Karin Cecilie Lødrup Carlsen

• Vallevik, Elin Ørbeck; Holten-Andersen, Mads Nikolaj; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Vettukattil, Riyas & Rueegg, Corina Silvia [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2026). Oscillometric blood pressure values in infants at 3, 6 and 12 months of age: a cohort study. BMJ Paediatrics Open. 10(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004761. Full text in Research Archive
• Berents, Frida Victoria; Skram, Marius Kurås; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Granum, Berit Brunstad; Haugen, Guttorm Nils & Hedlin, Gunilla [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2026). Maternal BMI, early-life growth, and atopic dermatitis by age 3 years. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global (JACI: Global). 5(3). doi: 10.1016/j.jacig.2026.100693. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Childhood atopic dermatitis is associated with maternal gestational weight gain, whereas an association with prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) or fetal and newborn anthropometric measurements is unclear. Objective: Our aim was to determine whether, primarily, maternal ppBMI and, secondarily, offspring newborn anthropometric measurements or fetal growth are associated with atopic dermatitis by age 3 years. Methods: In 2107 mother-child pairs (54% boys) from the general population–based Scandinavian PreventADALL (Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies) cohort, maternal ppBMI was reported at time of enrollment (at midpregnancy). Thoracic and abdominal circumferences were measured by ultrasound at midpregnancy and again at birth, as were weight and length. Fetal growth, including thoracic and abdominal growth and fetal weight gain, was estimated from midpregnancy to birth. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed using standard criteria at 3, 6, 12, 24, and age 36 months. Results: Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in 525 of the 2107 children (25%) by age 3 years, with a positive association with increasing maternal BMI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per BMI unit = 1.03 [95% CI = 1.00-1.06]). Furthermore, increasing birth length (mean = 50.5 ± 2.0 cm) was positively associated with atopic dermatitis (aOR = 1.06 [95% CI = 1.01-1.12]), whereas short birth length (<48 cm) was inversely associated with atopic dermatitis (aOR = 0.71 [95% CI = 0.51-1.0]). Neither birth weight nor thoracic, abdominal, or upper arm circumference at birth nor fetal growth was associated with atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Increasing maternal ppBMI and increasing birth length were positively associated with offspring atopic dermatitis by age 3 years, whereas short birth length was associated with a lower risk of atopic dermatitis.

• Liu, Norrice M.; Pijnenburg, Mariëlle W.; Deschildre, Antoine; Mir-Messa, Ines de; Ådalen, Sigve & Amat, Flore [Show all 35 contributors for this article] (2025). Severe Paediatric Asthma Collaborative in Europe: real-world data on children on biologics. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 11(3). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00709-2024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Real-world data on children with severe asthma is scarce. We report characteristics of children with severe asthma already on biologics, enrolled in the Severe Paediatric Asthma Collaborative in Europe, a clinical research collaboration of the European Respiratory Society. Methods We describe patient's characteristics including asthma control assessed with Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria, composite asthma severity index (CASI), exacerbations, unscheduled medical attendances, lung function and quality of life in children on biologic treatment because of severe asthma. We also assessed previous biologics use. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, CASI, GINA, Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire score, exacerbations, unscheduled medical attendance and hospital admission comparisons in patients treated with different biologics were adjusted by age, sex and biologic therapy duration. Results Among the 250 children (median age 13.2 years) recruited, 56.8% used omalizumab, 21.6% mepolizumab and 21.6% dupilumab. At enrolment, the dupilumab group was older (median 15.0 years), while the omalizumab group had been on biologic treatment the longest (median 622 days). Overall, 27% and 8% had partly controlled and uncontrolled asthma respectively, according to GINA. In the last 12 months, 52% and 29% had at least one and two exacerbations, respectively; airflow obstruction was found in 33%. 10% were admitted to hospital due to exacerbation. A previous switch from another biologic was recorded in 16%, predominantly due to nonresponse. Conclusions Most children on biologics obtained good symptom control, but many still experienced asthma attacks. Switching between biologics was substantial. There is still an unmet need in severe paediatric asthma.

• Sundet, Birgitte Kordt; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Haugen, Guttorm Nils; Hedlin, Gunilla; Hilde, Katarina & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). Midpregnancy maternal circulating angiogenic biomarkers: Associations with placental dysfunction-related pregnancy complications and fetal sex. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 171, p. 52–61. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2025.09.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup (2025). Tidlig introduksjon av små mengder mat forebygger matallergi. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 145(6), p. 1–4. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.25.0204. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Konradsen, Jon R.; Borres, Magnus P.; Granum, Berit & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2025). The Effect of Early Food Introduction and Skin Emollients on Pollen Sensitization: A Randomized Trial (PreventADALL) Sub-Study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. 13(6), p. 1325–1334. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2025.03.046. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Pollen sensitization may be directed toward proteins also found in plant foods. Objective We explored whether early food introduction and skin emollients prevented birch and grass sensitization at age 3 years and whether the effect was mediated by skin barrier function or modified by season of birth. Methods In the population-based, randomized, controlled Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergy in Children trial, information on allergic sensitization by age 3 years was available in 2,066 children. Newborns were randomized (1:1:1:1) to no (controls); to food (tastes of peanut, cow’s milk, wheat, and egg from 3 months) or skin (oil baths and facial cream from 2 weeks); or to both interventions. Sensitization was defined as specific IgE 0.1 kUA/L or greater and/or skin prick test wheal 3 mm or greater. A mediator analysis assessed the skin intervention’s effect through transepidermal water loss at 3 months. An interaction analysis estimated effect modification by month of birth. Results At age 3 years, 117 of 1,492 children (7.8%) were sensitized to birch and 40 of 1,482 children (2.7%) to timothy. Compared with controls, crude odds ratio (95% CI) in the food, skin, and combined intervention groups, respectively, was 1.10 (0.63-1.93), 2.38 (1.43-3.95), and 0.70 (0.37-1.34) for birch, and 0.58 (0.21-1.60), 1.73 (0.77-3.91), and 1.00 (0.40-2.49) for grass sensitization. A significant indirect effect of the skin intervention through transepidermal water loss was observed, but there was no significant modification by month of birth for either intervention. Conclusions Early food introduction did not affect the risk of pollen sensitization. Infants with skin intervention had increased risk only of birch sensitization, mediated by reduced skin barrier function in early infancy.

• Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Kreyberg, Ina; Färdig, Martin; Granum, Berit; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2024). Maternal use of snus as smokeless tobacco in pregnancy and infant lung function. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 10(4). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00958-2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Smoking in pregnancy has detrimental effects on infant respiratory health, while the effects of other nicotine-containing products on infant lung function are unclear. We aimed to explore if smokeless tobacco such as snus used in pregnancy increased the risk of lower lung function in infancy and if the associations differed by sex. Methods From the Scandinavian population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children birth cohort, we included 1163 infants with available tidal flow-volume measurements at 3 months of age and maternal self-reported use of nicotine-containing products in pregnancy. The risk of a ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time <25th percentile by any nicotine exposure, snus exclusively and cigarette smoking with or without other nicotine-containing products was explored by regression analyses adjusting for maternal age, education and asthma. Results Overall 120 out of 1163 (10.3%) infants were exposed to any nicotine in utero, 71 out of 120 by snus exclusively and 49 out of 120 by smoking, with six also exposed to snus. By pregnancy week 6, 85.8% of mothers reported stopping nicotine use. The risk of lower lung function was higher in children exposed in utero to nicotine-containing products with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.59) with a similar tendency for snus exclusively (OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.88–2.71) and smoking (OR 1.79, 0.84–3.84). Effect estimates were similar after adjusting for covariates. No differences of the effect by sex were observed. Conclusion Our study suggests that in utero exposure to not only cigarettes, but also snus, may negatively affect infant lung function.

• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Hoyer, Angela; Bradley, Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Granum, Berit [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2024). Frequent oil baths and skin barrier during infancy in the PreventADALL study. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. 191(1), p. 49–57. doi: 10.1093/bjd/ljae091. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background In the general population randomized controlled trial PreventADALL, frequent emollient bath additives from 2 weeks of age did not prevent atopic dermatitis, while the effect on skin barrier function throughout infancy is not established. Objectives The primary aim of this exploratory substudy was to assess the effect of mineral-based oil baths on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and dry skin through infancy, and secondarily to explore if filaggrin (FLG) mutations modified the effect. Methods Overall, 2153 infants were included and randomized to either the ‘Skin intervention’ (SI) group (n = 995) (oil bath 4 times weekly from 2 weeks through 8 months) or ‘No skin intervention’ (NSI) group (n = 1158), with TEWL measurements at 3, 6 and/or 12 months of age. Information on FLG mutation status was available for 1683 of these infants. Effects of the skin intervention on TEWL and dry skin through infancy were assessed by mixed-effects regression modelling. Background characteristics and protocol adherence were collected from electronic questionnaires, birth records and weekly diaries. Results The TEWL (95% confidence interval) was on average 0.42 g m–2 h–1 (0.13–0.70, P = 0.004) higher in the SI group compared with the NSI group through the first year of life, with significantly higher levels at 3 months [8.6 (8.3–9.0) vs. 7.6 (7.3–7.9)], but similar at 6 and 12 months. Dry skin was observed significantly more often in the NSI group compared with the SI group at 3 months (59% vs. 51%) and at 6 months of age (63% vs. 53%), while at 12 months of age, the difference was no longer significant. At 3 months, the TEWL of FLG mutation carriers was similar to the TEWL in the SI group. No interaction between SI and FLG mutation was found in the first year of life. Conclusions Infants given frequent oil baths from 2 weeks of age had reduced skin barrier function through infancy compared with controls, largely attributed to higher TEWL at 3 months of age, while the skin at 3 and 6 months appeared less dry in infants subjected to the skin intervention.

• Roberts, Graham; Valovirta, Erkka; Halken, Susanne; Eng, Peter A.; Mäkelä, Mika J. & Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Diagnosing new-onset asthma in a paediatric clinical trial setting in school-age children. Frontiers in Allergy. 5. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1418922. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Asthma is a common chronic disease in children. It is a dynamic condition—symptoms change over time, and the outcome of diagnostic tests can vary. Consequently, evaluating the onset of asthma at a single point in time, perhaps when patients are asymptomatic with limited impairment of the lung function, may result in false diagnostic conclusions. The absence of consistent gold-standard diagnostic criteria in children challenges the ability of any study to ascertain an effect of treatment on asthma prevention. A comprehensive review of the diagnostic criteria used for new-onset asthma in school-age children was conducted based on existing recommendations from published clinical guidance, alongside evidence from paediatric asthma prevention trials. Findings from the review were used to propose suggestions for diagnosing new-onset asthma in future asthma prevention trials. Despite an overall lack of consensus in the published clinical guidance, there are similarities between the various recommendations for diagnosing asthma in children, which typically involve assessing the variable symptoms and supplementing the medical history with objective measures of lung function. For future paediatric asthma prevention trials, we suggest that paediatric clinical trials should use a new-onset asthma definition that incorporates the concepts of “possible”, “probable” and “confirmed” asthma. “Possible” asthma would capture self-reported features of chronic symptoms and symptom relief with β2-agonist bronchodilator (suggesting reversibility). “Probable” asthma would include symptom chronicity, self-reported symptom relief with β2-agonist bronchodilator, and objective features of asthma (reversibility or bronchial hyper-responsiveness). A “confirmed” diagnosis would be made only if there is a positive response to controller therapy. These suggestions aim to improve the diagnosis of new-onset childhood asthma in clinical trials, which will be useful in the design and conduct of future paediatric asthma prevention trials.

• Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Wiik, Johanna; Sjøborg, Katrine Dønvold; Rüegg, Corina Silvia & Sugulle, Meryam [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2024). Placental human papillomavirus infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 152, p. 23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.05.126. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Knowledge on prevalence and association of human papillomavirus (HPV) in third trimester placentae and adverse pregnancy outcomes is limited. We investigated the prevalence of placental HPV at delivery, explored urine HPV characteristics associated with placental HPV and whether placental HPV increased the risk adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Pregnant women were enrolled in the Scandinavian PreventADALL mother-child cohort study at midgestation. Human papillomavirus genotyping was performed on placental biopsies collected at delivery (n = 587) and first-void urine at midgestation and delivery (n = 556). Maternal characteristics were collected by questionnaires at gestational week 18 and 34. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were registered from chart data including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus and newborns small for gestational age. Uni- and multivariable regression models were used to investigate associations. Results Placental HPV was detected in 18/587 (3 %). Twenty-eight genotypes were identified among the 214/556 (38 %) with midgestational urine HPV. Seventeen of the 18 women with placental HPV were midgestational HPV positive with 89 % genotype concordance. Midgestational high-risk-(HR)-HPV and high viral loads of Any- or HR-HPV were associated with placental HPV. Persisting HPV infection from midgestation to delivery was not associated with placental HPV. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were seen in 2/556 (0.4 %) of women with placental HPV. Discussion In this general cohort of pregnant women, the prevalence of placental HPV was 3 %, and midgestational urinary HPV 38 %. High HPV viral load increased the risk for placental HPV infections. We observed no increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with placental HPV.

• Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Wiik, Johanna; Sjøborg, Katrine Dønvold; Rueegg, Corina Silvia & Sugulle, Meryam [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2024). Human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a Scandinavian prospective mother-child cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-024-06958-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Human papillomaviruses are common in the urogenital tract amongst women of childbearing age. A few studies indicate a possible association between human papillomavirus infections in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes whilst other studies find no such association. We aimed to investigate the association between human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes linked to placental dysfunction, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus and newborns small for gestational age. Materials and methods Pregnant women from the general population in Norway and Sweden were enrolled at the time of routine mid-gestational ultrasound examination. Urine samples collected at mid-gestation in 950 and at delivery in 753 participants, were analyzed for 28 human papillomavirus genotypes, including 12 high-risk genotypes. Participants completed electronic questionnaires at enrollment and medical records were reviewed for background characteristics and for the following adverse pregnancy outcomes: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, superimposed preeclampsia, eclampsia and Hemolysis Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome, gestational diabetes mellitus, and newborns small for gestational age. Associations between adverse pregnancy outcomes and (a) any human papillomavirus, high-risk human papillomavirus and human papillomavirus genotype 16 infection at mid-gestation, (b) multiple genotype infections at mid-gestation, and (c) persisting infections during pregnancy were assessed with univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Missing covariates were imputed using multiple imputation. Results At mid-gestation, 40% (377/950) of women were positive for any of the 28 genotypes, 24% (231/950) for high-risk genotypes and human papillomavirus 16 was found in 6% (59/950) of the women. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was observed in 9% (83/950), gestational diabetes mellitus in 4% (40/950) and newborns small for gestational age in 7% (67/950). Human papillomavirus infection with any genotype, high-risk or human papillomavirus genotype 16 at mid-gestation was not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. No associations were found for multiple genotype infections at mid-gestation or persisting infections. Conclusion In a general population of pregnant women, we found no evidence of human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy being associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, or newborns small for gestational age. Trial registration Trial registration The study is registered at ClincialTrials.gov; NCT02449850 on May 19th, 2015. Graphical Abstract

• Färdig, Martin; Hoyer, Angela; Almqvist, Catarina; Bains, Karen Eline S.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2024). Infant lung function and early skin barrier impairment in the development of asthma at age 3 years. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 79(3), p. 667–678. doi: 10.1111/all.16024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Largely unexplored, we investigated if lower lung function, impaired skin barrier function by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), eczema, and filaggrin (FLG) mutations in infancy were associated with asthma in early childhood. Methods From the factorially designed randomized controlled intervention study PreventADALL, we evaluated 1337/2394 children from all randomization groups with information on asthma at age 3 years, and at age 3 months either lung function, TEWL, eczema, and/or FLG mutations. Lower lung function was defined as the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) <0.25, and skin barrier impairment as a high TEWL >9.50 g/m2/h. Eczema was clinically observed, and DNA genotyped for FLG mutations. Asthma was defined as asthma-like symptoms (≥3 episodes of bronchial obstruction) between age 2–3 years as well as a history of doctor-diagnosed asthma and/or asthma medication use. Associations were analyzed in logistic regression models, presented with adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Lower lung function and skin barrier impairment were associated with asthma in general; aOR (95% CI) 5.4 (2.1, 13.7) and 1.6 (1.1, 2.5), while eczema and FLG mutations were associated with asthma in children with atopic dermatitis or allergic sensitization only. Stratifying for sex, the risk of asthma was only increased in boys with lower lung function; aOR (95% CI) 7.7 (2.5, 23.6), and in girls with FLG mutations; aOR (95% CI) 3.5 (1.5, 8.2). Conclusion Lower lung function and impaired skin barrier function in infancy may increase the risk of asthma at age 3 years.

• Färdig, Martin; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Hoyer, Angela; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Almqvist, Catarina & Jonassen, Christine Genevieve Monceyron [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Skin Barrier Function and Infant Tidal Flow-Volume Loops—A Population-Based Observational Study. Children. 10(1). doi: 10.3390/children10010088. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The relationship between the skin barrier- and lung function in infancy is largely unexplored. We aimed to explore if reduced skin barrier function by high transepidermal water loss (TEWL), or manifestations of eczema or Filaggrin (FLG) mutations, were associated with lower lung function in three-month-old infants. Methods: From the population-based PreventADALL cohort, 899 infants with lung function measurements and information on either TEWL, eczema at three months of age and/or FLG mutations were included. Lower lung function by tidal flow-volume loops was defined as a ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) &lt;0.25 and a tPTEF &lt;0.17 s (&lt;25th percentile). A high TEWL &gt;8.83 g/m2/h (&gt;75th percentile) denoted reduced skin barrier function, and DNA was genotyped for FLG mutations (R501X, 2282del4 and R2447X). Results: Neither a high TEWL, nor eczema or FLG mutations, were associated with a lower tPTEF/tE. While a high TEWL was associated with a lower tPTEF; adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.61 (1.08, 2.42), the presence of eczema or FLG mutations were not. Conclusions: Overall, a high TEWL, eczema or FLG mutations were not associated with lower lung function in healthy three-month-old infants. However, an inverse association between high TEWL and tPTEF was observed, indicating a possible link between the skin barrier- and lung function in early infancy.

• Hilde, Katarina; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Färdig, Martin & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). Third trimester fetal lung volume, thoracic circumference, and early infant lung function. Pediatric Pulmonology. ISSN 8755-6863. 58(7), p. 2050–2058. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26431. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background We aimed to investigate the relationship between fetal third trimester lung volume (LV), thoracic circumference (TC), fetal weight, as well as fetal thoracic and weight growth, and early infant lung function. Methods Fetal LV, TC and estimated weight were measured with ultrasound at 30 gestational weeks in 257 fetuses from the general population‐based prospective cohort study Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children (PreventADALL). Fetal thoracic growth rate and weight increase were calculated using TC and estimated fetal weight measured by ultrasound during pregnancy, and TC and birthweight of the newborn. Lung function was assessed by tidal flow‐volume measurement in awake infants at 3 months of age. The associations between fetal size (LV, TC, and estimated weight) and growth (thoracic growth rate and fetal weight increase) measures and the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time ratio ( t PTEF / t E ) as well as tidal volume standardized for body weight ( V T /kg) were analyzed using linear and logistic regression models. Results We observed no associations between fetal LV, TC or estimated fetal weight and t PTEF / t E as a continuous variable, t PTEF / t E  &lt; 25th percentile, or V T /kg. Similarly, fetal thoracic growth and weight increase were not associated with infant lung function. Analyses stratified for sex showed a significant inverse association between fetal weight increase and V T /kg ( p  = 0.02) in girls. Conclusion Overall, fetal third trimester LV, TC, estimated fetal weight, thoracic growth rate and weight increase were not associated with infant lung function at 3 months of age.

• Rapin, Alexis; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Macowan, Matthew; Pattaroni, Céline; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Harris, Nicola L. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). The skin microbiome in the first year of life and its association with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 78(7), p. 1949–1063. doi: 10.1111/all.15671. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background Early‐life microbial colonization of the skin may modulate the immune system and impact the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic diseases later in life. To address this question, we assessed the association between the skin microbiome and AD, skin barrier integrity and allergic diseases in the first year of life. We further explored the evolution of the skin microbiome with age and its possible determinants, including delivery mode. Methods Skin microbiome was sampled from the lateral upper arm on the first day of life, and at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Bacterial communities were assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in 346 infants from the PreventADALL population‐based birth cohort study, representing 970 samples. Clinical investigations included skin examination and skin barrier function measured as trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) at the site and time of microbiome sampling at 3, 6, and 12 months. Parental background information was recorded in electronic questionnaires, and delivery mode (including vaginal delivery (VD), VD in water, elective caesarean section (CS) and emergency CS) was obtained from maternal hospital charts. Results Strong temporal variations in skin bacterial community composition were found in the first year of life, with distinct patterns associated with different ages. Confirming our hypothesis, skin bacterial community composition in the first year of life was associated with skin barrier integrity and later onsets of AD. Delivery mode had a strong impact on the microbiome composition at birth, with each mode leading to distinct patterns of colonization. Other possible determinants of the skin microbiome were identified, including environmental and parental factors as well as breastfeeding. Conclusion Skin microbiome composition during infancy is defined by age, transiently influenced by delivery mode as well as environmental, parental factors and breastfeeding. The microbiome is also associated with skin barrier integrity and the onset of AD.

• Wiik, Johanna; Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Jonassen, Christine M; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Granum, Berit [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2023). Maternal human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy and preterm delivery: A mother–child cohort study in Norway and Sweden. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 102(3), p. 344–354. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14509. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common in women of reproductive age. Infection and inflammation are leading causes for preterm delivery (PTD), but the role of HPV infection in PTD and prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) is unclear. We aimed to explore whether HPV infection during pregnancy in general, and high-risk-HPV (HR-HPV) infection specifically, increased the risk of PTD, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), PROM at term, and/or chorioamnionitis. Material and Methods In pregnant women, who were participating in a prospective multicenter cohort study from a general population in Norway and Sweden (PreventADALL, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02449850), HPV DNA was analyzed in available urine samples at mid-gestation (16–22 weeks) and at delivery, and in the placenta after delivery with Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 PCR assay. The risk of PTD, PPROM, PROM, and chorioamnionitis was analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses for any 28 HPV genotypes, including 12 HR-HPV genotypes, compared with HPV-negative women. Further, subgroups of HPV (low-risk/possibly HR-HPV, HR-HPV-non-16 and HR-HPV-16), persistence of HR-HPV from mid-gestation to delivery, HR-HPV-viral load, and presence of multiple HPV infections were analyzed for the obstetric outcomes. Samples for HPV analyses were available from 950 women with singleton pregnancies (mean age 32 years) at mid-gestation and in 753 also at delivery. Results At mid-gestation, 40% of women were positive for any HPV and 24% for HR-HPV. Of the 950 included women, 23 had PTD (2.4%), nine had PPROM (0.9%), and six had chorioamnionitis (0.6%). Of the term pregnancies, 25% involved PROM. The frequency of PTD was higher in HR-HPV-positive women (8/231, 3.5%) than in HPV-negative women (13/573, 2.3%) at mid-gestation, but the association was not statistically significant (odds ratio 1.55; 95% confidence interval 0.63–3.78). Neither any HPV nor subgroups of HPV at mid-gestation or delivery, nor persistence of HR-HPV was significantly associated with increased risk for PTD, PPROM, PROM, or chorioamnionitis. No HPV DNA was detected in placentas of women with PTD, PPROM or chorioamnionitis. Conclusions HPV infection during pregnancy was not significantly associated with increased risk for PTD, PPROM, PROM, or chorioamnionitis among women from a general population with a low incidence of adverse obstetric outcomes.

• Bousquet, J.; Melén, E.; Haahtela, T.; Koppelman, G.H.; Togias, A. & Valenta, R. [Show all 250 contributors for this article] (2023). Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: The ARIA-MeDALL hypothesis. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. doi: 10.1111/all.15679. Full text in Research Archive
• Despriee, Åshild; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Glavin, Kari; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Magi, Caroline Aleksi Olsson & Söderhäll, Cilla [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Infant colic and abdominal pain; associations with infant multimorbidity and maternal perceived stress up to 3 months postpartum—A cross-sectional/cohort study in the PreventADALL study. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 32(19-20), p. 7605–7617. doi: 10.1111/jocn.16825. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims and Objectives: The primary aim was to explore whether infants with pain symptoms (colic, abdominal pain and visit to healthcare provider with pain or other discomforts) had increased multimorbidity (common infections, eczema and food sen- sitivity) compared with infants without these conditions. Secondarily, we aimed to determine whether infant pain symptoms were associated with maternal perceived stress in pregnancy and 3 months postpartum. Background: Infant colic and abdominal pain are common concerns in early infancy. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, little research exists on the relationship between in- fant pain and common infant infections, eczema and food sensitization as comorbidi- ties, and the impact of infant pain on the development of maternal perceived stress from pregnancy to infancy is inconsistent. Design: This study was cross-sectional and partly prospective. Methods: The sample consisted of mother–infant pairs (N = 1852); information re- garding infant pain and multimorbidity was collected from the 3-month questionnaire and postpartum visits in the PreventADALL prospective cohort study. Chi-square tests and regression analyses were conducted. The STROBE checklist was followed. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant higher proportion of respiratory and other infections in infants with pain symptoms. The odds of infant pain were higher for infants with multimorbidity compared to those with no comorbidity. Mothers of infants with colic and of infants visiting healthcare with pain and other discomforts reported statistically significant higher perceived stress by 3 months compared with mothers of infants with no reported pain. Conclusion: Our results indicate an association between infant pain symptoms and the presence of infections. Mothers of infants with colic and visiting healthcare had higher perceived stress compared to the no pain group. Implications for Practice: Our study indicates that infant pain is associated with infant multimorbidity and maternal perceived stress, which may be useful when planning diagnostic, treatment and coping strategies in infant and family care. Patient or Public Contribution: The PreventADALL is a collaborative study with gov- ernmental and patient organisation representation. Selected infants with parents were also contributing during calibrating courses on eczema assessment for the data collectors.

• Hilde, Katarina; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Fetal pulmonary artery Doppler blood flow velocity measures and early infant lung function. A prospective cohort study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1476-7058. 36(1). doi: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2213796. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Reduced lung function at birth has evident antenatal origins and is associated with an increased risk of wheezing and asthma later in life. Little is known about whether blood flow in the fetal pulmonary artery, may impact postnatal lung function. Objective Our primary aim was to investigate the potential associations between fetal Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the fetal branch pulmonary artery, and infant lung function by tidal flow-volume (TFV) loops at three months of age in a low-risk population. Our secondary aim was to explore the association between Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries, and the same lung function measures. Methods In 256 non-selected pregnancies from the birth cohort study Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children (PreventADALL) we performed fetal ultrasound examination with Doppler blood flow velocity measurements at 30 gestational weeks (GW). We recorded the pulsatility index, peak systolic velocity, time-averaged maximum velocity, acceleration time/ejection time ratio, and time velocity integral primarily in the proximal pulmonary artery close to the pulmonary bifurcation. The pulsatility index was measured in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and the peak systolic velocity in the middle cerebral artery. The cerebro-placental ratio (ratio between pulsatility index in the middle cerebral and umbilical arteries) was calculated. Infant lung function was assessed using TFV loops in awake, calmly breathing three months old infants. The outcome was the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time ratio (tPTEF/tE), tPTEF/tE <25th percentile, and tidal volume per kg body weight (VT/kg). Potential associations between fetal Doppler blood flow velocity measures and infant lung function were assessed using linear and logistic regressions. Results The infants were born at median (min - max) 40.3 (35.6 − 42.4) GW, with a mean (SD) birth weight of 3.52 (0.46) kg, and 49.4% were females. The mean (SD) tPTEF/tE was 0.39 (0.1) and the 25th percentile was 0.33. Neither univariable nor multivariable regression models revealed any associations between fetal pulmonary blood flow velocity measures and tPTEF/tE, tPTEF/tE <25th percentile, or VT/kg at three months of age. Similarly, we did not observe associations between Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries and infant lung function measures. Conclusion In a cohort of 256 infants from the general population, fetal third-trimester Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the branch pulmonary, umbilical, and middle cerebral arteries were not associated with infant lung function measures at three months of age.

• Saunders, Carina Madelen; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Jonassen, Christine M; Leblanc, Marissa Erin & Nordlund, Bjørn Kristian [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Feeding Practices and Dietary Diversity in the First Year of Life: PreventADALL, a Scandinavian Randomized Controlled Trial and Birth Cohort Study. Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0022-3166. 153(8), p. 2463–2471. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Breastmik is considered the optimal source of nutrition in early infancy. However, recommendations and practices for when and how complementary food should be introduced in the first year of life vary worldwide. Early introduction of allergenic foods may prevent food allergies, but if early food introduction influences infant feeding practices is less known. Objectives We sought to assess infant feeding practices in the first year of life and to determine if early interventional food introduction influences breastfeeding and dietary diversity. Methods Dietary intake was assessed in infants from the population-based clinical trial Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies (PreventADALL) in children study. A total of 2397 infants were cluster-randomized at birth into 4 different groups: 1) control, 2) skin intervention, 3) introduction to 4 allergenic foods between 3 and 4 mo of age: peanut, cow milk, wheat, and egg, as small tastings until 6 mo, and 4) combined skin and food interventions. Dietary data were available from at least one of the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-mo questionnaires in 2059 infants. In the present analysis, groups 1 and 2 constitute the No Food Intervention group, whereas groups 3 and 4 constitute the Food Intervention group. We used the log-rank test and Cox regression to assess the impact of food intervention on age of breastfeeding cessation. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to compare dietary diversity, defined as the number of food categories consumed, between intervention groups. Results At 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo, 95%, 88%, 67%, and 51% were breastfed, respectively, and breastfeeding duration was not affected by the food intervention. In the No Food Intervention group, mean age of complementary food introduction was 18.3 wk (confidence interval [CI]: 18.1, 18.5). In the Food Intervention group, the dietary diversity score was 1.39 units (CI: 1.16, 1.62) higher at 9 mo (P < 0.001) and 0.7 units (CI: 0.5, 0.9) higher at 12 mo (P < 0.001) compared to the No Food Intervention group. Conclusions Early food intervention did not affect breastfeeding rates and increased dietary diversity at 9 and 12 mo.

• Wendel, Kristina; Rossholt, Madelaine Eloranta; Gunnarsdottir, Gunnþórunn; Aas, Marlen Fossan; Westvik, Asbjørn & Pripp, Are Hugo [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Lung function in preterm infants at 3 months corrected age after neonatal LC-PUFA supplementation. Pediatric Pulmonology. ISSN 8755-6863. 59(2), p. 389–398. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26760. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) supplementation improves lung function at 3 months corrected age (CA) compared with standard treatment in very preterm infants. We also aimed to investigate the association between bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), longitudinal growth, and lung function at 3 months CA. Methods A secondary analysis from the ImNuT trial, in which 121 infants with gestational age &lt;29 weeks were randomized to a daily supplement with arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (ARA:DHA group) or MCT‐oil (control group) from birth up to 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Lung function was assessed at 3 months CA by tidal flow volume loops and the outcomes were the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time ( t PTEF / t E ) and tidal volume ( V T ) per body weight (mL/kg). Results Thirty‐nine infants in the ARA:DHA group versus 51 in the control group had a successful lung function test. There was no mean difference (MD) in t PTEF / t E ratio (MD: 0.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.04 to 0.05; p  = .77) or V T (MD: 0.09 mL/kg, 95% CI: –0.79 to 0.62; p  = .81) between the study groups. The multivariable regression model showed that BPD was associated with t PTEF / t E ratio ≤ 0.25 ( p  = .03) and that an increase in z score for length after 36 weeks PMA correlated positively with V T (mL/kg) ( p  = .03). Conclusion Neonatal LC‐PUFA supplementation did not improve lung function at 3 months CA in very preterm infants. BPD was independently associated with reduced lung function, while improved linear growth correlated with higher tidal volumes.

• Nilsen, Morten; Nygaard, Unni Cecilie; Brodin, Petter; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Fredheim, Cecilie & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2023). Gut bacteria at 6 months of age are associated with immune cell status in 1-year-old children. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. doi: 10.1111/sji.13346. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Age-related gut bacterial changes during infancy have been widely studied, but it remains still unknown how these changes are associated with immune cell composition. This study's aim was to explore if the temporal development of gut bacteria during infancy prospectively affects immune cell composition. Faecal bacteria and short-chain fatty acids were analysed from 67 PreventADALL study participants at four timepoints (birth to 12 months) using reduced metagenome sequencing and gas chromatography. Immune cell frequencies were assessed using mass cytometry in whole blood samples at 12 months. The infants clustered into four groups based on immune cell composition: clusters 1 and 2 showed a high relative abundance of naïve cells, cluster 3 exhibited increased abundance of classical- and non-classical monocytes and clusters 3 and 4 had elevated neutrophil levels. At all age groups, we did observe significant associations between the gut microbiota and immune cell clusters; however, these were generally from low abundant species. Only at 6 months of age we observed significant associations between abundant (>8%) species and immune cell clusters. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Porphyromonadaceae are associated with cluster 1, while Bacteroides fragilis and Bifidobacterium longum are associated with clusters 3 and 4 respectively. These species have been linked to T-cell polarization and maturation. No significant correlations were found between short-chain fatty acids and immune cell composition. Our findings suggest that abundant gut bacteria at 6 months may influence immune cell frequencies at 12 months, highlighting the potential role of gut microbiota in shaping later immune cell composition.

• Färdig, Martin; Lie, Anine; Borres, Magnus P.; Ekenkrantz, Tina; Granum, Berit & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels in early childhood and association with preschool asthma – A prospective observational study. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 53(11), p. 1198–1211. doi: 10.1111/cea.14409. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Introduction Eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN) is related to childhood asthma, while normal values are lacking. We aimed to document serum EDN levels at 1 and 3 years in general and in non‐atopic children, and explore if EDN levels differed by sex or were associated with preschool asthma at 3 years. Methods From the PreventADALL birth cohort, we included 1233 children with EDN analysed using ImmunoCAP at 1 and/or 3 years. Non‐atopic children had no history of wheeze, asthma, allergic sensitization or atopic dermatitis. Preschool asthma was defined as having ≥3 episodes of bronchial obstruction between 2 and 3 years, plus doctor diagnosed asthma and/or asthma medication use by 3 years. The upper limit of normal (ULN) of EDN was defined as the 95th percentile. With Youden Index we calculated EDN cut‐off levels for risk of preschool asthma. Results The overall median (ULN) EDN levels were 27.4 (121) μg/L at 1 year ( n  = 787), and 20.1 (87.8) μg/L at 3 years ( n  = 857). Non‐atopic children had EDN levels of 24.0 (107) μg/L at 1 year ( n  = 147), and 17.3 (84.6) μg/L at 3 years ( n  = 173). EDN levels were higher in boys compared to girls; 32.0 (133) versus 24.5 (97.0) μg/L at 1 year, and 20.9 (96.3) versus 19.0 (72.4) μg/L at 3 years. Preschool asthma was observed in 109/892 (12.2%) children. Higher EDN levels at 1 (&gt;26.7 μg/L) and 3 (≥20.5 μg/L) years were associated with preschool asthma; adjusted OR (95% CI) 2.20 (1.09, 4.41) and 4.68 (2.29, 9.55), respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance We report EDN values in early childhood, demonstrating higher levels at 1 compared to 3 years and in boys compared to girls at both ages. Higher EDN levels at both ages were associated with preschool asthma. However, EDN cut‐off levels for preschool asthma were overall lower than the ULN of non‐atopic children, limiting translation into clinical practice.

• Nilsen, Morten; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Haugen, Guttorm Nils; Hedlin, Gunilla & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). A Globally Distributed Bacteroides caccae Strain Is the Most Prevalent Mother-Child Shared Bacteroidaceae Strain in a Large Scandinavian Cohort. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. ISSN 0099-2240. 89(7), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1128/aem.00789-23. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bacteroides and Phocaeicola, members of the family Bacteroidaceae, are among the first microbes to colonize the human infant gut. While it is known that these microbes can be transmitted from mother to child, our understanding of the specific strains that are shared and potentially transmitted is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the shared strains of Bacteroides and Phocaeicola in mothers and their infants. We analyzed fecal samples from pregnant woman recruited at 18 weeks of gestation from the PreventADALL study, as well as offspring samples from early infancy, including skin swab samples taken within 10 min after birth, the first available fecal sample (meconium), and fecal samples at 3 months of age. We screened 464 meconium samples for Bacteroidaceae, with subsequent selection of 144 mother-child pairs for longitudinal analysis, based on the presence of Bacteroidaceae, longitudinal sample availability, and delivery mode. Our results showed that Bacteroidaceae members were mainly detected in samples from vaginally delivered infants. We identified high prevalences of Phocaeicola vulgatus, Phocaeicola dorei, Bacteroides caccae, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in mothers and vaginally born infants. However, at the strain level, we observed high prevalences of only two strains: a B. caccae strain and a P. vulgatus strain. Notably, the B. caccae strain was identified as a novel component of mother-child shared strains, and its high prevalence was also observed in publicly available metagenomes worldwide. Our findings suggest that mode of delivery may play a role in shaping the early colonization of the infant gut microbiota, in particular the colonization of Bacteroidaceae members.

• Landaas, Vibeke Østberg; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Størdal, Ketil & Håland, Geir (2023). Home-Based Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Challenges for Diagnosis of Delayed Gluten/Milk Hypersensitivity in Children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. 12(3), p. 652–659. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.12.032. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoel, Sveinung Torsteinsen; Wiik, Johanna; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2023). Birth mode is associated with development of atopic dermatitis in infancy and early childhood. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global (JACI: Global). 2(3). doi: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100104. Full text in Research Archive
• Mägi, Caroline-Aleksi Olsson; Despriee, Åshild W.; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Almqvist, Catarina; Bahram, Fuad & Bakkeheim, Egil [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2022). Maternal Stress, Early Life Factors and Infant Salivary Cortisol Levels. Children. 9(5). doi: 10.3390/children9050623. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Salivary cortisol (SC), a commonly used biomarker for stress, may be disrupted by negative events in pregnancy, at birth and in infancy. We aimed to explore if maternal perceived stress (PSS) in or after pregnancy and SC levels in pregnancy were associated with SC in early infancy, and, secondly, to identify early life factors associated with infants' SC levels (iSC). Methods: At 3 months of age, SC was analyzed in 1057 infants participating in a Nordic prospective mother-child birth cohort study. Maternal PSS was available from questionnaires at 18- and 34-week gestational age (GA) and 3-month post-partum, and SC was analyzed at 18-week GA. Early life factors included sociodemographic and infant feeding from questionnaires, and birth data from medical charts. Associations to iSC were analyzed by Spearman correlation and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results: In this exploratory study neither PSS at any time point nor maternal SC (mSC) were associated with iSC. Higher birth weight was associated with higher levels of iSC, while inverse associations were observed in infants to a mother not living with a partner and mixed bottle/breastfeeding. Conclusions: Maternal stress was not associated with iSC levels, while birth weight, single motherhood and infant feeding may influence iSC levels. Keywords: PreventADALL; infant; perceived stress; salivary cortisol. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

• Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Almqvist, Catarina; Hedlin, Gunilla & Nordhagen, Live Solveig [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Infant tidal flow–volume parameters and arousal state. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 8:00163-2022(4), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00163-2022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Infant lung function can be assessed with tidal flow–volume (TFV) loops. While TFV loops can be measured in both awake and sleeping infants, the influence of arousal state in early infancy is not established. The aim of the present study was to determine whether TFV loop parameters in healthy infants differed while awake compared to the sleeping state at 3 months of age. Methods From the population-based Scandinavian Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children (PreventADALL) birth cohort, 91 infants had reproducible TFV loops measured with Exhalyzer® D in both the awake and sleeping state at 3 months of age. The TFV loops were manually selected according to a standardised procedure. The ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow (tPTEF) to expiratory time (tE) and the corresponding volume ratio (VPTEF/VE), as well as tidal volume (VT) and respiratory rate were compared using nonparametric tests. Results The mean (95% CI) tPTEF/tE was significantly higher while awake compared to the sleeping state: 0.39 (0.37–0.41) versus 0.28 (0.27–0.29); with the corresponding VPTEF/VE of 0.38 (0.36–0.40) versus 0.29 (0.28–0.30). The VT was similar, while the respiratory rate was higher while awake compared to the sleeping state: 53 (51–56) breaths·min−1 versus 38 (36–40) breaths·min−1. Conclusion Higher tPTEF/tE, VPTEF/VE and respiratory rate, but similar VT while awake compared to the sleeping state suggests that separate normative TFV loop values according to arousal state may be required in early infancy.

• Brinchmann, Bendik Christian; Vist, Gunn Elisabeth; Becher, Rune; Grimsrud, Tom Kristian; Elvsaas, Ida-Kristin Ørjasæter & Underland, Vigdis [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2022). Use of Swedish smokeless tobacco during pregnancy: a systematic review of pregnancy and early life health risk. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. doi: 10.1111/add.16114. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and Aims: Smokeless tobacco is a heterogeneous product group with diverse composition and prevalence globally. Tobacco use during pregnancy is concerning due to the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and effects on child health. Nicotine may mediate several of these effects. This systematic review measured health outcomes from Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus) use during pregnancy. Method: Literature search was conducted by an information specialist in May 2022. We included human studies of snus use during pregnancy compared with no tobacco use, assessed risk of bias, conducted a meta-analysis and assessed confidence in effectestimates using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE). Results: We included 18 cohort studies (42 to 1 006 398 participants). Snus use during pregnancy probably (moderate confidence in risk estimates) increase the risk of neonatal apnea, adjusted odds ratio 95% confidence interval [aOR (95% CI)] 1.96 (1.30 to 2.96). Snus use during pregnancy possibly (low confidence in risk estimates) increase the risk of stillbirths aOR 1.43 (1.02 to 1.99), extremely premature births aOR 1.69 (1.17 to 2.45), moderately premature birth aOR 1.26 (1.15 to 1.38), SGA aOR 1.26 (1.09 to 1.46), reduced birth weight mean difference of 72.47 g (110.58 g to 34.35 g reduction) and oral cleft malformations aOR 1.48 (1.00 to 2.21). It is uncertain (low confidence in risk estimates, CI crossing 1) whether snus use during pregnancy affects risk of preeclampsia aOR 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28), antenatal bleeding aOR 1.15 (0.92 to 1.44) and very premature birth aOR 1.26 (0.95 to 1.66). Risk of early neonatal mortality and altered heart rate variability is uncertain, very low confidence. Snus using mothers had increased prevalence of caesarean sections, low confidence. Conclusions: This systematic review reveals that use of smokeless tobacco (snus) during pregnancy may adversely impact the developing child.

• Nordhagen, Live Solveig; Løfsgaard, Vibeke; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Glavin, Kari; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Monica Hauger [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2022). Maternal food-avoidance diets and dietary supplements during breastfeeding. Nursing Open. 10(1), p. 230–240. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1298. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims To identify maternal food-avoidance diets and dietary supplement use during breastfeeding, and to explore factors associated with food avoidance diets. Design A prospective mother–child birth cohort study. Methods Electronic questionnaires were answered by 1,462 breastfeeding mothers 6 months postpartum in the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children (PreventADALL) study from 2014–2016. Demographic and antenatal factors were analysed for associations with food avoidance diets in 1,368 women by multiple logistic regression. Results Overall, 289 breastfeeding women (19.8%) avoided at least one food item in their diet, most commonly cow's milk in 99 women (6.8%). Foods were most often avoided due to conditions in the child, maternal factors or lifestyle choice. The odds for food avoidance diets were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3, 3.4) for food allergy (presumed or diagnosed) and 19.4 (5.4, 70.1) for celiac disease in the mother. Dietary supplements were reported by nearly 80%, most commonly cod liver oil.

• Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Hilde, Katarina; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Haugen, Guttorm Nils & Leblanc, Marissa Erin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Fetal thoracic circumference in mid-pregnancy and infant lung function. Pediatric Pulmonology. ISSN 8755-6863. 58(1), p. 35–45. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26153. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and Aim: Impaired lung function in early infancy is associated with later wheeze and asthma, while fetal thoracic circumference (TC) predicts severity of neonatal lung hypoplasia. Exploring fetal origins of lung function in infancy, we aimed to determine if fetal TC in mid‐pregnancy was associated with infant lung function. Methods: From the prospective Scandinavian general population‐based PreventADALL mother–child birth cohort, all 851 3‐month‐old infants with tidal flow‐volume measurements in the awake state and ultrasound fetal size measures at 18 (min–max 16–22) weeks gestational age were included. Associations between fetal TC and time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) were analyzed in linear regression models. To account for gestational age variation, we adjusted TC for simultaneously measured general fetal size, by head circumference (TC/HC), abdominal circumference (TC/AC), and femur length (TC/FL). Multivariable models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal asthma, pre‐pregnancy body mass index, parity, nicotine exposure in utero, and infant sex. Results: The infants (47.8% girls) were born at mean (SD) gestational age of 40.2 (1.30) weeks. The mean (SD) tPTEF/tE was 0.39 (0.08). The mean (SD) TC/HC was 0.75 (0.04), TC/AC 0.87 (0.04), and TC/FL 4.17 (0.26), respectively. Neither TC/HC nor TC/AC were associated with infant tPTEF/tE while a week inverse association was observed between TC/FL and tPTEF/tE (β ^ = −0.03, 95% confidence interval [−0.05, −0.007], p = 0.01). Conclusion: Mid‐pregnancy fetal TC adjusted for fetal head or abdominal size was not associated with tPTEF/tE in healthy, awake 3‐month‐old infants, while a weak association was observed adjusting for fetal femur length.

• Sundet, Birgitte Kordt; Kreyberg, Ina; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby & Berg, Jens Petter [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2022). The effect of nicotine-containing products and fetal sex on placenta-associated circulating midpregnancy biomarkers. Biology of Sex Differences. 13(1). doi: 10.1186/s13293-022-00443-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In utero exposure to nicotine, largely assessed by smoking, is a risk factor for impaired offspring health, while potential effects of non-combustible nicotine use such as snus (oral moist tobacco), are less well-known. Maternal serum concentrations of placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) may be viewed as “placenta health markers”, known to differ by fetal sex. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with lower levels of circulating sFlt-1, while the effect of snus on placenta-associated angiogenic factors is unknown. Our aim was to explore if snus and/or smoking exposure was associated with midpregnancy maternal levels of sFlt-1, PlGF and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio if these associations were modified by fetal sex. Methods Midpregnancy (16–22 gestational weeks) serum from 2603 Scandinavian women enrolled in the population-based multi-center PreventADALL (Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children) study was analysed for sFlt-1 and PlGF concentrations by electrochemiluminescence, deriving the sFlt-1/PGF ratio. Nicotine use was assessed by electronic questionnaires at enrollment in 2278 of the women. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models on log transformed outcomes were used to assess the association between nicotine use and biomarker levels. Interaction terms were included to identify whether the associations were modified by fetal sex. Results Median sFlt-1, PlGF and sFlt-1/PlGF ratios among women with nicotine exposure information were similar to those of all included women and differed by fetal sex. Current snus use was significantly associated with reduced maternal circulating PlGF levels in adjusted analyses [β − 0.12, (95% CI − 0.20; 0.00) compared to never use, p = 0.020]. A significant interaction between fetal sex and snus exposure was observed for PIGF (p = 0.031). Prior or periconceptional snus use was significantly associated with PIGF in male fetus pregnancies [β − 0.05 (95% CI − 0.09 to (− 0.02)) and β − 0.07 (95% CI − 0.12 to (− 0.02)) compared to never use, p = 0.002]. Smoking was not significantly associated with any circulating biomarkers levels. Conclusions Midpregnancy maternal angiogenic profile differed by periconceptional snus use and fetal sex. Snus exposure, perceived as “safe” by users, before or during pregnancy seems to affect midpregnancy placental health in a sex dimorphic manner.

• Lie, Anine; Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Skrindo, Ingebjørg; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Jonassen, Christine M & LeBlanc, Marissa Erin [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2022). Evaluation of Skin Prick Test Reading Time at 10 versus 15 min in Young Infants. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 1018-2438. 183(8), p. 824–834. doi: 10.1159/000522526. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: The optimal time point for reading the mean wheal diameter (MWD) of a skin prick test (SPT) in infants is not established. We aimed to assess if either of two reading time points of the SPT, 10 or 15 min, was superior to detect allergic sensitization (AS) in 6-month-old infants. Methods: In 1,431 6-month-old infants from the population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children (PreventADALL) mother-child cohort, the SPT was performed with standard solutions for egg, cow’s milk, peanut, wheat, soy, birch, timothy, dog, and cat. The MWD was measured after 10 and 15 min. AS was defined as a positive SPT with MWD ≥2 mm larger than the negative control. Results: Overall, 149 (10.4%) infants were sensitized to at least one allergen at 10 and/or 15 min, while 138 (9.6%) had a positive SPT at 10 min and 141 (9.9%) at 15 min. A total of 12,873 allergen pricks were performed with 212 (1.6%) being positive at any time point, 194 (1.5%) positive at 10 min, and 196 (1.5%) positive at 15 min. The mean (95% CI) histamine MWD of 3.8 (3.8, 3.9) mm at 10 min was significantly larger than the 3.6 (3.6, 3.7) mm at 15 min. Discussion/Conclusions: Reading the SPT after both 10 and 15 min increased the number of 6-month-old infants with documented AS compared to reading after one time point only. As neither 10 nor 15 min reading time was superior to the other in detecting AS, our results indicate that readings at both time points should be considered. However, the histamine MWD was significantly larger at 10 min compared to 15 min. Reappraisal of SPT reading in infancy may be warranted.

• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Lie, Anine; Vettukattil, Muhammad Riyas; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Leblanc, Marissa Erin & Asarnoj, Anna [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2022). Early food intervention and skin emollients to prevent food allergy in young children (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 399(10344), p. 2398–2411. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00687-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Primary prevention of food allergy by early introduction of allergenic foods seems promising. We aimed to determine whether early food introduction or the application of regular skin emollients in infants from a general population reduced the risk of food allergy. Methods: This 2 × 2 factorial, cluster-randomised trial was done at Oslo University Hospital and Østfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Infants of women recruited antenatally at the routine 18-week ultrasound examination were cluster-randomised at birth to the following groups: (1) no intervention group; (2) the skin intervention group (skin emollients; bath additives and facial cream; from age 2 weeks to

• Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Carlsen, Oda Cecilie; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Färdig, Martin; Haugen, Guttorm Nils & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Infant lung function and maternal physical activity in the first half of pregnancy. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 8(4). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00172-2022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and aim Physical activity (PA) in pregnancy is important for maternal and possibly offspring health. To study the early origins of lung function we aimed to determine whether PA in the first half of pregnancy is associated with lung function in healthy 3-month-old infants. Methods From the general population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children birth cohort recruiting infants antenatally in Norway and Sweden, all 812 infants (48.8% girls) with available tidal flow–volume measures in the awake state at 3 months of age and mid-pregnancy data on PA were included. PA was self-reported by the mothers and, based on intensity, we categorised them as active or inactive during pregnancy. Furthermore, we defined active mothers as fairly or highly active. The main outcome was a ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time ( t PTEF / t E ) &lt;0.25. Associations were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for maternal age, education, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, in utero nicotine exposure and parental atopy. Results The mean± sd t PTEF / t E was 0.391±0.08 and did not differ significantly according to maternal PA level in pregnancy. The 290 infants of inactive mothers had higher odds of having t PTEF / t E &lt;0.25 compared to infants of all active mothers (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.13–3.82; p=0.019) and compared to infants (n=224) of fairly active (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.26–7.24; p=0.018) but not highly active mothers (n=298). Conclusion Based on self-reported maternal PA in the first half of pregnancy, 3-month-old infants of inactive compared to active mothers had higher odds of a low t PTEF / t E .

• Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Gudmundsdottir, Hrefna Katrin; Färdig, Martin; Amnö, Erik; Jonassen, Christine M & Nordlund, Björn [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Infant lung function: criteria for selecting tidal flow–volume loops. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 8(4). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00165-2022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Tidal flow–volume (TFV) loops are commonly recorded in infants during sleep, due to the more regular breathing patterns compared to the awake state. Standardised deselection of loops outside pre-specified ranges are based on periods of regular breathing, while criteria and available software for visual evaluation of TFV loops are lacking. We aimed to determine the reliability of standardised criteria for manual selection of infant TFV loops. Methods Using a pre-defined set of criteria, three independent raters manually evaluated TFV loops among 57 randomly selected awake healthy 3-month-old infants with available TFV measurements in the Scandinavian Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in children (PreventADALL) study. The TFV loops were sampled using the Eco Medics Exhalyzer D. Criteria for selecting TFV loops included reproducible shape and volume with only one peak in tidal expiratory flow (PTEF), excluding loops with no clear or uneven flow towards PTEF. By intraclass coefficient (ICC), the reliability of agreement between raters was determined for the time to PTEF ( t PTEF ) to expiratory time ( t E ) and other TFV loop parameters. Results Five infants had unsuccessful tests. Among the remaining 52 infants, the raters selected a median of 25, 26 and 15 loops per test. The ICCs (95% CI) were 0.97 (0.92–0.98) for t PTEF / t E , 0.99 (0.99–1.00) for respiratory rate, 0.98 (0.97–0.99) for tidal volume per kg and 0.98 (0.97–0.99) for expiratory volume, reflecting excellent agreement in all categories. Conclusion Manual TFV loop selection using standardised criteria provides a reliable alternative for lung function measures in awake infants with interrupted breathing cycles in a real-life setting.

• Kelleher, Maeve M.; Cro, Suzie; Vogt, Eleanor Van; Cornelius, Victoria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Skjerven, Håvard Ove [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2021). Skincare interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy: A cochrane systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 51(3), p. 402–418. doi: 10.1111/cea.13847. Full text in Research Archive
• Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland; LeBlanc, Marissa Erin; Gjersvik, Petter; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Diagnosing atopic dermatitis in infancy using established diagnostic criteria: a cohort study. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. 186(6), p. 50–58. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19831. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Diagnosing atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants is challenging. Objectives To determine the incidence and persistence of eczema and AD in infants using the UK Working Party (UKWP) and Hanifin and Rajka (H&R) criteria. Methods A cohort of 1834 infants was examined clinically at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. AD was diagnosed by UKWP (3, 6 and 12 months) and H&R (12 months) criteria. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between AD and eczema. Results Eczema was observed in 628 (34·2%) infants (n = 240, n = 359 and n = 329 at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively), with AD diagnosed in 212 (33·7%) infants with any eczema and in 64/78 (82%) infants with eczema at all three visits. The odds of AD were lower with first presentation of eczema at 6 [odds ratio (OR) 0·33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·22–0·48] or 12 months (OR 0·49, 95% CI 0·32–0·74) than at 3 months, and higher in infants with eczema at three (OR 23·1, 95% CI 12·3–43·6) or two (OR 6·5, 95% CI 4·3–9·9) visits vs. one visit only. At 12 months, 156/329 (47·4%) fulfilled the UKWP and/or H&R criteria; 27 (8%) fulfilled the UKWP criteria only and 65 (20%) only the H&R criteria. Of the 129 infants who fulfilled the H&R criteria, 44 (34·1%) did not meet the itch criterion. Conclusions Used in combination and at multiple timepoints, the UKWP and H&R criteria for AD may be useful in clinical research but may have limited value in most other clinical settings.

• Tedner, Sandra G.; Söderhäll, Cilla; Konradsen, Jon R.; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Borres, Magnus P. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). Extract and molecular-based early infant sensitization and associated factors—A PreventADALL study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. doi: 10.1111/all.14805. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: More knowledge about sensitization patterns in early infancy, including impact of molecular allergology, is needed to help predict future allergy development more accurately. Objective: We aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of allergic sensitization at 3 months of age, and explore possible associated factors. Methods: From the Scandinavian antenatally recruited PreventADALL mother–child cohort, we included 1110 3-month infants with available serum. Sensitization was defined as s-IgE of ≥0.1 kUA/L by Phadiatop Infant® (ThermoFisher Scientific) including birch, cat, grass, dog, milk, egg, peanut and wheat. Further ImmunoCAP analyses to ovomucoid, casein, Ara h 1-3, omega-5-gliadin were performed in food extract s-IgE-positive children. Maternal sensitization was defined as s-IgE ≥ 0.35 kUA/L to Phadiatop® (inhalant allergen mix) and/or Fx5 (food allergen mix) at 18-week pregnancy. Results: Overall 79 (7.3%) infants had specific sensitization, many with low s-IgE-levels (IQR 0.16–0.81 kUA/L), with 78 being sensitized to food extract allergens; 41 to egg, 27 to milk, 10 to peanut, and 25 to wheat. A total of 62/78 were further analysed, 18 (29%) had s-IgE to ovomucoid, casein, Ara h 1-3 and/or omega-5-gliadin. Eight infants (0.7%) were sensitized to inhalant allergens. Maternal sensitization to food allergens was associated with infant sensitization, odds ratio 3.64 (95% CI 1.53–8.68). Conclusion: Already at 3 months of age, 7% were sensitized to food, mostly without detectable s-IgE to food allergen molecules, and <1% to inhalant allergens. Maternal food sensitization was associated with infants’ sensitization.

• Carlsen, Oda Cecilie; Gudmundsdóttir, Hrefna Katrín; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2021). Physical activity in pregnancy: a Norwegian-Swedish mother-child birth cohort study. AJOG Global Reports. 1(1). doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2020.100002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND Physical activity during pregnancy is important for maternal and offspring health. Optimal conditions during pregnancy may help reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases. National and international guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of physical activity of at least moderate intensity per week. To optimize physical activity in pregnant women, it is important to identify factors associated with higher levels of physical activity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore types and levels of physical activity in midpregnancy in Norway and Sweden and to identify factors associated with higher levels of physical activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the population-based mother-child cohort Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in Children study recruiting 2697 women in Norway and Sweden from 2014 to 2016, we included 2349 women who answered an electronic questionnaire at enrollment in midpregnancy. Women were asked about regular physical activity in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy and afterward for types and levels of physical activity in pregnancy and before pregnancy and socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and maternal health. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with higher levels of physical activity in pregnancy, defined as >30 minutes per session of ≥2 times per week of moderate- or high-intensity brisk walking, strength training, jogging, and bicycling. RESULTS No regular physical activity during the last 2 weeks before answering the questionnaire at midpregnancy was reported by 689 women (29%). In this study, 1787 women (76%) reported weekly strolling during pregnancy. Regular physical activity at least twice weekly in the first half of pregnancy was reported as brisk walking by 839 women (36%), bicycling by 361 women (15%), strength training by 322 women (14%), and other activities by <10% of women. Among the 1430 women with regular moderate- or high-intensity physical activity, the estimated median duration per week was 120 minutes. Higher physical activity levels were achieved in 553 women (23.5%) by brisk walking, 287 women (12.2%) by strength training, 263 women (11.2%) by bicycling, and 114 women (4.9%) by jogging. Higher physical activity levels were positively associated with regular physical activity before pregnancy, dog ownership, and atopic dermatitis and negatively associated with higher body mass index, study location in Østfold, previous pregnancy or pregnancies, non-Nordic origin, suburban living, and sick leave. CONCLUSION At midpregnancy, 29% of women were inactive, and less than 50% of women had at least 2 hours of moderate-intensity physical activity weekly. Awareness of physical activity in pregnancy should be discussed at pregnancy follow-up visits, particularly among women with higher body mass index, sick leave, previous pregnancy or pregnancies, and non-Nordic origin.

• Kelleher, Maeve M; Cro, Suzie; Cornelius, Victoria; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Rehbinder, Eva Maria [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2021). Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021(2). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013534.pub3. Full text in Research Archive
• Despriee, Åshild; Mägi, Caroline-Aleksi Olsson; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Glavin, Kari; Nordhagen, Live Solveig & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Prevalence and perinatal risk factors of parent-reported colic, abdominal pain and other pain or discomforts in infants until 3 months of age - A prospective cohort study in PreventADALL. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1111/jocn.16097. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims and objectives: To estimate the prevalence and perinatal risk factors associated with parent reported colic, abdominal pain and pain or other discomforts in infants until 3 months of age. Background: Infant colic is a common concern for parents and clinicians. The prevalence varies in different studies and its symptoms overlap with other conditions like abdominal pain and discomfort. Diagnosis criteria are challenging, pathogenesis unclear and risk factors are conflicting. Design: This was a prospective cohort study. Methods: The 1852 mother–child pairs from the PreventADALL prospective birth-cohort answering the 3 months questionnaire were included. Information on perinatal risk factors was collected from the inclusion visit and questionnaires during pregnancy at 18 and 34 weeks, as well as birth charts. STROBE checklist was followed. Results: The reported prevalence of colic was 3% (59/1852), abdominal pain 22% (415/1852) and pain or other discomfort 6% (119/1852), with a total of 26% (478/1852) infants. Mothers on sick leave in pregnancy and reporting any allergic diseases had a significantly higher odds of reporting infant colic, abdominal pain and pain or other discomforts. Mothers with higher perceived stress in pregnancy exhibited a trend towards higher odds for reporting infant pain. Mothers coming from Sweden were less likely to report infant abdominal pain compared to mothers from Norway. Conclusions: The prevalence of abdominal pain and pain or other discomforts was higher than the prevalence of colic. Perinatal risk factors connected to maternal health were associated with all three symptoms. Relevance to clinical practice: Colic and abdominal pain are stressful, symptoms overlap and risk factors for both can be identified in pregnancy. Our study suggests that it is difficult for parents to distinguish among infant colic, abdominal pain and other pain or discomfort and some report two or all three symptoms. Identifying the perinatal risk factors associated with infant pain may help target and support parents.

• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2021). Fuktighetskrem og oljebad forebygger ikke atopisk eksem. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 141(2), p. 1–3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0884. Full text in Research Archive
• Gerdin, Sabina Wärnberg; Lie, Anine; Asarnoj, Anna; Borres, Magnus P.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Färdig, Martin [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Impaired skin barrier and allergic sensitization in early infancy. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. doi: 10.1111/all.15170. Full text in Research Archive
• Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland; LeBlanc, Marissa Erin; Gjersvik, Petter; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Eczema distribution in girls and boys during infancy: A cohort study on atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. 9(9), p. 3513–3516. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.04.053. Full text in Research Archive
• Værnesbranden, Caren Magdalena Rydland; Wiik, Johanna; Sjøborg, Katrine Dønvold; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Haugen, Guttorm Nils [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2021). Maternal human papillomavirus infections at mid-pregnancy and delivery in a Scandinavian mother–child cohort study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1201-9712. 108, p. 574–581. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.064. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common, especially during women’s reproductive years, with unclear obstetrical impact. This study aimed to identify HPV prevalence at mid-gestation and delivery, type-specific persistence from mid-gestation to delivery, and risk factors for HPV infection and persistence. Methods In 757 women from a Scandinavian prospective mother–child cohort, HPV was analyzed in first-void urine samples at mid-gestation and delivery. We used Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 PCR assay for genotyping and semi-quantifying 28 genital HPV genotypes, including 12 high-risk HPVs (HR-HPV). Socio-demographic and health data were collected through e-questionnaires. Results Any-HPV genotype (any of 28 assessed) was detected in 38% of the study cohort at mid-gestation and 28% at delivery, and HR-HPVs in 24% and 16%, respectively. The most prevalent genotype was HPV16: 6% at mid-gestation and 4% at delivery. Persistence of Any-HPV genotype was 52%, as was HR-HPV genotype-specific persistence. A short pre-conception relationship with the child’s father and alcohol intake during pregnancy increased HPV infection risk at both time points. Low viral load at mid-gestation was associated with clearance of HPV infections at delivery. Conclusion HPV prevalence was higher at mid-gestation compared with delivery, and low viral load was associated with clearance of HPV at delivery.

• Hoyer, A.; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Färdig, Martin; Asad, Samina; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2021). Filaggrin mutations in relation to skin barrier and atopic dermatitis in early infancy. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/bjd.20831. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Loss-of-function mutations in the skin barrier gene filaggrin (FLG) increase the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD), but their role in skin barrier function, dry skin and eczema in infancy is unclear. Objectives To determine the role of FLG mutations in impaired skin barrier function, dry skin, eczema and AD at 3 months of age and throughout infancy. Methods FLG mutations were analysed in 1836 infants in the Scandinavian population-based PreventADALL study. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dry skin, eczema and AD were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. Results FLG mutations were observed in 166 (9%) infants. At 3 months, carrying FLG mutations was not associated with impaired skin barrier function (TEWL > 11·3 g m−2 h−1) or dry skin, but was associated with eczema [odds ratio (OR) 2·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·95–4·28; P < 0·001]. At 6 months, mutation carriers had significantly higher TEWL than nonmutation carriers [mean 9·68 (95% CI 8·69–10·68) vs. 8·24 (95% CI 7·97–8·15), P < 0·01], and at 3 and 6 months mutation carriers had an increased risk of dry skin on the trunk (OR 1·87, 95% CI 1·25–2·80; P = 0·002 and OR 2·44, 95% CI 1·51–3·95; P < 0·001) or extensor limb surfaces (OR 1·52, 95% CI 1·04–2·22; P = 0·028 and OR 1·74, 95% CI 1·17–2·57; P = 0·005). FLG mutations were associated with eczema and AD in infancy. Conclusions FLG mutations were not associated with impaired skin barrier function or dry skin in general at 3 months of age, but increased the risk for eczema, and for dry skin on the trunk and extensor limb surfaces at 3 and 6 months.

• Hilde, Katarina; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Gudmundsdóttir, Hrefna Katrín; Jonassen, Christine M & Kreyberg, Ina [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Fetal Thoracic Circumference and Lung Volume and Their Relation to Fetal Size and Pulmonary Artery Blood Flow. Journal of ultrasound in medicine. ISSN 0278-4297. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1002/jum.15785. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Research on early origins of lung disease suggests the need for studying the relationships of thoracic and lung size with fetal size and pulmonary circulation. The primary aim of this study is therefore to explore the associations between fetal thoracic circumference, lung volume, and fetal size. We also aim to assess if lung volume and thoracic circumference are associated with fetal pulmonary artery blood flow velocity measures. Methods: Cross-sectional assessment of singleton pregnancies from the general population (n = 447) at 30 gestational weeks (GW) was performed using ultrasound measurement of fetal thoracic circumference, lung volume, head and abdominal circumference, and femur length. We obtained Doppler blood flow velocity measures from the proximal branches of the fetal pulmonary artery. Associations between variables were studied using Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Both thoracic circumference and lung volume correlated with fetal size measures, ranging from r = 0.64 between thoracic circumference and abdominal circumference, to r = 0.28 between lung volume and femur length. Adjustment for gestational age, maternal nicotine use, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and fetal sex marginally influenced the associations with abdominal circumference. The correlations of thoracic circumference and lung volume with pulmonary artery blood flow velocity measures were weak (r ≤ 0.17). Conclusion: We found moderate to low correlation between thoracic circumference, lung volume, and fetal size at 30 GW. The closest relationship was with the abdominal circumference. We found low correlations of thoracic circumference and lung volume with pulmonary artery blood flow velocity measures.

• Nilsen, Morten; Lokmic, Asima; Angell, Inga Leena; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Fecal Microbiota Nutrient Utilization Potential Suggests Mucins as Drivers for Initial Gut Colonization of Mother-Child-Shared Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. ISSN 0099-2240. 87(6). doi: 10.1128/AEM.02201-20. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Pfaar, Oliver; Agache, Ioana; Bedbrook, Anna; Akdis, CA & Canonica, G. Walter [Show all 178 contributors for this article] (2021). ARIA-EAACI care pathways for allergen immunotherapy in respiratory allergy. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 11(4), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1002/clt2.12014. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Cristol, Jean-Paul; Czarlewski, Wienczyslawa; Antó, Josep M.; Martineau, Adrian R & Haahtela, Tari [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2020). Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19: time for research to develop adaptation strategies. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 10(58). doi: 10.1186/s13601-020-00362-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPARγ:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NFκB: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2α:Elongation initiation factor 2α). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT 1 R axis (AT 1 R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity.

• Liu, Norrice M.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Cunningham, Steve; Fenu, Grazia; Fleming, Louise J. & Gappa, Monika [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2020). First analysis of the Severe Paediatric Asthma Collaborative in Europe registry. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 6(4), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00566-2020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  New biologics are being continually developed for paediatric asthma, but it is unclear whether there are sufficient numbers of children in Europe with severe asthma and poor control to recruit to trials needed for registration. To address these questions, the European Respiratory Society funded the Severe Paediatric Asthma Collaborative in Europe (SPACE), a severe asthma registry. We report the first analysis of the SPACE registry, which includes data from 10 paediatric respiratory centres across Europe. Data from 80 children with a clinical diagnosis of severe asthma who were receiving both high-dose inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting β2-agonist were entered into the registry between January 2019 and January 2020. Suboptimal control was defined by either asthma control test, or Global Initiative for Asthma criteria, or ≥2 severe exacerbations in the previous 12 months, or a combination. Overall, 62 out of 80 (77%) children had suboptimal asthma control, of whom 29 were not prescribed a biologic. However, in 24 there was an option for starting a licensed biologic. 33 children with suboptimal control were prescribed a biologic (omalizumab (n=24), or mepolizumab (n=7), or dupilumab (n=2)), and for 29 there was an option to switch to a different biologic. We conclude that the SPACE registry provides data that will support the planning of studies of asthma biologics. Not all children on biologics achieve good asthma control, and there is need for new trial designs addressing biologic switching.

• Magi, Caroline-Aleksi Olsson; Backlund, Anders Bjerg; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Almqvist, Catarina; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Granum, Berit [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). Allergic disease and risk of stress in pregnant women: a PreventADALL study. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 6(4), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00175-2020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Maternal stress during pregnancy may negatively affect the health of mother and child. We therefore aimed to identify the proportion of women reporting high maternal stress in mid and late pregnancy and explore whether symptoms of maternal allergic disease are associated with perceived maternal stress in late pregnancy. Method The population-based Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergy in Children (PreventADALL) study enrolled 2697 pregnant women at their 18-week routine ultrasound examination in Norway and Sweden. Information about sociodemographic factors, symptoms and doctor-diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and anaphylaxis and stress using the 14-item perceived stress scale (PSS) was collected at 18 weeks (mid) and 34 weeks (late) pregnancy. High stress was defined as a PSS score ≥29. Scores were analysed using multivariate logistic and linear regression. Results Among the 2164 women with complete PSS data, 17% reported asthma, 20% atopic dermatitis, 23% allergic rhinitis, 12% food allergy and 2% anaphylaxis. The proportion of women reporting high stress decreased from 15% at mid to 13% at late pregnancy (p&lt;0.01). The adjusted odds ratio for high stress in late pregnancy was 2.25 (95% CI 1.41–3.58) for self-reported symptoms of asthma, 1.46 (95% CI 1.02–2.10) for allergic rhinitis and 2.25 (95% CI 1.32–3.82) for food allergy. A multivariate linear regression model confirmed that symptoms of asthma (β coefficient 2.11; 0.71–3.51), atopic dermatitis (β coefficient 1.76; 0.62–2.89) and food allergy (β coefficient 2.24; 0.63–3.84) were independently associated with increased PSS score. Conclusion Allergic disease symptoms in pregnancy were associated with increased stress, highlighting the importance of optimal disease control in pregnancy.

• Bousquet, Jean; Antó, Josep; Bachert, Claus; Haahtela, Tari; Zuberbier, Torsten & Czarlewski, Wienczyslawa [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2020). ARIA digital anamorphosis: Digital transformation of health and care in airway diseases from research to practice. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 76, p. 168–190. doi: 10.1111/all.14422. Full text in Research Archive
• Bédard, Annabelle; Antó, Josep M.; Fonseca, Joao; Arnavielhe, Sylvie; Bachert, Claus & Bedbrook, Anna [Show all 36 contributors for this article] (2020). Correlation between work impairment, scores of rhinitis severity and asthma using the MASK-air ® App. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 75(7), p. 1672–1688. doi: 10.1111/all.14204. Full text in Research Archive
• Xu, Cheng-Jian; Gruzieva, Olena; Qi, Cancan; Esplugues, Ana; Gehring, Ulrike & Bergström, Anna [Show all 45 contributors for this article] (2020). Shared DNA methylation signatures in childhood allergy: The MeDALL study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 147(3), p. 1031–1040. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.044. Full text in Research Archive
• Hilde, Katarina; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Haugen, Guttorm (2020). Doppler measures of blood flow in right and left branches of the fetal pulmonary artery. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. ISSN 1476-7058. p. 1–5. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1807509. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective To compare Doppler blood flow velocity measures in the right and left proximal branch of the fetal pulmonary artery at 30 gestational weeks. Methods Doppler blood flow velocity waveforms were recorded in both fetal proximal pulmonary artery branches in 62 healthy fetuses at 30 gestational weeks. Pulsatility index, peak systolic velocity, time averaged maximum velocity, time velocity integral, fetal heart rate, acceleration- and ejection time with their ratio, time of one heart cycle and time velocity integral were recorded. Paired-samples t-test was used to compare measures from the right and left pulmonary branch. Results We observed significantly higher peak systolic velocity, time averaged maximum velocity, time velocity integral, acceleration time and acceleration time/ejection time ratio in the right compared to the left pulmonary artery (p < .001). Sampling angle, pulsatility index, fetal heart rate, ejection time and time of one heart cycle were similar in both pulmonary branches. Conclusion Our study conducted at 30 weeks gestational age found significantly different blood flow velocity waveform measures in the right and left pulmonary artery branches in contrast to previous reports of similar velocities.

• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2020). Helicobacter pylori in early childhood and asthma in adolescence. BMC Research Notes. 13. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-04941-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective An inverse effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) on the occurrence of asthma is debated and early acquisition of H. pylori may be important. We analyzed sera from 197 children from Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) study in Oslo for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) at 2 and 10 years, and symptoms and signs of asthma at 16 years of age. Results While 16.4% of children who were H. pylori negative at 2 and 10 years had current asthma at 16 years, none of the 12 children who were H. pylori positive at 2 years of age had asthma at the age of 16 years, regardless of H. pylori status at 10 years. This trend for less current asthma in children who were H. pylori positive at 2 years compared to persistent or transient negative status at 10 years was not statistically significant, probably due to low number of H. pylori positive children at 2 years of age. Acquisition of H. pylori in school age did not appear to influence the risk of current asthma. Much larger prospective studies are probably required to document whether or not early H. pylori infection may be involved in the risk of asthma development in later childhood.

• Kelleher, Maeve M; Cro, Suzie; Cornelius, Victoria; Axon, Emma; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Skjerven, Håvard Ove [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2020). Skincare interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020(2), p. 1–24. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013534. Full text in Research Archive
• Nilsen, Morten; Schinagl, Carina Madelen; Angell, Inga Leena; Arntzen, Magnus Øverlie; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2020). Butyrate Levels in the Transition from an Infant-to an Adult-Like Gut Microbiota Correlate with Bacterial Networks Associated with Eubacterium Rectale and Ruminococcus Gnavus. Genes. 11(11). doi: 10.3390/genes11111245. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Relatively little is known about the ecological forces shaping the gut microbiota composition during infancy. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify the nutrient utilization- and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production potential of gut microbes in infants during the first year of life. Stool samples were obtained from mothers at 18 weeks of pregnancy and from infants at birth (first stool) at 3, 6, and 12-months of age from the general population-based PreventADALL cohort. We identified the taxonomic and SCFA composition in 100 mother-child pairs. The SCFA production and substrate utilization potential of gut microbes were observed by multiomics (shotgun sequencing and proteomics) on six infants. We found a four-fold increase in relative butyrate levels from 6 to 12 months of infant age. The increase was correlated to Eubacterium rectale and its bacterial network, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii relative abundance, while low butyrate at 12 months was correlated to Ruminococcus gnavus and its associated network of bacteria. Both E. rectale and F. prausnitzii expressed enzymes needed for butyrate production and enzymes related to dietary fiber degradation, while R. gnavus expressed mucus-, fucose, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)-related degradation enzymes. Therefore, we believe that the presence of E. rectale, its network, and F. prausnitzii are key bacteria in the transition from an infant- to an adult-like gut microbiota with respect to butyrate production. Our results indicate that the transition from an infant- to an adult-like gut microbiota with respect to butyrate producing bacteria, occurs between 6 and 12 months of infant age. The bacteria associated with the increased butyrate ratio/levels were E. rectale and F. prausnitzii, which potentially utilize a variety of dietary fibers based on the glycoside hydrolases (GHs) expressed. R. gnavus with a negative association to butyrate potentially utilizes mucin, fucose, and HMO components. This knowledge could have future importance in understanding how microbial metabolites can impact infant health and development.

• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Vettukattil, Muhammad Riyas; LeBlanc, Marissa Erin; Granum, Berit & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 35 contributors for this article] (2020). Skin emollient and early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 395(10228), p. 951–961. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32983-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Angell, Inga Leena; Nilsen, Morten; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Hedlin, Gunilla & Jonassen, Christine M [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2020). De novo species identification using 16S rRNA gene nanopore sequencing. PeerJ. 8:e10029, p. 1–11. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10029. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nanopore sequencing is rapidly becoming more popular for use in various microbiotabased applications. Major limitations of current approaches are that they do not enable de novo species identification and that they cannot be used to verify species assignments. This severely limits applicability of the nanopore sequencing technology in taxonomic applications. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of de novo species identification and verification using hexamer frequencies in combination with kmeans clustering for nanopore sequencing data. The approach was tested on the human infant gut microbiota of 3-month-old infants. Using the hexamer k-means approach we identified two new low abundant species associated with vaginal delivery. In addition, we confirmed both the vaginal delivery association for two previously identified species and the overall high levels of bifidobacteria. Taxonomic assignments were further verified by mock community analyses. Therefore, we believe our de novo species identification approach will have widespread application in analyzing microbial communities in the future.

• Hunderi, Jon Olav; Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Holst, René; Bakkeheim, Egil & Berents, Teresa Løvold [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Virus, allergic sensitisation and cortisol in infant bronchiolitis and risk of early asthma. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 6(1). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00268-2019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Acute bronchiolitis during infancy and human rhinovirus (HRV) lower respiratory tract infections increases the risk of asthma in atopic children. We aimed to explore whether specific viruses, allergic sensitisation or cortisol levels during acute bronchiolitis in infancy increase the risk of early asthma, using recurrent wheeze as a proxy. Methods: In 294 children with a mean (range) age of 4.2 (0–12) months enrolled during hospitalisation for acute infant bronchiolitis, we analysed virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates, serum specific immunoglobulin E against food and inhalant allergens, and salivary morning cortisol. These factors were assessed by regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex and parental atopy, for risk of recurrent wheeze, defined as a minimum of three parentally reported episodes of wheeze at the 2-year follow-up investigation. Results: At 2 years, children with, compared to without, recurrent wheeze had similar rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (82.9% versus 81.8%) and HRV (34.9% versus 35.0%) at the acute bronchiolitis, respectively. During infancy, 6.9% of children with and 9.2% of children without recurrent wheeze at 2 years were sensitised to at least one allergen (p=0.5). Neither recurrent wheeze nor incidence rate ratios for the number of wheeze episodes at 2 years were significantly associated with specific viruses, high viral load of RSV or HRV, allergic sensitisation, or morning salivary cortisol level during acute bronchiolitis in infancy. Conclusion: In children hospitalised with acute infant bronchiolitis, specific viruses, viral load, allergic sensitisation and salivary morning cortisol did not increase the risk of early asthma by 2 years of age.

• Nordhagen, Live Solveig; Kreyberg, Ina; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Glavin, Kari & Skjerven, Håvard Ove [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2020). Maternal use of nicotine products and breastfeeding 3 months postpartum. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 109(12), p. 2594–2603. doi: 10.1111/apa.15299. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with maternal use of nicotine products in relation to breastfeeding. Methods: Nicotine use 3 months postpartum was determined in the Scandinavian PreventADALL mother-child birth cohort study recruiting 1837 women from 2014 to 2016. Electronic questionnaires at 18 weeks pregnancy and 3 months postpartum provided information on snus use, smoking or other nicotine use, infant feeding and socio-economic factors. The risk of nicotine use in relation to breastfeeding was analysed with logistic regression. Results: Overall, 5.6% of women used snus (2.9%), smoked (2.7%) or both (n = 2) 3 months postpartum, while one used other nicotine products. Among the 1717 breastfeeding women, 95.1% reported no nicotine use, while 2.4% used snus, 2.5% smoked and one dual user. Compared to 3.7% nicotine use in exclusively breastfeeding women (n = 1242), the risk of nicotine use increased by partly (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.45- 3.52) and no breastfeeding (OR 4.58, 95% CI 2.57-8.21). Nicotine use before (14.5% snus, 16.4% smoking) or in pregnancy (0.2% snus, 0.4% smoking) significantly increased the risk of using nicotine during breastfeeding. Conclusion: Few breastfeeding women used snus or smoked 3 months postpartum, with increased risk by nicotine use before or during pregnancy.

• Bousquet, Jean; Pfaar, O; Togias, A; Schünemann, HJ; Ansotegui, I & Papadopoulos, NG [Show all 93 contributors for this article] (2019). ARIA-Versorgungspfade für die Allergenimmuntherapie 2019. Allergologie. ISSN 0344-5062. 42(9), p. 404–425. doi: 10.5414/ALX02096. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Schünemann, Holger J.; Togias, Akdis; Bachert, Claus; Erhola, Martina & Hellings, Peter W. [Show all 102 contributors for this article] (2019). Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 145(1), p. 70–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.049. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, J. Jean; Schünemann, Holger J.; Togias, Alkis; Erhola, Marina; Hellings, Peter W. & Zuberbier, Torsten [Show all 249 contributors for this article] (2019). Next-generation ARIA care pathways for rhinitis and asthma: A model for multimorbid chronic diseases. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 9:44, p. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s13601-019-0279-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background In all societies, the burden and cost of allergic and chronic respiratory diseases are increasing rapidly. Most economies are struggling to deliver modern health care effectively. There is a need to support the transformation of the health care system into integrated care with organizational health literacy. Main body As an example for chronic disease care, MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel NetworK), a new project of the ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) initiative, and POLLAR (Impact of Air POLLution on Asthma and Rhinitis, EIT Health), in collaboration with professional and patient organizations in the field of allergy and airway diseases, are proposing real-life ICPs centred around the patient with rhinitis, and using mHealth to monitor environmental exposure. Three aspects of care pathways are being developed: (i) Patient participation, health literacy and self-care through technology-assisted “patient activation”, (ii) Implementation of care pathways by pharmacists and (iii) Next-generation guidelines assessing the recommendations of GRADE guidelines in rhinitis and asthma using real-world evidence (RWE) obtained through mobile technology. The EU and global political agendas are of great importance in supporting the digital transformation of health and care, and MASK has been recognized by DG Santé as a Good Practice in the field of digitally-enabled, integrated, person-centred care. Conclusion In 20 years, ARIA has considerably evolved from the first multimorbidity guideline in respiratory diseases to the digital transformation of health and care with a strong political involvement.

• Bousquet, Jean; Pfaar, Oliver; Togias, Alkis; Schünemann, Holger J.; Ansotegui, Ignacio & Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. [Show all 94 contributors for this article] (2019). 2019 ARIA Care pathways for allergen immunotherapy. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 74(11), p. 2087–2102. doi: 10.1111/all.13805. Full text in Research Archive
• Reier-Nilsen, Tonje; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Michelsen, Merethe Melbye; Drottning, Sebastian; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Zhang, Chi [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Parent and child perception of quality of life in a randomized controlled peanut oral immunotherapy trial. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 30(6), p. 638–645. doi: 10.1111/pai.13066. Full text in Research Archive
• Bosnic-Anticevich, Sinthia; Costa, Elisio; Menditto, Enrica; Lourenco, Olga; Novellino, Ettore & Bialek, Slawomir [Show all 122 contributors for this article] (2019). ARIA pharmacy 2018 “Allergic rhinitis care pathways for community pharmacy”. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 74(7), p. 1219–1236. doi: 10.1111/all.13701. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Bakkeheim, Egil; Berents, Teresa Løvold; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2019). Quality of life, salivary cortisol and atopic diseases in young children. PLOS ONE. 14:e0214040(8), p. 1–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214040. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract BACKGROUND: Children with atopic disease may have reduced health-related quality of life (QoL) and morning cortisol. Possible links between QoL, morning cortisol and atopic disease are unclear. We aimed to determine if QoL was associated with morning salivary cortisol at two years of age, and if asthma, atopic dermatitis and/or allergic sensitisation influenced this association. Secondarily, we aimed to determine if QoL at one year of age was associated with salivary cortisol one year later. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The Bronchiolitis All SE-Norway study included infants during hospitalisation for acute bronchiolitis in infancy (bronchiolitis group) and population-based control infants (controls). The present study included all 358 subjects with available Infant Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire (ITQOL) from parents, consisting of 13 domains and morning salivary cortisol at two years of age. Answers from the same 0-100 score questionnaire, with optimal score 100 nine months after enrolment, was also available for 289 of these children at about one year of age. Recurrent bronchial obstruction was used as an asthma proxy. Atopic dermatitis was defined by Hanifin and Rajka criteria and allergic sensitisation by a positive skin prick test. Due to different inclusion criteria, we tested possible interactions with affiliation groups. Associations between QoL and cortisol were analysed by multivariate analyses, stratified by bronchiolitis and control groups due to interaction from affiliation grouping on results. At two years of age, QoL decreased significantly with decreasing cortisol in 8/13 QoL domains in the bronchiolitis group, but only with General health in the controls. The associations in the bronchiolitis group showed 0.06-0.19 percentage points changes per nmol/L cortisol for each of the eight domains (p-values 0.0001-0.034). The associations remained significant but diminished by independently including recurrent bronchial obstruction and atopic dermatitis, but remained unchanged by allergic sensitisation. In the bronchiolitis group only, 7/13 age and gender adjusted QoL domains in one-year old children were lower with lower cortisol levels at two years of age (p = 0.0005-0.04). CONCLUSIONS: At two years, most QoL domains decreased with lower salivary cortisol among children who had been hospitalised for acute bronchiolitis in infancy, but for one domain only among controls. Recurrent bronchial obstruction and to a lesser extent atopic dermatitis, weakened these associations that nevertheless remained significant. After bronchiolitis, lower QoL in one-year old children was associated with lower salivary cortisol at two years.

• Benet, Marta; Albang, Richard; Pinart, Mariona; Hohmann, Cynthia; Tischer, Christina G. & Annesi-Maesano, Isabella [Show all 38 contributors for this article] (2019). Integrating clinical and epidemiologic data on allergic diseases across birth cohorts: A harmonization study in the mechanisms of the development of allergy project. American Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0002-9262. 188(2), p. 408–417. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy242. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Asarnoj, Anna; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby & Berents, Teresa Løvold [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2019). Predicting skin barrier dysfunction and atopic dermatitis in early infancy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. p. 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.09.014. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dry skin is associated with increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which has been found to precede atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood. Objective We aimed to identify parental, prenatal, and perinatal predictive factors of dry skin, high TEWL, and AD at 3 months of age, and to determine if dry skin or high TEWL at 3 months can predict AD at 6 months. Methods From the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in children prospective birth cohort study, we included 1150 mother-child pairs. Dry skin, TEWL, and eczema were assessed at 3- and 6-month investigations. Eczema, used as a proxy for AD, was defined as the presence of eczematous lesions, excluding differential diagnoses to AD. High TEWL was defined as TEWL >90th percentile, equaling 11.3 g/m2/h. Potential predictive factors were recorded from electronic questionnaires at 18- and 34-week pregnancy and obstetric charts. Results Significant predictive factors (P < .05) for dry skin at 3 months were delivery >38 gestational weeks and paternal age >37 years; for high TEWL, male sex, birth during winter season, and maternal allergic disease; and for eczema, elective caesarean section, multiparity, and maternal allergic diseases. Dry skin without eczema at 3 months was predictive for eczema at 6 months (adjusted odds ratio: 1.92, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.05; P = .005), whereas high TEWL at 3 months was not. Conclusion In early infancy, distinct parental- and pregnancy-related factors were predictive for dry skin, high TEWL, and AD. Dry skin at 3 months of age was predictive for AD 3 months later.

• Kreyberg, Ina; Nordhagen, Live Solveig; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Alexander, Jan; Becher, Rune & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). An update on prevalence and risk of snus and nicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 108(7), p. 1215–1221. doi: 10.1111/apa.14737. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim In parallel with falling smoking rates, use of the oral moist tobacco product snus increases among women in reproductive age. We report an update on prevalence and effects of maternal use of snus and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Methods A literature search of human studies in Medline, PubMed and EMBASE was conducted from September 2016 to May 2018, with stepwise screening of abstracts and subsequent relevant full‐text papers for inclusion in Scandinavian and English languages. Results Based on three studies, the prevalence of snus use in pregnancy was up to 3.4% in the first trimester and 2.1% in the third trimester. In 12 studies, we found increased risk of several adverse effects, especially preterm delivery, stillbirth and small for gestational age associated with maternal snus use during pregnancy. Knowledge on effects of NRT during pregnancy was conflicting and inconclusive in 10 studies. We did not identify any studies on prevalence or potential health effects of snus or NRT during breastfeeding. Conclusion Few studies with updated data on the prevalence and adverse health effects of maternal use of snus and NRT during pregnancy were found. No studies during breastfeeding were identified.

• Schinagl, Carina Madelen; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Gudbrandsgard, Malén; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Food and nutrient intake and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy: A nordic mother?child population-based cohort. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 63:3676, p. 1–11. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v63.3676. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: A woman’s food intake during pregnancy has important implications not only for herself but also for the future health and well-being of her child. Suboptimal dietary quality has been consistently reported in many high-income countries, reflecting poor adherence to dietary guidelines. Objective: This study aimed to explore the intake of food and nutrients in a cohort of pregnant women in Norway and their adherence to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) and Norwegian food-based guidelines (NFG). Design: We investigated the dietary intake in 1,674 pregnant women from the mother–child birth cohort, PreventADALL, recruited at approximately 18-week gestational age. Dietary intake was assessed by an electronic validated food frequency questionnaire (PrevFFQ) in the first half of pregnancy. Results: Total fat intake was within the recommended intake (RI) range in most women; however, the contribution of saturated fatty acids to the total energy intake was above RI in the majority (85.2%) of women. Carbohydrate intake was below RI in 43.9% of the women, and 69.5% exceeded the RI of salt. Intakes of fiber, vegetables, and fish were high in a large part of the population. Many women had a high probability of inadequate intakes of the following key micronutrients during pregnancy: folate (54.4%), iron (49.6%), calcium (36.2%), vitamin D (28.7%), iodine (24.4%), and selenium (41.3%). A total of 22.8% women reported an alcohol intake of >1 g/day, and 4.4% reported an alcohol intake of >10 g/day. Women with higher educational levels showed a tendency towards healthier eating habits, except for higher intakes of alcohol and coffee, compared to women with lower educational level. Discussion: Excessive saturated fat intake and limited intake of many important micronutrients during pregnancy were common, potentially increasing the risk for adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for improved nutritional guidance to pregnant women across all educational levels.

• Kvalem, Helen Engelstad; Nygaard, Unni Cecilie; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Haug, Line Småstuen & Granum, Berit (2019). Perfluoroalkyl substances, airways infections, allergy and asthma related health outcomes – implications of gender, exposure period and study design. Environment International. ISSN 0160-4120. 134. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105259. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been inconsistently associated with asthma, allergic diseases and airways infections in early childhood. The aim of the study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of childhood exposure to PFASs on asthma and allergy related outcomes and on airways infections before and during puberty using the prospective birth cohort Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) Study. Aspects of gender, exposure period and study design (cross-sectional and longitudinal) were also taken into consideration. Material and methods Included in the study was 378 participants with PFAS measurements at age 10 years and follow-up data at ages 10 years (cross sectional data) and 16 years (longitudinal data). Eight PFASs with at least 70% of measurements above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in the child’s serum were included in the present study: perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluourononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The PFAS levels were converted into interquartile range (IQR). In addition, perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) detected in 60% of the samples, was recoded into “not detected /detected”. Binomial, multinomial and linear regression were used, followed by Bonferroni adjustment to correct for multiple comparisons. Sensitivity analyses evaluating the effect of extreme PFAS values and gender were performed. Results In the cross sectional data at 10 years a positive statistically significant association was seen between PFHpA and asthma in girls. In the longitudinal data, PFNA, PFDA and PFUnDA were inversely associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) in girls and with PFHxS in all participants and in boys. Further, PFNA and PFHpS were positively associated with rhinitis in girls and with PFOA in all participants. There seems to be a suggestive pattern of increased risk of allergic sensitisation in all participants and a decreased risk in boys, but due to different results in main and sensitivity analyses these findings should be interpreted with caution. No associations were found between PFASs and lung function. For airways infections and longitudinal data, PFDA was inversely associated with common cold, while positive association was found for PFHpA, PFOA, PFHpS and PFOS and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Discussion and conclusion Our results lend further support for an immunosuppressive effect of PFASs on AD and LRTI. Gender seems to be important for some exposure-health associations. No clear pattern in exposure-health associations was observed with regard to exposure period or study design, with the exception of asthma where significant findings have mostly been reported in cross-sectional studies.

• Endre, Kim Magnus Advocaat; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Gjersvik, Petter & Hedlin, Gunilla [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Maternal and paternal atopic dermatitis and risk of atopic dermatitis during early infancy in girls and boys. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. ISSN 2213-2198. 8(1), p. 416–418. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.06.039. Full text in Research Archive
• Kreyberg, Ina; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Granum, Berit; Gudmundsdóttir, Hrefna Katrín & Haugen, Guttorm [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Stopping when knowing: use of snus and nicotine during pregnancy in Scandinavia. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 5(2). doi: 10.1183/23120541.00197-2018. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In young women, the use of snus increases in parallel with decreasing smoking rates but the use in pregnancy is unclear. Our aims were to determine the prevalence of snus use, smoking and other nicotine-containing product use during pregnancy, and to identify predictors for snus use in pregnancy. Prevalence was determined for 2528 women in Norway and Sweden based on the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies (PreventADALL) study, a population-based, mother–child birth cohort. Electronic questionnaires were completed in pregnancy week 18 and/or week 34, and potential predictors of snus use were analysed using logistic regression models. Ever use of any snus, tobacco or nicotine-containing products was reported by 35.7% of women, with similar rates of snus use (22.5%) and smoking (22.6%). Overall, 11.3% of women reported any use of nicotine-containing products in pregnancy up to 34 weeks, most often snus alone (6.5%). Most women (87.2%) stopped using snus by week 6 of pregnancy. Snus use in pregnancy was inversely associated with age and positively associated with urban living and personal or maternal history of smoking. While 11.3% of women used snus or other nicotine-containing products at some time, most stopped when recognising their pregnancy. Younger, urban living, previously smoking women were more likely to use snus in pregnancy.

• Hov, Brit; Andersen, Tiina Maarit; Toussaint, Michel; Fondenes, Ove; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Hovland, Vegard (2019). Optimizing expiratory flows during mechanical cough in a pediatric neuromuscular lung model. Pediatric Pulmonology. ISSN 8755-6863. 55(2), p. 433–440. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24606. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) is recommended for subjects of all ages with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) and weak cough. There is a lack of knowledge on the optimal treatment settings for young children. This study aims to determine the MI-E settings providing high expiratory airflow while using safe inspiratory volumes, and to identify possible limits where the benefit of incrementing the MI-E settings to achieve a higher expiratory airflow, decreased. Using an MI-E device and a lung model imitating a 1-year-old child with NMD, we explored the impact of 120 combinations of MI-E pressure and time settings on maximal expiratory airflow and inspiratory volume. High expiratory airflows were achieved with several pressure and time combinations where the exsufflation pressure, followed by insufflation pressure and time, had the greatest impact. The benefit of incrementing the settings to increase the expiratory airflow leveled off for the insufflation pressure and time, but not for the exsufflation pressure. Given exsufflation pressure of −40 or −50 cmH2O and insufflation time longer than 1 second, a plateau in the expiratory airflow curve was present at insufflation pressures from 25 cmH2O, whereas a plateau in the inspired volume curve occurred at insufflation pressures from 35 cmH2O. The present neuromuscular pediatric lung model study showed that expiratory pressure impacts expiratory airflow more than inspiratory pressure and time. An inspiratory and expiratory pressure set between 20 to 30 and −40 cmH2O, respectively, and an inspiratory time longer than 1 second may be considered as a basis when titrating MI-E settings in young children with NMD. The findings must be confirmed in clinical trials.

• Kreyberg, Ina; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Granum, Berit; Hilde, Katarina & Gudmundsdóttir, Hrefna Katrín [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2019). Snus in pregnancy and infant birth size: A mother–child birth cohort study. European Respiratory Journal Open Research (ERJ Open Research). 5(4), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00255-2019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rationale: While recent studies show that maternal use of snus during pregnancy is increasing, the potential effects on infant birth size is less investigated, with conflicting results. Objectives: We aimed to determine if maternal use of snus during pregnancy influences the infant anthropometric and proportional size measures at birth. Methods: In 2313 mother–child pairs from the population-based, mother–child birth cohort PreventADALL (Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies) in Norway and Sweden, we assessed nicotine exposure by electronic questionnaire(s) at 18 and 34 weeks of pregnancy, and anthropometric measurements at birth. Associations between snus exposure and birth size outcomes were analysed by general linear regression. Results: Birthweight was not significantly different in infants exposed to snus in general, and up to 18 weeks of pregnancy in particular, when adjusting for relevant confounders including maternal age, gestational age at birth, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, fetal sex and maternal gestational weight gain up to 18 weeks. We found no significant effect of snus use on the other anthropometric or proportional size measures in multivariable linear regression models. Most women stopped snus use in early pregnancy. Conclusion: Exposure to snus use in early pregnancy, with most women stopping when knowing about their pregnancy, was not associated with birth size. We were unable to conclude on effects of continued snus use during pregnancy because of lack of exposure in our cohort.

• Kunst, Natalia R.; Lindvik, Helene; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Håland, Geir; Jørgensen, Eivind & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2019). Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic algorithms for peanut allergy in children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 143(3), p. 1243–1246. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.050. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Angell, Inga Leena; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland & Hilde, Katarina [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Is amniotic fluid of women with uncomplicated term pregnancies free of bacteria? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ISSN 0002-9378. 219(3), p. 289.e1–289.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.05.028. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The “sterile womb” paradigm is debated. Recent evidence suggests that the offspring’s first microbial encounter is before birth in term uncomplicated pregnancies. The establishment of a healthy microbiota early in life might be crucial for reducing the burden of diseases later in life. Objective We aimed to investigate the presence of a microbiota in sterilely collected amniotic fluid in uncomplicated pregnancies at term in the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and Allergies in children (PreventADALL) study cohort. Study Design Amniotic fluid was randomly sampled at cesarean deliveries in pregnant women in 1 out of 3 study sites included in the PreventADALL study. From 65 pregnancies at term, where amniotic fluid was successfully sampled, we selected 10 from elective (planned, without ongoing labor) cesarean deliveries with intact amniotic membranes and all 14 with prior rupture of membranes were included as positive controls. Amniotic fluid was analyzed by culture-independent and culture-dependent techniques. Results The median (min-max) concentration of prokaryotic DNA (16S rRNA gene copies/mL; digital droplet polymerase chain reaction) was low for the group with intact membranes [664 (544–748)]–corresponding to the negative controls [596 (461–679)], while the rupture of amniotic membranes group had >10-fold higher levels [7700 (1066–251,430)] (P = .0001, by Mann-Whitney U test). Furthermore, bacteria were detected in 50% of the rupture of amniotic membranes samples by anaerobic culturing, while none of the intact membranes samples showed bacterial growth. Sanger sequencing of the rupture of amniotic membrane samples identified bacterial strains that are commonly part of the vaginal flora and/or associated with intrauterine infections. Conclusion We conclude that fetal development in uncomplicated pregnancies occurs in the absence of an amniotic fluid microbiota and that the offspring microbial colonization starts after uterine contractions and rupture of amniotic membrane.

• Reier-Nilsen, Tonje; Michelsen, Merethe Melbye; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter & Nygaard, Unni Cecilie [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Feasibility of desensitizing children highly allergic to peanut by high-dose oral immunotherapy. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 74(2), p. 337–348. doi: 10.1111/all.13604. Full text in Research Archive
• Reier-Nilsen, Tonje; Michelsen, Merethe Melbye; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter & Nygaard, Unni Cecilie [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Predicting reactivity threshold in children with anaphylaxis to peanut. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 48(4), p. 415–423. doi: 10.1111/cea.13078. Full text in Research Archive
• Hunderi, Jon Olav; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter & Skjerven, Håvard Ove (2018). Parental severity assessment predicts supportive care in infant bronchiolitis. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 108(1), p. 131–137. doi: 10.1111/apa.14443. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  AIM: In infants with acute bronchiolitis, the precision of parental disease severity assessment is unclear. We aimed to determine if parental assessment at the time of hospitalisation predicted the use of supportive care, and subsequently determine the likelihood that the infant with acute bronchiolitis would receive supportive care. METHODS: From the Bronchiolitis ALL south-east Norway study, we included all 267, 0-12 month old, infants with acute bronchiolitis whose parents at the time of hospitalisation completed a three-item visual analogue scale (VAS) concerning Activity, Feeding and Illness. Respiratory rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) and use of supportive care were recorded daily. By multivariate logistic regression analyses we included significant predictors available at hospital admission to predict the use of supportive care. RESULTS: The parental Activity, Feeding and Illness VAS scores significantly predicted supportive care with odds ratios of 1.23, 1.26 and 1.36, respectively. The prediction algorithm included parental Feeding and Illness scores, SpO2 , gender and age, with an area under the curve of 0.76 (95% CI 0.69, 0.81). A positive likelihood ratio of 2.1 gave the highest combined sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 61%. CONCLUSION: Parental assessment at hospital admission moderately predicted supportive care treatment in infants with acute bronchiolitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00817466.

• Bousquet, Jean; Hellings, Peter W.; Agache, Ioana; Amat, Flore; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella & Ansotegui, Ignacio J. [Show all 49 contributors for this article] (2018). Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) Phase 4 (2018): Change management in allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity using mobile technology. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 143(3), p. 864–879. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.049. Full text in Research Archive
• Xu, Cheng-Jian; Söderhäll, Cilla; Bustamante, Mariona; Baïz, Nour; Gruzieva, Olena & Gehring, Ulrike [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2018). DNA methylation in childhood asthma: an epigenome-wide meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 2213-2600. 6(5), p. 379–388. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30052-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background DNA methylation profiles associated with childhood asthma might provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis. We did an epigenome-wide association study to assess methylation profiles associated with childhood asthma. Methods We did a large-scale epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) within the Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy (MeDALL) project. We examined epigenome-wide methylation using Illumina Infinium Human Methylation450 BeadChips (450K) in whole blood in 207 children with asthma and 610 controls at age 4–5 years, and 185 children with asthma and 546 controls at age 8 years using a cross-sectional case-control design. After identification of differentially methylated CpG sites in the discovery analysis, we did a validation study in children (4–16 years; 247 cases and 2949 controls) from six additional European cohorts and meta-analysed the results. We next investigated whether replicated CpG sites in cord blood predict later asthma in 1316 children. We subsequently investigated cell-type-specific methylation of the identified CpG sites in eosinophils and respiratory epithelial cells and their related gene-expression signatures. We studied cell-type specificity of the asthma association of the replicated CpG sites in 455 respiratory epithelial cell samples, collected by nasal brushing of 16-year-old children as well as in DNA isolated from blood eosinophils (16 with asthma, eight controls [age 2–56 years]) and compared this with whole-blood DNA samples of 74 individuals with asthma and 93 controls (age 1–79 years). Whole-blood transcriptional profiles associated with replicated CpG sites were annotated using RNA-seq data of subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Findings 27 methylated CpG sites were identified in the discovery analysis. 14 of these CpG sites were replicated and passed genome-wide significance (p<1·14 × 10−7) after meta-analysis. Consistently lower methylation levels were observed at all associated loci across childhood from age 4 to 16 years in participants with asthma, but not in cord blood at birth. All 14 CpG sites were significantly associated with asthma in the second replication study using whole-blood DNA, and were strongly associated with asthma in purified eosinophils. Whole-blood transcriptional signatures associated with these CpG sites indicated increased activation of eosinophils, effector and memory CD8 T cells and natural killer cells, and reduced number of naive T cells. Five of the 14 CpG sites were associated with asthma in respiratory epithelial cells, indicating cross-tissue epigenetic effects. Interpretation Reduced whole-blood DNA methylation at 14 CpG sites acquired after birth was strongly associated with childhood asthma. These CpG sites and their associated transcriptional profiles indicate activation of eosinophils and cytotoxic T cells in childhood asthma. Our findings merit further investigations of the role of epigenetics in a clinical context.

• Impinen, Antti; Nygaard, Unni Cecilie; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Haug, Line Småstuen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Prenatal exposure to perfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) associated with respiratory tract infections but not allergy- and asthma-related health outcomes in childhood. Environmental Research. ISSN 0013-9351. 160, p. 518–523. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2018). The toxicity of E-cigarettes and children's respiratory health. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. ISSN 1526-0542. 28, p. 63–67. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2018.01.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Granlund, Peder Annæus; Ødegaard, Jostein Strand; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Hanséus, Katarina & Rögnvaldsson, Ingolfur [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Survey of 23 Nordic university hospitals showed that 77% lacked written procedures for measuring and interpreting blood pressure in infants. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 108(2), p. 266–270. doi: 10.1111/apa.14492. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: This study determined the use of standardised procedures for infant noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurements in the Nordic countries and aimed to identify factors included in the standardisation and interpretation of NIBP measurements in infants. Methods: A cross‐sectional electronic questionnaire survey was sent to 84 physicians in all 23 university hospitals in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland and was completed from February to March 2017. The survey contained respondent characteristics, the presence and description of standardised procedures for NIBP measurements, daily practice of NIBP measurements and methodological considerations and interpretation of NIBP measurements in a healthy six‐month‐old child. Results: We received responses from 55 of 84 physicians working in all 23 Nordic university hospitals, in paediatric cardiology (n = 22), general paediatrics (n = 16), paediatric nephrology (n = 14) and other fields (n = 3). Less than a quarter (23%) said their hospital issued specific NIBP procedures relating to infants and they referred to 19 different sources of information. The factors that were most commonly assessed for interpretation were age (100%), arousal state (78%) and cuff size (76%). Conclusion: Most of the university hospital units treating children lacked age‐specific written procedures for measuring and interpreting infant NIBP, and there is a strong need for common Nordic guidelines.

• Liu, Norrice M.; Aalderen, Wim M.C. van; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Coleman, Courtney; Chalmers, James & Cunningham, Steve [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2018). Severe paediatric asthma collaborative in Europe (SPACE): Protocol for a european registry. Breathe. ISSN 1810-6838. 14(2), p. 93–98. doi: 10.1183/20734735.002018. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The development of new asthma biologics and receptor blockers for the treatment of paediatric severe asthma raises challenges. It is unclear whether there are sufficient children in Europe to recruit into randomised placebo-controlled trials to establish efficacy and safety in this age group. In February 2016, the European Respiratory Society funded a clinical research collaboration entitled “Severe Paediatric Asthma Collaborative in Europe” (SPACE). We now report the SPACE protocol for a prospective pan-European observational study of paediatric severe asthma. Inclusion criteria are: 1) age 6–17 years, 2) severe asthma managed at a specialised centre for ≥6 months, 3)clinical and spirometry evidence of asthma, and 4) reaching a pre-defined treatment threshold. The exclusion criterion is the presence of conditions which mimic asthma symptoms. Eligible children will be prospectively recruited into a registry, recording demographics, comorbidities, quality of life, family history, neonatal history, smoking history, asthma background, investigations, and treatment. Follow-up will provide longitudinal data on asthma control and treatment changes. The SPACE registry, by identifying well-phenotyped children eligible for clinical trials, and the amount of overlap in eligibility criteria, will inform the design of European trials in paediatric severe asthma, and facilitate observational research where data from single centres are limited.

• Bousquet, Jean; Agache, Ioana; Antó, Jósep Maria; Bergmann, Karl-Christian; Bachert, Claus & Annesi-Maesano, Isabella I. [Show all 36 contributors for this article] (2017). Google Trends terms reporting rhinitis and related topics differ in European countries. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 72(8), p. 1261–1266. doi: 10.1111/all.13137. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindvik, Helene; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Navaratnam, Jesintha; Borres, Magnus P. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2017). Conjunctival provocation test in diagnosis of peanut allergy in children. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 47(6), p. 785–794. doi: 10.1111/cea.12899. Full text in Research Archive
• Brożek, Jan L.; Bousquet, Jean; Agache, Ioana; Agarwal, Arnav; Bachert, Claus & Bosnic-Anticevich, Sinthia [Show all 60 contributors for this article] (2017). Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines—2016 revision. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 140(4), p. 950–958. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.050. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Bakkeheim, Egil; Berents, Teresa Løvold; Alm, Johan; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Morning salivary cortisol in young children: reference values and the effects of age, sex, and acute bronchiolitis. Journal of Pediatrics. ISSN 0022-3476. 184, p. 193–198.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.01.064. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify morning salivary cortisol reference values in infancy and at 2 years of age and to investigate the influence of age, sex and acute bronchiolitis. STUDY DESIGN: In this South-East Norwegian cohort study, 308 children hospitalized with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis in infancy in 2010-2011 were compared with 223 healthy controls included in 2012 by measuring morning salivary cortisol levels at inclusion and at 2 years of age. Samples were collected shortly after awakening after 6 am. The influences of age, sex, and acute bronchiolitis were assessed by regression analysis. RESULTS: In infancy, cortisol values were higher in acute bronchiolitis, with an age- and sex-adjusted weighted mean group difference of 13.9 nmol/L (95% CI 8.1-19.7; P < .0001). The median level in reference group was 23.7 nmol/L (95% CI 9.7-119.6). At 2 years of age, sex but not inclusion groups differed, with significantly higher values in girls. The weighted mean of all boys' cortisol levels was 32.4 nmol/L, (95% CI 30.5-34.3), and all girls' levels were 36.9 nmol/L (95% CI 34.7-39.2; P < .003). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary cortisol levels were higher at 2 years of age than in infancy in the reference group, were higher in girls than in boys at 2 years of age, and were higher in infants at the time of acute bronchiolitis than in healthy infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00817466.

• Anto, Josep M.; Bousquet, Jean; Akdis, Mubeccel; Auffray, Charles; Keil, Thomas & Momas, Isabelle [Show all 88 contributors for this article] (2017). Mechanisms of the Development of Allergy (MeDALL): Introducing novel concepts in allergy phenotypes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 139(2), p. 388–399. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.940. Full text in Research Archive
• Berents, Teresa Løvold; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte & Nordhagen, Live Solveig [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Weight-for-length, early weight-gain velocity and atopic dermatitis in infancy and at two years of age: A cohort study. BMC Pediatrics. 17:141, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s12887-017-0889-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Overweight and atopic dermatitis (AD) are major health problems in most industrialised countries, but the relationship between overweight and AD in infants and young children is unclear. We investigated if weight-for-length at birth, in infancy and at two years, as well as early weight-gain velocity, are associated with the development of AD in early life. Methods Cohort study of infants (n = 642), all living in south-east Norway, hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis (n = 404) or recruited from the general population (n = 238), examined at mean age 5.1 months (enrolment) and at a two-year follow-up visit (n = 499; 78%) at mean age 24.6 months. Exposures were weight-for-length (g/cm) at birth, enrolment and two-year follow-up, and early weight-gain velocity (gram/month from birth to enrolment). Excessive weight-for-length was defined as weight-for-length >95th percentile of WHO child-growth standards. Data on weight-for-length at the three time points were obtained for 435, 428 and 473 children. AD was diagnosed according to the Hanifin & Rajka criteria or from a history of physician-diagnosed AD. We performed multivariate analyses with weight-for-length at birth, at enrolment and at the two-year follow-up visit and with early weight gain velocity for the endpoint AD at each visit. Results In adjusted analyses, excessive weight-for-length at enrolment was associated with concurrent AD (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.23–7.50) and with AD at two years (OR 2.40; 1.11–5.17). In infants without AD, weight-for-length at enrolment increased the risk of AD at two years, with OR being 1.02 (95% CI 1.00–1.04) per increased gram/cm. AD at two years was not associated with concurrent excessive weight-for-length, nor was AD at any time associated with weight-for-length at birth or with early weight-gain velocity. Conclusions The results suggest that overweight in infancy may contribute to the development of AD in early life, highlighting the need for child health-care professionals to address potential overweight and atopic disease when advising infants’ caregivers.

• Siroux, Valérie; Lupinek, Christian; Resch, Yvonne; Curin, Mirela; Just, Jocelyne & Keil, Thomas [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2016). Specific IgE and IgG measured by the MeDALL allergen-chip depend on allergen and route of exposure: The EGEA study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 139(2), p. 643–654.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.023. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Barbara, Cristina; Bateman, Eric; Bel, Elisabeth; Bewick, Mike & Chavannes, Niels H. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2016). AIRWAYS-ICPs (European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing) from concept to implementation. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 47(4), p. 1028–1033. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01856-2015. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2016). Asthma and the Olympians. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. p. 409–410. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.025. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Schünemann, Holger J.; Hellings, Peter W.; Arnavielhe, Sylvie; Bachert, Claus & Bedbrook, Anna [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2016). MACVIA clinical decision algorithm in adolescents and adults with allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 138(2), p. 367–374.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.025. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter; Bains, Karen-Eline Stensby & Bakkeheim, Egil [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). The severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants was associated with quality of life nine months later. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 105(7), p. 834–841. doi: 10.1111/apa.13396. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim Acute bronchiolitis in infancy increases the risk of later asthma and reduced health-related quality of life (QoL). We aimed to see whether the severity of acute bronchiolitis in the first year of life was associated with QoL nine months later. Methods The parents of 209 of 404 of children hospitalised for acute bronchiolitis in eight paediatric departments in south-east Norway at a mean four months of age (range 0–12 months) completed the Infant/Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire sent by mail nine months after the acute illness. Disease severity was measured by length of stay and the need for supportive treatment. Interactions with gender, inclusion age, prematurity, maternal ethnicity and maternal education were examined. Results Reduced QoL in four domains was associated with increased length of stay and need for ventilatory support. Physical abilities and general health were associated with both severity markers, whereas bodily pain and discomfort and change in health were associated with length of stay. Ventilatory support was more negatively associated with QoL than atopic eczema and also associated with reduced parental emotions and parental time. Conclusion The severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants was associated with reduced QoL nine months later.

• Berents, Teresa Løvold; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte & Bradley, Maria [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Transepidermal water loss in infancy associated with atopic eczema at 2 years: a population-based cohort study. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. 177(3), p. e35–e37. doi: 10.1111/bjd.15157. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Skin barrier function can be evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL).1,2 High TEWL is found in children with atopic eczema (AE)3 and in infants with a mutation in the gene encoding for profilaggrin,4 a precursor for filaggrin, an important protein for skin barrier function. In a recent study by Kelleher et al5, high TEWL at 2 days and 2 months preceded and predicted AE at 1 year, independent of parental atopy and filaggrin mutation status.

• Berents, Teresa Løvold; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Sandvik, Leiv; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). Vitamin D levels and atopic eczema in infancy and early childhood in Norway: a cohort study. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. 175(1), p. 95–101. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14537. Full text in Research Archive
• Westergren, Thomas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Håland, Geir & Fegran, Liv [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Perceived exercise limitation in asthma: the role of disease severity, overweight and physical activity in children. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 28(1), p. 86–92. doi: 10.1111/pai.12670. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Farrell, J; Crooks, G; Hellings, P; Bel, EH & Bewick, M [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2016). Scaling up strategies of the chronic respiratory disease programme of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (Action Plan B3: Area 5). Clinical and Translational Allergy. 6:29, p. 1–18. doi: 10.1186/s13601-016-0116-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Action Plan B3 of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) focuses on the integrated care of chronic diseases. Area 5 (Care Pathways) was initiated using chronic respiratory diseases as a model. The chronic respiratory disease action plan includes (1) AIRWAYS integrated care pathways (ICPs), (2) the joint initiative between the Reference site MACVIA-LR (Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif) and ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma), (3) Commitments for Action to the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing and the AIRWAYS ICPs network. It is deployed in collaboration with the World Health Organization Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD). The European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing has proposed a 5-step framework for developing an individual scaling up strategy: (1) what to scale up: (1-a) databases of good practices, (1-b) assessment of viability of the scaling up of good practices, (1-c) classification of good practices for local replication and (2) how to scale up: (2-a) facilitating partnerships for scaling up, (2-b) implementation of key success factors and lessons learnt, including emerging technologies for individualised and predictive medicine. This strategy has already been applied to the chronic respiratory disease action plan of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing.

• Bousquet, Jean; Bewick, M; Cano, A; Eklund, P; Fico, G & Goswami, N [Show all 53 contributors for this article] (2016). Building bridges for innovation in ageing: Synergies between Action Groups of the EIP on AHA. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. ISSN 1279-7707. 21(1), p. 92–104. doi: 10.1007/s12603-016-0803-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2016). Elektroniske sigaretter. Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. 3, p. 34–39. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Anto, JM; Akdis, M; Auffray, C; Keil, T & Momas, I [Show all 53 contributors for this article] (2016). Paving the way of systems biology and precision medicine in allergic diseases: the MeDALL success story: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy; EU FP7-CP-IP; Project No: 261357; 2010–2015. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 71(11), p. 1513–1525. doi: 10.1111/all.12880. Full text in Research Archive
• Gervin, Kristina; Kulle, Bettina; Hjorthaug, Hanne Sagsveen; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Undlien, Dag Erik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Intra-individual changes in DNA methylation not mediated by cell-type composition are correlated with aging during childhood. Clinical Epigenetics. 8:110, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s13148-016-0277-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Several studies have reported age-associated changes in DNA methylation in the first few years of life and in adult populations, but the extent of such changes during childhood is less well studied. The goals of this study were to investigate to what degree intra-individual changes in DNA methylation are associated with aging during childhood and dissect the methylation changes directly associated with aging from the effect mediated through variation in cell-type composition (CTC). Results We performed reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) in peripheral whole-blood samples collected at 2, 10, and 16 years of age. We identified age-associated longitudinal changes in DNA methylation at 346 CpGs in 178 genes. Analyses separating the effect mediated by CTC variability across age identified 26 CpGs located in 12 genes that associated directly with age. Hence, the CTC changes across age appear to act as a mediator of the observed DNA methylation associated with age. The results were replicated using EpiTYPER in a second sample set selected from the same cohort. Gene ontology analyses revealed enrichment of transcriptional regulation and developmental processes. Further, comparisons of the mean DNA methylation differences between the time points reveal greater differences between 2 to 10 years and 10 to 16 years, suggesting that the identified age-associated DNA methylation patterns manifests in early childhood. Conclusions This study reveals insights into the epigenetic dynamics associated with aging early in life. Such information could ultimately provide clues and point towards molecular pathways that are susceptible to aging-related disease-associated epigenetic dysregulation.

• Bousquet, Jean; Hellings, PW; Agache, I; Bedbrook, A; Bachert, C & Bergmann, KC [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2016). ARIA 2016: Care pathways implementing emerging technologies for predictive medicine in rhinitis and asthma across the life cycle. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 6:47, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s13601-016-0137-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) initiative commenced during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999. The initial goals were (1) to propose a new allergic rhinitis classification, (2) to promote the concept of multi-morbidity in asthma and rhinitis and (3) to develop guidelines with all stakeholders that could be used globally for all countries and populations. ARIA—disseminated and implemented in over 70 countries globally—is now focusing on the implementation of emerging technologies for individualized and predictive medicine. MASK [MACVIA (Contre les Maladies Chroniques pour un Vieillissement Actif)-ARIA Sentinel NetworK] uses mobile technology to develop care pathways for the management of rhinitis and asthma by a multi-disciplinary group and by patients themselves. An app (Android and iOS) is available in 20 countries and 15 languages. It uses a visual analogue scale to assess symptom control and work productivity as well as a clinical decision support system. It is associated with an inter-operable tablet for physicians and other health care professionals. The scaling up strategy uses the recommendations of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing. The aim of the novel ARIA approach is to provide an active and healthy life to rhinitis sufferers, whatever their age, sex or socio-economic status, in order to reduce health and social inequalities incurred by the disease.

• Bousquet, Jean; Antó, Jósep Maria; Berkouk, Karim; Gergen, Peter J.; Antunes, João Pinto & Augé, Philippe [Show all 54 contributors for this article] (2015). Developmental determinants in non-communicable chronic diseases and ageing. Thorax. ISSN 0040-6376. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206304. Full text in Research Archive
• Edwards, Alan Martin; Bibawy, Dalia; Matthews, Sharon; Tongue, Nicky; Arshad, Syed Hasan & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2015). Long-term use of a 4% sodium cromoglicate cutaneous emulsion in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children. Journal of dermatological treatment (Print). ISSN 0954-6634. 26(6), p. 541–547. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1034077. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Anto, JM; Wickman, M; Keil, T; Valenta, R & Haahtela, T [Show all 74 contributors for this article] (2015). Are allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization associated with the persistence or re-occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling? the MeDALL hypothesis. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 70(9), p. 1062–1078. doi: 10.1111/all.12637. Full text in Research Archive
• Hovland, Vegard; Riiser, Andreas; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2015). Early risk factors for pubertal asthma. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 45(1), p. 164–176. doi: 10.1111/cea.12409. Full text in Research Archive
• Pijnenburg, Mariëlle W.; Baraldi, Eugenio; Brand, Paul L.P.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Eber, Ernst & Frischer, Thomas [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2015). Monitoring asthma in children. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 45(4), p. 906–925. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00088814. Full text in Research Archive
• Skrindo, Ingebjørg; Lupinek, Christian; Valenta, Rudolf; Hovland, Vegard; Pahr, Sandra & Baar, Alexandra [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2015). The use of the MeDALL-chip to assess IgE sensitization: A new diagnostic tool for allergic disease? Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 26(3), p. 239–246. doi: 10.1111/pai.12366. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Schunemann, HJ; Fonseca, J; Samolinski, B; Bachert, C & Canonica, GW [Show all 263 contributors for this article] (2015). MACVIA-ARIA Sentinel NetworK for allergic rhinitis (MASK-rhinitis): The new generation guideline implementation. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 70(11), p. 1372–1392. doi: 10.1111/all.12686. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Haahtela, Tari; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Smith, Anders; Bjerke, Marianne & Wickman, Magnus [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2015). Integrated allergy and asthma prevention and care: report of the MeDALL/AIRWAYS ICPs Meeting at the Ministry of Health and Care Services, Oslo, Norway. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 1018-2438. 167(1), p. 57–64. doi: 10.1159/000431359. Full text in Research Archive
• Garcia-Aymerich, Judith; Benet, Marta; Saeys, Yvan; Pinart, Mariona; Basagaña, Xavier & Smit, Henriëtte A. [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2015). Phenotyping asthma, rhinitis and eczema in MeDALL population-based birth cohorts: An allergic comorbidity cluster. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 70(8), p. 973–984. doi: 10.1111/all.12640. Full text in Research Archive
• Westergren, Thomas; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter & Fegran, Liv [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). A nested case-control study: Personal, social and environmental correlates of vigorous physical activity in adolescents with asthma. Journal of Asthma. ISSN 0277-0903. 52(2), p. 155–161. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2014.955190. Full text in Research Archive
• Rottier, Bart L.; Eber, Ernst; Hedlin, Gunilla; Turner, Steve; Wooler, Edwina & Mantzourani, Eva [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Monitoring asthma in childhood: Management-related issues. European Respiratory Review. ISSN 0905-9180. 24(136), p. 194–203. doi: 10.1183/16000617.00003814. Full text in Research Archive
• Brand, Paul L.P.; Mäkelä, Mika J.; Szefler, Stanley J.; Frischer, Thomas; Price, David & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Monitoring asthma in childhood: Symptoms, exacerbations and quality of life. European Respiratory Review. ISSN 0905-9180. 24(136), p. 187–193. doi: 10.1183/16000617.00003614. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Bakkeheim, Egil; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Hunderi, Jon Olav Gjengstø & Kvenshagen, Bente [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Children hospitalised with bronchiolitis in the first year of life have a lower quality of life nine months later. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 104(1), p. 53–58. doi: 10.1111/apa.12792. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim Acute bronchiolitis increases the risk of asthma, and reduced quality of life (QoL) is reported in children with asthma and allergy. However, the impact of asthma risk factors on QoL is unclear. This study investigated whether bronchiolitis and common asthma risk factors in infancy had an influence on later QoL. Methods The parents of 209 infants recruited during hospitalisation for bronchiolitis at a mean age of 4 months, and 206 controls responded to the generic Infant Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire 9 months later. We used robust regression analyses to assess the association between four asthma risk factors, atopic eczema, parental asthma, parental allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and second-hand smoke and QoL in the two groups. Results QoL was lower among children with previous bronchiolitis in the overall health and general health domains and lower in six of 13 domains in children with atopic eczema. Compared with no risk factors, children with previous bronchiolitis and three risk factors had lower scores in four domains, and control children with three risk factors had lower scores in three domains. Conclusion Having acute bronchiolitis, atopic eczema and three asthma risk factors were negatively associated with later QoL in early childhood.

• Berents, Teresa Løvold; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Kvenshagen, Bente & Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2015). Skin barrier function and Staphylococcus aureus colonization in vestibulum nasi and fauces in healthy infants and infants with eczema: A population-based cohort study. PLOS ONE. 10(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130145. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Atopic eczema (AE) is associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization and skin barrier dysfunction, often measured by increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). In the present study, the primary aim was to see whether S. aureus colonization in the vestibulum nasi and/or fauces was associated with increased TEWL in infants with healthy skin and infants with eczema. Secondarily, we aimed to investigate whether TEWL measurements on non-lesional skin on the lateral upper arm is equivalent to volar forearm in infants. In 167 of 240 infants, recruited from the general population, TEWL measurements on the lateral upper arm and volar forearm, using a DermaLab USB, fulfilled our environmental requirements. The mean of three TEWL measurements from each site was used for analysis. The infants were diagnosed with no eczema (n = 110), possible AE (n = 28) or AE (n = 29). DNA samples were analysed for mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG). Bacterial cultures were reported positive with the identification of at least one culture with S. aureus from vestibulum nasi and/or fauces. S. aureus colonization, found in 89 infants (53%), was not associated with increased TEWL (i.e. TEWL in the upper quartile), neither on the lateral upper arm or volar forearm (p = 0.08 and p = 0.98, respectively), nor with AE (p = 0.10) or FLG mutation (p = 0.17). TEWL was significantly higher on both measuring sites in infants with AE compared to infants with possible AE and no eczema. FLG mutation was significantly associated with increased TEWL, with a 47% difference in TEWL. We conclude that S. aureus in vestibulum nasi and/or fauces was not associated with TEWL, whereas TEWL measurements on the lateral upper arm and volar forearm appear equally appropriate in infants.

• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Megremis, S; Papadopoulos, NG; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Hakon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2015). Virus Type and genomic Load in Acute Bronchiolitis: Severity and Treatment Response With Inhaled Adrenaline. Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0022-1899. 213(6), p. 915–921. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv513. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background. Acute bronchiolitis frequently causes infant hospitalization. Studies on different viruses or viral genomic load and disease severity or treatment effect have had conflicting results. We aimed to investigate whether the presence or concentration of individual or multiple viruses were associated with disease severity in acute bronchiolitis and to evaluate whether detected viruses modified the response to inhaled racemic adrenaline. Methods. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 363 infants with acute bronchiolitis in a randomized, controlled trial that compared inhaled racemic adrenaline versus saline. Virus genome was identified and quantified by polymerase chain reaction analyses. Severity was assessed on the basis of the length of stay and the use of supportive care. Results. Respiratory syncytial virus (83%) and human rhinovirus (34%) were most commonly detected. Seven other viruses were present in 8%–15% of the patients. Two or more viruses (maximum, 7) were detected in 61% of the infants. Virus type or coinfection was not associated with disease severity. A high genomic load of respiratory syncytial virus was associated with a longer length of stay and with an increased frequency of oxygen and ventilatory support use. Treatment effect of inhaled adrenaline was not modified by virus type, load or coinfection. Discussion. In infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis, disease severity was not associated with specific viruses or the total number of viruses detected. A high RSV genomic load was associated with more-severe disease. This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Infectious Diseases following peer review. The version of record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv513

• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Berents, Teresa Løvold; Engen, Hanne; Dizdarevic, Edin & MIDGAARD, CATHRINE [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2015). Allergic diseases and the effect of inhaled epinephrine in children with acute bronchiolitis: Follow-up from the randomised, controlled, double-blind, Bronchiolitis ALL trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 2213-2600. 3(9), p. 702–708. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00319-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Smit, Henriette A.; Pinart, Mariona; Antó, Josep Maria; Keil, Thomas; Bousquet, Jean & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Childhood asthma prediction models: a systematic review. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 2213-2600. 3(12), p. 973–984. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00428-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Westman, M.; Lupinek, C; Bousquet, J.; Andersson, N; Pahr, Sandra & Baar, Alexandra [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2015). Early childhood IgE reactivity to pathogenesis-related class 10 proteins predicts allergic rhinitis in adolescence. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 135(5), p. 1199–1206e11. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.042. Full text in Research Archive
• Lupinek, Christian; Wollmann, Eva; Baar, Alexandra; Banerjee, Srinita; Breiteneder, Heimo & Broecker, Barbara M. [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2014). Advances in allergen-microarray technology for diagnosis and monitoring of allergy: The MeDALL allergen-chip. Methods. ISSN 1046-2023. 66(1), p. 106–119. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.10.008. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvenshagen, Bente; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter; Berents, Teresa Løvold & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2014). Can early skin care normalise dry skin and possibly prevent atopic eczema? A pilot study in young infants. Allergologia et Immunopathologia. ISSN 0301-0546. 42(6), p. 539–543. doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2014.06.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Pinart, Mariona; Benet, Marta; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella; Berg, Andrea von; Berdel, Dietrich & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2014). Comorbidity of eczema, rhinitis, and asthma in IgE-sensitised and non-IgE-sensitised children in MeDALL: A population-based cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 2213-2600. 2(2), p. 131–140. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70277-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Hovland, Vegard; Håland, Geir; Riiser, Amund & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2014). Lung function trajectories from birth through puberty reflect asthma phenotypes with allergic comorbidity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 134(4), p. 917–923.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.020. Full text in Research Archive
• Hovland, Vegard; Riiser, Amund; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2014). Asthma with allergic comorbidities in adolescence is associated with bronchial responsiveness and airways inflammation. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 25(4), p. 351–359. doi: 10.1111/pai.12241. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Addis, Antoino; Adcock, Ian M.; Agache, Ioana; Agustí, Àlvar & Alonso, Albert [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2014). Integrated care pathways for airway diseases (AIRWAYS-ICPs). European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 44(2), p. 304–323. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00014614. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Gern, James E.; Martinez, Fernando D.; Antó, Josep Maria; Johnson, Christine C. & Holt, Patrick G. [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2014). Birth cohorts in asthma and allergic diseases: Report of a NIAID/NHLBI/MeDALL joint workshop. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 133(6), p. 1535–1546. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.01.018. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Granum, Berit; Egaas, Eliann; London, Stephanie J & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Food allergens in mattress dust in Norwegian homes - a potentially important source of allergen exposure. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 44(1), p. 142–149. doi: 10.1111/cea.12231. Full text in Research Archive
• Hohmann, C.; Pinart, M.; Tischer, C.; Gehring, U.; Heinrich, J. & Kull, I. [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2014). The development of the MeDALL core questionnaires for a harmonized follow-up assessment of eleven European birth cohorts on asthma and allergies. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 1018-2438. 163(3), p. 215–224. doi: 10.1159/000357732. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Christine Sachs; Berntsen, Sveinung; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2013). Time spent in vigorous physical activity is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in non-asthmatic adolescents. Clinical Respiratory Journal. ISSN 1752-6981. 7(1), p. 64–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2012.00283.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction:  Physical activity (PA) is important in preventing disease, but endurance elite athletes have increased prevalence of asthma and airway inflammation. Objectives:  We aimed to determine if PA was associated with increased fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in asthmatic and non-asthmatic adolescents. Methods:  FENO was recorded (Niox Mino®, Aerocrine AB, Stockholm, Sweden) in 169 adolescents (13–14 years) in a nested case–control analysis from the Environment and Childhood Asthma study, Oslo, 92 adolescents with and 77 without asthma. They underwent clinical examination, lung function measurements and treadmill run measuring peak oxygen uptake, and objectively recorded PA for four consecutive days. PA was classified as moderate, vigorous and very vigorous, and total number of hours of each category was recorded for each subject. Associations between FENO and PA were tested using linear robust multiple regression analyses. Results:  In non-asthmatic adolescents, FENO was associated with daily hours of vigorous to very vigorous (r = 0.27, P = 0.02) and very vigorous PAs (r = 0.25, P = 0.036) in bivariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, FENO was associated with vigorous to very vigorous PA [regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) 1.9 (0.6, 3.1); P = 0.004] and more strongly with very vigorous PA [3.9 (1.5, 6.4); P = 0.002] in non-asthmatic but not in asthmatic adolescents. Total daily PA was not associated with FENO in either group. Thus, 1 h of very vigorous PA per day increased FENO by 3.9 ppb. Conclusion: Vigorous to very vigorous PA, contrasting total daily PA, was significantly associated with increased FENO in non-asthmatic adolescents, suggesting that intensive PA may induce airway inflammation independent of asthma.

• Berntsen, Sveinung; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2013). Factors associated with aerobic fitness in adolescents with asthma. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 107(8), p. 1164–1171. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: In adolescents with asthma, information on factors associated with cardiorespiratory fitness levels is limited. The present study aimed to determine if objectively measured physical activity as well as potential relevant factors such as lung function, asthma exacerbations, use of inhaled corticosteroids or skin fold thickness are associated with direct measurements of peak oxygen uptake in adolescents with asthma. Methods: From a nested case-control study at 13-years in the Environment and Childhood Asthma birth cohort study in Oslo, Norway, 86 13-years old adolescents with and 76 without asthma performed maximal running on a treadmill with measured. The sum of four skin fold thicknesses was recorded, followed by wearing an activity monitor for four consecutive days. Lung function was measured by maximum forced expiratory flow-volume curves and body plethysmography. Asthma exacerbations and use of medication were registered by parental structured interview. Data were analysed using multiple regression analysis. Results: Vigorous physical activity (coefficients with 95% confidence intervals; 1.73 (0.32, 3.14)) and skin fold thickness −0.35 (−0.41, −0.28)) were significantly associated with in adolescents with asthma. Neither use of inhaled corticosteroids, lung function nor number of asthma exacerbations was associated with when taking physical activity and skin fold thickness into account. In the adolescents without asthma only skin fold thicknesses was negatively associated with −3.5 (−4.1, −2.8). Conclusions: appears to be determined by vigorous physical activity level in Norwegian adolescents with asthma and not by asthma-related factors such as use of inhaled corticosteroids, lung function nor number of asthma exacerbations.

• Midulla, Fabio; Lombardi, Enrico; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Regamey, Nicolas; Grigg, Jonathan & Russell, Rober I. Ross [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Paediatrics in Vienna. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 42(4), p. 1092–1104. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00037213. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Calafat, Antonia M.; Hoppin, Jane A; Håland, Geir & Mowinckel, Petter [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Urinary biomarkers for phthalates associated with asthma in Norwegian children. Environmental Health Perspectives. ISSN 0091-6765. 121(2), p. 251–256. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205256. Full text in Research Archive
• Konradsen, Jon R.; James, Anna; Nordlund, Bjørn Kristian; Reinius, Lovisa E.; Söderhäll, Cilla & Melen, E [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2013). The chitinase-like protein YKL-40: A possible biomarker of inflammation and airway remodeling in severe pediatric asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 132(2), p. 328–+. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Hovland, Vegard; Riiser, Amund; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2013). The significance of early recurrent wheeze for asthma outcomes in late childhood. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 41(4), p. 838–845. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00071512. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Longnecker, M P; Løvik, Martinus; Calafat, A M; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & London, S J [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 68(1), p. 84–91. doi: 10.1111/all.12058. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2013). Pathophysiology and epidemiology of allergic disorders. In Eber, E. & Midulla, F. (Ed.), ERS Handbook of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine. European Respiratory Society. ISSN 9781849840385. p. 339–344. doi: 10.1183/9781849840392.030712. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Pijnenburg, Marielle (2013). Bronchial asthma. In Eber, E. & Midulla, F. (Ed.), ERS Handbook of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine. European Respiratory Society. ISSN 9781849840385. p. 316–327. Full text in Research Archive
• Torjussen, Tale Mæhre; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Undlien, Dag Erik & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2013). Childhood lung function and the association with beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 102(7), p. 727–731. doi: 10.1111/apa.12221. Full text in Research Archive
• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Hunderi, Jon Olav Gjengstø; Brügmann-Pieper, Sabine Kristin; Brun, Anne Charlotte; Engen, Hanne & Eskedal, Leif Torvald [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2013). Racemic adrenaline and inhalation strategies in acute bronchiolitis. New England Journal of Medicine. ISSN 0028-4793. 368(24), p. 2286–2293. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301839. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Acute bronchiolitis in infants, which frequently leads to hospitalization and sometimes requires ventilatory support, is occasionally fatal; it is usually viral in origin, with respiratory syncytial virus being the most common cause. The clinical disease is characterized by nasal flaring, tachypnea, dyspnea, chest retractions, crepitations, and wheezing. Bronchodilators are not recommended but are often used in the treatment of bronchiolitis, as are saline inhalations. Adrenaline reduces mucosal swelling, giving it an edge over the β2-adrenergic agonists, and has led to the frequent use of inhaled adrenaline, which has improved symptoms and reduced the need for hospitalization in outpatients with acute bronchiolitis. Among inpatients, however, inhaled adrenaline has not been found to reduce the length of the hospital stay. Assessment of the possible influences of age, sex, and status with respect to an asthma predisposition on the effect of inhaled adrenaline requires large multicenter studies. Inhaled nebulized solutions can be prescribed for use on demand or on a fixed schedule. We were unable to find documentation on the comparative efficacy of these two strategies in children with acute bronchiolitis. We tested the hypothesis that inhaled racemic adrenaline is superior to inhaled saline in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infancy and that administration on a fixed schedule is superior to administration on demand. We also assessed whether age, sex, or status with respect to allergic diseases influenced treatment efficacy. Including: Letter to the Editor. Skjerven Håvard Ove, Carlsen Kai-Håkon og Carlsen Karin C Lødrup. Inhaled adrenaline in acute bronchiolitis. The New England Journal of Medicine 2013;369:1076-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1308964

• Yorgancioglu, A; Ozdemir, C; Kalayci, O; Kalyconcu, A F; Bachert, C & Baena-Cagnani, C E [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2012). ARIA (allerjik rinit ve astim üzerine etkisi) 10 yidaki kazanimlar ve gelecekteki gereksinimler. Turkish Journal of Tuberculosis & Thorax. ISSN 0494-1373. 60(1), p. 92–97. doi: 10.5578/tt.3734. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Anto, JM; Demoly, P; Schunemann, HJ; Togias, A & Akdis, M [Show all 178 contributors for this article] (2012). Severe chronic allergic (and related) diseases: a uniform approach - A MeDALL - GA(2)LEN - ARIA position paper. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 1018-2438. 158(3), p. 216–231. doi: 10.1159/000332924. Full text in Research Archive
• Torjussen, Tale Mæhre; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Helms, Peter J [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2012). Alpha-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and tobacco smoke exposure: Effects on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 23(1), p. 40–49. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01222.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, J.; Heinzerling, L.; Bachert, C.; Papadopoulos, N.G.; Bousquet, P.J. & Burney, P.G. [Show all 46 contributors for this article] (2012). Practical guide to skin prick tests in allergy to aeroallergens. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 67(1), p. 18–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02728.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Antó, Josep Maria; Pinart, M; Akdis, M; Auffray, C; Bachert, C & Basagana, X [Show all 69 contributors for this article] (2012). Understanding the complexity of IgE-related phenotypes from childhood to young adulthood: A Mechanisms of the Development of Allergy (MeDALL) Seminar. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 129(4), p. 943–U421. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.047. Full text in Research Archive
• Eber, Ernst; Aurora, Paul; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Lindblad, Anders; Dankert-Roelse, Jeannette E & Ross-Russell, Robert I [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Paediatrics in Amsterdam. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 40(1), p. 215–226. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00226811. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Roll, Stephanie; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter; Wijga, Alet H. & Brunekreef, Bert [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2012). Does Pet Ownership in Infancy Lead to Asthma or Allergy at School Age? Pooled Analysis of Individual Participant Data from 11 European Birth Cohorts. PLOS ONE. 7(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043214. Full text in Research Archive
• Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G.; Arakawa, H; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Custovic, A; Gern, J & Lemanske, R [Show all 68 contributors for this article] (2012). International consensus on (ICON) pediatric asthma. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 67(8), p. 976–997. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02865.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Schunemann, HJ; Samolinski, B; Demoly, P; Baena-Cagnani, CE & Bachert, C [Show all 217 contributors for this article] (2012). Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): Achievements in 10 years and future needs. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 130(5), p. 1049–1062. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.053. Full text in Research Archive
• Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Torjussen, Tale Mæhre; Hjorthaug, Hanne Sagsveen; Undlien, Dag Erik & Lyle, Robert [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2012). Pet keeping and tobacco exposure influence CD14 methylation in childhood. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 23(8), p. 746–753. doi: 10.1111/pai.12021. Full text in Research Archive
• Riiser, Amund; Hovland, Vegard; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2012). Bronchial hyperresponsiveness decreases through childhood. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 106(2), p. 215–222. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.09.013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Limited knowledge exists about development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) through adolescence. We aimed to assess changes in and risk factors for BHR in adolescence. From a Norwegian birth cohort 517 subjects underwent clinical examinations, structured interviews and methacholine challenges at age 10 and 16. BHR was divided into four categories: no BHR (cumulative methacholine dose required to reduce FEV1 by 20% (PD20) >16 μmol), borderline BHR (PD20 ≤16 and >8 μmol), mild to moderate BHR (PD20 ≤8 and >1 μmol), and severe BHR (PD20 ≤ 1 μmol). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors and possible confounders. The number of children with PD20 ≤ 8 decreased from 172 (33%) to 79 (15%) from age 10–16 (p < 0.001). Most children (n = 295, 57%) remained in the same BHR (category) from age 10–16 (50% with no BHR), whereas the majority 182 (82%) of the 222 children who changed BHR category, had decreased severity at age 16. PD20 ≤ 8 at age 10 was the major risk factor for PD20 ≤ 8 6 years later (odds ratio 6.3), without significant confounding effect (>25% change) of gender, active rhinitis, active asthma, height, FEV1/FVC, or allergic sensitization. BHR decreased overall in severity through adolescence, was stable for the majority of children and only a minority (8%) had increased BHR from age 10 to 16. Mild to moderate and severe BHR at age 10 were major risk factors for PD20 ≤ 8 at 16 years and not modified by asthma or body size.

• Riiser, Amund; Hovland, Vegard; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2012). Does Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Childhood Predict Active Asthma in Adolescence? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 186(6), p. 493–500. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201112-2235OC. Full text in Research Archive
• Bush, Andy; Pedersen, S.; Hedlin, G.; Baraldi, E.; Barbato, A & Benedictis, F de [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2011). Pharmacological treatment of severe, therapy-resistant asthma in children: what can we learn from where? European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 38(4), p. 947–958. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00030711. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakkeheim, Egil; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Burney, Peter & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2011). Altered oxidative state in schoolchildren with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 22(2), p. 178–185. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01092.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bueso, Anne Elisabeth Kørner; Berntsen, Sveinung; Mowinckel, Peter; Andersen, Lene Frost; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2011). Dietary intake in adolescents with asthma - potential for improvement. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 22(1), p. 19–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01013.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, Sveinung; Edvardsen, Elisabeth; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Pollestad, Magnhild Louise & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2011). Effects of posture on lung function in obese children. Clinical Respiratory Journal. ISSN 1752-6981. 5(4), p. 252–257. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2010.00227.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Anto, J; Auffray, C; Akdis, M; Cambon-Thomsen, A & Keil, T [Show all 67 contributors for this article] (2011). MeDALL (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy): an integrated approach from phenotypes to systems medicine. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 66(5), p. 596–604. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02534.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Madsen, Christian; Gehring, Ulrike; Håberg, Siri Eldevik; Nafstad, Per; Meliefste, Kees & Nystad, Wenche [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). Comparison of land-use regression models for predicting spatial NOx contrasts over a three year period in Oslo, Norway. Atmospheric Environment. ISSN 1352-2310. 45(21), p. 3576–3583. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.069. Full text in Research Archive
• Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G.; Christodoulou, I; Rohde, G; Agache, I; Almqvist, C & Bruno, A [Show all 45 contributors for this article] (2011). Viruses and bacteria in acute asthma exacerbations - A GA2LEN-DARE* systematic review. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 66(4), p. 458–468. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02505.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Eber, E.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Ratjen, F.; Turner, S.W.; Dankert-Roelse, J.E. & Ross-Russell, R.I. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2011). Paediatrics in Barcelona: highlights from the 2010 ERS Annual Congress. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 37(6), p. 1514–1521. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00026311. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Hedlin, G.; Bush, A.; Wennergren, G; Benedictis, F de & Jongste, JC De [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2011). Assessment of problematic severe asthma in children. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 37(2), p. 432–440. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00091410. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakkeheim, Egil; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Håland, Geir & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2011). Paracetamol in early infancy: the risk of childhood allergy and asthma. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 100(1), p. 90–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01942.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Muraro, Antonella; Clark, Andrew; Beyer, Kirsten; Borrego, Luis Miguel; Borres, Magnus P. & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2010). The management of the allergic child at school: EAACI/GA2LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 65(6), p. 681–689. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02343.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Christine Sachs; Sanak, Marek; Lang, Astri Maria; Gielicz, Anna; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Eoxins: A new inflammatory pathway in childhood asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 126(4), p. 859–U304. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.015. Full text in Research Archive
• Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Torjussen, Tale Mæhre; Gervin, Kristina; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Granum, Berit [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). CD14 polymorphisms and serum CD14 levels through childhood: A role for gene methylation? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 125(6), p. 1361–1368. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.010. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2010). Rhinitis in children: Co-morbidities and phenotypes. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 21(4), p. 612–622. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01066.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Carlsen, KC Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Granum, Berit; Doekes, G & Håland, G. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Childhood asthma and early life exposure to indoor allergens, endotoxin and beta(1,3)-glucans. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 40(2), p. 307–316. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03424.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Sõderstrõm, L.; Mowinckel, Petter; Håland, Geir; Pettersen, Morten & Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Asthma prediction in school children; the value of combined IgE-antibodies and obstructive airways disease severity score. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 65(9), p. 1134–1140. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02344.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Instanes, Christine; Granum, Berit; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Hetland, Geir & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Gender differences in indoor allergen exposure and association with current rhinitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 40(9), p. 1388–1397. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03543.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Lang, Astri Maria; Mowinckel, Petter; Olsen, Christine Sachs; Riiser, Amund; Lunde, Jon & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Asthma severity in childhood, untangling clinical phenotypes. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 21(6), p. 945–953. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01072.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakkeheim, Egil; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Burney, P. & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2010). Reduced basal salivary cortisol in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 99(11), p. 1705–1711. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01598.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Lang, Astri Maria; Konradsen, J; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Olsen, Christine Sachs; Mowinckel, Petter & Hedlin, G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Identifying problematic severe asthma in the individual child - does lung function matter? Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 99(3), p. 404–410. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01625.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Mowinckel, Petter; Håland, Geir; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2010). Lung function at 10 yrs is not improved by early corticosteroid treatment in asthmatic children. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 21(5), p. 814–822. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00973.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Hedlin, G.; Bush, A; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Wennergren, G; Benedictis, FM de & Melen, E [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Problematic severe asthma in children, not one problem but many: a GA(2)LEN initiative. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 36(1), p. 196–201. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00104809. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Granum, Berit & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2010). Can childhood asthma be predicted at birth? Clinical and Experimental Allergy. ISSN 0954-7894. 40(12), p. 1767–1775. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03620.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Carlsen, KCL; Granum, Berit; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Håland, G & Devulapalli, CS [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Do allergic families avoid keeping furry pets? Indoor Air. ISSN 0905-6947. 20(3), p. 187–195. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00640.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2010). Tidal breathing techniques. European Respiratory Monograph. ISSN 1025-448X. p. 35–45. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2010). Passiv røking lungehelse hos barn. Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. p. 38–44. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Soderstrom, L.; Mowinckel, P; Håland, Geir; Pettersen, M & Munthe, M.C [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Asthma prediction in school children; the value of combined IgE-antibodies and obstruction airways disease severity score*. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 65, p. 1134–1140. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02344.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Christine Sachs; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Håland, Geir; Devulapalli, Chandra S. & Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Diagnostic value of exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma and allergy. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 21(1), p. E213–E221. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00965.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, Sveinung; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Pollestad, Magnhild Louise & Joner, Geir [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Obese children playing towards an active lifestyle. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. ISSN 1747-7166. 5(1), p. 64–71. doi: 10.3109/17477160902957166. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim. To determine whether five months of guided active play in overweight or obese children and adolescents under multi-disciplinary management for weight reduction leads to increased physical activity levels in leisure time, as well as changes in aerobic fitness and body composition. Methods. Sixty overweight or obese children and adolescents were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. All participants received dietary advice and were encouraged to increase physical activity level. The intervention group additionally participated in 60-minute guided active play/physical activity twice a week for 5 months. Physical activity was recorded; aerobic fitness and body composition were measured at inclusion and after cessation of intervention. Results. Physical activity level during weekend days was significantly higher for the intervention group compared with the controls after 5 months intervention (p=0.04). The mean reduction in percentage of body fat was 1.8% (95%CI: 0.6, 3.1) in the intervention group (p=0.04) and not significant among the controls (0.9 [−0.9, 2.7]). There was no change in aerobic fitness. Conclusion. Five months of guided active play was associated with increased physical activity levels during weekend days and reduced body fat, although weakly, in overweight and obese children and adolescents participating in multi-disciplinary weight reduction programmes.

• Heinzerling, L.; Burbach, G.; Cauwenberge, P. van; Papageorgiou, P.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Establishing a standardized quality management system for the European Health Network GA2LEN*. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 65(6), p. 743–752. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02235.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Spyridaki, Irini S.; Christodoulou, Ioannis; Beer, Lieke de; Hovland, Vegard; Kurowski, Marcin & Olszewska-Ziaber, Agnieszka [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2009). Comparison of four nasal sampling methods for the detection of viral pathogens by RT-PCR-A GA(2)LEN project. Journal of Virological Methods. ISSN 0166-0934. 156(1-2), p. 102–106. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.027. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørnvold, Marit; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Egeland, Thore; Joner, Geir; Dahl-Jørgensen, Knut & Njølstad, Pål Rasmus [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2009). A TLR2 polymorphism is associated with type 1 diabetes and allergic asthma. Genes and Immunity. ISSN 1466-4879. 10(2), p. 181–187. doi: 10.1038/gene.2008.100. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, J.; Bachert, C; Canonica, G.W.; Casale, TB; Cruz, AA & Lockey, R [Show all 88 contributors for this article] (2009). Unmet needs in severe chronic upper airway disease (SCUAD). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 124(3), p. 428–433. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.027. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, Sveinung; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Pollestad, Magnhild Louise & Joner, Geir [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). Obese children playing towards an active lifestyle. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. ISSN 1747-7166. 13, p. 1–8. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, S; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Hageberg, R; Aandstad, A; Mowinckel, P & Anderssen, SA [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). Asthma symptoms in rural living Tanzanian children; prevalence and the relation to aerobic fitness and body fat. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 64(8), p. 1166–1171. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01979.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, J; Burney, PG; Zuberbier, T; Cauwenberge, P van; Akdis, CA & Bindslev-Jensen, C [Show all 37 contributors for this article] (2009). GA(2)LEN (Global Allergy and Asthma European Network) addresses the allergy and asthma 'epidemic'. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 64(7), p. 969–977. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02059.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Haland, G; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, P; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Devulapalli, Chandra S. & Berntsen, Sveinung [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). Lung function at 10 yr is not impaired by early childhood lower respiratory tract infections. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 20(3), p. 254–260. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00781.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Haland, G & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2009). Natural history of lung function in health and diseases. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 1528-4050. 9(2), p. 146–150. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283292243. Full text in Research Archive
• Pillai, Sreekumar G.; Ge, Dongliang; Zhu, Guohua; Kong, Xiangyang; Shianna, Kevin V. & Need, Anna C. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2009). A genome-wide association study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Identification of two major susceptibility loci. PLoS Genetics. ISSN 1553-7390. 5(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000421. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There is considerable variability in the susceptibility of smokers to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The only known genetic risk factor is severe deficiency of α1-antitrypsin, which is present in 1–2% of individuals with COPD. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a homogenous case-control cohort from Bergen, Norway (823 COPD cases and 810 smoking controls) and evaluated the top 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the family-based International COPD Genetics Network (ICGN; 1891 Caucasian individuals from 606 pedigrees) study. The polymorphisms that showed replication were further evaluated in 389 subjects from the US National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) and 472 controls from the Normative Aging Study (NAS) and then in a fourth cohort of 949 individuals from 127 extended pedigrees from the Boston Early-Onset COPD population. Logistic regression models with adjustments of covariates were used to analyze the case-control populations. Family-based association analyses were conducted for a diagnosis of COPD and lung function in the family populations. Two SNPs at the α-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA 3/5) locus were identified in the genome-wide association study. They showed unambiguous replication in the ICGN family-based analysis and in the NETT case-control analysis with combined p-values of 1.48×10−10, (rs8034191) and 5.74×10−10 (rs1051730). Furthermore, these SNPs were significantly associated with lung function in both the ICGN and Boston Early-Onset COPD populations. The C allele of the rs8034191 SNP was estimated to have a population attributable risk for COPD of 12.2%. The association of hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP) locus on chromosome 4 was also consistently replicated, but did not reach genome-wide significance levels. Genome-wide significant association of the HHIP locus with lung function was identified in the Framingham Heart study (Wilk et al., companion article in this issue of PLoS Genetics; doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000429). The CHRNA 3/5 and the HHIP loci make a significant contribution to the risk of COPD. CHRNA3/5 is the same locus that has been implicated in the risk of lung cancer.

• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2009). Alvorlig problematisk astma hos barn. Forekomst, kliniske karakteristika (fenotyper) og særlige hensyn. Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. p. 8–11. Full text in Research Archive
• Stølevik, Solvor Berntsen; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Anderssen, SA; Mowinckel, P; Hageberg, R & Bueso, Anne Elisabeth Kørner [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). Norwegian adolescents with asthma are physical active and fit. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 64(3), p. 421–426. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01845.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Devulapalli, CS; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Haland, G; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Pettersen, M & Mowinckel, P [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2008). Severity of obstructive airways disease by age 2 years predicts asthma at 10 years of age. Thorax. ISSN 0040-6376. 63, p. 8–13. doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.060616. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2008). Pharmaceutical treatment strategies for childhood asthma. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 1528-4050. 8. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhu, G; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Lenney, W; Silverman, M & Whyte, M. K. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2008). Polymorphisms in the endothelin-1 (EDN1) are associated with asthma in two populations. Genes and Immunity. ISSN 1466-4879. 9(1), p. 23–29. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364441. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Endothelin-1 (EDN1) has been reported to be implicated in the pathophysiology of asthma. Literature results on the genetic association of EDN1 in asthma are inconsistent. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms in EDN1 were genotyped in 342 and 100 families from UK and Norway, respectively. Asthma, bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) and atopic asthma phenotypes were analyzed for the family-based association. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with asthma (0.0017P0.0291), five with BHR (0.0026P0.0315) and three with atopic asthma (0.0016P0.041) in the UK population. Three SNPs were associated with asthma (0.0041P0.019), seven with BHR (0.0018P0.041) and two with atopic asthma (0.0123P0.0153) in the Norwegian population. A polymorphism (rs1800541) in the promoter region of EDN1 was replicated in the two populations. A nonsynonymous coding polymorphism (rs5370) resulting in a change of amino acid Asn to Lys at position 198 was also replicated. The results of haplotype-based association analyses strongly supported the ones of single SNP associations. This study demonstrates the significant evidence of association between polymorphisms in EDN1 and asthma

• Lang, A; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Haaland, G; Devulapalli, CS; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng & Mowinckel, P [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2008). Severe asthma in childhood: assessed in 10 year olds in a birth cohort study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 63, p. 1054–1060. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01672.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2008). Respiratory effects of tobacco smoking on infants and young children. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. ISSN 1526-0542. 9, p. 11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2007.11.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, J; Fokkens, W; Burney, P; Durham, SR; Bachert, C & Akdis, CA [Show all 41 contributors for this article] (2008). Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA(2)LEN paper. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 63, p. 842–853. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01715.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Håland, Geir; Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Gervin, Kristina & Egeland, Thore [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). T cell–specific T-box transcription factor haplotype is associated with allergic asthma in children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 121. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.068. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND: T cell-specific T-box transcription factor (T-bet) is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors regulating lineage commitment of T(H) lymphocytes toward a predominant T(H)1 phenotype. Asthma and allergy are common complex diseases characterized by T(H)2-mediated inflammation. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess possible relationships between the T-bet gene (TBX21) and asthma and allergy in children. METHOD: Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TBX21 region were genotyped in 948 children from the Environment and Childhood Asthma study. Allele and haplotype frequencies were compared in children with and without asthma (by 10 years) and allergy (>/=1 positive skin prick test response), as well as for the quantitative traits bronchial hyperresponsiveness determined by means of methacholine bronchial challenge testing, lung function determined by means of forced flow volume loops, fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement, eosinophil count, and serum total IgE level. RESULTS: Allergic asthma was significantly associated with 2 of the tested SNPs (rs11650354 and rs16947078) and further associated with the particular haplotype including these SNPs, with homozygote status resulting in an odds ratio of 8.3 (95% CI, 2.5-26.9) for allergic asthma. Neither nonallergic asthma or "allergy alone" nor the remaining quantitative variables were associated with TBX21 SNPs or haplotypes. CONCLUSION: An association between a specific TBX21 haplotype and allergic asthma in children is demonstrated for the first time and might explain previously detected associations between SNPs within TBX21 and asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: T-bet genetics might identify individuals at risk for allergic asthma

• Eller, E; Roll, S; Chen, CM; Herbarth, O; Wichmann, HE & Berg, A von [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2008). Meta-analysis of determinants for pet ownership in 12 European birth cohorts on asthma and allergies: a GA(2)LEN initiative. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 63, p. 1491–1498. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01790.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Gerritsen, J.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Undlien, Dag Erik; Egeland, T & Skinningsrud, Beate [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2007). Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) polymorphisms and association with asthma, s-ECP levels and related phenotypes. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 62(4), p. 429–436. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01327.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a potent cytotoxic secretory protein with bactericidal and antiviral properties. ECP is released by activated eosinophils and regarded as a marker of eosinophilic inflammation. High levels of ECP have been reported in cases of active asthma and other allergic diseases. This study aimed to assess whether three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ECP gene (RNASE3) on chromosome 14 q24–q31 or their haplotypes are associated with asthma, allergy, or related phenotypes. Methods: The three SNPs −38CA, +371CG and +499CG in RNASE3 and their haplotypes were analyzed for associations with asthma, serum-ECP (s-ECP) levels, allergic sensitization (positive skin-prick test to common allergens), bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) assessed by methacholine inhalation, and serum-IgE (s-IgE) levels in 177 families from Norway and the Netherlands identified through siblings with asthma. Results: Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) demonstrated significant associations between the A-G-G haplotype and asthma as well as the specific phenotypes allergic asthma (but not non-allergic asthma), high s-ECP, high s-IgE and BHR, while the C-G-G haplotype was associated with reduced occurrence of these traits. In addition, the −38A allele was associated with high s-ECP levels and allergic asthma. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the A-G-G haplotype in the RNASE3 gene influences the development of asthma, in particular, an allergic form of asthma. Furthermore, as the −38CA SNP lies in close vicinity of known intron-regulatory sites, results of SNP analysis suggest that the detected association is possibly linked to a genetic transcriptional control of s-ECP levels.

• Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Pettersen, Morten & Mowinckel, Petter [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2007). No evidence that early use of inhaled corticosteroids reduces current asthma at 10 years of age. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 101, p. 1625–1632. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.03.011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background It is debated whether early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) can change the natural course of childhood asthma. Aim To assess if ICS treatment before 2 years of age in children with obstructive airways disease reduces current asthma at 10 years of age. Methods Children with (n=233) and without (n=219) recurrent (r) bronchial obstruction (BO) attending clinical examination at 2 years of age in the birth cohort Environment and Childhood Asthma study in Oslo, were reinvestigated at 10 years of age. Current asthma (CA) at 10 years was defined as asthma with either symptoms and/or asthma treatment during the last year, and/or 10% fall in forced expired volume in 1 s after standardized treadmill run. The risk of CA was assessed by logistic regression and propensity modelling (including gender, parental atopy and severity score at 2 years) in children with rBO who received ICS or not by 2 years. Results CA was found in 97 children, more often among rBO children with (56.9%) and without ICS treatment (30.8%) compared to no-BO children (5.5%) (p<0.001). In rBO children logistic regression analyses (adjusted odds ratio aOR (95% confidence interval)) identified male gender (aOR 1.82 (1.01–3.27), p=0.046) and severity score at 2 years 1.14 (1.03–1.28), (p=0.01), as significant and ICS treatment as non-significant 2.00 (0.98–4.12) risk factors for CA. With propensity modelling adjusting for disease severity, ICS treatment by 2 years caused a non-significant increased risk aOR of CA of 1.84 (0.89–3.82). Conclusion No evidence was found that early use of ICS before age two in children with rBO reduces current asthma 8 years later.

• Håland, Geir; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Pettersen, Morten; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2007). Lung function development in the first 2 yr of life is independent of allergic diseases by 2 yr. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 18(6), p. 528–534. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00555.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of the study was to assess if lung function at birth predicts lung function at 2 yr and secondly, if lung function development was influenced by the common phenotypes of recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) or atopic eczema (AE) by 2 yr. Lung function was assessed at birth (n = 802) and at 2 yr within the prospective birth cohort study ‘the Environment and Childhood Asthma Study’ in Oslo. The 135 children with lung function measured at birth by tidal flow volume (TFV) loops and passive respiratory mechanics, who were included in a nested case–control study were reinvestigated at 2 yr with clinical examination, TFV loops (n = 90) (mean age 26.6 (3.7 s.d.) months), skin prick test and parental interview. Children were categorized into quartiles (lower, middle two, upper) according to time to peak tidal expiratory flow/total expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) at birth as well as clinical phenotype based on the presence of rBO and/or AE (ever) by 2 yr. The observed reduction in mean tPTEF/tE from birth to 2 yr within the quartiles, were not significantly different after controlling for ‘regression to the mean’. tPTEF/tE at birth correlated significantly with tPTEF/tE at 2 yr, (r = 0.475, p < 0.001). Children with both rBO and AE by 2 yr had significantly lower tPTEF/tE at 2 yr (p = 0.002) and at birth (p = 0.027), compared with children with no rBO or AE. Clinical phenotype at 2 yr did not influence the change in tPTEF/tE from birth to 2 yr. This study demonstrates a clear tracking of lung function from birth, not influenced by rBO or AE by 2 yr.

• Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Egeland, T; Håland, Geir & Devulapalli, Chandra S. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2007). HLA Dr-Dq haplotypes and the TNFA-308 polymorphism: associations with asthma and allergy. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 62(9), p. 991–998. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01377.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The HLA (human leukocyte antigen) class II genes DQB1 and DRB1 and the Tumor Necrosis Factor α gene (TNFA) within the HLA complex (chromosome 6p21) have been associated with asthma and allergy. Due to the strong linkage disequilibrium characterizing this complex and the multiple asthma/allergy expressions, we aimed to determine which of these genes were primarily involved in specific asthma/allergy traits. Methods: The DRB1–DQB1 alleles and TNFA-308 polymorphism were genotyped in 959 children from the Environment and Childhood Asthma study and analyzed for possible associations with allergic and non-allergic asthma (with/without at least one positive skin prick test for allergens) and specific allergic sensitization, as well as bronchial hyperresponsiveness and total IgE, using both allele and extended haplotype analyses. Results: Different genes within the HLA complex were associated with separate asthma and allergy traits. Nonallergic asthma was associated with both the TNFA-308A allele [Odds ratio (OR) 1.7 (1.3–2.3)] and DRB1*03 allele [OR 1.6(1–2.6)], but extended DRB1*03-TNFA-308 haplotype analysis suggested that the DRB1–DQB1 association was secondary to linkage disequilibrium with the TNFA-308 polymorphism. Allergies were associated with HLA class II alleles only; birch sensitization with DQB1*0603-DRB1*13 [OR 2.3 (1.4–4.0)] and mugwort sensitization with DQB1*0609-DRB1*13 [OR 7.1 (1.9–27.0)] and DQB1*0501-DRB1*01 [OR 2.0 (1.0–4.0)]. Conclusions: Our data suggests that asthma is not associated with DRB1 or DQB1 but rather TNFA or a gene(s) in linkage disequilibrium, while sensitization to specific allergens is associated with particular alleles at the DQ and/or DR loci. A novel association between DQB1*0603-DRB1*13 and birch allergy is identified

• Madsen, Christian; Hoek, Gerard; Oftedal, Bente Margaret; Nafstad, Per; Meliefste, Kees & Jacobsen, Randi [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2007). Modeling the intra-urban variability of outdoor traffic pollution in Oslo, Norway - A GA(2)LEN project. Atmospheric Environment. ISSN 1352-2310. 41(35), p. 7500–7511. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.039. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Munthe-Kaas, Monica; Pettersen, Morten & Granum, Berit [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). Asthma in every fifth child in Oslo, Norway: a 10-year follow up of a birth cohort study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 61(4), p. 454–460. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00938.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND: The western world's increase in childhood asthma is suggested to level off. We aimed to investigate asthma prevalence in 10-year-old children within the prospective birth cohort Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) Study in Oslo established in 1992/1993. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Six hundred and sixteen (77%) of 803 children (mean age 10.9 +/- 0.9 (SD) years) with lung function measurements at birth were reinvestigated at age 10 years. At birth they corresponded to the entire birth cohort (n = 3754) regarding gender, socio-demographic factors, parental allergic diseases, pet keeping and maternal smoking. Results from structured parental interview, spirometry, and skin prick test for inhalant and food allergens are presented. Asthma definition required minimum two positive criteria, (i) doctor's diagnosis of asthma, (ii) wheeze and/or chest tightness, (iii) use of anti-asthmatic treatment. Current asthma required asthma definition plus either (ii) and/or (iii) in the last 12 months, and/or > or = 10% fall in forced expired volume in 1 s after treadmill running. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of asthma was 20.2%; current asthma 11.1%, doctor diagnosis of asthma 16.1% and wheezes ever 30.3%. Allergic sensitization (29.3% overall) was more common among children with current (56.3%) compared to asymptomatic (last 12 months) (26.0%) or no asthma (27.6%) (P < 0.001). Boys more often than girls had current asthma (14.4 vs 7.1%, P = 0.004), wheeze ever (36.9 vs 22.5%, P = 0.002) and allergic sensitization (36.2 vs 22.1%, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Childhood asthma apparently continues to increase in Oslo, having affected every fifth 10-year-old child.

• Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Løvik, Martinus; Granum, Berit; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2006). Soluble CD14 at 2 yr of age: Gender-related effects of tobacco smoke exposure, recurrent infections and atopic diseases. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 17(4), p. 304–312. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00412.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The endotoxin receptor soluble CD14 (sCD14) has been implicated in the 'hygiene hypothesis' suggesting reduced allergic sensitization with bacterial stimulation. However, the relationship between early life sCD14 and allergic diseases is conflicting. We aimed to investigate whether possible risk factors for allergic diseases were associated with sCD14 levels at 2 yr of age. In the nested case-control study of the birth cohort studies 'Environment and Childhood Asthma study in Oslo' 411 children selected with recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) (n=241) and no bronchial obstruction (n=170) by 2 yr were investigated with skin prick test and structured parental interview at age 2 yr. Exposure to tobacco smoke, pets and infections was recorded semi-annually by questionnaires (0-2 yr). The sCD14 was analysed from frozen, stored serum by ELISA technique. Regression analyses were performed in all subjects with complete data (n=406, 180 girls), and in girls and in boys separately. Mean sCD14 (ng/ml) was significantly higher among girls 2035 (1973-2096) vs. 1947 (1890-2004) (boys). The sCD14 was significantly reduced among girls exposed to antenatal maternal smoking and with parental asthma, after adjusting for age, parental rhino-conjunctivitis, pet keeping and childhood infections. Recurrent otitis media (OM) increased and common colds significantly decreased sCD14 levels in girls. Boys with atopic dermatitis and rBO had reduced sCD14. Pet exposure was not significantly associated with sCD14. We report novel gender-related effects of sCD14 in early life and suggest that gender, tobacco smoke exposure, age and middle ear disease in particular should be accounted for when assessing the role of sCD14 in childhood allergic diseases.

• Haland, G; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Sandvik, L; Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng & Pettersen, M [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2006). Reduced Lung Function at Birth and the Risk of Asthma at 10 Years of Age. New England Journal of Medicine. ISSN 0028-4793. 355(16), p. 1682–1689. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Reduced lung function in early infancy has been associated with later obstructive airway diseases. We assessed whether reduced lung function shortly after birth predicts asthma 10 years later. Methods We conducted a prospective birth cohort study of healthy infants in which we measured lung function shortly after birth with the use of tidal breathing flow-volume loops (the fraction of expiratory time to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time [tPTEF/tE]) in 802 infants and passive respiratory mechanics, including respiratory-system compliance, in 664 infants. At 10 years of age, 616 children (77%) were reassessed by measuring lung function, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (by means of a methacholine challenge) and by conducting a structured interview to determine whether there was a history of asthma or current asthma. Results As compared with children whose tPTEF/tE shortly after birth was above the median, children whose tPTEF/tE was at or below the median were more likely at 10 years of age to have a history of asthma (24.3% vs. 16.2%, P=0.01), to have current asthma (14.6% vs. 7.5%, P=0.005), and to have severe bronchial hyperresponsiveness, defined as a methacholine dose of less than 1.0 µmol causing a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (9.1% vs. 4.9%, P=0.05). As compared with children whose respiratory-system compliance was above the median, children with respiratory compliance at or below the median more often had a history of asthma (27.4% vs. 14.8%; P=0.001) and current asthma (15.0% vs. 7.7%, P=0.009), although this measure was not associated with later measurements of lung function. At 10 years of age, tPTEF/tE at birth correlated weakly with the maximal midexpiratory flow rate (r=0.10, P=0.01) but not with FEV1 or forced vital capacity.

• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2006). Miljø og barneastmastudien i Oslo. Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Devulapalli, Chandra Sekhar; Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Pettersen, Morten & Granum, B. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). Asthma in every fifth child in Oslo, Norway: a 10-year follow up of a birth cohort study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 61, p. 454–460. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00938. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The western world's increase in childhood asthma is suggested to level off. We aimed to investigate asthma prevalence in 10-year-old children within the prospective birth cohort Environment and Childhood Asthma (ECA) Study in Oslo established in 1992/1993. Subjects and methods: Six hundred and sixteen (77%) of 803 children (mean age 10.9 ± 0.9 (SD) years) with lung function measurements at birth were reinvestigated at age 10 years. At birth they corresponded to the entire birth cohort (n = 3754) regarding gender, socio-demographic factors, parental allergic diseases, pet keeping and maternal smoking. Results from structured parental interview, spirometry, and skin prick test for inhalant and food allergens are presented. Asthma definition required minimum two positive criteria, (i) doctor's diagnosis of asthma, (ii) wheeze and/or chest tightness, (iii) use of anti-asthmatic treatment. Current asthma required asthma definition plus either (ii) and/or (iii) in the last 12 months, and/or ≥10% fall in forced expired volume in 1 s after treadmill running. Results: Lifetime prevalence of asthma was 20.2%; current asthma 11.1%, doctor diagnosis of asthma 16.1% and wheezes ever 30.3%. Allergic sensitization (29.3% overall) was more common among children with current (56.3%) compared to asymptomatic (last 12 months) (26.0%) or no asthma (27.6%) (P < 0.001). Boys more often than girls had current asthma (14.4 vs 7.1%, P = 0.004), wheeze ever (36.9 vs 22.5%, P = 0.002) and allergic sensitization (36.2 vs 22.1%, respectively, P < 0.001).

• Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Skinningsrud, Beate; Håland, Geir & Devulapalli, Chandra S. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). CFTR gene mutations and asthma in the Norwegian Environment and Childhood Asthma study. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 100(12), p. 2121–2128. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.026. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Summary Background Several candidate genes have been implicated in the etiology of asthma, including the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Mutations in the CFTR gene result in derangements of mucociliary clearance. Homozygotes for CFTR mutations develop cystic fibrosis (CF), a disorder characterized mainly by lung and pancreas disease. Objective To investigate whether there was an increased frequency of CFTR mutations in asthma patients. Methods Seven hundred and three subjects aged 10–11 years from the environment and childhood asthma (ECA) study were included in the present study. Possible associations between asthma, reduced lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and increased or decreased nitrogen oxide (NO) levels (based on structural parental interview, spirometry, PD20 methacholine challenge test and exhaled NO measurements), and the five most common CFTR mutations in Norway (ΔF508, R117H, R117C, 4005+2T→C, 394delTT), the modulating polymorphisms IVS8(TG)mTn and the IVS8-5T were investigated. Results No association were found between asthma, reduced lung function, BHR or exhaled NO levels and CF heterozygosity. However, the IVS8(TG)11T7 haplotype was associated with normal lung function. Conclusions Our results do not support the hypothesis that CFTR mutations or polymorphisms play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma in children. However, the distribution of Tn(TG)m haplotypes differed between individuals with reduced lung function and individuals with normal lung function

• Heinzerling, L.; Frew, A.J.; Bindslev-Jensen, C.; Bonini, S.; Bousquet, J. & Bresciani, M. [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2005). Standard skin prick testing and sensitization to inhalant allergens across Europe - a survey from the GA(2)LEN network. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 60(10), p. 1287–1300. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Skin prick testing (SPT) is the standard method for diagnosing allergic sensitization but is to some extent performed differently in clinical centres across Europe. There would be advantages in harmonizing the standard panels of allergens used in different European countries, both for clinical purposes and for research, especially with increasing mobility within Europe and current trends in botany and agriculture. As well as improving diagnostic accuracy, this would allow better comparison of research findings in European allergy centres. We have compared the different SPT procedures operating in 29 allergy centres within the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN). Standard SPT is performed similarly in all centres, e.g. using commercial extracts, evaluation after 15-20 min exposure with positive results defined as a wheal >3 mm diameter. The perennial allergens included in the standard SPT panel of inhalant allergens are largely similar (e.g. cat: pricked in all centres; dog: 26 of 29 centres and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: 28 of 29 centres) but the choice of pollen allergens vary considerably, reflecting different exposure and sensitization rates for regional inhalant allergens. This overview may serve as reference for the practising doctor and suggests a GA(2)LEN Pan-European core SPT panel

• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Stick, S.; Kamin, W; Cirule, I; Hughes, Simon & Wixon, C. (2005). The efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate in very young children with persistent asthma symptoms. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 22. Full text in Research Archive
• Størdal, Ketil; JOHANNESDOTTIR, GROA; Bentsen, Beint Sigmund; Knudsen, Per Kristian; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Closs, O [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2005). Acid suppression does not change respiratory symptoms in children with asthma and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood. ISSN 0003-9888. 90(9), p. 956–960. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2005). Parental Smoking and Childhood Asthma: Clinical Implications. Treatments in Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 1176-3450. 4(5), p. 337–346. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Environmental tobacco smoke and constituents are global risks for human health. Considerable evidence shows that environmental tobacco smoke exposure contributes to, and exacerbates, respiratory disorders. This review assesses the causal role of environmental tobacco smoke exposure for childhood respiratory disorders, and in particular asthma. Tobacco smoke and environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy have an effect upon lung function in newborn infants; exposure after birth also has an effect upon lung function. An effect upon bronchial responsiveness has been suggested but the evidence is not as strong as for lung function. From 1997 to 1999 a comprehensive set of systematic reviews concerning the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and respiratory health in children summarized the results from hundreds of published papers. The evidence for a causal relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and asthmatic symptoms on the one hand, and between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and reduction in lung function on the other hand, was quite strong, whereas the evidence between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and development of allergy was much weaker. Here we present an overview of the effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on lung health in children. A hypothesis has been put forward regarding upregulation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in relationship to mechanisms of tobacco smoke products (TSP)-induced pulmonary disease. It has also been reported that genetic variation makes part of the population especially vulnerable to environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy. Furthermore, there is a need for intervention to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure in young children, by educating parents and adolescents about the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Studies are needed to identify possible critical periods when environmental tobacco smoke exposure is more likely to induce harmful effects on lung health in young children in order to implement effective preventive strategies.

• Njå, Frode; Nystad, Wenche; Hetlevik, Ø.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2005). Effects of early intake of fruit or vegetables in relation to later asthma and allergic sensitization in school-age children. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 94(2), p. 145–154. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  AIM: To assess the associations between nutrition supplements in infancy and later asthma and allergy in school-age children, and to explore the impact of environmental factors in early life. METHODS: Five hundred and two children underwent clinical examination, skin prick test and a second parentally completed questionnaire within 2 y of a cross-sectional questionnairebased study, including 4585 primary school children (6-16 y old) in 1994 from urban Oslo (37%), the mountainous area of Hallingdal (42%), and the industrial, coastal area of Odda (21%). The children were selected from the 1994 survey on the basis of reported diagnosed asthma (n=166), wheeze in the last 12 mo (n=155) and no asthma/no wheeze (n=181). Questions were related to nutrition and environmental exposure in early life. Possible associations between allergic sensitization or asthma at school age and exposures were estimated by logistic regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Daily intake of fresh fruit or vegetables, but not extra vitamins or cod liver oil supplements, in infancy decreased the risk of asthma (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37-0.88). Early supplements of cod liver oil and extra vitamins were associated with increased allergic sensitization (aOR 1.78 (95% CI: 1.03-3.07) and 1.71 (95% CI: 1.01-2.88), respectively). A significantly higher prevalence of allergic sensitization was found in children living in Hallingdal compared to Odda, while the latter children, on the other hand, had the highest prevalence of house dust mite allergy (p = 0.001 vs Hallingdal and p = 0.04 vs Oslo). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the early introduction of daily fresh fruit or vegetables may decrease the risk of asthma after 1 y of life, whereas allergic sensitization at school age seemed to increase with extra vitamin and cod liver oil supplements during infancy. Living area influenced allergic sensitization, with differences between coastal and inland areas.

• Håland, Geir; Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Skar, Anne Grete; Pettersen, Morten & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2004). Are Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Mycoplasma Pheumoniae serum antibodies associated with obstructive airways disease in 2 year old children? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 169(7), p. A148–A148. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Pettersen, Morten & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2004). Is bronchodilator response in 2-yr-old children associated with asthma risk factors? Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 15(4), p. 323–330. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Factors that might influence lung function bronchodilator response by 2 yr of age is largely unknown, thus we aimed to assess this in the 'Environment and Childhood asthma' (ECA) study in Oslo. A clinical investigation at mean age 26 months was attended by 516 (84%) children included in a nested case-control study [children with recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO)] (n = 265) and controls without a history of lower respiratory disease (n = 251). Tidal lung function measures before and after inhaled nebulized salbutamol (bronchodilator response) (when clinically without BO) were obtained in 46%. Clinical characteristics and personal and family history of allergic/respiratory diseases (asthma risk factors) were ascertained by structured interview and clinical examination. Allergic sensitization was assessed by skin prick test/specific IgE antibody analyses to common allergens. Mean (95% CI) per cent change in time to reach peak flow/total expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) from before to after salbutamol was significantly larger in children with rBO [17.3 (9.4-25.3) than controls (2.2 (7.7 to 3.0)]. The bronchodilator response increased significantly (p = 0.001) with increasing number of asthma risk factors, but was not significantly associated with allergic sensitization, parental 'atopy', or maternal smoking alone. Children treated with inhaled corticosteroids had greater bronchodilator response than those treated with bronchodilators alone. Bronchodilator response in asymptomatic 2-yr-old children was most closely associated with the presence of rBO, but increasing number of asthma risk factors and treatment with inhaled corticosteroids were associated with increased bronchodilator response

• Munthe-Kaas, Monica Cheng; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Helms, Peter J; Gerritsen, J.; Whyte, Moira & Feijen, Marlies [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2004). CTLA-4 polymorphisms in allergy and asthma and the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 114, p. 280–287. Full text in Research Archive
• Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Håland, Geir; Pettersen, Morten; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2004). Effect of inhaled steroids on lung function in young children: a cohort study. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 6(23), p. 869–875. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The objectives of the present study were to determine the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for treating recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) in young children up to 2 yrs of age and to assess possible modifying effects of ICS on lung function in young children with rBO. From an observational, noninterventional birth cohort of 3,754 newborn children (3,697 with complete questionnaire data by 2 yrs of age), 306 children with documented rBO by age 2 yrs (cases) were identified along with 306 matched controls. Two tidal flow/volume measurements were taken, one at presentation of disease (children were steroid naive) and one at 2 yrs of age (mean age 11.2 and 25.6 months, respectively), from: 21 cases who subsequently received ICS (ICS+); 33 who did not (ICS-); and in 15 controls. The mean +/- SD duration of ICS treatment was 10.3 +/- 6.5 months. The main outcomes were treatment with ICS and baseline ratio of time to peak expiratory flow/total expiratory time (tPTEF/tE). From the entire cohort, 77 children (2.1%) and 21% of children with rBO had received ICS by 2 yrs of age. Baseline tPTEF/tE was significantly lower at the first visit only in ICS+ as compared to ICS- subjects, as well as in ICS+ and ICS- as compared to controls. The mean difference in baseline tPTEF/tE from first to second visit was borderline statistically significant in the ICS+ group only and correlated significantly with duration of ICS treatment. The present observational cohort study demonstrated that one-fifth of young children with recurrent bronchial obstruction had received inhaled corticosteroids. Early inhaled corticosteroid treatment improved lung function by age 2 yrs, mostly in those with the longest duration of treatment.

• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). Exersice-induced asthma. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. ISSN 1526-0542. 3, p. 154–160. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). Lungefunksjonsmålinger hos spedbarn og småbarn. Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. 3, p. 38–42. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lungefunksjonsmålinger hos små barn har vært lite utbredt innen klinisk praksis fordi målinger medfører ekstra utfordringer hos de minste. Utvikling av nye metoder vil komme til å gi nye muligheter for diagnostikk og innsikt i utviklingen av lungefunksjonen hos små barn. Det vil stilles helt spesielle krav til disse målingene. Denne oversikten vil omhandle lungefunksjonsmålinger av barn som ikke er intubert og fokusere på gjennomføringen av de vanligste målemetoder fremfor nytteverdien i ulike sammenhenger.

• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). Tobakk ved livets start, hva med barnas luftveier? Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. 1, p. 46–54. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Alle vet at røyking er skadelig. Men hva tror vi og hva vet vi om tidlig eksponering, og hvordan og hvorfor er effektene som de er? Denne oversikten vil fokusere på effekter på de nedre luftveiene og allergiutvikling ved eksponering til tobakksprodukter ved starten av livet.

• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). Sports medicine, the lung and growing up. European Respiratory Monograph. ISSN 1025-448X. 7, p. 174–188. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Buchmann, M.S.; Wickstrøm, J. & Mehl, R. (2002). Cockroach sensitivity in Norway: a previously unidentified problem? Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 57, p. 529–533. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Little is known about cockroach sensitisation in Scandinavia, whereas cockroach is implicated in allergic diseases throughout large parts of the world. In association with the Genetics of Asthma International Network study, we report sensitivity to cockroaches and it¡¦s possible association with atopic diseases in Norway. Methods: 100 Norwegian families (426 subjects) of 7-35 years old sib-pairs with asthma and their parents underwent questionnaire/interview (medical and exposure history), skin prick test (SPT) to common local inhalant allergens and German cockroach, and specific IgE to mites, mosquito, shrimp and cockroach. Cockroach sensitivity was defined as positive (¿d3 mm) skin prick test and/or s-IgE ¿d class 2. Results: Thirty-one subjects (7.5%) were sensitised (five mono-sensitised) to cockroach (27 by skin prick test and seven by s-IgE (all with additional inhalant allergy)). Co-sensitisation was most commonly to grass (in 61 %), cat (48 %), dog (48%) and mite (42%). Reported allergic diseases in cockroach sensitive subjects were asthma and rhinitis (n=10), asthma only (n=9), rhinitis only (n=2) and neither asthma nor rhinitis (n=10). Conclusion: Since cockroach sensitivity was relatively frequent in Norwegian atopic families, albeit unclear clinical implications, we suggest that cockroach allergy should be considered in subjects with atopic respiratory disease.

• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). Sports Medicine, the lung and growing up. In Bush, Andy; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Zach, M. (Ed.), European Respiratory Monograph: Growing up with lung disease. The lung in transition from childhood to adulthood. European Respiratory Monograph. ISSN 9781904097228. p. 174–188. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Nikander, Kurt; Leegaard, Jens; Havnen, Johan & Steen-Johnsen, Jon [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2001). Nebulized budesonide after hospitalization for recurrent bronchial obstruction in children younger than 18 months. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 12, p. 159–165. Full text in Research Archive
• Tangsrud, S. E.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Pettersen, I. Lund & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Lung function measurements in young children with spinal muscular atrophy; a cross sectional survey. The effect of position and bracing. Archives of Disease in Childhood. ISSN 0003-9888. 84, p. 521–524. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Effects of maternal and early tobacco exposure on the development of asthma and airway hyperreactivity. Current opinion in Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 1214-472X. 1, p. 139–143. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Nikander, Kurt; Leegaard, Jens; Steen-Johnsen, Jon; Winsnes, A. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Nebulised Budesonide in the treatment of recurrent obstructive episodes after acute bronchiolitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 12, p. 159–165. Full text in Research Archive
• Tangsrud, S. E.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Pettersen, I. Lund & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Lung function in preschool children with spinal muscular atrophy. Archives of Disease in Childhood. ISSN 0003-9888. 84, p. 521–524. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Nikander, Kurt; Leegaard, Jens; Steen-Johnsen, Jon; Winsnes, A. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Nebulised Budesonide in the treatment of recurrent obstructive episodes after acute bronchiolitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 12, p. 159–165. Full text in Research Archive
• Tangsrud, S. E.; Pettersen, I. Lund; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Lung function in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 12, p. 898–902. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Effects of maternal and early tobacco exposure on the development of asthma and airway hyperreactivity. Current opinion in Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 1214-472X. 1, p. 139–143. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2000). Inhaled nebulized adrenaline improves lung function in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 94, p. 709–714. Full text in Research Archive
• Jonasson, G.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Leegaard, Jens; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, P. & Halvorsen, K.S. (2000). Trends in hospital admissions for childhood asthma in Oslo, Norway, 1980-95. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 55, p. 232–239. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2000). Tidal breathing at all ages. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. ISSN 1122-0643. 55, p. 427–434. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2000). The effect of inhaled nebulised racemic adrenaline upon lungfunction in infants with bronchiolitis. Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 0954-6111. 94(7), p. 709–714. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2000). Pedigene studien. Allergologen. ISSN 0332-8295. 1, p. 34–37. Full text in Research Archive
• Jonasson, G.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, P.; Leegaard, Jens & Halvorsen, K. (2000). Trends in hospital admissions for childhood asthma in Oslo 1980-1995. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 55, p. 232–239. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Nafstad, Per & Bakketeig, Leif S. (1999). Perinatal risk factors for recurrent wheeze in early life. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. 10, p. 89–95. Full text in Research Archive
• Magnus, Per; Nafstad, Per; Øie, Leif; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Becher, Georg & Kongerud, Johny [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (1998). Exposure to NO2 and bronchial obstruction in young children. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 27, p. 995–999. Full text in Research Archive
• Nafstad, Per; Øie, Leif; Mehl, R.; Gaarder, P. I.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Botten, Grete Synøve [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (1998). Residential dampness problems and symptoms and signs of bronchial obstruction in young Norwegian children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 157, p. 410–414. Full text in Research Archive
• Magnus, Per; Nafstad, Per; Øie, Leif; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Becher, Georg & Kongerud, Johny [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (1998). Exposure to nitrogen dioxide and the occurrency of bronchial obstruction in children below 2 years. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 27, p. 995–999. Full text in Research Archive
• Nafstad, Per; Oie, L; Gaarder, P. I.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Botten, Grete Synøve & Magnus, Per [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1998). Residential dampness problems and the risk of bronchial obstruction in young Norwegian children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 157, p. 410–414. Full text in Research Archive
• Djupesland, Per Gisle & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1998). Nasal airway dimensions do not affect lung function in awake healthy neonates. Pediatric Pulmonology. ISSN 8755-6863. 25, p. 99–106. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Halvorsen, Ragnvald & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (1998). Serum inflammatory markers and possible effects of age and tobacco smoke exposure in young non-asthmatic children. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 87, p. 559–564. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Jaakkola, J. J. K.; Nafstad, Per & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (1997). In utero exposure to cigarette smoking influences lung function at birth. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 10, p. 1774–1779. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1994). Tidal breathing analysis in awake young children with and without asthma, and their response to salbutamol. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 7, p. 2154–2159. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Magnus, Per & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (1994). Lung function by tidal breathing in awake healthy newborns and infants. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 7, p. 1600–1668. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (1993). Ling function in healthy infants the five first days of life. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 6, p. 1496–1500. Full text in Research Archive
• Kristjansson, Sigurdur; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Wennergren, Goran; Strannegaard, I-L. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (1993). Nebulised racemic adrenaline in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers. Archives of Disease in Childhood. ISSN 0003-9888. 69, p. 650–654. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Svindland, Aud; Refvem, Olav Kaare & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (1992). Plutselig uventet doed og nesten doed hos barn med astma. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 112, p. 620–622. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Nikander, Kurt & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (1992). How much nebulised Budesonide reaches infants and toddlers for inhalation? Archives of Disease in Childhood. ISSN 0003-9888. 67, p. 1077–1079. Full text in Research Archive

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• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2010). Asthma and Allergy in Childhood: Prediction and Early Diagnosis. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. ISBN 9784431993612. 755 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Arnesen, Harald; Bechensteen, Anne Grete; Jacobsen, Anne Flem & Omenaas, Ernst (2009). Forskningshåndboken. Fra ide til publikasjon. 4. utgave 2009. Oslo universitetssykehus HF. ISBN 9788247300220. 182 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Staff, Anne Cathrine; Arnesen, Harald; Bechensteen, Anne Grete; Jacobsen, Anne Flem & Omenaas, Ernst (2009). The Research Handbook, From Idea to Publication. Oslo universitetssykehus HF. ISBN 9788247300220. 182 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Engelsk nettversjon av Forskningshåndboken 2009.

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• Kierulf, Anine; Engh, Sunniva; Raklev, Are; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup & Bergh, Johannes (2026). Når forskning blir fienden: Hvorfor trenger vi kunnskap? Full text in Research Archive
• Brinchmann, Bendik Christian; Becher, Rune; Alexander, Jan; Vist, Gunn Elisabeth; Grimsrud, Tom Kristian & Valen, Håkon [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Snus i svangerskapet er en fare for barnet. Journalen: Medlemsblad for Oslo legeforening. Full text in Research Archive
• Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Winger, A. J.; Landrø, Linn Aina Ysland; Asarnoj, A; Berents, Teresa Løvold & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Dry skin and skin barrier in early infancy. British Journal of Dermatology. ISSN 0007-0963. doi: 10.1111/bjd.17626. Full text in Research Archive
• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Hunderi, Jon Olav; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Nordhagen, Live Solveig & Berents, Teresa Løvold [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Allergic sensitisation in infants younger than one year of age. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. ISSN 0905-6157. p. 1–4. doi: 10.1111/pai.13135. Full text in Research Archive
• Kunst, Natalia R.; Lindvik, Helene; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Håland, Geir; Jørgensen, Eivind & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2018). Diagnosing Peanut Allergy in Children: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Diagnostic Algorithms. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Rehbinder, Eva Maria; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Monica Hauger; Fatnes, Thea Aspelund & Fugeli, Pål [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2018). Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children-the PreventADALL study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 73(10), p. 2063–2070. doi: 10.1111/all.13468. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordhagen, Live Solveig; Kreyberg, Ina; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Becher, Rune; Alexander, Jan & Glavin, Kari [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Bruk av snus og nikotinerstatningsprodukter i svangerskap og under amming - en trussel for barnets helse. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Farrell, J; Crooks, G; Hellings, P; Bel, EH & Bewick, M [Show all 321 contributors for this article] (2017). Erratum to: Scaling up strategies of the chronic respiratory disease programme of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (Action Plan B3: Area 5)(Clin Transl Allergy (2016) 6 (29) DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0116-9). Clinical and Translational Allergy. 7:5, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1186/s13601-016-0135-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2017). Cod liver oil consumption and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infections at 2, 10 and 16 years of age. Helicobacter. ISSN 1083-4389. 22, p. 96–97. doi: 10.1111/hel.12416. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2017). Antibody levels to Helicobacter pylori infections at 16 years of age in relation to allergic disease. Helicobacter. ISSN 1083-4389. 22, p. 114–114. Full text in Research Archive
• Melby, Kjetil K.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Haaland, Geir; Samdal, Helvi Holm; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Kai Håkon (2017). Antistoffnivåer mot Helicobacter pylori ved 16 års alder relatert til Astma. Full text in Research Archive
• Kreyberg, Ina; Nordhagen, Live Solveig; Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Hilde, Katarina; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Nordlund, Bjørn [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Is tobacco products by 18 weeks pregnancy outdated in Scandinavia? Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquet, Jean; Bewick, M; Cano, A; Eklund, P; Fico, G & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Erratum to: Building bridges for innovation in ageing: Synergies between action groups of the EIP on AHA. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. ISSN 1279-7707. Published ahead of print, p. 1–1. doi: 10.1007/s12603-016-0850-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Westergren, Thomas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Ludvigsen, Mette Spliid; Aagaard, Hanne & Hall, Elisabeth O.C. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Advancing nursing science through multidisciplinary collaboration: experiences from the field of physical activity in children with asthma. Full text in Research Archive
• Westergren, Thomas; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Mowinckel, Petter; Fegran, Liv & Berntsen, Sveinung (2016). Basic self-reports as an indicator of physical activity. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 48. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.PA1253. Full text in Research Archive
• Westergren, Thomas; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Håland, Geir; Fegran, Liv & Berntsen, Sveinung [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). EXERCISE INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION IN CHILDREN WITHOUT ASTHMA. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Alm, Johan; Bakkeheim, Egil; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Hunderi, Jon Olav [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). The relationship between Quality of Life and morning salivary cortisol after acute bronchiolitis in infancy. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindvik, Helene; Mowinckel, Petter; Navaratnam, Jesintha; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Borres, Magnus & Kvenshagen, Bente [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Does peanut allergen conjunctival provocation test reflect specific IgE levels to peanut? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 133(2), p. AB110–AB110. Full text in Research Archive
• Hovland, Vegard; Riiser, Amund; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2014). Early-life wheeze: "the Child is father of the Man" / Comment on The significance of early recurrent wheeze for asthma outcomes in late childhood. [Eur Respir J. 2013]. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 43(2), p. 651–651. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00103313. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Bakkeheim, Egil; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2013). The influence of acute bronchiolitis in infancy on later quality of life. Full text in Research Archive
• Berents, Teresa Løvold; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Mowinckel, Petter; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Kvenshagen, Bente & Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Staphylococcus aureus colonization and skin barrier function in infants with and without eczema - a cross-sectional cohort study. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 68, p. 159–159. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Granum, Berit; Egaas, Eliann; London, Stephanie J. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Food allergens in mattress dust in Norwegian homes: a significant source of allergen exposure? Clinical and Translational Allergy. 3. doi: 10.1186/2045-7022-3-S3-O3. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Granum, Berit; Egaas, Eliann; London, Stephanie J. & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Food Allergens in Mattress Dust in Norwegian Homes: a Significant Source of Allergen Exposure? Full text in Research Archive
• Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2013). Inhaled Adrenaline in Acute Bronchiolitis Reply. New England Journal of Medicine. ISSN 0028-4793. 369(11), p. 1076–1077. Full text in Research Archive
• Westergren, Thomas; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Fegran, Liv & Berntsen, Sveinung (2013). Self-reported exercise limitations in asthmatic adolescents. Full text in Research Archive
• Rolfsjord, Leif Bjarte; Skjerven, Håvard Ove; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Bakkeheim, Egil; Mowinckel, Petter & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2012). Quality of life after acute bronchiolitis in infancy. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2012). Asthma in children: the road to individual asthma phenotypes. In Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Gerritsen, Jorrit (Ed.), Paediatric Asthma. European Respiratory Society. ISSN 9781849840194. p. 1–10. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2012). Physical exercise, training and sports in asthmatic children and adolscents. In Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Gerritsen, Jorrit (Ed.), Paediatric Asthma. European Respiratory Society. ISSN 9781849840194. p. 49–59. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Custovic, Adnan (2012). Lung development and the role of asthma and allergy. In Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Gerritsen, Jorrit (Ed.), Paediatric Asthma. European Respiratory Society. ISSN 9781849840194. p. 82–97. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakkeheim, Egil; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2011). Paracetamol exposure during breastfeeding and risk of allergic disease. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 100(7), p. e3–e3. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02340.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Hedlin, G.; Eber, E.; Aurora, P.; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Ratjen, F. & Dankert-Roels, J.E. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2010). Paediatric respiratory disease: past, present and future Paediatric Assembly contribution to the celebration of 20 years of the ERS. European Respiratory Journal. ISSN 0903-1936. 36(2), p. 225–228. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00085510. Full text in Research Archive
• Jacobsen, Randi; Carlsen, K Lødrup; Carlsen, K; Doekes, G; Granum, Berit & Håland, G [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2009). Early life exposure to cat allergens increase the risk of late childhood asthma in a community with low levels of in-door allergens. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 64, p. 106–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02075.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Roll, S; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Arshad, H; Roberts, G & Spycher, B [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2009). Pet exposure in infancy, asthma at school age? A meta-analysis initiated by GA(2) LEN. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 64, p. 22–22. Full text in Research Archive
• Keil, T; Roll, S; Brunekreef, B; Eller, E; Heinrich, J & Wickman, M [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2009). Pet exposure in infancy, allergic rhinitis at school age? A meta-analysis initiated by GA(2)LEN. Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 64, p. 23–23. Full text in Research Archive
• Bush, Andy; Hedlin, G.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Benedictis, F de; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Wilson, N (2008). Severe childhood asthma: a common international approach? The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 372, p. 1019–1021. Full text in Research Archive
• Jacobsen, Randi; Carlsen, K Lødrup; Mowinckel, P; Carlsen, K; Granum, Berit & Løvik, Martinus (2008). Do allergic families avoid having furry pets when children are small? Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0105-4538. 63, p. 7–8. Full text in Research Archive
• Granum, Berit; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Løvik, Martinus; Munthe-Kaas, Monica & Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup (2006). Cord blood sCD14 as a risk factor for childhood asthma and allergic disease. Full text in Research Archive
• Keil, T; Kulig, M; Simpson, A; Custovic, A; Wickman, M & Kull, I [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2006). Comparison of European birth cohort studies on asthma and allergic diseases - A GA2LEN initiative. European Journal of Epidemiology (EJE). ISSN 0393-2990. 21, p. 145–146. Full text in Research Archive
• Granum, Berit; Mowinckel, Petter; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Løvik, Martinus; Munthe-Kaas, Monica & Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup (2006). Cord blood sCD14 as a risk factor for childhood asthma and allergic sensitisation. The European respiratory journal. Supplement. ISSN 0904-1850. 28, p. 250s–250s. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2006). Barn og astma. [TV]. Schrödingers katt, NRK. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Få barn i verden er så utsatt for astma som norske barn. Hvert femte barn som fødes i Norge vil utvikle astma - og verre skal det bli. Hvorfor er det slik? Og hva kan vi gjøre med det? Norgeshistoriens største astmaundersøkelse publiseres internasjonalt i dag

• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Bjermer, Leif (2003). Vår, pollen og allergisk rhinoconjunctivit. 5(2), p. 5–5. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjermer, Leif & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2003). Om ungdom, livsstil og yrkesvalg. 5(3), p. 5–5. Full text in Research Archive
• Haaland, Guri; Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Pettersen, Morten; Munthe-Kaas, M. C.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2003). Does lung function in the first two years of age predict lung function in school age? [Abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 1073-449X. 167(7), p. 509–509. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  [ABSTRACT]

• Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Håland, Geir; Pettersen, Morten; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). DOES INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS INFLUENCE LUNG FUNCTION IN 2 YEAR OLD CHILDREN? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  DOES INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS INFLUENCE LUNG FUNCTION IN 2 YEAR OLD CHILDREN ? C.S. Devulapalli *, G. Haaland +, M. Pettersen +, K-H. Carlsen *, K.Lødrup Carlsen + * Voksentoppen Asthma and Allergy University Clinic, National Hospital of Norway, Oslo, Norway + Department of Paediatrics, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Background: Little information is available about possible influence of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on the lung function in young children. From the prospective birth cohort (Environment and Childhood Asthma study, Oslo), we wanted to assess possible influence of ICS treatment between 11 months and 25 months of age on lung function in children with recurrent/persistent bronchial obstruction (rBO). Methods and subjects: Lung function by tidal breathing (SensorMedics 2600) was measured at 11 months and 25 months in 21 children with rBO treated with ICS (rBO+), 32 children with rBO without ICS (rBO-) and 18 healthy controls. Mean duration of ICS treatment was 9.0 months (6.0 SD). The main tidal breathing parameter was the ratio of time to peak flow/total expiratory time (tPTEF/tE). Results: Lung function (mean, 95% CI) was significantly lower among children with rBO+ compared with rBO- and controls, at 11 months (rBO+ 0.17, 0.15-020, rBO- 0.23, 0.19-0.28, controls 0.32, 0.25-0.38) and 25 months (rBO+ 0.23, 0.18-0.29, rBO- 0.28, 0.24-0.32, controls 0.30, 0.24-0.36). However, the change in lung function between 11 months and 25 months was not significantly different between rBO+ and rBO- groups. Conclusion: Treatment with ICS did not improve lung function significantly in young children with rBO.

• Circule, I.; Mehra, S.; Stick, S.; Kundutze, M.D.J.; Wixon, C. & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). Efficacy of fluticasone (200mcg/d) in preschool children with chronic persistent asthma-like symptoms. Full text in Research Archive
• Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Håland, Geir; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Pettersen, Morten (2002). EARLY RISK FACTORS FOR TREATMENT WITH INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS BY 2 YEARS OF AGE. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  EARLY RISK FACTORS FOR TREATMENT WITH INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS BY 2 YEARS OF AGE C.S. Devulapalli ¹, G. Haaland ², K-H Carlsen ¹, K. L. Carlsen ², M. Pettersen ² ¹ Voksentoppen Asthma and Allergy Centre, National Hospital of Norway, Oslo, Norway ² Department of Paediatrics, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Background: Early risk factors for moderate to severe early recurrent/persistent bronchial obstruction (rBO) are not well known. Therefore, we assessed factors that were potential risk factors for receiving treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy by two years of age. Methods: 564 children (50% with rBO) from the prospective observational birth cohort study (Environment and Childhood Asthma study, Oslo) were assessed within the first two years of life by clinical, biochemical and/or physiological characteristics, particularly in relation to rBO. Lung function was assessed by tidal breathing flow volume parameters (tPTEF/tE; time to reach peak expiratory flow/total expiratory time) at birth and at debut of rBO and by compliance of the respiratory system (Crs/kg.body weight) at birth. Atopic dermatitis (AD) ever, serum IgE and serum ECP at 11 months and lung function at two years of age were included in a linear regression model to explore possible risk for ICS treatment by age two. Results: Lung function at birth was significantly reduced among the children with rBO who had received ICS by two years measured by Crs/kg (0.9, 0.6-1.2 vs. 1.3, 1.1-1.37, p= 0.05) (mean, 95 % CI), but not by tPTEF/tE. Having rBO (0.2; 0.28-0.50) (B;95%CI) and any time AD (0.07; 0.02-0.12) significantly increased the risk of receiving ICS. When adding lung function at birth, Crs/kg (-0.103; -0.201- -0.004), but not tPTEF/tE significantly increased the risk for ICS treatment, as did tPTEF/tE at 11 months. Conclusion: Reduced lung function both at birth (particularly assessed by Crs/kg) and at debut of rBO as well as AD increased the risk of later being treated by ICS within the first two years of life. Clinical duration and severity of disease, but not eosinophil activation or IgE before 12 months was associated with increased risk of ICS treatment in this observational, ¿real life¿, non-interventional study.

• Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Håland, Geir; Pettersen, Morten; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCED THE USE OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS IN 2 YEAR OLD CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT BRONCHIAL OBSTRUCTION? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  What factors influenced the use of inhaled corticosteroids in 2 year old children with recurrent bronchial obstruction? Authors: Chandra Sekhar Devulapalli M.D1*, Geir Haaland M.D2, Morten Pettersen M.D2, Kai-Håkon Carlsen M.D, Ph.D1, Karin Lødrup Carlsen M.D, Ph.D2 Institutions: 1Voksentoppen Asthma and Allergy Centre, National Hospital of Norway, Oslo, Norway and 2Department of Paediatrics, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Body: Background: From the prospective observational birth cohort study (Environment and Childhood Asthma study, Oslo), we assessed factors that possibly related to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy in 25 months old children with recurrent/persistent bronchial obstruction (rBO). Methods and subjects: By structured interview at 25 months, duration and severity (months with persistent symptoms) of bronchial obstruction (BO), atopic dermatitis (AD), and at 11 months total IgE and serum eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were assessed in 59 children with rBO who by two years had received ICS (rBO+) and 226 children with rBO without ICS (rBO-). Compliance of the respiratory system (Crs/kg.body weight) by single occlusion technique was measured at birth in 60 of the children, rBO+ (8) and rBO-(52). Mean duration of ICS treatment was 7.4 ± 5.1 months. Results: Duration (mean, 95 % CI) (9.2, 6.9-11.5 vs. 4.7, 3.9-5.5 months) and severity of disease (7.2, 5.0-9.4 vs. 1.1, 0.7-1.6 months of persistent BO) were significantly increased in children with rBO+ compared to rBO-. Crs/kg at birth was significantly lower in rBO+ (0.9, 0.6-1.2 vs. 1.3, 1.1-1.37, p= 0.05). There was no difference in serum ECP (22.0, 15.2-28.9 vs. 18.7, 15.4-22.1) or total IgE (29.5, 1.3-55.8 vs. 30.7, 16.9-44.6), respectively, at the debut of their disease (11 months). However, significantly more rBO+ children had AD (15.6%) compared to rBO- (8.9%). Conclusion: Although clinically observed disease was the most significant determinant for ICS treatment by two years, this was not reflected in eosinophil activation or total IgE measured shortly after debut of their disease, but in Crs/kg at birth in children with rBO.

• Haaland, Guri; Pettersen, Morten; Devulapalli, Chandra S.; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2002). Does lung function at birth predict lung function later in childhood? Full text in Research Archive
• Bjermer, Leif & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Lungerehabilitering - samarbeid på mange plan (red. komm.). Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. 3(1), p. 5–5. Full text in Research Archive
• Haaland, Guri; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Pettersen, Morten & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Does paracetamol use increase the risk of recurrent wheeze or atopy in young children? Full text in Research Archive
• Håland, Geir; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Pettersen, Morten & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Does paracetamol use increase the risk of recurrent wheeze or atopy in young children? Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Carlsen, Kai-Håkon; Buchmann, M.S.; Wikstrøm, J. & Mehl, R. (2001). Cockroach sensitivity in Norway: a previously unidentified problem? Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2001). Miljø og Barneastma studien. Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. 3, p. 32–38. Full text in Research Archive
• Pettersen, Morten; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Do antibiotics play a role in recurrent wheeze or atopy in young children? Full text in Research Archive
• Pettersen, Morten; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Håland, Geir & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2001). Do antibiotics play a role in recurrent wheeze or atopy in young children? Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2000). "Hvordan oppdager du at barnet ditt har astma?". Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2000). "Hva vet vi om effekter og bivirkninger av kortisonpreparater i astma behandling?". Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2000). "Respirasjonsfysiologiske undersøkelser hos barn under 6 år. Metodisk innføring.". Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1999). Obstructive airways disease, but is it asthma? Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1999). Antenatal and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1999). Lung function from infancy to adulthood. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1999). Lung function from infancy to adulthood. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Marchal, F (1996). Lung function testing in infants and preschool children. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1996). Wheezing-inflammation in asthma and atopy. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (1996). Undersøkelse av barns lungefunksjon i allmennpraksis og sykehus. Fagbladet Allergi i praksis. ISSN 0806-5462. 3, p. 10–12. Full text in Research Archive
• Bains, Karen Eline Stensby; Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup; Skjerven, Håvard Ove & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2025). The effect of maternal use of snus in pregnancy on infant lung function. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788234806506. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Increased use of smokeless nicotine-containing tobacco products, such as snus, in young female populations over the last decades is coupled with limited knowledge on the extent of use in pregnancy and potential harmful effects on the infant. This study aimed to explore the effects of early life exposure to snus on infant lung function measured with tidal flow-volume (TFV) loops at three months of age, by first standardizing infant tidal lung function measurements and determining the prevalence of snus use in pregnancy. The thesis used data from the PreventADALL study, a randomized controlled birth-cohort study enrolling 2397 mother-child pairs antenatally in Norway and Sweden from 2014 to 2016. Among 2528 pregnant women, snus use was most common, reported by 6.5% of the 11.3% of women who reported use of any nicotine-containing product during pregnancy. Most women ceased nicotine use by pregnancy week six. We established and validated a standardized procedure for evaluation of TFV loops at three months of age. In a subgroup of 91 infants we found that mean time to peak tidal expiratory flow divided by expiratory time, a commonly used parameter to evaluate lung function in tidal breathing, was significantly higher in awake compared to sleeping infants. Analyses in 1163 infants indicated an increased odds ratio for reduced lung function among infants exposed to any nicotine-containing products in utero, in which 2/3 of this exposure came from snus use exclusively. When analyzing for only snus use or adjusting for maternal age, education and asthma, the estimates were similar though not significant. Maternal snus use may negatively affect infant lung function, supporting a precautionary approach to advice against any use of nicotine-containing products in pregnancy.

• Becher, Rune; Valen, Håkon; Vist, Gunn Elisabeth; Brinchmann, Bendik Christian; Holme, Jørn Andreas & Grimsrud, Tom Kristian [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Adverse health effects of electronic cigarette use: an umbrella review and toxicological evaluation. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284062969. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key message On behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health has summarized systematic reviews (umbrella overview) on possible adverse health effects of using electronic (e)-cigarettes. We conducted a systematic literature search and identified and included systematic reviews that describe the knowledge about the content of e-cigarette liquids and e-cigarette aerosols, health effects in humans and animals, as well as relevant findings from in vitro studies. For systematic reviews that had not evaluated the quality of the results for longitudinal human studies, we used the GRADE system to indicate our confidence in the effect estimates. We summarized the findings from the included systematic reviews in the umbrella overview. In the discussion, we made a toxicological evaluation in relation to diseases and adverse outcomes identified in the umbrella review. In addition to the studies identified in the systematic reviews, this evaluation also included knowledge from other relevant scientific reports and studies to shed light on the connections between the use of e-cigarettes and the various adverse health effects described. The main health concern linked to use of e-cigarettes arises from inhalation of harmful constituents in e-cigarette aerosol produced from the e-liquid. The composition of the aerosol varies due to device characteristics, e.g., temperature during aerosolization of e-liquid, substances released from the device/heating element as well as variation in e-liquid contents. E-cigarettes should not be considered a homogeneous product group. E-cigarettes were introduced to the market without adequate animal and in vitro studies to clarify the harmful effects that use of e-cigarettes could cause. There are few highquality human studies of e-cigarettes and disease, with longitudinal design, long-term exposure, and sufficient exposure characterization and follow-up time. Based on our umbrella review and toxicological evaluation, we conclude that use of e-cigarettes leads to an increased risk for adverse health effects. The relative risks for these adverse health effects are still uncertain.

• Lang, Astri Maria & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2011). Severe Asthma Research in Children. Problematic to define, identify and characterise. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788282641098. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakkeheim, Egil & Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup (2011). Inflammation and "Stress" in Asthma and Allergy : are Oxidative State and Cortisol Levels Involved? Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Allergic diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis may be mediated by oxidative stress. Stress in chronic disease is possibly associated with lower secretion of cortisol, with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines typically counter-regulated by cortisol. The aim of this study, in the discipline of allergy and pulmonology, was to investigate the role of oxidative stress and cortisol levels in allergic disease. The thesis was based on two different asthma study populations; a European multicentre-study and the Oslo Environment and Childhood Asthma birth cohort study. Asthma and allergy outcomes were assessed through questionnaires and clinical investigations, allergy and lung-function testing, and measurement of exhaled nitric oxide. Levels of the plasma antioxidant selenium varied throughout Europe, being lowest in the Norwegian children, but with no overall significant association with asthma. Reduced levels of the major serum antioxidant albumin were found in asthmatic children, and reduced albumin was associated with increased nitric oxide, a marker of allergic inflammation. Children with both asthma and allergic rhinitis had reduced albumin levels and increased serum levels of the oxidant ferritin. In poorly controlled asthma we found reduced blood levels of the antioxidants vitamin E and transferrin. Exposure to the pre-oxidant paracetamol in pregnancy was associated with allergic rhinitis at 10 years. The risk of a history of asthma, but not current asthma at 10 years was increased after paracetamol use between 0-6 months age, even in view of concomitant airway infections. Allergic sensitization was associated with infant paracetamol use in female offspring only. Reduced levels of salivary cortisol were found in children with co-morbidity of asthma and allergic rhinitis. The present thesis suggests a significant association between oxidative state and allergic diseases, and salivary cortisols levels are associated with allergic disease.

• Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Løvik, Martinus; Granum, Berit; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup & Carlsen, Kai-Håkon (2010). The indoor environment and childhood allergic diseases : the importance of allergens and microbial components. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Indoor environmental agents are believed to contribute to allergic disease development. Based upon the prospective cohort "The Environment and Childhood Asthma Study", this thesis explores associations between allergens and microbial substances in the homes and the development of allergic disease in children. Increased levels of cat allergen at 2 years were found to be associated with increased risk of asthma, but not allergic sensitization, at 10 years. On the other hand, the levels of dog allergen, endotoxin (bacteria), and ß(1,3)-glucans (moulds) showed no association with allergic disease. At the age of 10 years, girls had higher levels of cat and dog allergens in mattress dust compared to boys, which could not be explained by more pet keeping. House dust mite allergens were only detected in 12% of the samples, and were associated with symptoms of rhinitis in girls only. Families of children with rhinitis more often avoided pets whereas asthma did not reduce the likelihood of having a pet at home. Factors like parental smoking, single parenthood and having daughters were also found to be important for the families’ choice in regard to pet keeping.

• Carlsen, Kai-Håkon & Carlsen, Karin Cecilie Lødrup (2008). nhaled corticosteroids in children: use and effects of early treatment on asthma and lung function : prevalence of asthma and the impact of severity in early life on later asthma in childhood. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Botten, Grete Synøve; Carlsen, Karin C. Lødrup; Magnus, Per; Nafstad, Per & Øie, Leif (1997). Miljø og barneastma. Rapport fra barneastmaprosjektet. Statens Institutt for folkehelse. ISSN 9788273641076. Full text in Research Archive

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