Malin Eberhard-Gran

• Haga, Silje Marie; Bergunde, Luisa; Seefeld, Lara; Ayers, Susan; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2026). Validation of the City Birth Trauma Scale in a sample of Norwegian mothers. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. doi: 10.1111/aogs.70149. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Introduction Approximately 3%–4% of women experience childbirth‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB‐PTSD). The City Birth Trauma Scale (City BiTS) is a questionnaire developed to assess CB‐PTSD, following the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of this questionnaire (City BiTS‐Nor). Material and Methods A community sample of 1079 mothers completed a cross‐sectional online survey. The survey included questions on sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, the City BiTS‐Nor, the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the 10‐item anxiety subscale of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and the Bergen Insomnia Scale. Results Confirmatory factor analysis supported a bifactor model comprising Birth‐related Symptoms and General Symptoms in CB‐PTSD, along with a General CB‐PTSD factor that explained 58.4% of the variance. The study found high internal consistency (≥0.90), and good convergent and divergent validity were shown. Discriminant validity was evaluated by examining factors such as mode of birth, maternal complications, infant complications, parity, history of traumatic childbirth, and previous traumatic experiences. Higher General and Birth‐related scores were observed in women who experienced emergency cesarean sections or instrumental vaginal births. This trend was observed in primiparous women, cases involving pregnancy and birth complications, and individuals with prior traumatic experiences. Conclusions The City BiTS‐Nor presents appropriate psychometric properties for assessing CB‐PTSD symptoms according to DSM‐5 criteria. The findings suggest that using the total score, along with the individual subscale scores, is justified and enhances the comprehensive assessment of CB‐PTSD symptoms. These findings support the clinical utility of the City BiTS‐Nor as a screening tool for CB‐PTSD, with potential to differentiate childbirth‐related trauma from general psychopathology and to guide targeted interventions in perinatal care.

• Rognmo, Kamilla; Haga, Silje Marie; Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2026). Validity and accuracy of the Whooley questions to identify symptoms of depression in Norwegian postpartum women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. doi: 10.1111/aogs.70152. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Screening for postnatal depression is widely acknowledged as an important public health initiative. The Whooley case-finding questions are well suited for screening purposes in primary health care settings, as the instrument is quick and easy to administer. However, the validity and diagnostic accuracy among postpartum women remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the validity and diagnostic accuracy of the Whooley questions compared to the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in a community sample of postpartum women in Norway. The diagnostic accuracy of the Whooley questions was examined across different EPDS thresholds and compared to the measures of related constructs, including symptoms of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety. Material and Methods Cross-sectional data were collected through an online questionnaire by postpartum women (0–52 weeks postpartum), recruited via social media, well-baby clinics, and other locations frequently visited by postpartum women. In total, 1154 women participated. The diagnostic accuracy of the Whooley questions was compared to three commonly used EPDS cutoffs (≥10, ≥12, and ≥13). Results The sensitivity of the Whooley questions relative to the EPDS was high and increased with higher thresholds for defining depression, correctly identifying 89% (EPDS ≥10), 96% (EPDS ≥12), and 97% (EPDS ≥13) of cases. Specificity was somewhat lower, at 0.82 (EPDS ≥10), 0.77 (EPDS ≥12), and 0.75 (EPDS ≥13). Positive predictive values were low, whereas negative predictive values were excellent, ranging from 0.97 (EPDS ≥10), through 0.99 (EPDS ≥12) to 1.00 (EPDS ≥13), increasing with higher thresholds. Convergent and divergent validity were supported by strong correlations with EPDS scores and moderate correlations with symptoms of childbirth-related PTSD and anxiety. Conclusions The Norwegian version of the Whooley questions demonstrates strong psychometric properties, supporting their usefulness as a case-finding tool for depression among postnatal women.

• Carson, Alexis Christine; Trinh, Nhung; Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland; Liu, Xiaoqin; Munk-Olsen, Trine & Eberhard-Gran, Malin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Initiating antidepressant treatment in pregnancy: Timing, intensity, and influential maternal and familial factors. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 388. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119726. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To describe the timing and intensity of antidepressant initiation in pregnancy using longitudinal trajectories of antidepressant prescription fills to identify associated sociodemographic, lifestyle, somatic, mental health, pregnancy, and paternal factors. Methods: This population-based cohort within the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study linked to MoBa Genetics and the Prescribed Drug Registry included 1879 women with a new episode of self-reported depression/anxiety during pregnancy. Antidepressants were measured by week and average daily dose. Results: There were 87 initiators, from which we identified three prescription fill trajectories: Early-pregnancy initiators with rapid discontinuation (n = 41, 47.1 %), Early-pregnancy initiators with mid-pregnancy discontinuation (n = 30, 34.5 %), and Early-mid pregnancy initiators with continuation (n = 16, 18.4 %) and three dose trajectories: Low dose with discontinuation (n = 45, 51.7 %), High dose with discontinuation (n = 26, 29.9 %), and Medium dose with continuation (n = 16, 18.4 %). Thyroid disorder was associated with Early initiators with rapid discontinuation (adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRR): 4.15, 95 % CI: 1.56–11.03) compared to Unmedicated. Other psychotropics pre-pregnancy increased the likelihood of being Early initiators with mid-pregnancy discontinuation and High dose discontinuers compared to Unmedicated. Higher maternal genetic liability for depression was strongly associated with Early initiators with mid-pregnancy discontinuation (aRRR = 8.57, 95 % CI: 3.09–23.74), High dose discontinuers and Medium dose continuers across comparisons. Adverse reproductive history, immigration and alcohol pre-pregnancy emerged as important factors. Conclusions: Approximately 5 out of 100 women with a new episode of depression/anxiety initiated an antidepressant during pregnancy, predominantly in early pregnancy, with most discontinuing early to mid-pregnancy. Identified factors can be utilized by clinicians to provide personalized treatment guidance.

• Skullerud, Kristin Helene; Gjersvik, Petter; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Pripp, Are Hugo; Qvigstad, Erik & Vangen, Siri [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Sexual Distress and Quality of Life in Women With Genital Erosive Lichen Planus—A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. ISSN 1089-2591. 29(1). doi: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000847. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The study aimed to assess sexual distress and quality of life in women with moderate-to-severe genital erosive lichen planus (GELP). Materials and Methods: Thirty-six women with GELP were recruited at the Oslo University Hospital in Norway. The diagnosis was confirmed by a dermatologist with experience in vulvovaginal disease and based on characteristic clinical changes in the vulva and/or vagina, and biopsy results if available. Clinical severity was measured using the GELP score with a score ≥5 required for inclusion. Sexual distress was measured using the revised Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS-R), and quality of life was measured using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Topical steroid treatment was allowed. Results: The mean FSDS-R score was 22.7 (range 0–45) with 27 women reporting high scores for sexual distress (FSDS-R score >15). The mean DLQI score was 8.8 (range 1–19) with 15 women reporting a moderate impact (DLQI score 6–10), and 12 women reporting a very large impact (DLQI score 11–20) of GELP on their quality of life. No clear correlations were found between disease severity assessed by GELP scores and FSDS-R or DLQI scores. Age was not correlated with FSDS-R or DLQI scores. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that a substantial number of women with GELP experience sexual distress and a reduced quality of life.

• Baumann, Sophie; Staudt, Andreas; Horesh, Danny; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Garthus-Niegel, Susan & Horsch, Antje (2023). Perineal tear and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress: A prospective cohort study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-690X. p. 1–12. doi: 10.1111/acps.13595. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Objective Quantitative studies examining the occurrence of childbirth‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB‐PTSD) following severe perineal rupture are lacking. The objective of this population‐based study was to investigate the prospective associations between the degree of perineal tear during childbirth and CB‐PTSD symptoms, when adjusting for known covariates (maternal age, years of school education, premature birth, and parity). We hypothesized that women with different degrees of perineal tear will differ regarding (1) the level of CB‐PTSD symptoms at 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum and (2) the rate of change in CB‐PTSD symptoms from 8 weeks to 2 years postpartum. Method Secondary data analysis from the Akershus Birth Cohort, a large population‐based prospective cohort study using self‐report questionnaires and hospital record data. Results The degree of perineal tear was significantly associated with CB‐PTSD symptoms at 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum. However, the degree of perineal tear was not significantly associated with the change in CB‐PTSD symptoms over time. Similar patterns were found for both total CB‐PTSD symptoms as well as for avoidance and intrusion symptoms only. Conclusion Results seem to support a dose–response model, suggesting that the higher the severity of the perineal tear, the higher the posttraumatic morbidity.

• Trinh, Nhung; Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland; Bandoli, Gretchen; Eberhard-Gran, Malin Marie Cecilia & Lupattelli, Angela (2022). Antidepressant and mental health care utilization in pregnant women with depression and/or anxiety: An interrupted time-series analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 308, p. 458–465. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Little is known about mental health care utilization patterns in pregnant women with depression/anxiety in Norway according to antidepressant fill trajectories in pregnancy. Method We conducted a registry-linkage cohort study of pregnancies within women having outpatient visit for depression/anxiety and antidepressant fills prior to pregnancy identified from four national registries of Norway (2009–2018). Number of consultations for depression/anxiety per 100 pregnancies as proxy of mental health care utilization was modelled using interrupted time-series analysis with first month into pregnancy and first month after delivery as interruption points. We investigated the time window spanning from six months prior to one year postpartum. Antidepressant fill trajectories in the corresponding time window were identified using longitudinal k-means trajectory modelling. Results The cohort included 8460 pregnancies within 8062 women with depression/anxiety. We observed reduced mental health care utilization when pregnant women entered the course of pregnancy (negative slopes during pregnancy for psychiatric specialists and psychologists). The declines were observed for all antidepressant fill trajectories (i.e., discontinuers and continuers) except interrupters (i.e., discontinued then resumed treatment). We found increased mental health care utilization in the postpartum year, notably in interrupters (positive slopes in consultation rates with specialists of outpatient clinics and public-contracted psychiatrists). Limitations It was not possible to measure directly the use of psychosocial interventions and psychotherapy. Conclusions Pregnancy was associated with reduced mental health care utilization regardless of whether antidepressant treatment was maintained during pregnancy or not. Increases in mental health care utilization were observed in the postpartum year, especially in interrupters.

• Staudt, Andreas; Baumann, Sophie; Horesh, Danny; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Horsch, Antje & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2022). Predictors and comorbidity patterns of maternal birth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms: A Latent Class Analysis. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 320, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.115038. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Birth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) place a significant burden on mothers and their families. The aim was to (1) identify differential profiles of maternal birth-related PTSS; (2) determine the predictive value of established risk factors; (3) examine comorbidity patterns related to depression and anxiety symptoms. As part of the Norwegian Ahus Birth Cohort, 2,088 (expectant) mothers completed self-report questionnaires from 17 weeks of gestation to 2 years postpartum. The Impact of Event Scale was used to assess PTSS 8 weeks after birth. Latent class analysis revealed four latent classes: a High birth-related PTSS class (4%), a Moderate birth-related PTSS class (16%) particularly characterized by endorsement of intrusion symptoms, a Mild birth-related PTSS class (47%), as well as a No birth-related PTSS class (33%). We found similar (younger age, worse subjective birth experience, higher fear of childbirth) and differential predictors (prior posttraumatic stress disorder, lower education, birth complications). Women classified with High, Moderate, or Mild birth-related PTSS showed higher depression and anxiety symptoms compared to women with No birth-related PTSS. A considerable number of mothers experienced birth-related PTSS, most on a subclinical level, but these women still showed signs of mental distress 2 years postpartum, calling for more universal prevention approaches.

• Madsen, Kathrine Bang; Mægbæk, Merete Lund; Thomsen, Nete Stubkjær; Liu, Xiaoqin; Eberhard-Gran, Malin Marie Cecilia & Skalkidou, Alkistis [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Pregnancy and postpartum psychiatric episodes in fathers: A population-based study on treatment incidence and prevalence. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 296, p. 130–135. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.056. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background For women, the perinatal period confers an increased risk of severe psychiatric disorders, but similar evidence for fathers is lacking. We examined rates of first-time and recurrent psychiatric disorders in men before and after becoming fathers. Methods A descriptive prospective study design was applied using information from the Danish National registers. Perinatal psychiatric episodes were assessed as incidence of first-time and prevalence (including recurrence) of recorded in- or outpatient admissions for any mental disorder and redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic medication in fathers to children born from January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2015. Results We identified 929,415 births and 543,555 unique fathers. Incidence and prevalence proportions for paternal psychiatric in- and outpatient episodes showed an increasing trend over the perinatal period and were marginally higher postpartum compared to pregnancy; e.g., median incidence proportion for inpatient treatment during pregnancy was 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04; 0.07) and 0.10 (95% CI: 0.08; 0.11) postpartum per 1000 births. No difference between the periods was found for incidence of prescriptions for psychotropic medication. Psychiatric disorders in expecting and new fathers were mainly treated in primary care with cumulative incidence of prescriptions for psychotropic medication of 14.56 per 1000 births during the first year of fatherhood. Limitations We only capture fathers who actively sought and received treatment, and we consequently underestimate milder psychiatric episodes in expecting and new fathers. Conclusion Becoming a father did not appear to trigger a substantially increased risk of severe psychiatric disorders, as it has been observed for new mothers.

• Trinh, Nhung; Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland; Bandoli, Gretchen; Palmsten, Kristin; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Lupattelli, Angela (2022). Antidepressant Fill and Dose Trajectories in Pregnant Women with Depression and/or Anxiety: A Norwegian Registry Linkage Study. Clinical Epidemiology. 14, p. 1439–1451. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S379370. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Few studies investigated longitudinal antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and included dosage in the assessment. Methods: We conducted a nationwide, registry-linkage study in Norway using data on antidepressant prescription fills in pregnancies lasting ≥ 32 weeks in women with a delivery between 2009 and 2018 who had a depression/anxiety diagnosis and antidepressant fills prior to pregnancy. Information on antidepressant exposure by week (measured by filled prescriptions) and prescribed average daily dose was used in longitudinal k-means trajectory modelling for a 108-week time window from six months prior to pregnancy to one year after delivery. Factors associated with trajectory group membership were examined using multinomial logistic regression models. Results: We included 8,460 pregnancies in 8,092 women. Four antidepressant fill trajectories were identified based on filled antidepressant prescriptions: two distinct discontinuing patterns, one at around the start of pregnancy (30.4%) and one around the end of pregnancy (33.8%); one continuing pattern (20.6%); and one interrupting pattern (15.2%). Using average usual daily dose, we identified low dose discontinuing (60.3%), medium dose reducing (20.6%) and high dose continuing (15.2%) patterns. The multinomial logistic regressions showed that the fill trajectory group membership was strongly associated with: antidepressant type and dose prior to pregnancy and co-medication prior to pregnancy, maternal age, marital status, parity, previous pregnancy loss, and pregnancy planning. Conclusion: Longitudinal trajectory modelling revealed distinct antidepressant fill and dosage patterns in the period around pregnancy. Knowledge about factors associated with utilization trajectories might be useful for health-care personnel counselling women about antidepressant use in pregnancy.

• Karalexi, Maria A.; Eberhard-Gran, Malin Marie Cecilia; Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur Anna; Karlsson, Hasse; Munk-Olsen, Trine & Skalkidou, Alkistis (2022). Perinatal mental health: how nordic data sources have contributed to existing evidence and future avenues to explore. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 76(6), p. 423–432. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2021.1998616. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose Perinatal mental health disorders affect a significant number of women with debilitating and potentially life-threatening consequences. Researchers in Nordic countries have access to high quality, population-based data sources and the possibility to link data, and are thus uniquely positioned to fill current evidence gaps. We aimed to review how Nordic studies have contributed to existing evidence on perinatal mental health. Methods We summarized examples of published evidence on perinatal mental health derived from large population-based longitudinal and register-based data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Results Nordic datasets, such as the Danish National Birth Cohort, the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, the Icelandic SAGA cohort, the Norwegian MoBa and ABC studies, as well as the Swedish BASIC and Mom2B studies facilitate the study of prevalence of perinatal mental disorders, and further provide opportunity to prospectively test etiological hypotheses, yielding comprehensive suggestions about the underlying causal mechanisms. The large sample size, extensive follow-up, multiple measurement points, large geographic coverage, biological sampling and the possibility to link data to national registries renders them unique. The use of novel approaches, such as the digital phenotyping data in the novel application-based Mom2B cohort recording even voice qualities and digital phenotyping, or the Danish study design paralleling a natural experiment are considered strengths of such research. Conclusions Nordic data sources have contributed substantially to the existing evidence, and can guide future work focused on the study of background, genetic and environmental factors to ultimately define vulnerable groups at risk for psychiatric disorders following childbirth.

• Eberhard-Gran, Malin Marie Cecilia; Engelsen, Lena Yri; Al-Zirqi, Iqbal Ahmad Abdelwahab & Vangen, Siri (2022). Depressive symptomer og fødselsopplevelse hos spedbarnsmødre under covid-19-pandemien. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 142(3), p. 1–9. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0450. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoivik, Magnhild Singstad; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson & Dorheim, Signe Karen (2021). Perinatal mental health around the world: Priorities for research and service development in Norway. BJPsych International. ISSN 2056-4740. 18(4), p. 102–105. doi: 10.1192/bji.2021.2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite the country's generous social welfare systems, perinatal mental health problems are prevalent in Norway. National guidelines recommend that health services identify women with perinatal mental conditions, but systematic screening and clear treatment pathways are not nationally endorsed, neither are recommendations for evaluating and treating possible parent–infant interaction difficulties of affected mothers. There are no subspecialties in perinatal psychiatry or psychology, hence healthcare personnel often lack expertise about perinatal mental health. To safeguard the mental health of infants and parents, we need to establish systematic communication between primary healthcare professionals, as well as between primary- and secondary-level professionals.

• Junge, Carolin; Soest, Tilmann von; Seidler, Andreas; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2021). Severe recalled labor pain and elective cesarean section in a subsequent delivery: a cohort study of Norwegian parous women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 100(9), p. 1678–1687. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14212. Full text in Research Archive
• Deforges, Camille; Noël, Yvonnick; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Garthus-Niegel, Susan & Horsch, Antje (2021). Prenatal insomnia and childbirth-related PTSD symptoms: A prospective population-based cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 295, p. 305–315. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.024. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Certain populations are at high risk of experiencing a traumatic event and developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, primary preventive interventions against PTSD are lacking. It is therefore crucial to identify pre-traumatic risk factors, which could be targeted with such interventions. Insomnia may be a good candidate, but studies on civilians are sparse. Furthermore, the mechanisms at stake in the relationship between pre-traumatic insomnia and PTSD symptoms are unclear. Methods This prospective population-based cohort study (n = 1,610) examined the relationship between insomnia symptoms at 32 weeks of pregnancy and childbirth-related PTSD (CB-PTSD) symptoms at eight weeks postpartum. Postnatal insomnia symptoms, prenatal psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, PTSD, fear of childbirth), subjective birth experience (SBE) and birth medical severity were included as covariates in the analyses, which were based on a Piecewise Structural Equation Modelling approach. Results The relationship between prenatal insomnia and CB-PTSD symptoms was mediated by negative SBE and postnatal insomnia symptoms. All relationships involving insomnia symptoms had small or very small effect sizes. Limitations This study used self-report questionnaires. Postnatal insomnia and CB-PTSD symptoms were concurrently measured. Conclusion Prenatal insomnia symptoms may impair the ability to cope with a difficult birth experience and contribute to postnatal insomnia, a risk factor for CB-PTSD. Thus, prenatal insomnia symptoms may be a promising target for CB-PTSD primary preventive interventions, although other prenatal psychological symptoms could also be considered. Even beyond the perinatal context, future studies on pre-traumatic insomnia and PTSD should include post-traumatic insomnia as a covariate.

• Thiel, Freya; Iffland, Laura; Drozd, Filip; Haga, Silje Marie; Martini, Julia & Weidner, Kerstin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Specific relations of dimensional anxiety and manifest anxiety disorders during pregnancy with difficult early infant temperament: a longitudinal cohort study. Archives of Women's Mental Health. ISSN 1434-1816. 23, p. 535–546. doi: 10.1007/s00737-019-01015-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Anxiety in the antenatal period is a common experience, associated with adverse consequences for mother and child. Specific types of prenatal anxiety may have unique associations with infant temperament. This study examines the prospective relationships between general prenatal anxiety, fear of childbirth, and specific prenatal anxiety disorders and early infant temperament 8 weeks postpartum. Data were derived from the Akershus Birth Cohort (ABC), a longitudinal cohort study which targeted all women scheduled to give birth at Akershus University Hospital, Norway. Psychometric measures pertained to general prenatal anxiety (Hopkins Symptom Checklist), fear of childbirth (Wijma delivery expectancy questionnaire), screening for manifest prenatal anxiety disorders based on questions from the mini-international neuropsychiatric interview, and difficult infant temperament (Infant Characteristics Questionnaire). The sample for the present study included 2206 women. General prenatal anxiety, fear of childbirth, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and specific phobia presented unique significant prospective contributions to difficult infant temperament 8 weeks postpartum. Separate hierarchical regression models indicated that general prenatal anxiety and fear of childbirth provided the strongest unique contributions. Considering the burden on mothers and the potential long-term effects on child development, the findings of this study highlight the importance of screening women for different types of prenatal anxiety in routine obstetric care. Clinical awareness of the condition and its consequences is warranted. Due to the complexity of infant temperament as a construct with various influences, future research should consider mechanisms and influential factors pertaining to the relationship between prenatal anxiety and infant temperament.

• Osnes, Rannveig Storaune; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Follestad, Turid; Kallestad, Håvard; Morken, Gunnar & Roaldset, John Olav (2020). Mid-pregnancy insomnia is associated with concurrent and postpartum maternal anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 266, p. 319–326. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.140. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Although many perinatal women are affected by anxiety, few studies have focused on perinatal anxiety and its potential triggers. The primary aim of this study was to examine concurrent and prospective associations between mid-pregnancy insomnia and perinatal anxiety. Furthermore, we compared psychosocial and reproductive characteristics between participants with and without mid-pregnancy insomnia and explored changes in the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms from mid-pregnancy to 8 weeks postpartum. Methods This study was part of the Norwegian Depression and Anxiety in the Perinatal Period (DAPP) prospective, population-based, cohort study. We analyzed hospital birth records and questionnaire responses from pregnancy week 17 and postpartum week 8 (n = 530). The Bergen Insomnia Scale was used to measure insomnia and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist to measure anxiety. OCD symptoms were measured based on questions from the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results Mid-pregnancy insomnia was significantly associated with both concurrent and postpartum anxiety in a linear mixed model adjusted for several potential confounders. Participants with mid-pregnancy insomnia had significantly higher levels of perinatal anxiety and postpartum OCD symptoms than participants with normal mid-pregnancy sleep. OCD symptoms affected more women after delivery than before (6.4% vs. 3.8% p = 0.034). Limitations Immigrants were underrepresented in our sample. Conclusion Our results suggest that mid-pregnancy insomnia is a marker for concurrent anxiety and predictor of postpartum anxiety. Future research should examine whether insomnia treatment starting in mid-pregnancy reduces both perinatal insomnia and anxiety. Health providers should also be aware that postpartum women have an increased risk of developing OCD symptoms.

• Osnes, Rannveig Storaune; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Follestad, Turid; Kallestad, Håvard; Morken, Gunnar & Roaldset, John Olav (2020). Mid-Pregnancy Insomnia and its Association with Perinatal Depressive Symptoms: A Prospective Cohort Study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine. ISSN 1540-2002. 19(3), p. 285–302. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2020.1743705. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective/Background: Insomnia and depression are disorders that affect many perinatal women and that often are interrelated. The present study aimed to examine concurrent and prospective associations between mid-pregnancy insomnia and depression during mid-pregnancy and 8 weeks postpartum. Furthermore, differences in depression and in the sleep-related characteristics insomnia, chronotype, and sleep efficiency were explored between the two time points (mid-pregnancy versus 8 weeks postpartum), and between primiparous and multiparous participants. Participants/Methods: The study was part of the Norwegian population-based Depression and Anxiety in the Perinatal Period (DAPP) prospective cohort study. Among 539 women that were recruited for participation when receiving a routine ultrasound examination, we analyzed data from hospital birth records and questionnaire responses from pregnancy week 17 and postpartum week 8. We used the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to measure depression. The Bergen Insomnia Scale, the reduced Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, and three questions from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to measure the sleep-related characteristics. Results: Mid-pregnancy insomnia was significantly associated with concurrent depression (p < .001), but not with postpartum depression (p = .288), in a linear mixed model with adjustment for several reproductive and psychosocial variables. Sleep efficiency was reduced from mid-pregnancy to postpartum (from 88% to 77%), and primiparous women reported less efficient sleep than multiparous women after childbirth. Conclusions: The results indicate that mid-pregnancy insomnia may be a marker for concurrent depression but not a predictor of postpartum depression. Future research should examine the extent to which treatment of insomnia from mid-pregnancy on reduces both perinatal insomnia and depression.

• Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Reme, Silje Endresen; Simonsen, Tone Breines; Thoresen, Magne; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Are labor pain and birth experience associated with persistent pain and postpartum depression? A prospective cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 20(3), p. 591–602. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0025. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <i>Background and aims</i> - A considerable research-literature focuses on pain during labor and associations with postpartum persistent pain and depression, with findings pointing in various directions. The aim of this study was to examine the role of labor pain and overall birth experience in the development of pain and depression 8 weeks after delivery.<p><p> <i>Methods</i> - The study sample was drawn from the Akershus Birth Cohort. Data from multiple sources were used, including the hospital’s birth record (n = 4,391), questionnaire data from gestational week 17 of pregnancy (n = 3,752), 8 weeks postpartum (n = 2,217), and two questions about pain and birth experience asked within 48 h after delivery (n = 1,221). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to measure postpartum depression, a single question was used to measure persistent pain 8 weeks postpartum, while pain and birth experience were measured by numeric rating scales. A history of pre-pregnant depression and chronic pain were measured through self-report questions in gestational week 17. A total of 645 women had complete data from all sources. We applied multiple imputation techniques to handle missing responses on the two questions about pain and birth experience.<p><p> <i>Results</i> - The results showed that neither labor pain nor birth experience were associated with persistent pain 8 weeks postpartum, whereas pain before pregnancy (OR 3.70; 95% CI 2.71–5.04) and a history of depression (OR 2.31; 95% CI 1.85–2.88) were statistically significant predictors of persistent pain. A negative birth experience was significantly (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.04–1.29) associated with postpartum depression, whereas labor pain intensity was not. A history of depression (OR 3.95; 95% CI 2.92–5.34) and pre-pregnancy pain (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.37–3.01) were important predictors of postpartum depression 8 weeks after delivery.<p><p> <i>Conclusions and implications</i> - Whilst the relationship between labor pain intensity and postpartum pain and depression remain unclear, our results do imply the need to screen for previous depression and chronic pain conditions in pregnant women, as well as consider preventive measures in those who screen positive.

• Deforges, Camille; Stuijfzand, Suzannah; Noël, Yvonnick; Robertson, Moira; Simonsen, Tone Breines & Eberhard-Gran, Malin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). The relationship between early administration of morphine or nitrous oxide gas and PTSD symptom development. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 281, p. 557–566. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.051. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health disorder. Certain drugs, such as morphine and nitrous oxide gas (N2O), are administered to individuals who just experienced a traumatic event (e.g., soldiers, injured civilians). It is therefore crucial to understand if they incidentally affect PTSD symptom development. Furthermore, such observations could pave the way for the development of pharmacological prevention strategies of PTSD. Methods In this prospective population-based cohort study (n = 2,070), we examined the relationship between morphine or N2O administration during childbirth, and subsequent childbirth-related PTSD symptoms at eight weeks postpartum. Pain during labour, prior PTSD symptoms, and birth medical severity were included as covariates in the analyses. Results In women who developed PTSD symptoms, N2O administration during childbirth predicted reduced PTSD symptom severity (p < .001, small to medium effect size). A similar tendency was observed for morphine, but was not significant (p < .065, null to small effect size). Both drugs predicted increased PTSD symptoms when combined with severe pain during labour. Limitations This study was observational, thus drug administration was not randomised. Additionally, PTSD symptoms were self-reported. Conclusions Peritraumatic N2O administration may reduce subsequent PTSD symptom severity and thus be a potential avenue for PTSD secondary prevention. This might also be the case for morphine. However, the role of severe peritraumatic pain in context of drug administration deserves further investigation.

• Thiel, Freya; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2020). The Impact of Perinatal Life Stress on Infant Temperament and Child Development: A 2-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. ISSN 0196-206X. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000887. Full text in Research Archive
• Adler, Ida; Weidner, Kerstin; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2020). The Impact of Maternal Symptoms of Perinatal Insomnia on Social-emotional Child Development: A Population-based, 2-year Follow-up Study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine. ISSN 1540-2002. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2020.1746661. Full text in Research Archive
• Acharya, Ranjeeta Shijagurumayum; Tveter, Anne Therese; Grotle, Margreth; Khadgi, Bimika; Koju, Rajendra & Eberhard-Gran, Malin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Nepali version of the pelvic girdle questionnaire. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. ISSN 0161-4754. 43(3), p. 257–265. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.04.009. Full text in Research Archive
• Polte, Carolin; Junge, Carolin; Soest, Tilmann von; Seidler, Andreas; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2019). Impact of Maternal Perinatal Anxiety on Social-Emotional Development of 2-Year-Olds, A Prospective Study of Norwegian Mothers and Their Offspring. Maternal and Child Health Journal. ISSN 1092-7875. 23(3), p. 386–396. doi: 10.1007/s10995-018-2684-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Osnes, Rannveig Storaune; Roaldset, John Olav; Follestad, Turid & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). Insomnia late in pregnancy is associated with perinatal anxiety: A longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 248, p. 155–165. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.027. Full text in Research Archive
• Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Soest, Tilmann Von; Haga, Silje Marie; Drozd, Filip & Ayers, Susan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth: associations with prenatal attachment in subsequent pregnancies. Archives of Women's Mental Health. ISSN 1434-1816. 23(4), p. 547–555. doi: 10.1007/s00737-019-01011-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This longitudinal population-based study aimed to investigate the prospective relationship between PTSD symptoms following childbirth and prenatal attachment in the subsequent pregnancy. Data were derived from the Norwegian Akershus Birth Cohort (ABC), a large population-based prospective cohort study. Data from 1473 women who had given birth at least once before and who had completed questionnaires at 17 and 32 weeks of gestation were included. Confirmatory factor analysis of the short version of the Prenatal Attachment Inventory was conducted to validate the scale. Further, structural equation modeling techniques were used to estimate prospective associations of PTSD symptoms following childbirth with prenatal attachment. Finally, to explore potential mechanisms of the association, mediation and moderation analyses were conducted. PTSD symptoms following previous childbirth were found to be prospectively related to higher levels of prenatal attachment in the subsequent pregnancy, while controlling for important confounding factors, such as symptoms of maternal depression and anxiety, previous pregnancy loss, and sociodemographic factors (maternal age, educational level, marital status, and number of children). When fear of childbirth was included as a potential mediating variable, the prospective relationship between PTSD symptoms following childbirth and prenatal attachment in the subsequent pregnancy increased, thereby indicating a suppressor effect. Fear of childbirth did not act as a significant moderator. Our findings suggest that a subsequent pregnancy following a traumatic childbirth may for some women represent an opportunity for a higher level of prenatal attachment, whereas high levels of fear of childbirth may be detrimental for prenatal attachment.

• Acharya, Ranjeeta Shijagurumayum; Tveter, Anne Therese; Grotle, Margreth; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Stuge, Britt (2019). Prevalence and severity of low back- and pelvic girdle pain in pregnant Nepalese women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 19. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2398-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background:Low back pain (LBP) and pelvic girdle pain (PGP) are commonly reported during pregnancy and areknown to affect pregnant women’s well-being. Still, these conditions are often considered to be a normal part of pregnancy. This study assesses the prevalence and severity of LBP and/or PGP among pregnant Nepalese women,as well as exploring factors associated with LBP and PGP. Methods: A cross-sectional study with successive recruitment of pregnant women was conducted at two district hospitals in Nepal from May 2016 to May 2017. The data was collected using self-reported questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the associations between independent variables and LBP and/or PGP. Results: A total of 1284 pregnant women were included in the study. The reported prevalence of pregnancy-related LBP and/or PGP was 34%. Pain intensity was high with a mean score (standard deviation) of 6 (2). The median (25th-75th percentiles) disability scores according to the total Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index were 20 (10–32) and 30 (21–38), respectively. Even though only 52% of the women believed that the pain would disappear after delivery, concern about LBP and/or PGP was reported to be low (median 2 (0–4) (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10)). In the final model for women with LBP and/or PGP the adjusted odds ratios were forbody mass index (20–24, 25–30, > 30) 0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44–1.21), 1.1 (95% CI, 0.66–1.83), and 1.5(95% CI, 0.78–2.94) respectively, for pelvic organ prolapse symptoms 6.6 (95% CI, 4.93–8.95) and for women with educated husbands (primary or secondary, higher secondary or above) 1.1 (95% CI, 0.53–2.16) and 1.7 (95% CI, 0.84–3.47), respectively. Conclusions: Pregnant Nepalese women commonly report LBP and/or PGP. The women experienced low disability despite severe pain intensity and poor beliefs in recovery after delivery.

• Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Ayers, Susan; Junge-Hoffmeister, Juliane; Weidner, Kerstin & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). The influence of postpartum PTSD on breastfeeding: A longitudinal population-based study. Birth. ISSN 0730-7659. 45(2), p. 193–201. doi: 10.1111/birt.12328. Full text in Research Archive
• Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Handtke, Eric; Soest, Tilmann von; Ayers, Susan & Weidner, Kerstin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). The impact of postpartum posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms on couples' relationship satisfaction: A population-based prospective study. Frontiers in Psychology. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01728. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The couple relationship is of particular importance in the transition to parenthood and in the early childhood years because it is related to the well-being and mental health of partners, children, and the family. One factor that may substantially influence relationship quality and couple satisfaction after childbirth is the woman’s experience of birth. Approximately 2–4% of women develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth, with potentially wide-ranging negative consequences for the women themselves and their families. To date, some qualitative studies have explored the influence of postpartum PTSD on couple relationship satisfaction. However, quantitative studies are sparse, with mixed results and methodological limitations. We hypothesized that postpartum PTSD will be prospectively associated with low couple relationship satisfaction, even when taking into account a variety of potential confounding variables, and that the effect of postpartum PTSD symptoms on couple relationship satisfaction will be mediated by postpartum depression symptoms. This study is based on data from the Akershus Birth Cohort study, a prospective cohort study. Information from hospital records and questionnaires completed at 17 weeks gestational age, as well as at 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum were used (n = 1480). PTSD symptoms were measured by the Impact of Event Scale and couple relationship satisfaction was assessed using a modified version of the Mehrabians Marital Satisfaction Scale. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using bivariate correlations, multivariate regression analyses, and mediation analyses. Postpartum PTSD symptoms were prospectively related to low couple relationship satisfaction at 2 years postpartum, even when controlling for a considerable number of background factors. When including postpartum depression symptoms as predictor in the analyses, the effect of postpartum PTSD was no longer significant. Moreover, more detailed analyses showed that postpartum depression symptoms acted as a significant mediator, fully explaining the association of postpartum PTSD with couples’ relationship satisfaction. Early detection of couples’ relationship problems and the provision of professional help, particularly in high-risk couples may not only improve the quality of the couple relationship but also improve parenting and promote positive child outcomes.

• Kjeldgaard, Helena; Vikanes, Åse Vigdis; Benth, Jurate Saltyte; Junge, Carolin; Garthus-Niegel, Susan & Eberhard-Gran, Malin M C (2018). The association between the degree of nausea in pregnancy and subsequent posttraumatic stress. Archives of Women's Mental Health. ISSN 1434-1816. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s00737-018-0909-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørk, Marte-Helene & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Perinatal depression in neurological disease and disability. In Ciafaloni, Emma; Thornburg, Loralei L & Bushnell, Cheryl D (Ed.), Neurological Diseases and Pregnancy: A Coordinated Care Model for Best Management. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780190667351. doi: 10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0034. Full text in Research Archive
• Shakeel, Nilam; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Slinning, Kari & Jenum, Anne Karen (2018). Physical activity in pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms in a multiethnic cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 236, p. 93–100. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.081. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: There is strong evidence that postpartum depression is associated with adverse health effects in the mother and infant. Few studies have explored associations between physical activity in pregnancy and postpartum depression. We aimed to investigate whether physical activity during pregnancy was inversely associated with postpartum depressive symptoms, PPDS in a multiethnic sample. Method: Population-based, prospective cohort of 643 pregnant women (58 % ethnic minorities) attending primary antenatal care from early pregnancy to postpartum in Oslo between 2008 and 2010. Data on demographics and health outcomes were collected during standardized interviews. PPDS was defined by a sum score ≥10 from the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), 3 months after birth. Physical activity was recorded with Sense Wear™ Pro3 Armband (SWA) in gestational week 28 and defined as moderate-to- vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) accumulated in bouts ≥10 minutes. Results: Women who accumulated ≥150 MVPA minutes/week had significantly lower risk (OR=0.2, 95%CI: 0.06-0.90), for PPDS compared to those who did not accumulate any minutes/week of MVPA, adjusted for ethnic minority background, depressive symptoms in index pregnancy in the index pregnancy and self-reported pelvic girdle syndrome. The results for MVPA persisted in the sub-sample of ethnic minority women. Limitations: Numbers of cases with PPDS were limited. The SWA does not measure water activities. Due to missing data for SWA we used multiple imputations. Conclusion: Women meeting the physical activity recommendation (>150 MVPA min/week) during pregnancy have a lower risk of PPDS compared to women who are not active during pregnancy.

• Junge, Carolin; Soest, Tilmann von; Weidner, Kerstin; Seidler, Andreas; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2018). Labor pain in women with and without severe fear of childbirth: A population-based, longitudinal study. Birth. ISSN 0730-7659. 45(4), p. 469–477. doi: 10.1111/birt.12349. Full text in Research Archive
• Petrovski, Beata; Vetvik, Kjersti; LUNDQVIST, CHRISTOFER & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Characteristics of menstrual versus non-menstrual migraine during pregnancy: a longitudinal population-based study. The Journal of Headache and Pain. ISSN 1129-2369. 19(27). doi: 10.1186/s10194-018-0853-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Migraine is a common headache disorder that affects mostly women. In half of these, migraine is menstrually associated, and ranges from completely asymptomatic to frequent pain throughout pregnancy. Methods The aim of the study was to define the pattern (frequency, intensity, analgesics use) of migrainous headaches among women with and without menstural migraine (MM) during pregnancy, and define how hormonally-related factors affect its intensity. Results The analysis was based upon data from 280 women, 18.6% of them having a self-reported MM. Women with MM described a higher headache intensity during early pregnancy and postpartum compared those without MM, but both groups showed improvement during the second half of pregnancy and directly after delivery. Hormonal factors and pre-menstrual syndrome had no effect upon headache frequency, but may affect headache intensity. Conclusions Individual treatment plan is necessary for women with migrainous headaches during pregnancy, especially for those suffering highest symptoms load.

• Niegel, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Graz, Myriam Bickle; Martini, Julia; Soest, Tilmann von & Weidner, Kerstin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). The prospective relationship between postpartum PTSD and child sleep: A 2-year follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 241, p. 71–79. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.067. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background : The main aim of this study was to examine the prospective impact of maternal postpartum PTSD on several standardized child sleep variables two years postpartum in a large, population-based cohort of mothers. Moreover, we investigated the influence of numerous potential confounding maternal and child factors. Finally, we tested potential reverse temporal associations between child sleep eight weeks postpartum and maternal PTSD symptoms two years postpartum. Methods : This study is part of the population-based Akershus Birth Cohort, a prospective cohort study at Akershus University Hospital, Norway. Data from the hospital's birth record, from questionnaires at 17 weeks gestation, eight weeks and two years postpartum were used. At two years postpartum, 39% of the original participants could be retained, resulting in a study population of n = 1480. All child sleep variables significantly correlated with postpartum PTSD symptoms were entered into multiple linear regression analyses, adjusting for confounding factors. Results : Postpartum PTSD symptoms were related to all child sleep variables, except daytime sleep duration. When all significant confounding factors were included into multivariate regression analyses, postpartum PTSD symptoms remained a significant predictor for number and duration of night wakings (β = 0.10 and β = 0.08, respectively), duration of settling time (β = 0.10), and maternal rating of their child's sleep problems (β = 0.12, all p<.01. Child sleep at eight weeks postpartum was not significantly related to maternal sleep two years postpartum when controlling for postpartum PTSD at eight weeks. Limitations : Child outcomes were based on maternal reporting and might be influenced by maternal mental health. Conclusions : Our results showed for the first time that maternal postpartum PTSD symptoms were prospectively associated with less favorable child sleep, thus increasing the risk of developmental or behavioral problems through an indirect, but treatable pathway. Early detection and treatment of maternal postpartum PTSD may prevent or improve sleep problems and long-term child development.

• Shakeel, Nilam; Sletner, Line; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum; Slinning, Kari; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms in a multiethnic population and the role of ethnicity and integration. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 241, p. 49–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.056. Full text in Research Archive
• Preis, Heidi; Benyamini, Yael; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2018). Childbirth preferences and related fears - comparison between Norway and Israel. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 18(362). doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1997-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Fear of childbirth (FOC) could have significant impact on women’s childbearing choices and experience. Culture affects the way women conceptualize childbirth, influencing the fears and expectations they may hold in relation to it. In the current study, we examined differences in childbirth preferences of cesarean section and use of epidural analgesia between Norwegian and Israeli pregnant women. Later, we used the Norwegian six-factor solution of the widely-used Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (W-DEQ-A) to compare levels of the different FOC factors. Finally, we investigated differences in the associations between FOC and childbirth preferences between the two countries. Methods Secondary analysis of two large surveys. Women from Israel (n = 490) and Norway (n = 2918) were recruited during prenatal check-ups in community clinics and a university hospital. At around 32 weeks of gestation, all participants filled out questionnaires, including the W-DEQ-A. Statistical analysis included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, M/ANOVA, Spearman’s Rho and Fisher’s Z tests for the significance of the difference between independent correlations. Results The Norwegian six-factor solution of the W-DEQ fit well with the Israeli data. Norwegian women were more concerned about loneliness, feeling less self-efficacy, negatively appraising birth, and lacking positive anticipation. Israeli women were more concerned about negative outcomes for the child and experienced greater general fear and fear of pain. Norwegian women preferred more cesarean sections compared to Israeli women, who preferred more epidural use than Norwegians. FOC factors were more strongly related to childbirth preferences among Norwegians. Conclusions Cultural differences between Israel and Norway are reflected by the differences seen in the levels of fear reported across the six factors. In Israel, birth culture is very medicalized, motherhood is highly revered, and there is an emphasis on having “perfect babies”. In contrast, Norwegian women have fewer children, and birth is considered more natural. This could explain why Israeli women were more concerned that their child might be harmed during birth, while Norwegian women were more concerned with the physical and emotional expectations of birth.

• Chortatos, Arthur; Iversen, Per Ole; Haugen, Margaretha; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting & Veierød, Marit Bragelien (2018). Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy - association with pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy and 4-6 months post-partum. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 18. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1764-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background To better understand previous associations reported regarding nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) and pelvic girdle pain (PGP), an investigation into timing of symptom onset for NVP and PGP in pregnancy, as well as the association of NVP with PGP 4-6 months post-partum was performed. We hypothesised that women with NVP symptoms would be most susceptible to experiencing persistence of PGP post-partum. Methods Fifty two thousand six hundred seventy-eight pregnancies from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study were analysed regarding nausea, vomiting, pelvic girdle pain, and health outcome data collected from questionnaires answered between gestation weeks 15, 20, 30, and 6 months post-partum. Logistic regression was used. Results Women experiencing NVP and PGP together (6.9%) were heaviest in the sample, youngest at menarche and had highest proportion with education ≤12 years. The primiparous women in this group had the lowest timespan from menarche to pregnancy. Women with nausea alone (NP) and NVP had higher odds of PGP 4-6 months post-partum (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.70–2.71, and aOR = 2.83, 95% CI 2.25–3.57, respectively), compared to symptom-free women. NP/NVP symptoms appeared early in the first trimester, while PGP symptoms appeared later in pregnancy. Women with longer durations of nausea and/or vomiting had a higher proportion of PGP compared to shorter duration women. Conclusions Women with NP and NVP had increased odds of PGP 4-6 months post-partum, and women with a long duration of nausea and/or vomiting had a higher proportion of PGP than women with shorter duration, both during pregnancy and 4-6 months post-partum. This finding suggests a synergistic relationship between NP/NVP and PGP.

• Niegel, Susan; Ayers, S; Martini, J; Soest, Tilmann von & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2017). The impact of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms on child development: a population-based, 2-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine. ISSN 0033-2917. 47(1), p. 161–170. doi: 10.1017/S003329171600235X. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Owe, Katrine Mari; Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland; Engdahl, Bo Lars; Kristiansson, Per & Vangen, Siri [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Does progestin-only contraceptive use after pregnancy affect recovery from pelvic girdle pain? A prospective population study. PLOS ONE. 12(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184071. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To estimate associations of progestin-only contraceptives with persistent pelvic girdle pain 18 months after delivery. Methods Prospective population based cohort study during the years 2003–2011. We included 20,493 women enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study who reported pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy week 30. Data were obtained by 3 self-administered questionnaires and the exposure was obtained by linkage to the Prescription Database of Norway. The outcome was pelvic girdle pain 18 months after delivery. Results: Pelvic girdle pain 18 months after delivery was reported by 9.7% (957/9830) of women with dispense of a progestin-only contraceptive and by 10.5% (1114/10,663) of women without dispense (adjusted odds ratio 0.93; 95% CI 0.84–1.02). In sub-analyses, long duration of exposure to a progestin intrauterine device or progestin-only oral contraceptives was associated with reduced odds of persistent pelvic girdle pain (Ptrend = 0.021 and Ptrend = 0.005). Conversely, long duration of exposure to progestin injections and/or a progestin implant was associated with modest increased odds of persistent pelvic girdle pain (Ptrend = 0.046). Early timing of progestin-only contraceptive dispense following delivery (≤3 months) was not significantly associated with persistent pelvic girdle pain. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a small beneficial effect of progestin intrauterine devices and progestin-only oral contraceptives on recovery from pelvic girdle pain. We cannot completely rule out an opposing adverse effect of exposure to progestin injections and/or progestin implants. However, the modest increased odds of persistent pelvic girdle pain among these users could be a result of unmeasured confounding.

• Kjeldgaard, Helena; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Benth, Jurate Saltyte & Vikanes, Åse Vigdis (2017). Hyperemesis gravidarum and the risk of emotional distress during and after pregnancy. Archives of Women's Mental Health. ISSN 1434-1816. 20, p. 747–756. doi: 10.1007/s00737-017-0770-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a pregnancy condition characterised by severe nausea and vomiting. Previous studies have shown an association between HG and depressive symptoms during pregnancy, but little is known about the risk of maternal psychological distress following an HG pregnancy. The objective of the current study was therefore to assess the association between HG and emotional distress during and after pregnancy. This was a population-based pregnancy cohort study using data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. A total of 851/92,947 (0.9%) had HG. Emotional distress was measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-5) in gestational weeks 17 and 32 and 6 and 18 months postpartum. The generalised estimating equations model was estimated for assessing time trends in emotional distress. Adjustments were made for previous HG, lifetime history of depression, maternal age, parity, BMI, smoking before pregnancy, physical activity, length of education, and pelvic girdle pain. Women with HG had higher odds for emotional distress than women without HG at the 17th (p < 0.001) and 32nd gestational weeks (p = 0.001) in addition to 6 months postpartum (p = 0.005) but not 18 months postpartum (p = 0.430). Adjusted odds for emotional distress varied significantly over time for women with and without HG (p = 0.035). Women with HG were more likely to report emotional distress compared to women without HG during pregnancy and 6 months postpartum, but the difference between the groups disappeared 18 months after birth. The results suggest that the increased risk of developing emotional distress may primarily be a consequence of HG.

• Harris, Gerd Marie Eskerud; Wood, Mollie; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; LUNDQVIST, CHRISTOFER & Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland (2017). Patterns and predictors of analgesic use in pregnancy: a longitudinal drug utilization study with special focus on women with migraine. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 17. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1399-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Few studies have investigated the drug utilization patterns and factors predicting drug use in pregnant women with migraine. This longitudinal drug utilization study aimed to describe patterns of analgesic use in a sample of Norwegian pregnant women according to their migraine history, and to identify predictors for analgesic use among these women. Methods Pregnant women giving birth at Akershus University Hospital between 2008 and 2010 were recruited at ultrasound examination in gestational week 17. Data were collected by questionnaires in gestational weeks 17 and 32, and at 8 weeks postpartum, and linked to birth records. Women were grouped into four categories according to migraine history: no migraine history, previous migraine history, recent migraine history (within 1 year prior to pregnancy) and migraine in pregnancy. Patterns of use of analgesics were analyzed descriptively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors predicting analgesic use. Results Out of 1981 women, 5.0% reported having migraine in pregnancy, 13.2% had a recent history of migraine, 11.5% had a previous history of migraine, and 68.8% reported no history of migraine. Analgesic use declined during pregnancy. Many women switched from triptans and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to paracetamol, which constituted most of the analgesic use. Factors associated with analgesic use included recent migraine history (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.2), more severe headache intensity (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.3–1.4), smoking (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.3) and multiparity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7). Conclusions Women with migraine stop or switch medications during pregnancy. Analgesic use in pregnancy is affected by migraine characteristics and intensity, and also by socio-demographic factors. Clinicians should bear this in mind when giving advice on adequate management of migraine in pregnancy and safe analgesic use.

• Sivertsen, Børge; Petrie, Keith James; Skogen, Jens Christoffer; Hysing, Mari & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2017). Insomnia before and after childbirth: The risk of developing postpartum pain—A longitudinal population-based study. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. ISSN 0301-2115. 210, p. 348–354. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.01.020. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjeldgaard, Helena; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Benth, Jurate Saltyte; Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland & Vikanes, Åse Vigdis (2017). History of depression and risk of hyperemesis gravidarum: a population-based cohort study. Archives of Women's Mental Health. ISSN 1434-1816. 20(3), p. 397–404. doi: 10.1007/s00737-016-0713-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a pregnancy condition characterised by debilitating nausea and vomiting. HG has been associated with depression during pregnancy but the direction of the association remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess whether previous depression is associated with HG. This is a population-based pregnancy cohort study using data from The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. The study reviewed 731 pregnancies with HG and 81,055 pregnancies without. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between a lifetime history of depression and hyperemesis gravidarum. Odds ratios were adjusted for symptoms of current depression, maternal age, parity, body mass index, smoking, sex of the child, education and pelvic girdle pain. A lifetime history of depression was associated with higher odds for hyperemesis gravidarum (aOR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.23; 1.79)). Two thirds of women with hyperemesis gravidarum had neither a history of depression nor symptoms of current depression, and 1.2% of women with a history of depression developed HG. A lifetime history of depression increased the risk of HG. However, given the fact that only 1.2% of women with a history of depression developed HG and that the majority of women with HG had no symptoms of depression, depression does not seem to be a main driver in the aetiology of HG.

• Sitras, Vasilis; Benth, Jurate Saltyte & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2017). Obstetric and psychological characteristics of women choosing epidural analgesia during labour: A cohort study. PLOS ONE. 12(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186564. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To investigate the obstetric and psychological characteristics of women who opt to use epidural analgesia (EDA) during labour and the impact of participating in labour preparation courses on women’s decisions to use EDA. Methods: Data were collected using two self-completed questionnaires at pregnancy weeks 17 and 32. Fear of childbirth was assessed by the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (W-DEQ). Symptoms of anxiety were measured by the Hopkins Symptom Check List (SCL-25) and depression by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Obstetric and socio-demographic information was retrieved from birth records at the maternity ward. Main outcome measure: Preference for EDA was indicated by the questionnaire item “I would prefer an epidural regardless” on a 4-point scale (1 = highly agree, 4 = highly disagree) at pregnancy week 32. Results: Twenty-one percent of the women (540/2596) answered that they would choose EDA as the only alternative method of analgesia during labour. Counselling for fear of childbirth [OR 3.23 (95%CI 2.12; 4.92)] and W-DEQ sum score ≥ 85 [OR 2.95 (95%CI 2.06; 4.23)] were significantly (p<0.001) associated with choice of EDA. Participation in labour preparation courses was significantly (p = 0.008) associated with a reduction of intended use of EDA during labour [OR 0.67 (95%CI 0.49; 0.90)]. Conclusion: Fear of childbirth is significantly associated with women’s choice of EDA during labour. On the other hand, women that participate in labour preparation courses would rather consider other methods of analgesia during labour.

• Bjelland, Elisabeth Krefting; Owe, Katrine Mari; Pingel, Ronnie; Kristiansson, Per; Vangen, Siri & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2016). Pelvic pain after childbirth: a longitudinal population study. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 157(3), p. 710–716. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000427. Full text in Research Archive

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• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2017). Spørreskjema som metode - for helsefagene. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215029405. 64 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson & Lien, Lars (2026). Retningslinjer redder ingen, hvis mor står alene hjemme. doi: https:/www.dagensmedisin.no/depresjon-fodselsomsorg-psykisk-helse/retningslinjer-redder-ingen-hvis-mor-star-alene-hjemme/727668?fbclid=IwZnRzaAPXD1lleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBzcnRjBmFwcF9pZAo2NjI4NTY4Mzc5AAEequ7a6qyXKHYX4gZ4_D7dtKNiSGVCJYOsPZo0XL5bWVY8PIWJgGL1Js3TJBM_aem_LS9T19Jg4-5tHxbyFSWrfw. Full text in Research Archive
• Engelsen, Lena Yri; Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Esbensen, Christine; Johansen, Malin Olsen & Bekeng, Karl Kristian [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Flengende kritikk: – De må ta et umulig valg. Ekspertene krever ett konkret grep for å hjelpe alvorlig syke kvinner. Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet mener tilbudet er godt nok som det er. [Internet]. Nettavisen. doi: https:/www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/mener-norge-henger-langt-etter-pa-fodselsdepresjon/s/5-95-2718940. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Kristiansen, Hege; Schjeldrup, Hanne Charlotte & Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson (2025). Barseldepresjon: Opp mot 8.000 kvinner rammes årlig. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Harris, Gerd Marie Eskerud; Wood, Mollie; Eberhard-Gran, Malin Marie Cecilia; Lundqvist, Christofer & Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland (2022). Correction to: Patterns and predictors of analgesic use in pregnancy: a longitudinal drug utilization study with special focus on women with migraine (BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, (2017), 17, 1, (224), 10.1186/s12884-017-1399-0). BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 22. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04525-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson & Dørheim, Signe Karen (2021). Perinatal mental health around the world: priorities for research and service development in Norway. BJPsych International. ISSN 2056-4740. doi: 10.1192/bji.2021.2. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Reme, Silje Endresen & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Jordmødre og fødselsleger bør gi korrekt og saklig informasjon ikke synse. Aftenposten Viten. ISSN 2464-3033. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Reme, Silje Endresen; Simonsen, Tone Breines; Thoresen, Magne; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Corrigendum to: Are labor pain and birth experience associated with persistent pain and postpartum depression? A prospective cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 20(4), p. 865–865. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-2023. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Hege fikk ekstrem svangerskapskvalme. [Journal]. KK. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Flere fødselsdepresjoner i år enn tidligere. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Reme, Silje Endresen; Simonsen, Tone Breines; Thoresen, Magne; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert & Eberhard-Gran, Malin Marie Cecilia (2020). Reply: Response to letter to the editor "Labor pain, birth experience and postpartum depression". Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 20(4), p. 861–863. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0130. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Fagfolk advarer mange vordende og nybakte mødre har det veldig tøft nå. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Eksperter frykter for nybakte foreldres mentale helse. [Journal]. Verdens gang. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2020). Graviditet og psykisk helse. [Internet]. Babyverden. Full text in Research Archive
• Adler, Ida; Weidner, Kerstin; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2019). The impact of pre- and postpartum sleep quality on child development: A 2 year follow-up study. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. ISSN 0016-5751. 79(2), p. 207–207. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundqvist, Christofer; Russell, Michael Bjørn; Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). The course of chronic and non-chronic headaches during pregnancy. A population based prospective study from a large pregnancy cohort: The Akershus Birth Cohort- ABC study. Cephalalgia. ISSN 0333-1024. 39, p. 84–84. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). Newborn children and vulnerable mothers- reply. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. Full text in Research Archive
• Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Soest, Tilmann von & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). Posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth are associated with greater prenatal attachment in subsequent pregnancies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. ISSN 0264-6838. 37(5), p. e32–e32. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2019.1673570. Full text in Research Archive
• Osnes, Rannveig Storaune; Roaldset, John Olav; Follestad, Turid & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). Insomnia late in pregnancy is associated with perinatal anxiety: A longitudinal cohort study. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundqvist, Christofer; Russell, Michael Bjørn & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). The course of chronic and non-chronic headaches during pregnancy: A population based prospective study. Full text in Research Archive
• Horsch, Antje; Garthus-Niegel, Susan & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder negatively impacts on child sleep at 2 years. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 10. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Schjelderup, Hanne & Røsand, Gun-Mette Brandsnes (2019). Lik fordeling av foreldrepermisjonen er misforstått likestilling. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Osnes, Rannveig Storaune; Roaldset, John Olav & Follestad, Turid (2019). Insomnia late in pregnancy is associated with postpartum anxiety. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). Vi trenger forskningsbasert kunnskap om barselomsorgen. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2019). En av ti sliter med angst rundt svangerskap. [Internet]. TV2.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Shakeel, Nilam; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Slinning, Kari & Jenum, Anne Karen (2019). Depressive symptoms in pregnant and postpartum women. Full text in Research Archive
• Garthus-Niegel, Susan & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). The impact of postpartum PTSD on child development. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Recent development in perinatal mood disorders. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Handtke, Eric; Ayers, Susan & Soest, Tilmann von [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). The impact of postpartum stress symptoms on couple relationship satisfaction: a population-based prospective study. Full text in Research Archive
• Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Ayers, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Junge-Hoffmeister, J & Weidner, Kerstin (2018). The influence of postpartum PTSD on breastfeeding: A longitudinal population-based study. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Mors psykiske helse i svangerskap og nyfødtperiode. In Grøholt, Else Karin; Bøhler, Linn & Hånes, Hanna (Ed.), Folkehelserapporten - Helsetilstanden i Norge. Folkehelseinstituttet. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Benyamini, Yael & Preis, Heidi (2018). Fear of childbirth: cross-validation and comparison between two cultures. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Horsch, Antje; Graz, Myriam Bickle; Martini, J & Soest, Tilmann von [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). The prospective relationship between postpartum PTSD and child sleep: a 2-year follow-up study. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Nyfødte barn og sårbare mødre. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 138(20), p. 1907–1907. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0878. Full text in Research Archive
• Haga, Silje Marie & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Selvhjelpsprogrammet "Mamma Mia" kan forebygge barseldepresjon. [TV]. TV2 Nyhetskanalen. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Psykiske plager etter fødsel nær doblet på 15 år. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Nytt gratistilbud til barselkvinner og gravide- Vi ønsker å gi omsorg, trygghet og kunnskap. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Nyhetslunsj om kort liggetid i barsel. [Radio]. NRK P1. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Nyhetslunsj om barseldepresjon. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Hun våknet med panikkanfall- Det var starten på en fødselsdepresjon. [Journal]. Bergens tidende. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Jeg klarte ikke å være alene med babyen min. [Journal]. Verdens gang. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Dette er vårt siste varsel- nå vil vi ha bedre barsel. [Journal]. Sykepleien. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Flere får fødselsdepresjon- kort liggetid kan være en av årsakene. [Internet]. NRK.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugsdal, Lene; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson (2017). Hvert år blir ti - 15 prosent av nybakte mødre rammet: – Vær rask med å søke hjelp. [Internet]. iTromsø. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugsdal, Lene; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson (2017). Hvert år blir ti - 15 prosent av nybakte mødre rammet: – Vær rask med å søke hjelp. [Internet]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugsdal, Lene; Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Wang, Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson (2017). Lene Haugsdal (39) var verdens lykkeligste under svangerskapet. Da hun ble mamma, ble alt mørkt. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Brean, Gro Vatne & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2017). Perinatal mental health during pregnancy. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjeldgaard, Helena; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Benth, Jūratė Šaltytė & Vikanes, Åse Vigdis (2017). Hyperemesis gravidarum and the risk of depression during and after pregnancy. Full text in Research Archive
• Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Horsch, Antje; Ayers, Susan; Junge-Hoffmeister, J. & Weidner, Kerstin (2017). The influence of postpartum PTSD on breastfeeding: a longitudinal population-based study. Full text in Research Archive
• Shakeel, Nilam; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Slinning, Kari; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Jenum, Anne Karen (2017). Physical Activity and postpartum depression in a multiethnic cohort. Full text in Research Archive
• Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Ayers, Susan; Weidner, Kerstin; Soest, Tilmann von & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2017). Auswirkungen postpartaler posttraumatischer Belastungsstörungen auf die Entwiklung des Kindes: eine populationsbasierte 2-Jahres-Follow-up-Studie. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. ISSN 0016-5751. 77, p. 182–191. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1598129. Full text in Research Archive
• Junge, Carolin; Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Soest, Tilmann von; Weidner, Kerstin & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2017). Der Einfluss von Geburtsangst auf das Erleben von Geburtsschmerzen: eine Bevolkerungsbezogene Kohortenstudie. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. ISSN 0016-5751. 77, p. 182–191. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1598122. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Vikanes, Åse Vigdis & Kjeldgaard, Helena Kames (2018). Hyperemesis gravidarum and mental health: Exploring associations. university of oslo. ISSN 9788283773392. Full text in Research Archive
• Eberhard-Gran, Malin & Heskje, Lina Kristine (2018). Fødselsforberedende kurs og andre faktorers betydning for bruk av epiduralbedøvelse i fødsel. OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet. Full text in Research Archive
• Schumacher, Cecilie; Torgersen, Leila & Eberhard-Gran, Malin (2018). Exploring relationships between eating-problems and gestational weight gain: A Norwegian pregnancy cohort study. university of oslo. Full text in Research Archive

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