Audun Stubhaug

• Årnes, Anders; Fjeld, Mats Kirkeby; Stigum, Hein; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Stubhaug, Audun & Johansen, Aslak [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Does pain tolerance mediate the effect of physical activity on chronic pain in the general population? The Tromsø Study. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003209.
• Hadler-Olsen, Elin Synnøve; Petrenya, Natalia; Jönsson, Birgitta; Steingrímsdóttir, Ólöf Anna; Stubhaug, Audun & Nielsen, Christopher Sivert (2024). Periodontitis is associated with decreased experimental pressure pain tolerance: The Tromsø Study 2015–2016. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. ISSN 0303-6979. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13968.
• Farnes, Nadine; Granan, Lars-Petter Ness; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Stubhaug, Audun & vambheim, Sara Magelssen (2024). Associations of long-term clinical recovery and improved quality of life across ICD-11 chronic pain categories in a real-world registry study. European Journal of Pain. ISSN 1090-3801. doi: 10.1002/ejp.2250.
• Stubhaug, Audun; Hansen, Johan Andre Liseth; Hallberg, Sara; Gustavsson, Anders; Eggen, Anne Elise & Nielsen, Christopher Sivert (2024). The costs of chronic pain - Long‐term estimates. European Journal of Pain. ISSN 1090-3801. p. 1–18. doi: 10.1002/ejp.2234.
• Bouhassira, Didier; Jazat-Poindessous, Frédérique; Farnes, Nadine; Franchisseur, Claire; Stubhaug, Audun & Bismuth, Julie [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Comparison of the analgesic effects of "superficial" and "deep" repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with central neuropathic pain: a randomized sham-controlled multicenter international crossover study. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003082. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We directly compared the analgesic effects of "superficial" and 'deep" repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex in patients with central neuropathic pain. Fifty-nine consecutive patients were randomly assigned to active or sham "superficial" (using a figure-of-8 [F8]-coil) or "deep" (using a Hesed [H]-coil) stimulation according to a double-blind crossover design. Each treatment period consisted of 5 daily stimulation sessions and 2 follow-up visits at 1 and 3 weeks after the last stimulation session. The primary outcome was the comparison of the mean change in average pain intensity over the course of the treatment (group × time interaction). Secondary outcomes included neuropathic symptoms (NPSI), pain interference, patient global impression of change (PGIC), anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing. In total, 51 patients participated in at least one session of both treatments. There was a significant interaction between "treatment" and "time" (F = 2.7; P = 0.0024), indicating that both figure-8 (F8-coil) and H-coil active stimulation induced significantly higher analgesic effects than sham stimulation. The analgesic effects of both types of coils had a similar magnitude but were only moderately correlated (r = 0.39, P = 0.02). The effects of F8-coil stimulation appeared earlier, whereas the effects of H-coil stimulation were delayed, but tended to last longer (up to 3 weeks) as regards to several secondary outcomes (PGIC and total NPSI score). In conclusion, "deep" and "superficial" rTMS induced analgesic effects of similar magnitude in patients with central pain, which may involve different mechanisms of action.

• Bostrøm, Katrine; Børøsund, Elin; Eide, Hilde; Varsi, Cecilie; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Schreurs, Karlein M G [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Short-Term Findings From Testing EPIO, a Digital Self-Management Program for People Living With Chronic Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 25. doi: 10.2196/47284. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Chronic pain conditions involve numerous physical and psychological challenges, and while psychosocial self-management interventions can be of benefit for people living with chronic pain, such in-person treatment is not always accessible. Digital self-management approaches could improve this disparity, potentially bolstering outreach and providing easy, relatively low-cost access to pain self-management interventions. Objective: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of EPIO (ie, inspired by the Greek goddess for the soothing of pain, Epione), a digital self-management intervention, for people living with chronic pain. Methods: Patients (N=266) were randomly assigned to either the EPIO intervention (n=132) or a care-as-usual control group (n=134). Outcome measures included pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory; primary outcome measure), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), self-regulatory fatigue (Self-Regulatory Fatigue 18 scale), health-related quality of life (SF-36 Short Form Health Survey), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), and pain acceptance (Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire). Linear regression models used change scores as the dependent variables. Results: The participants were primarily female (210/259, 81.1%), with a median age of 49 (range 22-78) years and a variety of pain conditions. Analyses (n=229) after 3 months revealed no statistically significant changes for the primary outcome of pain interference (P=.84), but significant reductions in the secondary outcomes of depression (mean difference −0.90; P=.03) and self-regulatory fatigue (mean difference −2.76; P=.008) in favor of the intervention group. No other statistically significant changes were observed at 3 months (all P>.05). Participants described EPIO as useful (ie, totally agree or agree; 95/109, 87.2%) and easy to use (101/109, 92.7%), with easily understandable exercises (106/109, 97.2%). Conclusions: Evidence-informed, user-centered digital pain self-management interventions such as EPIO may have the potential to effectively support self-management and improve psychological functioning in the form of reduced symptoms of depression and improved capacity to regulate thoughts, feelings, and behavior for people living with chronic pain.

• Hallberg, Sara; Rolfson, Ola; Karppinen, Jaro; Schiøttz-Christensen, Berit; Stubhaug, Audun & Toresson Grip, Emilie [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Economic burden of osteoarthritis - Multi-country estimates of direct and indirect costs from the BISCUITS study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2023-0015. Full text in Research Archive
• Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Brun, Aurora; Stubhaug, Audun & Reme, Silje Endresen (2023). Stress specifically deteriorates working memory in peripheral neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. Brain Communications. ISSN 2632-1297. 5(4), p. S9–S15. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad194.
• Hansen, Johan Andre Liseth; Heilig, Markus; Kalso, Eija; Stubhaug, Audun; Knutsson, Douglas & Sandin, Patrik [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Problematic opioid use among osteoarthritis patients with chronic post-operative pain after joint replacement: analyses from the BISCUITS study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 23(2), p. 353–363. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2022-0137. Full text in Research Archive
• Melum, Tonje Anita; Årnes, Anders; Stigum, Hein; Stubhaug, Audun; Steingrímsdóttir, Ólöf Anna & Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Pain tolerance after stroke: The Tromsø study. European Journal of Pain. ISSN 1090-3801. 27(7), p. 912–921. doi: 10.1002/ejp.2124. Full text in Research Archive
• Årnes, Anders; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Stubhaug, Audun; Fjeld, Mats Kirkeby; Johansen, Aslak & Morseth, Bente [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Longitudinal relationships between habitual physical activity and pain tolerance in the general population. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 18(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285041. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Peer Review Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusion Supporting information Acknowledgments References Reader Comments Figures Abstract Physical activity (PA) might influence the risk or progression of chronic pain through pain tolerance. Hence, we aimed to assess whether habitual leisure-time PA level and PA change affects pain tolerance longitudinally in the population. Our sample (n = 10,732; 51% women) was gathered from the sixth (Tromsø6, 2007–08) and seventh (Tromsø7, 2015–16) waves of the prospective population-based Tromsø Study, Norway. Level of leisure-time PA (sedentary, light, moderate, or vigorous) was derived from questionnaires; experimental pain tolerance was measured by the cold-pressor test (CPT). We used ordinary, and multiple-adjusted mixed, Tobit regression to assess 1) the effect of longitudinal PA change on CPT tolerance at follow-up, and 2) whether a change in pain tolerance over time varied with level of LTPA. We found that participants with high consistent PA levels over the two surveys (Tromsø6 and Tromsø7) had significantly higher tolerance than those staying sedentary (20.4 s. (95% CI: 13.7, 27.1)). Repeated measurements show that light (6.7 s. (CI 3.4, 10.0)), moderate (CI 14.1 s. (9.9, 18.3)), and vigorous (16.3 s. (CI 6.0, 26.5)) PA groups had higher pain tolerance than sedentary, with non-significant interaction showed slightly falling effects of PA over time. In conclusion, being physically active at either of two time points measured 7–8 years apart was associated with higher pain tolerance compared to being sedentary at both time-points. Pain tolerance increased with higher total activity levels, and more for those who increased their activity level during follow-up. This indicates that not only total PA amount matters but also the direction of change. PA did not significantly moderate pain tolerance change over time, though estimates suggested a slightly falling effect possibly due to ageing. These results support increased PA levels as a possible non-pharmacological pathway towards reducing or preventing chronic pain.

• Melum, Tonje Anita; Vangberg, Torgil Riise; Johnsen, Liv-Hege; Steingrimsdottir, Olöf Anna; Stubhaug, Audun & Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Gray matter volume and pain tolerance in a general population: the Tromsø study. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 164(8), p. 1750–1758. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002871.
• Paccione, Charles Ethan; Stubhaug, Audun; Diep, Lien My; Rosseland, Leiv Arne & Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting (2022). Meditative-based diaphragmatic breathing vs. vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia—A randomized controlled trial: Body vs. machine. Frontiers in Neurology. ISSN 1664-2295. 13. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1030927.
• Hallberg, Sara; Rolfson, Ola; Karppinen, Jaro; Schiøttz-Christensen, Berit; Stubhaug, Audun & Rivano Fischer, Marcelo [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Burden of disease and management of osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain: Healthcare utilization and sick leave in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark (BISCUITS): Study design and patient characteristics of a real world data study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2021-0212. Full text in Research Archive
• Azulay, Naomi; Bjørkholt Olsen, Roy; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Stubhaug, Audun; Jenssen, Trond Geir & Schirmer, Henrik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Reduced heart rate variability is related to the number of metabolic syndrome components and manifest diabetes in the sixth Tromsø study 2007–2008. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15824-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Bostrøm, Katrine; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Børøsund, Elin; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Schreurs, Karlein M. G. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Engaging with EPIO, a digital pain self-management program: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 22(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-07963-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Chronic pain conditions entail significant personal and societal burdens and improved outreach of evidence-based pain self-management programs are needed. Digital cognitive-behavioral self-management inter- ventions have shown promise. However, evidence is still scarce and several challenges with such interventions for chronic pain exist. Exploring patients’ experiences and engagement with digital interventions may be an essential step towards developing meaningful digital self-management interventions for those living with chronic pain. Objectives: This study aimed to gain insight into the experiences of people with chronic pain when engaging with EPIO, an application (app)-based cognitive-behavioral pain self-management intervention program. Methods: Participants (N = 50) living with chronic pain received access to the EPIO intervention in a feasibility pilot- study for 3 months. During this time, all participants received a follow-up phone call at 2–3 weeks, and a subsample (n = 15) also participated in individual semi-structured interviews after 3 months. A qualitative design was used and thematic analysis was employed aiming to capture participants’ experiences when engaging with the EPIO interven- tion program. Results: Findings identifying program-related experiences and engagement were organized into three main topics, each with three sub-themes: (1) Engaging with EPIO; motivation to learn, fostering joy and enthusiasm, and helpful reminders and personalization, (2) Coping with pain in everyday life; awareness, practice and using EPIO in everyday life, and (3) The value of engaging with the EPIO program; EPIO – a friend, making peace with the presence of pain, and fostering communication and social support. Conclusions: This qualitative study explored participants’ experiences and engagement with EPIO, a digital self- management intervention program for people living with chronic pain. Findings identified valued aspects related to motivation for engagement, and showed how such a program may be incorporated into daily life, and encourage a sense of acceptance, social support and relatedness. The findings highlight vital components for facilitating digital program engagement and use in support of self-management for people living with chronic pain.

• Fjeld, Mats Kirkeby; Årnes, Anders; Engdahl, Bo Lars; Morseth, Bente; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter & Horsch, Alexander [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Consistent pattern between physical activity measures and chronic pain levels: the Tromsø Study 2015 to 2016. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 164(4), p. 838–847. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002773. Full text in Research Archive
• Indre Lund, Charlotte; Engdahl, Bo Lars; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Stubhaug, Audun; Grimnes, Guri & Furberg, Anne-Sofie [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). The association between age at menarche and chronic pain outcomes in women: the Tromsø Study, 2007 to 2016. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 163(9), p. 1790–1799. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002579. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sex differences in chronic pain are well established with documented predominance in women. This study assessed relationships between age at menarche and chronic pain, site-specific chronic pain, pain characteristics, and chronic widespread pain (CWP). We used data from the Tromsø Study conducted in 2007 to 2008 and 2015 to 2016 (Tromsø 6 and Tromsø 7 waves) including participants aged 30 to 99 years. The associations between age at menarche and chronic pain were examined in Tromsø 6 (n 5 6449), Tromsø 7 (n 5 5681), and the combination of Tromsø 6 and Tromsø 7 (n 5 12,130). Tromsø 7 data were used further to examine the associations between age at menarche and site-specific chronic pain, 4 pain characteristics (pain duration, pain intensity, episode duration, and episode frequency), and CWP. All analyses were adjusted for body mass index, age, and economic status of the household in childhood. Lower age at menarche was associated with an increased risk of chronic pain in all 3 samples (risk ratio for each year delay in menarche 0.98, 95% CI [0.97 to 0.99] across samples). Risk differences were 20.014, CI 95% (20.02 to 20.005) in Tromsø 6, 20.011, CI 95% (20.02 to 20.02) in Tromsø 7, and 20.012, CI 95% (20.02 to 20.01) in the combined sample. Age at menarche was significantly associated with chronic pain in the neck, abdomen, and both arms, and CWP. Of the 4 pain characteristics, pain duration was statistically significant. We conclude that early menarche is an independent risk factor for pain across a broad spectrum of pain outcomes. Keywords: chronic pain, sex differences in pain, site-specific chronic pain, pain characteristics, chronic widespread pain, early menarche, exposure to estrogen

• Ho, Kevin Kwan Ngai; Skarpsno, Eivind S.; Nilsen, Kristian Bernhard; Ferreira, Paulo Herrique; Pinheiro, Marina & Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). A bidirectional study of the association between insomnia, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and comorbid low back pain and lower limb pain. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 23(1), p. 110–125. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2021-0197. Full text in Research Archive
• Reme, Silje Endresen; Ljoså, Tone Marte; Stubhaug, Audun; Granan, Lars-Petter Ness; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum & Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting (2022). Perceived Injustice in Patients With Chronic Pain: Prevalence, Relevance, and Associations With Long-Term Recovery and Deterioration. Journal of Pain. ISSN 1526-5900. 23(7), p. 1196–1207. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.01.007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) assesses the degree to which chronic pain sufferers perceive injustice in relation to their pain. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence and relevance of the IEQ and its association to perceived recovery and deterioration in a naturalistic pain clinic population. Data was obtained from the Oslo University Hospital's Pain Registry. Among 2,950 patients, the prevalence of low (<19), medium (19-29) and high (30+) IEQ was 39%, 32% and 29% respectively. High levels of injustice were positively associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Differences between those with high vs low levels of IEQ were clinically significant for most health outcomes. A Venn diagram analysis showed considerable, but not complete, overlap between IEQ, pain catastrophizing, psychological distress and severe pain intensity. High IEQ was associated with reduced clinical recovery (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9) and deterioration (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.1-6.2) at 12-months follow-up, however, not when controlling for pain-related disability and pain intensity. We conclude that perceived injustice is a prevalent and clinically relevant phenomenon in a chronic pain clinic population, and that more knowledge is needed regarding its role as indicator of poor prognosis and target for tailored treatment.

• Tanha, Hamzeh M; Martin, Nicholas G; Whitfield, John B; Nyholt, Dale R; Gormley, Padhraig & Anttila, Verneri [Show all 111 contributors for this article] (2021). Association and genetic overlap between clinical chemistry tests and migraine. Cephalalgia. ISSN 0333-1024. 41(11-12), p. 1208–1221. doi: 10.1177/03331024211018131.
• Paccione, Charles Ethan; Bruehl, Stephen; Diep, Lien My; Stubhaug, Audun; Rosseland, Leiv Arne & Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting (2021). The indirect impact of heart rate variability on cold pressor pain tolerance and intensity through psychological distress in individuals with chronic pain: The Tromsø Study. Pain Reports. ISSN 2471-2531. 7(2). doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000970.
• Fladseth, Kristina; Lindekleiv, Haakon; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Øhrn, Andrea; Kristensen, Andreas & Mannsverk, Jan Torbjørn [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Low pain tolerance is associated with coronary angiography, coronary artery disease, and mortality: The Tromsø study. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). ISSN 2047-9980. 10(22). doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.021291. Full text in Research Archive
• Farbu, Erlend Hoftun; Rypdal, Martin; Skandfer, Morten; Steingrimsdottir, Olöf Anna; Brenn, Tormod & Stubhaug, Audun [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). To tolerate weather and to tolerate pain: two sides of the same coin? The Tromsø Study 7. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 163(5), p. 878–886. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002437. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramness, Jørgen G.; Hjellvik, Vidar; Stubhaug, Audun & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2021). Possible opioid-saving effect of cannabis-based medicine using individual-based data from the Norwegian Prescription Database. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13660. Full text in Research Archive
• Varsi, Cecilie; Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Eide, Hilde; Børøsund, Elin; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Heldal, Karina [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Health care providers' experiences of pain management and attitudes towards digitally supported self-management interventions for chronic pain: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 25(21). doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06278-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chronic pain constitutes a significant burden for the individuals affected, and is a frequent reason why patients seek health care services. While in-person psychosocial interventions can be of support to people living with chronic pain, such interventions are not always accessible. eHealth interventions may provide greater accessibility, but the evidence and use of digital self-management solutions for chronic pain are still limited and the lack of health care provider input in the development process of such solutions a concern. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate health care providers’ experiences of treating patients with chronic pain, their attitudes towards, and use of, digital solutions in pain management, and their suggestions for content and design elements for a potential digital pain self-management intervention. Methods: Twelve health care providers representing a variety of health care disciplines participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The material was analyzed into three main themes: [1] Patients with chronic pain and their current use of the health care services, [2] Health care providers’ own motivation and impression of patient prerequisites for use of digital self-management interventions, and [3] Suggestions for content and design elements in a digital self-management intervention for people living with chronic pain. The challenges faced by patients living with chronic pain were described as numerous. Despite interest and positive attitudes, few of the health care providers had used or recommended eHealth solutions to their patients. A range of potential content and functionality elements were identified, including aspects of motivation and engagement and providers also emphasized the importance of easy access and positive, personal content to support existing treatment. Conclusions: This study offers insights into health care providers’ considerations for the potential of digital self-management interventions supporting patients living with chronic pain. Findings indicate the need for change and a more comprehensive treatment approach to pain management. eHealth solutions may contribute to such change, and providers pointed to a need for health care provider involvement, timely support and follow-up as important factors for integrating digital pain self-management interventions into clinical care.

• Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Stubhaug, Audun; Holmøy, Bjørn; Kvam, Tor-Morten & Reme, Silje Endresen (2021). Have Norwegians tried psilocybin, and do they accept it as a medicine? Journal of Psychedelic Studies. ISSN 2559-9283. 5(1), p. 33–36. doi: 10.1556/2054.2021.00167.
• Petersen, Kristian Kjær; Vaegter, Henrik B.; Stubhaug, Audun; Wolff, André; Scammell, Brigitte E. & Arendt-Nielsen, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). The predictive value of quantitative sensory testing: a systematic review on chronic postoperative pain and the analgesic effect of pharmacological therapies in patients with chronic pain. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 162(1), p. 31–44. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002019.
• Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Stiles, Tore C; Stubhaug, Audun; Landrø, Nils Inge & Hansson, Per (2021). Comparing objective cognitive impairments in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80740-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Existing studies on cognitive impairments in chronic pain do not investigate peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) or compare pain conditions in a satisfactory manner. Here we aimed to compare executive dysfunctions in PNP patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and healthy controls (HC). Patients who self-reported cognitive impairments were assessed according to criteria for PNP or FM. Seventy-three patients met criteria and completed testing on executive functioning and IQ measures. We also included twenty matched healthy controls. Regression models controlling for age, sex and IQ, tested associations between group category (PNP, FM or HC) and outcomes. If a substantial association was detected, we followed up with head-to-head comparisons between PNP and FM. Multivariate regression models then tested associations between executive functioning and pain type, controlling for significant confounders. Results from head-to-head comparison between pain conditions showed significant differences on years lived with pain (FM > PNP), the use of anticonvulsants (PNP > FM) and use of analgesics (PNP > FM). When controlled for all significant differences, PNP patients had significantly lower scores on an attention-demanding cued-recall task compared to FM. Poor performance on attention-demanding cued-recall task was associated with PNP, which translate into problems with retaining fast-pace or advanced information.

• Sargurupremraj, Muralidharan; Suzuki, Hideaki; Jian, Xueqiu; Sarnowski, Chloé; Evans, Tavia E. & Bis, Joshua C. [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2020). Cerebral small vessel disease genomics and its implications across the lifespan. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19111-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Guo, Yanjun; Rist, Pamela M.; Daghlas, Iyas; Giulianini, Franco; Winsvold, Bendik K S & Zwart, John-Anker [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2020). A genome-wide cross-phenotype meta-analysis of the association of blood pressure with migraine. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17002-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Bostrøm, Katrine; Børøsund, Elin; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Nordang, Elise Flakk & Schreurs, Karlein [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Digital self-management in support of patients living with chronic pain: Feasibility pilot study. JMIR Formative Research. ISSN 2561-326X. 4:e23893(10), p. 1–15. doi: 10.2196/23893. Full text in Research Archive
• Årnes, Anders; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Stubhaug, Audun; Fjeld, Mats Kirkeby; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter & Horsch, Alexander [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Physical activity and cold pain tolerance in the general population. European Journal of Pain. ISSN 1090-3801. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1699. Full text in Research Archive
• Steingrímsdóttir, Ólöf Anna; Engdahl, Bo Lars; Hansson, Per; Stubhaug, Audun & Nielsen, Christopher Sivert (2020). The Graphical Index of Pain: a new web-based method for high-throughput screening of pain. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 161(10), p. 2255–2262. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001899. Full text in Research Archive
• Paccione, Charles Ethan; Diep, Lien My; Stubhaug, Audun & Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting (2020). Motivational nondirective resonance breathing versus transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. ISSN 1745-6215. 21:808, p. 1–23. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04703-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Børøsund, Elin & Schreurs, Karlein M.G. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2020). A User-Centered Approach to an Evidence-Based Electronic Health Pain Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain: Design and Development of EPIO. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 22(1). doi: 10.2196/15889. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Chronic pain conditions are complicated and challenging to live with. Electronic health (eHealth) interventions show promise in helping people cope with chronic illness, including pain. The success of these interventions depends not only on the technology and intervention content but also on the users’ acceptance and adherence. Involving all stakeholders (eg, patients, spouses, health care providers, designers, software developers, and researchers) and exploring their input and preferences in the design and development process is an important step toward developing meaningful interventions and possibly strengthening treatment outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to design and develop a user-centered, evidence-based eHealth self-management intervention for people with chronic pain. Methods: The study employed a multidisciplinary and user-centered design approach. Overall, 20 stakeholders from the project team (ie, 7 researchers, 5 editors, 7 software developers, and 1 user representative), together with 33 external stakeholders (ie, 12 health care providers, 1 health care manger, 1 eHealth research psychologist, and 17 patients with chronic pain and 2 of their spouses) participated in a user-centered development process that included workshops, intervention content development, and usability testing. Intervention content was developed and finalized based on existing evidence, stakeholder input, and user testing. Stakeholder input was examined through qualitative analyses with rapid and in-depth analysis approaches. Results: Analyses from stakeholder input identified themes including a need for reliable,trustworthy, and evidence-based content, personalization, options for feedback, behavioral tracking, and self-assessment/registration as factors to include in the intervention. Evidence-based intervention content development resulted in one face-to-face introduction session and 9 app-based educational and exercise-based modules. Usability testing provided further insight into how to optimize the design of the intervention to the user group, identifying accessibility and a simple design to be essential. Conclusions: The design and development process of eHealth interventions should strive to combine well-known evidence-based concepts with stakeholder input. This study, designing and developing the pain management intervention EPIO, illustrates how a stakeholder-centered design approach can provide essential input in the development of an eHealth self-management intervention for people with chronic pain.

• Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Stubhaug, Audun; Schirmer, Henrik; Landrø, Nils Inge; Wilsgaard, Tom & Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Neuropsychological tests of immediate verbal recall and psychomotor speed have significant effects on cold-pressor pain tolerance in the Tromsø study. European Journal of Pain. ISSN 1090-3801. 23(9), p. 1608–1618. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1437.
• Hansson, Per; Baron, Ralf & Stubhaug, Audun (2019). Acute neuropathic pain: equivalent or different to chronic neuropathic pain? A call for gathering of scientifically based information on acute neuropathic pain. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 160(11), p. 2413–2414. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001650.
• Schistad, Ellina Iordanova; Kong, Xiang Yi; Furberg, Anne-Sofie; Bäckryd, Emmanuel; Grimnes, Guri & Emaus, Nina [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). A population-based study of inflammatory mechanisms and pain sensitivity. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 161(2), p. 338–350. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001731. Full text in Research Archive
• Farbu, Erlend Hoftun; Skandfer, Morten; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Brenn, Tormod; Stubhaug, Audun & Höper, Anje Christina (2019). Working in a cold environment, feeling cold at work and chronic pain: a cross-sectional analysis of the Tromsø Study. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 9:e031248(11), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031248. Full text in Research Archive
• Myhre, Marianne; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Andersson, Stein & Stubhaug, Audun (2019). Cognitive Effects of Perioperative Pregabalin: Reply. Anesthesiology. ISSN 0003-3022. 131(3), p. 753–754. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002872.
• Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Stubhaug, Audun; Schirmer, Henrik; Landrø, Nils Inge; Wilsgaard, Tom & Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Neuropsychological functions of verbal recall and psychomotor speed significantly affect pain tolerance. European Journal of Pain. ISSN 1090-3801. 23(9), p. 1608–1618. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1437. Full text in Research Archive
• Varsi, Cecilie; Solberg Nes, Lise ; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Kelders, Saskia M.; Stenberg, Una & Zangi, Heidi Andersen [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Implementation strategies to enhance the implementation of ehealth programs for patients with chronic illnesses: Realist systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 21(9). doi: 10.2196/14255. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjeld, Olaf Randall; Grotle, Margreth; Matre, Dagfinn; Pedersen, Linda Margareth; Lie, Marie & Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Predicting the outcome of persistent sciatica using conditioned pain modulation: 1-year results from a prospective cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 20(1), p. 69–75. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-0112. Show summary

  Background and aims Recovery in patients hospitalised with severe sciatica is unpredictable. Prognostic tools to aid clinicians in the early identification of patients at risk of developing chronic sciatic pain are warranted. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is a psychophysical measure of the endogenous pain modulatory pathways. Several studies have suggested CPM as a potentially important predictive biomarker for the development of chronic pain. The aim of the study was to determine whether CPM effect in patients still suffering from leg pain 6 weeks after hospital discharge for severe sciatica is associated with persistent leg pain at 12 months. A potential association would suggest that measuring CPM effect could be a valuable prognostic tool in the hospital management of sciatica. Methods A prospective cohort study in which CPM effect was measured 6 weeks after hospital discharge following an acute admission with sciatica as the main complaint. The impact of CPM effect on the outcome was analysed using logistic regression. The outcome measured was self-reported leg pain score of ≥1 in the past week on a 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS) at 12 months post discharge. Results A total of 111 patients completed the entire study, 51 of whom received non-randomised surgical treatment. Crude and confounder adjusted analyses showed no significant association between CPM effect and leg-pain measured at 12 months, crude Odds Ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.7-1.1, p = 0.23. Conclusions Our results suggest that CPM assessment has limited prognostic value for the long-term outcome in severe sciatica when measured 6 weeks after hospital discharge. Implications The present study adds important knowledge concerning the limited clinical use of late CPM testing in sciatica patients. The heterogeneity in patients, the wide range of treatments received and a generally favourable outcome are factors that may affect CPM's clinical value as a prognostic factor for severe sciatica.

• Granan, Lars-Petter; Reme, Silje Endresen; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Stubhaug, Audun & Ljoså, Tone Marte (2019). The Oslo University Hospital Pain Registry: development of a digital chronic pain registry and baseline data from 1,712 patients. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 19(2), p. 365–373. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2017-0160. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and aims Chronic pain is a leading cause to years lived with disability worldwide. However, few of the interventions used in pain medicine have proven efficacy, and evidence from the existing studies may not be valid for the general pain population. Therefore, it is of utmost need that we describe chronic pain conditions in their most relevant aspects, their various guises, as well as the real world outcomes of our clinical interventions. The most obvious and crude way to make these assessments are through large registries where patient characteristics, treatment characteristics (including but not limited to what, when, how often and by whom), treatment outcomes and patient outcomes are scrutinized and recorded. Methods and results This article describes in detail the design and baseline data of the comprehensive Oslo University Hospital Pain Registry (OPR). OPR is the local registry of the largest university and interdisciplinary outpatient pain clinic in Norway. Data registration started in October 2015, and approximately 1,000 patients are assessed and treated at the clinic each year. During the first 2 years of running the OPR (through September 2017), a total of 1,712 patient baseline reports were recorded from 2,001 patients. Clinicians enter data about relevant treatments and interventions, while patients provide self-reported data on aspects related to pain and pain management. The patients complete an electronic registration immediately before their first consultation at the outpatient pain clinic. The baseline questions of the OPR cover: Basic demographics; The Modified Oswestry Disability Index to assess general function; A pain drawing to assess pain location; Questions regarding the temporal aspects of pain; Six 0–10 Numeric Rating Scales to assess pain intensity and bothersomeness; The EQ-5D-5L to measure health-related quality of life; The Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 to assess psychological distress; A single question about self-rated health; The general self-efficacy scale to assess the patient’s perceived self-efficacy; The Bodily Distress Syndrome checklist to assess functional disorders; The Injustice Experience Questionnaire to assess whether the patients experience injustice; Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire to assess fatigue; The Insomnia Severity Index to assesses the levels of insomnia symptoms; The Pain Catastrophizing Scale to measure pain catastrophizing and exaggerated negative orientation toward pain stimuli and pain experience; And the SF36v2 to assess patients’ self-report of generic health and wellbeing. The baseline data show that chronic pain patients have a high degree of negative impact in all aspects of their lives. Conclusions and implications The OPR is the most comprehensive pain registry for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary outpatient pain clinics in Norway. Detailed design of the registry and key baseline data are presented. Registries are of great value in that they enable real world effectiveness outcomes for patients with chronic pain conditions. The OPR can thus serve as a model for similar initiatives elsewhere. The OPR cohort may also serve as a historical control in future studies, both with experimental and observational design.

• Myhre, Marianne; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Andersson, Stein & Stubhaug, Audun (2019). Cognitive Effects of Perioperative Pregabalin: Secondary Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-controlled Study. Anesthesiology. ISSN 0003-3022. 130(1), p. 63–71. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002473.
• Barke, Antonia; Korwisi, Beatrice; Casser, Hans-Raimund; Fors, Egil Andreas; Geber, Christian & Schug, Stephan A. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). Pilot field testing of the chronic pain classification for ICD-11: The results of ecological coding. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 18:1239, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6135-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Høgestøl, Ingvild Kristine; Stubhaug, Audun; Kristinsson, Jon Adalsteinn & Mala, Tom (2018). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic abdominal pain 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. ISSN 1550-7289. 14(10), p. 1528–1535. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.06.004.
• Kambur, Oleg; Kaunisto, Mari A.; Winsvold, Bendik K S; Wilsgaard, Tom; Stubhaug, Audun & Zwart, John-Anker [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Genetic variation in P2RX7 and pain tolerance. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 159(6), p. 1064–1073. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001188. Full text in Research Archive
• Langerud, Anne Kathrine; Rustøen, Tone; Brunborg, Cathrine; Kongsgaard, Ulf & Stubhaug, Audun (2018). Prevalence, Location,and Characteristics of Chronic Pain in Intensive Care Survivors. Pain Management Nursing. ISSN 1524-9042. 19(4), p. 366–376. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2017.11.005.
• Langerud, Anne Kathrine; Rustøen, Tone; Småstuen, Milada C; Kongsgaard, Ulf & Stubhaug, Audun (2018). Health-related quality of life in intensive care survivors: Associations with social support, comorbidity, and pain interference. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 13:e0199656(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199656. Full text in Research Archive
• Engebretsen, Solveig; Frigessi, Arnoldo; Engø-Monsen, Kenth; Furberg, Anne-Sofie; Stubhaug, Audun & De Blasio, Birgitte Freiesleben [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). The peer effect on pain tolerance. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 18(3), p. 467–477. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0060. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbø, Mette Bøymo; Haugstad, Gro Killi; Stubhaug, Audun & Wojniusz, Slawomir (2018). The Standardised Mensendieck Test as a tool for evaluation of movement quality in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 18(2). doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0028.
• Solheim, Nina; Gregersen, Ida; Halvorsen, Bente; Bjerkeli, Vigdis; Stubhaug, Audun & Gordh, Torsten [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Randomized controlled trial of intra-articular ketorolac on pain and inflammation after minor arthroscopic knee surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 62(6), p. 829–838. doi: 10.1111/aas.13104. Full text in Research Archive
• Bruehl, Stephen; Bjørkholt Olsen, Roy; Tronstad, Christian; Sevre, Knut; Burns, John W & Schirmer, Henrik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Chronic pain-related changes in cardiovascular regulation and impact on comorbid hypertension in a general population: the Tromsø study. Pain. ISSN 0304-3959. 159(1), p. 119–127. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001070. Full text in Research Archive
• Langerud, Anne Kathrine; Rustøen, Tone; Småstuen, Milada C; Kongsgaard, Ulf & Stubhaug, Audun (2018). Intensive care survivor-reported symptoms: a longitudinal study of survivors' symptoms. Nursing in Critical Care. ISSN 1362-1017. 23(1), p. 48–54. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12330.
• Lie, Marie; Matre, Dagfinn; Hansson, Per; Stubhaug, Audun; Zwart, John-Anker & Nilsen, Kristian Bernhard (2017). A tonic heat test stimulus yields a larger and more reliable conditioned pain modulation effect compared to a phasic heat test stimulus. Pain Reports. ISSN 2471-2531. 2(6). doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000626. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: The interest in conditioned pain modulation (CPM) as a clinical tool for measuring endogenously induced analgesia is increasing. There is, however, large variation in the CPM methodology, hindering comparison of results across studies. Research comparing different CPM protocols is needed in order to obtain a standardized test paradigm. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess whether a protocol with phasic heat stimuli as test-stimulus is preferable to a protocol with tonic heat stimulus as test-stimulus. Methods: In this experimental crossover study, we compared 2 CPM protocols with different test-stimulus; one with tonic teststimulus (constant heat stimulus of 120-second duration) and one with phasic test-stimuli (3 heat stimulations of 5 seconds duration separated by 10 seconds). Conditioning stimulus was a 7˚C water bath in parallel with the test-stimulus. Twenty-four healthy volunteers were assessed on 2 occasions with minimum 1 week apart. Differences in the magnitude and test–retest reliability of the CPM effect in the 2 protocols were investigated with repeated-measures analysis of variance and by relative and absolute reliability indices. Results: The protocol with tonic test-stimulus induced a significantly larger CPM effect compared to the protocol with phasic teststimuli (P , 0.001). Fair and good relative reliability was found with the phasic and tonic test-stimuli, respectively. Absolute reliability indices showed large intraindividual variability from session to session in both protocols. Conclusion: The present study shows that a CPM protocol with a tonic test-stimulus is preferable to a protocol with phasic teststimuli. However, we emphasize that one should be cautious to use the CPM effect as biomarker or in clinical decision making on an individual level due to large intraindividual variability.

• Myhre, Marianne; Romundstad, Luis Georg & Stubhaug, Audun (2017). Pregabalin reduces opioid consumption and hyperalgesia but not pain intensity after laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 61(10), p. 1314–1324. doi: 10.1111/aas.12963.
• Valeberg, Berit Taraldsen; Pedersen, Linda Margareth; Girotto, Valentina; Christensen, Vivi Lycke & Stubhaug, Audun (2017). Validation of the Norwegian pain sensitivity questionnaire. Journal of Pain Research. ISSN 1178-7090. 10, p. 1137–1142. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S129540. Full text in Research Archive
• Samuelsen, Per-Jostein; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Wilsgaard, Tom; Stubhaug, Audun; Svendsen, Kristian & Eggen, Anne Elise (2017). Pain sensitivity and analgesic use among 10,486 adults: the Tromsø study. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 2050-6511. 18. doi: 10.1186/s40360-017-0149-2. Full text in Research Archive

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• Nes, Lise Solberg; Børøsund, Elin; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Waxenberg, Lori & Weiss, Karen E. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2024). Results from a one-year randomized controlled trial with the digital pain self-management intervention EPIO. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. ISSN 0883-6612. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaae014.
• Nes, Lise Solberg; Børøsund, Elin; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Waxenberg, Lori B. & Weiss, Karen Elizabeth [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2024). Results from a One-Year Randomized Controlled Trial with the Digital Pain Self-management Intervention EPIO.
• Nes, Lise Solberg; Børøsund, Elin; Varsi, Cecilie; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Schreurs, Karlein MG & Waxenberg, Lori B. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2024). EPIO©™ Et digitalt støtteprogram for de som lever med langvarige smerter.
• Nes, Lise Solberg; Børøsund, Elin; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Schreurs, Karlein MG [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). EPIO – a digital pain self-management program for people living with chronic pain.
• vambheim, Sara Magelssen; Hjellvik, Vidar; Odsbu, Ingvild; Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova; Ekholdt, Christopher & Granan, Lars-Petter Ness [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Postoperative Opioid Use in Norway - Patterns of Prolonged Use.
• Borchgrevink, Petter Chr.; Westgaard, Tone Elise; Schjødt, Borrik & Stubhaug, Audun (2023). Behov for felles innsats mot opioidproblemene. Dagens medisin. ISSN 1501-4290.
• Årnes, Anders; Fjeld, Mats Kirkeby; Wilsgaard, Tom; Morseth, Bente; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter & Graven-Nielsen, T [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). The relationship between physical activity and cuff-pressure algometry tolerance: The Tromsø Study 2015-2016.
• Torp-Joakimsen, Kjell Aage Moe; Dimmen, Sigbjørn & Stubhaug, Audun (2022). Local infiltration analgesia versus interscalene nerve block for postoperative pain control after primary shoulder arthroplasty: A retrospective study including 100 patients. Show summary

  Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of single bolus local infiltration analgesia (LIA) versus continous interscalene nerve block (ISB) for early postoperative pain control after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The null hypothesis was no difference between treatments. Methods: A retrospective study including patients from 2021.05.01 and backwards in time until both groups had included 50 patients. All patients who underwent primary TSA for shoulder osteoarthritis were eligible for inclusion. Patients in the ISB group received a perineural catheter at the ipsilateral interscalene plexus prior to operation, and after a preoperative bolus of local anaesthetic had a postoperative continous infusion of ropivacaine 2 mg/ml for up to 2 days. For the LIA group, the surgeon injected a weight dependent dose of 2 mg/ml ropivacaine with epinephrine intraoperatively. The primary outcome was mean opoid consumption @ 1,4,24 and 48-hour postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were opioid consumption perioperatively, complications and need for adjuvant pain treatment as lidocaine or ketamine infusions or clonidine boluses. The sample size was calculated with an α=0,05 and β=0,2. Results: The study included 100 patients (50 LIA and 50 ISB patients) with comparable patient group regarding age, weight, height, sex, ASA-status and preoperative CN symptome score. For all time points the first 24 hours, the ISB group had a significantly lower opioid consumption. The final 24 hour opoid consumptions were similar, but the total 48 hour opoid consumption was significantly lower in the ISB-group. Secondarily the perioperative opoid consumption was statistcally lower in the ISB group, and the LIA group had significantly more need for adjuvants. Most excluded patients in the LIA group had to resort to a rescue ISB postoperatively. Conclusion: Continous ISB is superior for early postoperative pain control after TSA compared to a single bolus LIA group using MEQ as endpoint. Keywords: Total shoulder arthroplasty; early postoperative pain; interscalene nerve block; local infiltration analgesia; opioid consumption.

• Bostrøm, Katrine; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Børøsund, Elin; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Schreurs, Karlein MG [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Pasienters erfaringer med det digitale smertemestringsprogrammet EPIO: en kvalitativ studie.
• Bostrøm, Katrine; Børøsund, Elin; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Nordang, Elise Flakk & Schreurs, Karlein MG [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Bruk og opplevd nytte av det digitale smertemestringsprogrammet EPIO: en pilotstudie.
• Bostrøm, Katrine; Varsi, Cecilie; Børøsund, Elin; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Schreurs, Karlein MG & Waxenberg, Lori B. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Pasienters erfaringer med det digitale smertemestringsprogrammet EPIO: en kvalitativ studie.
• Bostrøm, Katrine; Børøsund, Elin; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Nordang, Elise Flakk & Schreurs, Karlein MG [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Bruk og opplevd nytte av det digitale smertemestringsprogrammet EPIO: en pilot studie.
• Bostrøm, Katrine; Børøsund, Elin; Eide, Hilde; Varsi, Cecilie; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Schreurs, Karlein MG [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Short-term Efficacy Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial with EPIO – a Digital Pain Self-Management Program.
• Bostrøm, Katrine; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Børøsund, Elin; Nordang, Elise Flakk & Stubhaug, Audun [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). EPIO™ – engasjerende og støttende digital smertemestring for pasienter med langvarig smerte. Best Practice. ISSN 1329-1874.
• Støle, Hanne Stavenes; Bostrøm, Katrine; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Børøsund, Elin [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2022). EPIO - Å leve godt med langvarige smerter.
• Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Bostrøm, Katrine; Støle, Hanne Stavenes; Nes, Lise Solberg; Varsi, Cecilie & Eide, Hilde [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Smertemestringsstudien EPIO.
• Støle, Hanne Stavenes; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Børøsund, Elin & Waxenberg, Lori B. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). EPIO studien - Å leve godt med langvarige smerter .
• Støle, Hanne Stavenes; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Børøsund, Elin & Waxenberg, Lori B. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Presentasjon av EPIO - Å leve med langvarie smerter.
• Nes, Lise Solberg; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Børøsund, Elin & Waxenberg, Lori B. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2022). EPIO - en app for de som lever med langvarige smerter.
• Seines, Ellisiv; Fretland, Bjørn; Gál, Peter; Berg, Kristin Sandal; Stubhaug, Audun & Løberg-Emanuelsen, L [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Low systemic concentrations of bupivacaine from topical anesthesia of the tonsillar beds after tonsillectomy.
• Bekkenes, Maria Egeland; Stubhaug, Audun; Reme, Silje Endresen; Fagerland, Morten Wang; Michelsen, Trond Melbye & Rosseland, Leiv Arne (2022). Effects of 2.5 IU oxytocin or 100 μg carbetocin on pain intensity and opioid consumption after planned cesarean delivery; a randomized controlled trial.
• Vambheim, Sara Magelssen; Stubhaug, Audun; Ljoså, Tone Marte & Granan, Lars-Petter Ness (2021). S. Vambheim og medarbeidere svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 141(18). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0819.
• Stubhaug, Audun; Ljoså, Tone Marte; Granan, Lars-Petter & Vambheim, Sara Magelssen (2021). Opioidkrisen kan avblåses. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0621.
• Nes, Lise Solberg; Varsi, Cecilie; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Waxenberg, Lori B. & Schreurs, Karlein M.G. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Living Well With Chronic Pain: Using Person-centered eHealth Design to Support Self-management.
• Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Varsi, Cecilie; Heldal, Karina; Tørring, Hilde Eide; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Mirkovic, Jelena [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2019). User identified needs and requirements in the development of an eHealth pain management intervention. Show summary

  Background: A growing body of evidence supports the efficacy of eHealth interventions in coping with a variety of illnesses and disorders, including short- and long-term pain conditions. The efficacy and continued use of eHealth treatment programs depend not only on content and technology but also on the patients’ motivation, acceptance and adherence. Despite interest from patients, existing chronic pain eHealth studies have experienced high attrition rates. New interventions are necessary, focusing specifically on patients’ needs, perspectives, expectations and context of use. Aim: The present study seeks to identify the unmet informational and support needs of patients with chronic pain, and to investigate how an eHealth intervention can be designed to address these needs. In doing this, caregivers experiences and needs are included. Users’ requirements for functionality and design are also explored. Method: Individual interviews were conducted with patients living with different chronic pain conditions (N=15; e.g., neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain and rheumatic pain). Treatment backgrounds varied, ranging from general practitioners’ visits and physical therapy in primary health care to more specialized treatments in secondary health care. Caregivers (spouses; N=5) were also interviewed to provide insight into caregivers’ experiences, needs and perspectives and to gain a deeper understanding of the patient group. Results: Interviews provided insight into needs and wishes of patients and their caregivers living with chronic pain related to everyday life and coping. The need for mastery, normalization and activity pacing were highlighted. Furthermore, the need for a positive distraction, especially in relation to high pain levels, stressful situations and struggles with sleep were expressed by both groups. Preferences as to design of an eHealth tool, type of platform and privacy issues were identified, showing accessibility to be a key factor for user adoption. Conclusions: The study provides important knowledge about the everyday needs of patients with chronic pain and their preferences in relation to a digital pain management intervention. Possible areas where an eHealth intervention might support existing treatments, such as learning and mastery courses, are also identified. Results give direction for further development and prototyping of an intervention that will ultimately be tested in a randomized controlled trial.

• Stubhaug, Audun & Ljoså, Tone Marte (2019). Smerte – et symptom, en sykdom og en diagnose.
• Granan, Lars-Petter; Reme, Silje Endresen; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Stubhaug, Audun & Ljoså, Tone Marte (2019). Reply to Letter to the Editor "Clinical registries are essential tools for ensuring quality and improving outcomes in pain medicine" by Baciarello et al. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 19(3). doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-2010.
• Varsi, Cecilie; Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Børøsund, Elin & Stubhaug, Audun [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). EPIO - et evidensbasert digitalt selvhjelpsprogram for mestring av langvarige smerter.
• Varsi, Cecilie; Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Børøsund, Elin & Stubhaug, Audun [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Norsk nyvinning: EPIO, et evidensbasert digitalt selvhjelpsprogram for mestring av langvarige smerter. Revmatologi BestPractice. 10(41), p. 20–23.
• Farbu, Erlend Hoftun; Höper, Anje Christina; Nielsen, Christopher Sivert; Brenn, Tormod; Stubhaug, Audun & Skandfer, Morten (2019). Working in cold environments and chronic pain lasting ≥ 3 months, a cross-sectional study from The Tromsø Study 6.
• Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Varsi, Cecilie; Heldal, Karina; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Eide, Hilde & Mirkovic, Jelena [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2019). User identified needs and requirements in the development of an eHealth pain management intervention.
• Varsi, Cecilie; Solberg Nes, Lise ; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Stenberg, Una; Zangi, Heidi Andersen & Kelders, Saskia M [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Implementering av e-helseløsninger for pasienter med kronisk sykdom - Review av implementeringsstrategier.
• Varsi, Cecilie; Nes, Lise Solberg; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Stenberg, Una; Zangi, Heidi Andersen & Kelders, Saskia M [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Implementeringsstrategier benyttet ved implementering av e-helseløsninger for pasienter med kronisk sykdom.
• Romundstad, Luis Georg; Myhre, Marianne & Stubhaug, Audun (2019). Response to: The Opioid and Pain intensity Index - a proposal. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 63(1), p. 135–136. doi: 10.1111/aas.13253.
• Heldal, Karina; Varsi, Cecilie; Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Mirkovic, Jelena; Nes, Lise Solberg & Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2018). Building an e-health program for chronic pain management; Experiences and input from health care providers. Show summary

  e-health programs carry promise to support self-management of chronic illness, including chronic pain. Whether such programs succeed depends not only on patients' acceptance and adherence, but also on health care providers’ attitudes and willingness to support the use of such programs. Health care providers working with chronic pain have a focal role in supporting patients’ coping with pain, and their input is therefore essential for the development and utility of any tool in management of chronic pain. Using service design methods, the present study seeks to; 1) explore health care providers’ experiences and challenges in chronic pain management, and 2) identify health care providers’ needs, requirements and potential challenges to usage of a chronic pain e-health program. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with healthcare providers (N=12; i.e., an anaesthesiologist, general practitioners, psychologists, a psychiatrist, physical therapists, a registered nurse and an occupational therapist) across health service levels, all working within chronic pain management. The interviews provide insight into health care providers’ challenges and unmet needs in management of chronic pain, as well as their prerequisites and necessities for making a chronic pain e-health program usable and efficient. The interviews reveal that health care providers often feel at a loss due to the complexity of the many challenges presented by chronic pain patients. Findings indicate a need for a common explanatory model for chronic pain across health care providers. Findings also underline lack of time to explain and provide a biopsychosocial understanding of pain for patients, and to guide the promotion and acquirement of appropriate pain coping strategies. The results emphasize the utility and potential benefit of an e-health program in a) structuring treatment and follow-up of chronic pain patients in health care practices, and b) identifying important aspects of self-management of chronic pain. Health care providers’ preferences for the intervention's content, context of use, and platform type are identified, as well as potential challenges and obstacles for implementation and use of such a technological program in health care practices. The analysis identifies health care providers' preferences for the intervention's content, context of use, and platform type; as well as potential challenges and obstacles for implementation and use of such a technological program in health care practices. In conclusion, findings present valuable guidance from health care providers to be considered in building, prototyping and testing a chronic pain e-health self-management program.

• Solem, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel; Varsi, Cecilie; Heldal, Karina; Eide, Hilde; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Mirkovic, Jelena [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2018). Brukernes behov & ønsker i utviklingen av en e-helseløsning for mennesker med kroniske smerter .
• Varsi, Cecilie; Nes, Lise Solberg; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna; Stenberg, Una; Zangi, Heidi Andersen & Kelders, Saskia M [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2018). Implementation Strategies used for the Implementation of e-health Interventions for patients with chronic illness – a systematic literature review.
• Varsi, Cecilie; Solberg Nes, Lise; Weiss, Karen; Kelders, Saskia M; Kristjansdottir, Olöf Birna & Zangi, Heidi Andersen [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Implementation Strategies used in the implementation of ehealth interventions.
• Årnes, Anders; Wilsgaard, Tom; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter; Johansen, Aslak; Christopher, Nielsen & Stubhaug, Audun [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Pain tolerance varies with levels of physical activity. A population study: The Tromsø Study 6 (2007-08) .
• Kaarbø, Mette Bøymo; Wojniusz, Slawomir; Stubhaug, Audun & Haugstad, Gro Killi (2017). Reduced quality of movement and increased kinesiophobia found in patients with nonspesific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP).

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