cultured astrocytes. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  96, s 32- 32
• Yi, J; Herrero, R; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Hazell, AS (2005). Upregulation of the EAAT4 glutamate transporter in rat forebrain after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  94
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Attwell, David; Dehnes, Yvette; Furness, David N; Gundersen, Vidar; Hamann, Martine; Holmseth, Silvia; Qureshi, Aisha; Rossi, David & Ullensvang, Kyrre (2004). Cellular distribution and function of glutamate transporters.
• Gammelsaeter, Runhild; Frøyland, Marianne; Aragon, C.; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Edwards, R. H.; Storm-Mathisen, Jon; Davanger, Svend & Gundersen, Vidar (2004). A paracrine transmitter interplay: The amino acid transmitters glycine and GABA and their transport proteins in the islets of Langerhans.
• Holmseth, Silvia; Dehnes, Yvette; Bjørnsen, Lars Petter B.W.; Furness, David N; Bergles, Dwight & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2004). The determination of the concentrations of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 (EAAC) in brain tissue and unexpected cross-reactivities of antibodies directed to EAAT3.
• Hazell, AS; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Sheedy, D (2004). Loss of astrocytic glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2 in frontal cortex in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  87, s 61- 61
• Bjørnsen, Lars Petter B.W.; Holmseth, Silvia; Dehnes, Yvette; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Kanzler, A; Mylonakou, Maria-Niki & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2003). The concentration of glutamate transporter 3 in rat brain and kidney. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  87, s 114- 114
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Bjomsen, LP; Dehnes, Yvette; Furness, DN; Holmseth, Silvia; Lehre, Knut Petter Dæhlin; Kanzler, A; Mylonakou, Maria-Niki; Qureshi, A & Ullensvang, K (2003). Synaptic distribution of glutamate transporters. Journal of Neurochemistry.  ISSN 0022-3042.  87, s 43- 43
• Beckstrøm, Henning; Bjørnsen, Lars Petter B.W.; Arancibia, S.; Tapia-Arancibia, L. & Danbolt, Niels Christian (2001). Immobilization stress increases the hippocampal protein levels of the GABA transporter GAT1.
• Boulland, Jean-Luc; Rafiki, Mina; Beckstrøm, Henning; Levy, Line Margrete; Osen, Kirsten K.; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Storm-Mathisen, Jon; Edwards, R. H. & Chaudhry, Farrukh Abbas (2001). The glutamine transporter protein SN1: postnatal development and localization in the adult rat brain.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian (2001). Glutamate transporters - New vistas.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian (2001). Glutamate uptake in the Brain. Captatción de glutamato por el cerebro.
• Danbolt, Niels Christian; Beckstrøm, Henning; Chaudhry, Farrukh Abbas; Dehnes, Yvette; Furness, David; Haugeto, Øyvind; Lehre, Knut Petter; Levy, Line Margrete; Ullensvang, Kyrre & Storm-Mathisen, Jon (2001). Roles of glutamate transporters in the brain.
• Gegelashvili, G.; Dehnes, Yvette; Danbolt, Niels Christian & Schousboe, Arne (2001). Neuronal regulation of glutamate transporters: molecular and cellular mechanisms.
• Sarup, A.; Bonde, C.; Jakobsen, B. S.; Zimmer, J.; Danbolt, Niels Christian; Schousboe, Arne & Gegelashvili, G. (2001). GLT-1 and GLAST are up-regulated in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin