Hilde Wøien

• Phan, Tuan Anh; Palm, Pia; Stiphout, Anita van Haaren-van; Graav, Gretchen de; Lea, Marianne & Wøien, Hilde [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). Serious gaming as a platform for interprofessional education about the medication process: A curricular resource for students of medicine, pharmacy, and nursing. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice. 45, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.xjep.2026.100846. Full text in Research Archive
• Maamoen, Anniken; Bondjers, Kristina; Langerud, Anne Kathrine; Dyb, Grete Anita; Stensland, Synne Øien Blixt & Zwart, John Anker Henrik [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). Turnover Intentions Among Intensive Care Healthcare Workers: Key Factors Influencing Decisions to Stay or Leave. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 70(7). doi: 10.1111/aas.70296. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Turnover among healthcare workers (HCWs) is highly prevalent in intensive care units (ICUs). Due to demanding workloads, stressful conditions, and increasing pressure to work more efficiently, this problem is likely to persist. Consequently, implementing proactive strategies to support HCWs retention is needed. This study aimed to examine associations between work environment factors and ICU HCWs’ intentions to quit. Methods: Based on data from a prospective, open‐cohort, multicenter study of hospital frontline workers conducted during the four main waves of the COVID‑19 pandemic in Norway, we analyzed self‐reported data from HCWs who completed the final survey, which included two outcomes relevant to turnover: (1) frequent thoughts of quitting and (2) intention to look for a new job. A work‐environment ‐factor tool assessing occupational risk and characteristics in emergencies (FORCE‐index). Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine associations between work environment factors and the two turnover outcomes. Results: Among 977 frontline HCWs (median age 45 years, 75% women, median 16 years of work experience), several work environment factors showed protective association with turnover intention. Across both outcomes, familiarity with colleagues and surroundings and social support from colleagues and immediate superiors were the most important protective factors, linked to fewer thoughts of quitting and a lower intention to seek a new job. For frequent thoughts of quitting, additional protective factors included better stress management, workload manageability, infection safety, and social safety. Younger age was a consistent risk factor for both outcomes, while working in the ICU and experiencing morally distressing situations were specifically associated with thoughts of quitting. Pandemic exposure variables were not significantly associated with either outcome. Conclusion: Turnover intention among ICU HCWs at four Norwegian university hospitals during the fourth time point of the COVID‑19 pandemic was associated with work environment factors. Work in the ICU, younger age, and morally distressing experiences were associated with frequent thoughts of quitting, whereas several work environment factors were protective. Familiarity and social support were also protective against actively looking for a new job, suggesting that strengthening these factors may be particularly important for reducing turnover intention and retaining HCWs in the ICU.

• Sørensen, Kari; Wøien, Hilde & Heyn, Lena (2026). Positive Emotions in Pediatric Communication During Needle Procedures: An Observational Study. Pain Management Nursing. ISSN 1524-9042. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2026.05.017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose Fear of pain and anxiety are common among children undergoing needle procedures. Actively involving the child in communication can help reduce their distress and foster a stronger nurse–child relationship. Positive emotions have the potential to strengthen the patient–nurse connection and may also play an important role in managing children’s distress, though further research is needed to fully understand their impact. This study aimed to identify expressions of positive emotions in procedural communication between children, parents, and nurses, using the seven categories of the Positive Emotion Communication (PEC) coding system. Design A secondary analysis of nine previously collected video recordings exploring fear and pain during needle injections among children recently diagnosed with rheumatic diseases. Positive emotions were identified using the PEC coding system, and the findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results We identified 328 expressions of positive emotions (60% from nurses, 30.5% from parents and 9.5% from children). All participants widely used the category Positive Focus, while nurses and parents favored the category Praise or Support. Children used the category Humor more frequently than other participants. Communication was mainly directed at children, with parents also receiving encouragement. Conclusion Nurses frequently used positive utterances in their communication with children and parents during this challenging healthcare procedure. The PEC coding system proved useful for identifying positive emotions in pediatric communication research; however, it lacks the ability to capture nonverbal communication and responses. Clinical Implications Using positive emotions in medical conversations with children has significant potential to enhance their healthcare experience. However, further research is needed to refine the PEC coding system to better capture nonverbal communication and responses, ensuring a more comprehensive understanding of positive communication in pediatric care.

• Stensland, Synne Øien Blixt; Bondjers, Kristina; Zwart, John Anker Henrik; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Atar, Dan & Christensen, Jan Olav [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Development and psychometric validation of the frontline health workers’ occupational risk and characteristics in emergencies index (FORCE-index) – The covid Hospital cohort study. Public Health in Practice. 9. doi: 10.1016/j.puhip.2025.100582. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: A lack of tools for the systematic identification of frontline health workers' changing occupational risks, characteristics, and needs, poses a major barrier to supporting vital personnel to stay in practice through health emergencies and beyond. The current study reports on the development and psychometric evaluation of the Frontline health workers’ Occupational Risk and Characteristics in Emergencies index (FORCE-index). Study design: The Covid hospital study is a large, multisite, four-wave, open cohort study of frontline health workers responding to the first four waves of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022). Methods: 2496 frontline health workers responded to questionnaires assessing various aspects of their work environment. Using exploratory factor analysis, we estimated the latent structure of the FORCE-index at the first and second waves. This structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis at the third and fourth waves. The internal consistency of the instrument's subscales (e.g., factors) was evaluated using omega reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and mean inter-item correlation. Results: A nine-factor solution provided best fit to the data. These factors mapped onto the following aspects of the work environment; competency, stress management, familiarity, workload manageability, work performance, infection safety, personal protective equipment, social safety, and social support. Internal consistency for the full FORCE-index and the nine factors was satisfactory. Conclusions: The initial psychometric validation indicates that the FORCE-index is a valid measure which can be used by health authorities, services, and institutions to adequately and systematically assess central aspects of frontline health workers’ work environment that are commonly challenged in health emergencies.

• Bondjers, Kristina; Hyland, Philip; Atar, Dan; Christensen, Jan Olav; Nilsen, Kristian Bernhard & Reitan, Solveig Klæbo [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2025). Burnout trajectories among healthcare workers during a pandemic, and predictors of change. BMC Health Services Research. 25(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-12802-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: While several cross-sectional studies have suggested high burnout levels among health-care workers (HCW) during the Covid-19 pandemic, fewer studies have examined longitudinal trajectories of burnout. Objectives: To examine (1) trajectories of change in levels of burnout among Norwegian HCW during a one-year period in the mid-phase of the Covid-19 pandemic (second, third, and fourth incidence rate peaks), and (2) how demographic and occupational variables, and pandemic-related experiences (e.g., own infection, severe infection in family, friend, or colleague, caring for deceased patient with Covid-19) were associated with such change. Methods: Burnout was measured by the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Latent growth curve modeling was used to estimate trajectories of burnout symptoms, and predictors of starting point and rate of change in burnout levels. Results: Starting points of burnout scores were, on average, low-to-moderate. Women, younger HCW, those living alone, and nurses had higher initial scores. Overall, burnout scores remained mostly unchanged across the study period. However, lower burnout scores at the initial assessment were associated with increasing scores over time. Being exposed to patients with Covid-19 and having a Covid-19 infection were associated with increased burnout over time. Conclusions: While burnout symptoms among frontline health workers remained stable across the peaks of the Covid-19 pandemic overall, the study identified higher risk of worsening symptoms over time among certain demographic (younger personnel, females, and nurses) and highly exposed individuals and groups. These findings may be helpful for identifying frontline workers at particular risk of burnout during future public health emergencies.

• Petosic, Antonija; Sunde, Kjetil & Wøien, Hilde (2025). The value of social media for intensive care practice. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 89. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104019. Full text in Research Archive
• Hella, Mathias Nikolai Petersen; Evensen, Sigurd Storhaug; Rudi, Eli; Norum, Hilde Margrethe; Wøien, Hilde & Wyller, Torgeir Bruun [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Delirium hos eldre i og utenfor sykehus. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 144(1). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0299. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Delirium er en akutt endring i oppmerksomhet og bevissthet som fluktuerer og ledsages av kognitiv svikt. Pasienter med delirium kan ha persepsjonsforstyrrelser som hallusinasjoner og vrangforestillinger. Tilstanden utløses av akutt sykdom eller skade, og risikoen er størst hos syke eldre og intensivpasienter. Da delirium er forbundet med dårlig prognose, er det viktig å forebygge delirium, raskt identifisere pasienter som likevel utvikler tilstanden, samt å behandle utløsende årsaker. I denne kliniske oversiktsartikkelen presenterer vi oppdatert kunnskap om delirium hos eldre i og utenfor sykehus.

• Glad, Kristin Alve; Wøien, Hilde; Stensland, Synne; Reitan, Solveig Klæbo; Zwart, John Anker Henrik & Atar, Dan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Health care workers’ qualitative descriptions of ethically challenging situations evoking moral distress during Covid-19. Nursing Ethics. ISSN 0969-7330. 31(8), p. 1709–1721. doi: 10.1177/09697330241257567. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The high public demand for healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic and strict infection control measures, coupled with threat of severe illness and death, and limited resources, led to many healthcare workers (HCWs) experiencing ethically challenging situations (ECSs). Objective: To systematically explore first-hand accounts of ECS-evoking moral distress among HCWs during this public health emergency. Research design: This was an open cohort study. All participants were asked whether they had been in ECS-evoking moral distress during the pandemic. Those who had were asked to describe these situations. Answers were systematically analyzed according to three levels of root causes for ECSs, using thematic analysis. Participants and research context: In January 2022, 977 HCWs from four Norwegian university hospitals participated. Ethical considerations: The study received ethical approval from the Norwegian Ethical Review Authority (No. 130944). Results: In total, 508 participants (52%) reported that they had experienced ECS-evoking moral distress during the pandemic, whereof 323 provided a qualitative description. We found that while a few reported ECSs caused at the patient level, and some described situations at the unit/team level, the vast majority reported situations caused at the system level, predominantly related to resource scarcity, particularly poor staffing. Conclusion: Our findings strongly indicate that efforts to mitigate moral distress among HCWs should be targeted at the system level. More specifically, the study findings highlight resource limitations, particularly poor staffing, as a major cause of moral distress during the pandemic.

• Bondjers, Kristina; Glad, Kristin Alve; Wøien, Hilde; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Atar, Dan & Reitan, Solveig Klæbo [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Moral distress and protective work environment for healthcare workers during public health emergencies. BMC Medical Ethics. 25(1). doi: 10.1186/s12910-024-01098-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Public health emergencies, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, put great pressure on healthcare workers (HCW) across the world, possibly increasing the risk of experiencing ethically challenging situations (ECS). Whereas experiencing ECS as a HCW in such situations is likely unavoidable, mitigation of their adverse effects (e.g., moral distress) is necessary to reduce the risk of long-term negative consequences. One possible route of mitigation of these effects is via work environmental factors. Objectives The current study aimed to examine: [1] risk factors associated with ECS among HCW [2], intensity of moral distress associated with ECS across various occupational factors (i.e., profession, degree of exposure to patients with Covid-19), and [3] the impact of work environmental factors on this association, in a sample of HCW during the pandemic. Methods We employed multiple logistic and linear regression to self-report data from 977 HCWs at four Norwegian hospitals responding to a survey at the fourth wave of the pandemic. Results About half of HCW in this study had experienced ECS during the pandemic, and levels of moral distress associated with such were higher than in previous studies using similar assessment methods. Younger age, female sex, geographical work area (mid-north of Norway), and profession (nurse) were all associated with higher odds (range of OR: 1.30–2.59) of experiencing ECS, as were direct contact with patients with Covid-19. Among those participants who reported that they had experienced ECS during the pandemic, moral distress levels when recalling those situations were moderate (Mean 5.7 on a 0–10 scale). Men reported somewhat lower intensity of moral distress (partial eta squared; ηp2 = 0.02). Reporting a manageable workload (ηp2 = 0.02), and greater opportunity to work according to best practice (ηp2 = 0.02), were associated with lower levels of moral distress. Conclusions Our findings suggest that moral distress could potentially be mitigated on an organizational level, particularly by focusing on ensuring a manageable workload, and an ability to work according to best practice. To build sustainable healthcare systems robust enough to withstand future public health emergencies, healthcare organizations should implement measures to facilitate these aspects of HCWs’ work environment.

• Petosic, Antonija; Berntzen, Helene; Beeckman, Dimitri; Flaatten, Hans Kristian; Sunde, Kjetil & Wøien, Hilde (2023). Use of Facebook in a quality improvement campaign to increase adherence to guidelines in intensive care: A qualitative study of nurses’ and physicians’ experiences. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 78. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103475. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives This study aimed to explore intensive care unit nurses' and physicians' experiences with professional content provided through closed Facebook groups, as part of a quality improvement campaign to improve guideline adherence. Research methodology This study used an exploratory qualitative design. In June 2018, data were collected through focus groups of intensive care nurses and physicians who also were members of closed Facebook groups. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, and the study was reported according to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research. Setting The study’s setting was four intensive care units at Oslo University Hospital, Norway. Professional content on Facebook comprised audit and feedback on quality indicators on intensive care topics with related pictures, videos, and weblinks. Findings Two focus groups of 12 participants were included in this study. Two main themes were identified: 'One size does not fit all ' described that quality improvement and implementation are influenced by several factors related to current recommendations and personal preferences. Various strategies are required to serve different purposes and meet individual needs. 'Matter out of place' described conflicting experiences of being offered or exposed to professional content on Facebook. Conclusion Although the audit and feedback on quality indicators presented on Facebook motivated improvements, professional content on Facebook was perceived as inappropriate. Hospital platforms with applicable features of social media, such as reach, availability, convenience, ease, and possibility for commenting, were suggested to secure professional communication about recommended practices in intensive care units. Implications for clinical practice Social media platforms may be useful for professional communication among ICU personnel, but appropriate hospital applications with available and applicable social media features are recommended and needed. The use of several platforms may still be needed to reach all.

• Bondjers, Kristina; Lingaas, Ingebjørg; Stensland, Synne; Atar, Dan; Zwart, John Anker Henrik & Wøien, Hilde [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). “I’ve kept going” – a multisite repeated cross-sectional study of healthcare workers’ pride in personal performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Health Services Research. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-09246-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background For healthcare workers, working through a pandemic may include both challenges, such as coping with increased demands and a lack of control, and rewards, such as experiencing a sense of achievement and meaningfulness. In this study, we explore the accomplishments healthcare workers themselves are proud of achieving at work, in order to elucidate the positive aspects of working through a pandemic. Methods In June 2020 (T1), December 2020 (T2), and May 2021 (T3), healthcare workers (n = 1,996) at four Norwegian hospitals participated in a web-based survey assessing job strain, psychological health, and support during the pandemic. The survey included the open-ended question “During the past two weeks, what have you been feeling proud of achieving at work?”. Responses (1,046) to this item were analyzed using conventional content analysis, which resulted in 13 subthemes under 6 themes. Results For some, pride was found in their professional identity and dedication to their work. Others took pride in specific achievements, such as juggling their own needs (e.g., health, private life) with those of the workplace, contributing to cohesion and collaboration, their ability to learn and adjust, in being a useful resource at work, and in their efforts towards developing the organization and workplace. Implications The current findings shed light on what healthcare workers feel proud of achieving in their day-to-day work. Assessment of these factors provides insight on both positive and negative aspects of working clinically during a pandemic, and highlights specific targets for building sustainable and rewarding work environments for healthcare workers.

• Flæten, Øystein Øygarden; Stafseth, Siv Anna Ulla-Britt Karlsson; Vinje, Hilde; Johansen, Edda Aslaug; Sunde, Kjetil & Wøien, Hilde [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Incidence, characteristics, and associated factors of pressure injuries acquired in intensive care units over a 12-month period: A secondary analysis of a quality improvement project. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 81, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103587. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To determine the 12-month cumulative incidence, characteristics, and associated factors of pressure injuries acquired in Intensive Care Units. Setting: Four intensive care units in a Norwegian University Hospital. Research methodology: A prospective observational cohort study using data from daily skin inspections during a quality improvement project. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Variables associated with the development of intensive care unit-acquired pressure injuries are presented with odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The 12-month cumulative incidence of patients (N = 594) developing intensive care unit-acquired pressure injuries was 29 % (172/594) for all categories and 16 % (95/594) when excluding category I pres- sure injuries (no skin loss). Cumulative incidence for patients acquiring medical device-related pressure injuries was 15 % (91/594) and 11 % (64/594) for category II or worse. Compression stockings (n = 51) and nasogastric tubes (n = 22) were the most frequent documented medical devices related to pressure injuries. Development of pressure injuries category II or worse was significantly associated with vasoactive drug infusions (OR 11.84, 95 % CI [1.59; 88.13]) and longer intensive care unit length of stay (OR 1.06, 95 % CI [1.04; 1.08]). Conclusion: The 12-month cumulative incidence of intensive care unit-acquired pressure injuries was relatively high when category I pressure injuries were included, but comparable to other studies when category I was excluded. Some medical device-related pressure injuries were surprisingly frequent, and these may be prevented. However, associated factors of developing pressure injuries were present and deemed non-modifiable. Implications for clinical practice: Awareness about pressure injury prevention is needed in the intensive care unit considering high incidences. Nurses can detect category I pressure injuries early, which may be reversed. Our findings show several factors that clinicians can control to reduce the risk of pressure injuries in the intensive care unit.

• Sørensen, Kari; Skirbekk, Helge; Kvarstein, Gunnvald & Wøien, Hilde (2022). Home administration of needle injections for children with rheumatic diseases: A qualitative study on nurses’ perception of their educational role. Journal of Pediatric Nursing : Nursing Care of Children and Families. ISSN 0882-5963. 66, p. e137–e144. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.04.011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose To explore nurses' perceptions of their educational role, pedagogical competence, and practice in teaching children with rheumatic diseases and their parents to manage subcutaneous injections at home. Design and methods In this qualitative study, we used thematic analysis to analyze data from three focus groups with 14 nurses responsible for patient education at one pediatric ward and two outpatient clinics. Results We identified three main themes capturing nurses' perceptions of their educational role: myriad expectations, awareness of own competence, and facilitation and prioritization of patient education. Nurses perceived patient education as an expected but challenging duty of their work. They described a lack of pedagogical competence, insecurity in managing parents' and children's fears and worries, and limited organizational structures guiding their educational role. Nurses who worked in outpatient clinics felt freer to individualize education compared to ward nurses. Conclusions Nurses perceive their educational role as significant in enabling children and parents to manage subcutaneous injections at home; however, they require pedagogical competence integrated with daily practice to provide high-quality care. Short-term admissions require a different organization of patient education than before.

• Hauff, Tonje; Petosic, Antonija; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Wøien, Hilde; Sunde, Kjetil & Stafseth, Siv Anna Ulla-Britt Karlsson (2022). Patient mobilisation in the intensive care unit and evaluation of a multifaceted intervention including Facebook groups: A quasi-experimental study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103315. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims: To describe prevalence and time to mobilisation in intensive care unit patients defined as a minimum sitting in an upright position in bed, and evaluate the impact of a multifaceted quality improvement campaign on likelihood of patients being mobilised. Research methodology/design: Quality improvement project using a quasi-experimental study design, comparing patient cohorts before (Before) and after (Intervention) a campaign including educational sessions, audit and feedback of intensive care unit quality indicators via closed Facebook-groups and e-mail and local opinion leaders. Secondary analysis of mobilisation data from adult intensive care patient stays extracted from electronical medical charts. Likelihood of being mobilised was analysed with Multivariate Cox-regression model and reported as Sub-hazard Ratio (SHR). Setting: Four intensive care units in a university hospital. Main outcome measures: Prevalence and time to first documented mobilisation, defined as at least “sitting in bed” during the intensive care unit stay. Results: Overall, 929 patients were analysed, of whom 710 (76 %) were mobilised; 73 % (356/ 489) in Before vs 81 % (354/ 440) in Intervention (p = 0.007). Median time to mobilisation was 69.9 (IQR: 30.0, 149.8) hours; 71.7 (33.9, 157.9) in Before and 66.0 (27.1, 140.3) in Intervention (p = 0.104). Higher SAPS II-scores were associated with lower likelihood (SHR 0.98, 95 % CI 0.97–0.99), whereas admissions due to gastroenterological failure (SHR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.4–3.0), neurological failure (SHR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.0–2.2) and other causes (intoxication, postoperative care, haematological-, and kidney failure) (SHR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.13–2.6) were associated with higher likelihood of mobilisation vs respiratory failure. Conclusion: A quality improvement campaign including use of Facebook groups is feasible and may improve mobilisation in intensive care unit patients. Most patients were mobilised within 72 hours following intensive care unit admission, and SAPS II scores and causes for intensive care unit admission were both associated with likelihood of being mobilised.

• Sørensen, Kari; Skirbekk, Helge; Kvarstein, Gunnvald & Wøien, Hilde (2021). I don’t want to think about it: A qualitative study of children’s and parents’ experiences with regular needle injections at home. Pediatric Rheumatology. 19, p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12969-021-00495-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <i>Background</i> - Overall outcomes of pediatric rheumatic diseases (RD) have improved due to treatment with biologic agents and methotrexate. For many children, this treatment often entails regular needle injections. Pain and fear of needle injections are common in childhood, but how children and parents handle long-term needle injections at home has not been fully explored. This study aimed to explore how regular needle injections affect children with RD and their parents in their daily living.<p><p> <i>Methods</i> - This explorative qualitative study used individual interviews and focus groups to ensure a comprehensive investigation of the topic. Children aged 6 to 16 years (<i>n</i> = 7) and their parents (<i>n</i> = 8) were interviewed individually 4 to 6 months after the onset of needle injection treatment. The focus groups included children aged 11 to 17 years (<i>n</i> = 9) and parents (<i>n</i> = 8) with a minimum of 6 months of experience with injection treatment. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.<p><p> <i>Results</i> - The main themes; “challenges,” “motivational factors,” and “routines” captured experiences and strategies that influenced the continuation of needle injections at home. Many children feared the moment immediately before the needle stick, although they had become accustomed to the pain. Most parents felt insecure about handling needle injections and lacked follow-up from healthcare providers. The children’s experience of treatment effects and self-confidence were essential to maintain motivation for further injections. A number of coping strategies helped children focus away from injection related discomfort, often discovered by chance. Facilitating firm routines and shared responsibility within families helped children develop self-confidence during the procedure. Children and parents struggled to find suitable information on the Internet.<p><p> <i>Conclusions</i> - Children and parents experienced long-term needle injections challenging. They used their own limited resources and cooperated within the families to create routines and to introduce coping strategies necessary to manage and keep up with the procedure. Although the injection itself was not experienced very painful, the discomfort, worries and impact on daily life represented far more than a little needle stick, and thus needs more attention from healthcare providers.

• Henriksen, Kjersti Forbech; Hansen, Britt Sætre; Wøien, Hilde & Tønnessen, Siri (2021). The core qualities and competencies of the intensive and critical care nurse, a meta-ethnography. Journal of Advanced Nursing. ISSN 0309-2402. doi: 10.1111/jan.15044. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: To develop a conceptual framework of the core qualities and competencies of the intensive and critical care nurse based on the experiences of intensive care patients, their relatives and the intensive and critical care nurses. Design Meta-ethnography. Data sources A comprehensive, systematic search in seven databases supplemented with hand, citation and reference search. Sources published from 2007 to 2019 were included. Review Methods: Noblit and Hare's understanding of meta-ethnography and the work of the eMERGE project have directed the synthesis. Results: Nineteen studies were included and synthesized into a conceptual framework. Overarching theme: ‘feeling safe and being safe’, subtheme: ‘creating confidence and motivation’ and conceptual categories (CCs): ‘technical skills and biophysical knowledge’; ‘inter/intra professional teamwork skills’; ‘communication skills (with patients and their relatives)’; ‘constant and attentive bedside presence’; ‘creating participative care’; ‘creating confidence through daily care’; ‘creating a good atmosphere and having a supportive and encouraging attitude’; and ‘building relationship to maintain self-esteem’. Conclusion: By including the perspectives of intensive care patients, their relatives and intensive and critical care nurses, the core qualities and competencies comprise elements of both patient safety and the feeling of safety. The framework outlines concepts necessary to ensure person-centred and safe intensive care. Further research should involve each perspective to validate and strengthen the findings. Impact: The development of standards and competence guidelines expressing the learning outcomes and qualification of intensive and critical care nurses should be based on input from intensive care patients, their relatives and intensive and critical care nurses. A variety of core qualities and competencies are necessary to create confidence and motivation, and to make the patient feel safe and be safe. This conceptual framework might form a basis for development of a program or assessment tool to facilitate excellence in education and practice in intensive care.

• Wøien, Hilde (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. ISSN 2213-2600. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30552-X. Full text in Research Archive
• Petosic, Antonija; Småstuen, Milada C.; Beeckman, Dimitri; Flaatten, Hans; Sunde, Kjetil & Wøien, Hilde (2021). Multifaceted intervention including Facebook-groups to improve guideline-adherence in ICU: A quasi-experimental interrupted time series study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 65(10), p. 1466–1474. doi: 10.1111/aas.13969. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The impact of social media, with its speed, reach and accessibility, in interventions aimed to improve adherence to guidelines such as assessment of Pain, Agitation/Sedation and Delirium (PAD) in intensive care is not described. Therefore, the primary objective of this quality improvement study was to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted intervention including audit and feedback of quality indicators (QI) via Facebook-groups, educational events and engagement of opinion leaders on adherence to PAD-guidelines in four ICUs. Methods: A quasi-experimental interrupted time series study with eight monthly data points in the two phases Before and Intervention was designed. Proportion of nursing shifts with documented PAD-assessment (PAD-QIs) were retrieved from the electronical medical chart from included adult ICU patient-stays in four participating ICUs. Difference between the two time periods was assessed using generalised mixed model for repeated measures with unstructured covariance matrix, and presented as Beta (B) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Finally, 1049 ICU patient-stays were analysed; 534 in Before and 515 in Intervention. All three PAD-QIs significantly increased in Intervention by 31% (B = 30.7, 95%CI [25.7 to 35.8]), 26% (B = 25.8, 95%CI [19.4 to 32.2]) and 34% (B = 33.9, 95%CI [28.4 to 39.4]) in pain, agitation/sedation and delirium, respectively. Conclusion: A multifaceted intervention including use of Facebook-groups was associated with improved guideline-adherence in four ICUs, as measured with process PAD-QIs of PAD assessment. Further research on use of social media to improve guideline adherence is warranted, particularly as social distancing impacts clinical education and training and new approaches are needed.

• Svensberg, K.; Kalleberg, Birgitte Grøstad; Rosvold, E.O.; Mathiesen, Liv; Wøien, H. & Hove, L.H. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Interprofessional education on complex patients in nursing homes: a focus group study. BMC Medical Education. 21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02867-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background An ageing population leads up to increasing multi-morbidity and polypharmacy. This demands a comprehensive and interprofessional approach in meeting patients’ complex needs. This study describes graduate students’ experiences of working practice based in interprofessional teams with complex patients’ care needs in nursing homes. Method Students from advanced geriatric nursing, clinical nutrition, dentistry, medicine and pharmacy at the University of Oslo in Norway were assigned to groups to examine and develop a care plan for a nursing home patient during a course. Focus groups were used, 21 graduate students participating in four groups. Data were collected during spring 2018, were inductively analysed according to a thematic analysis method (Systematic Text Condensation). An analytical framework of co-ordination practices was applied to get an in-depth understanding of the data. Results Three themes were identified: 1) Complex patients as learning opportunities- an eye-opener for future interprofessional collaboration 2) A cobweb of relations, and 3) Structural facilitators for new collective knowledge. Graduate university students experienced interprofessional education (IPE) on complex patients in nursing homes as a comprehensive learning arena. Overall, different co-ordination practices for work organization among the students were identified. Conclusions IPE in nursing homes facilitated the students’ scope from a fragmented approach of the patients towards a relational and collaborative practice that can improve patient care and strengthen understanding of IPE. The study also demonstrated the need for preparatory teamwork training to gain maximum benefit from the experience. Something that can be organized by the education institutions in the form of a stepwise learning module and as an online pre-training course in interprofessional teamwork. Further, focusing on the need for well thought through processes of the activity by the institutions and the timing the practice component in students’ curricula. This could ensure that IPE is experienced more efficient by the students.

• Wøien, Hilde (2020). Movements and trends in intensive care pain treatment and sedation: What matters to the patient? Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 29(7-8), p. 1129–1140. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15179. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntzen, Helene; Bjørk, Ida Torunn; Storsveen, Ann-Marie & Wøien, Hilde (2020). "Please mind the gap": A secondary analysis of discomfort and comfort in intensive care. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 29(13-14), p. 2441–2454. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15260. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims and objectives To explore in depth discomfort in intensive care as experienced by patients and attended to by critical care nurses. Background Discomfort in illness is complex and persistent, and its alleviation is a challenge for nurses working in intensive care units (ICU). In previous studies, we showed that ICU patients described little actual pain but suffer from much discomfort. Critical care nurses had a systematic approach to the treatment of pain, but were more haphazard in dealing with other types of discomfort. Design Secondary qualitative analysis of data from two previous exploratory studies. Methods Content analysis was used on existing data from 28 interviews with ICU patients, and 16 field notes and interviews with critical care nurses. Kolcaba's Comfort Theory was applied for further analysis. The COREQ checklist was used. Results Three themes, “Being deprived of a functioning body”, “Being deprived of a functioning mind” and “Being deprived of integrity” characterised the discomfort experienced by ICU patients. The nurses appeared to attend to all areas of discomfort expressed by patients. In need of, and providing acknowledgment and alleviation became a common overarching theme. We identified a comfort gap caused by the discrepancy between the patients’ needs and the nurses’ achievements in fulfilling these needs. Conclusions A gap exists between ICU patients’ comfort needs and nurses’ achievements in fulfilling these, indicating that discomfort currently is an inevitable part of the critical illness trajectory. Increased knowledge about how the brain is affected in ICU patients and more systematic approaches to assessing comfort needs and enhancing comfort may support nurses in fulfilling patient needs and possibly diminish the existing comfort gap. Relevance for clinical practice An increased understanding of the complex experience of discomfort in ICU patients may bring about more systematic approaches to enhance comfort and direct for education and further research.

• Sørensen, Kari; Skirbekk, Helge; Kvarstein, Gunnvald & Wøien, Hilde (2020). Children's fear of needle injections: a qualitative study of training sessions for children with rheumatic diseases before home administration. Pediatric Rheumatology. 18:13, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12969-020-0406-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <i>Background</i>: Treatment of rheumatic diseases in children often includes long-term needle injections, which represent a risk for refusing medication based on potential needle-fear. How nurses manage children’s fear and pain during the initial educational training session of subcutaneous injections, may affect the management of the subsequent injections in the home settings. The aim of this study was to explore how children expressed fear and pain during these training sessions, and how adults’ communication affected children’s expressed emotions.<p><p> <i>Methods</i>: This qualitative explorative study used video observations and short interviews during training sessions in a rheumatic hospital ward. Participants were children between five and fifteen years (<i>n</i> = 8), their parents (<i>n</i> = 11) and nurses (<i>n</i> = 7) in nine training sessions in total. The analysis followed descriptions of thematic analysis and interaction analysis.<p><p> <i>Results</i>: The children expressed fears indirectly as cues and nonverbal signs more often than direct statements. Three children stated explicit being afraid or wanting to stop. The children worried about needle-pain, but experienced the stinging pain after the injection more bothersome. The technical instructions were detailed and comprehensive and each nurse shaped the structure of the sessions. Both nurses and parents frequently offered coping strategies unclearly without sufficient time for children to understand. We identified three main adult communication approaches (<i>acknowledging, ambiguous</i> and <i>disregarding</i>) that influenced children’s expressed emotions during the training session.<p><p> <i>Conclusions</i>: Children’s expression of fear was likely to be indirectly, and pain was mostly related to the injection rather than the needle stick. When adults used an acknowledging communication and offered sufficient coping strategies, children seemed to become involved in the procedure and acted with confidence. The initial educational training session may have a great impact on long-term repeated injections in a home setting by providing children with confidence at the onset.

• Petosic, Antonija; Sunde, Kjetil; Beeckman, Dimitri; Flaatten, Hans & Wøien, Hilde (2019). Use of social media for communicating about critical care topics: A Norwegian cross-sectional survey. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 63(10), p. 1398–1405. doi: 10.1111/aas.13449. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Social media (SoMe) might be an alternative platform for communicating critical care topics to implement evidence‐based practice in the intensive care unit (ICU). This survey aims to describe ICU nurses’ and physicians’ use of SoMe in general, and their perception of using closed Facebook‐groups for receiving content on critical care topics. Methods: A cross‐sectional, web‐based, anonymous survey was distributed to ICU physicians and nurses in four ICUs in autumn 2017 via an email‐campaign. Descriptive statistics with rates, percentages and median numeric rating scale (NRS) scores, interquartile ranges are presented. Results: The response‐rate was 64% (253/ 394) including 210 nurses and 43 physicians. Overall, 93% had a SoMe‐profile, and 77% had a profile on more than one network site. Facebook was the most used social network site, with 87% having a profile. Totally, 68% were daily users, but more nurses used Facebook daily vs physicians (81% vs 60%, respectively, P = 0.006). Nurses were also more positive toward being members of closed Facebook‐groups aimed to exchange content on critical care topics (median NRS 9 (6‐10) vs 6 (3‐9), respectively, P = 0.014). Conclusion: The majority of ICU nurses and physicians were active SoMe users, mainly for personal purposes, and Facebook was the most popular SoMe. Nurses used Facebook daily more frequent and were more positive toward content on critical care topics on Facebook than physicians. These findings might be relevant to customize future communication about critical care topics via SoMe.

• Berntzen, Helene; Bjørk, Ida Torunn & Wøien, Hilde (2018). "Having the compass - drawing the map": Exploring nurses' management of pain and other discomforts during use of analgosedation in intensive care. Nursing Open. doi: 10.1002/nop2.227. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim To explore the deliberation and enactment processes of nurses in relation to pain and other discomforts in the critically ill patients after the implementation of an analgosedation protocol. Background Nurses in intensive care units (ICU) face great challenges when managing pain and other discomforts and distinguishing between patients’ needs for analgesics and sedatives. An analgosedation protocol favouring pain management, light sedation and early mobilization was implemented in a university hospital ICU in Norway in 2014. Changing sedation paradigms resulting in an increasing number of awake patients during critical illness is expected to affect nursing practice. Design Exploratory, single‐unit study in a mixed adult ICU. Methods Data collection with participant observation and semi‐structured interviews in sixteen clinical situations in 2014 and 2015. Thirteen experienced certified critical care nurses were included. Thematic content analysis was conducted. Results An overall theme “Having the compass–drawing the map” emerged from the analysis. The protocol or strategy of analgosedation appeared to provide a direction for treatment and care, although requiring extensive interpretation of needs and individualization of care, often in challenging situations. The overall theme was abstracted from three themes: “Interpreting a complex whole,” “Balancing conflicting goals” and “Experiencing strain from acting across ideals.” Conclusion Nurses seem to attend adequately to patient pain, but the approach to discomforts other than pain appears unsystematic and haphazard. More explicit goals of care and strategies to handle discomfort as distinct from pain are needed. More research is needed to identify effective comfort measures for ICU patients.

• Collet, Marie O.; Caballero, Jesús; Sonneville, Romain; Bozza, Fernando A.; Nydahl, Peter & Schandl, Anna [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2018). Prevalence and risk factors related to haloperidol use for delirium in adult intensive care patients: the multinational AID-ICU inception cohort study. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 44(7), p. 1081–1089. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5204-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntzen, Helene; Bjørk, Ida Torunn & Wøien, Hilde (2017). Pain relieved, but still struggling”—Critically ill patients experiences of pain and other discomforts during analgosedation. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 27(1-2), p. e223–e234. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13920. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde; Værøy, Henning; Aamodt, Geir & Bjørk, Ida Torunn (2014). Improving the systematic approach to pain and sedation management in the ICU by using assessment tools. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 23(11-12), p. 1552–1561. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04309.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde; Balsliemke, Stephan & Stubhaug, Audun (2013). The incidence of delirium in Norwegian intensive care units; deep sedation makes assessment difficult. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 57(3), p. 294–302. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02793.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde; Stubhaug, Audun & Bjørk, Ida Torunn (2012). Analgesia and sedation of mechanically ventilated patients - a national survey of clinical practice. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 56(1), p. 23–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02524.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde & Bjørk, Ida Torunn (2012). Intensive care pain treatment and sedation: Nurses' experiences of the conflict between clinical judgment and standardized care: An explorative study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2012.11.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Kari & Wøien, Hilde (2011). Vurdering av smertelindring og sedasjon hos barn på respirator ved hjelp av Comfort Scale :. Sykepleien Forskning. ISSN 1890-2936. p. 80–89. doi: 10.4220/sykepleienf.2011.0070. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde & Bjørk, Ida Torunn (2006). Nutrition of the critically ill patient and effects of implementing a nutritional support algorithm in ICU. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 15, p. 168–177. Full text in Research Archive

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• Mamoeen, Anniken; Bondjers, Kristina; Langerud, Anne Kathrine; Romundstad, Luis & Wøien, Hilde (2025). Turnover intention in intensiv care - Impact of work environmental factors and moral challenges. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction:The global shortage of healthcare workers (HCWs) is an accelerating concern,mainly due to an aging workforce, inadequate replacement, and retention challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic created additional challenges and increased strain on an already overstretched healthcare system. Capacity challenges and increased pressure were most severe for frontline HCWs, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) environment. Staffing shortages and increased turnover are major concerns, especially because they have the potential to reduce the quality of patient care. Aim:This study aims to identify key factors influencing ICU HCWs decisions to stay or leave their current position, highlighting the urgent need for strategies to effectively recruit and retain these essential HCWs. Methods: Setting and participants. Data from the fourth COVID-19 infection wave were obtained from a longitudinal open-cohort, multi-center study investigating HCWs work environment, experiences,and health during the pandemic. A total of 977 HCWs at four university hospitals in Norway were surveyed regarding their work experiences and intentions to leave,which forms the basis for this current study. Two items from the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire were used to assess Thoughts of quitting (1) and Intentions to look for a new job (2). These items were analyzed as outcomes in two separate hierarchical regression models. Predictors were systematically added in four distinct steps; demographics and profession, pandemic exposure, morally distress and work environment.Work environment-related factors for HCWs were measured using the Frontline Health Workers Occupational Risk and Characteristics in Emergencies Index (FORCEIndex). Results: Demographics and profession Pandemic Exposure Morally distressing situations. Working in the ICU and younger age was associated with thoughts of quitting.Younger age was also the most prominent factor influencing the intention to look fora new job. No association was found between pandemic exposure and both thoughts of quitting and looking for a new job. Conclusion: The association between HCWs turnover intention and current ICU employment emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing work environmental factors which contribute to retention in the ICU. Key factors identified in this study can be used for targeted interventions to ensure retention of ICU HCWs, not only to meet current challenges but also to ensure sustainability and preparedness for future crisis. Work environment.

• Mathiesen, Liv; Wøien, Hilde & Reinås, Karl Henrik Storhaug (2025). Fasilitatorutdanning - et pedagogisk tilbud for å styrke studentenes læringsutbytte for tverrprofesjonell samarbeidslæring i praksis. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Innledning: SamPraks, UiOs modell for tverrprofesjonell samarbeidslæring (TPS), oppskaleres kraftig for å møte RETHOS’ føringer. For å sikre kvaliteten på studentenes læringsutbytte må flere kompetente fasilitatorer utdannes. Studentene har i flere år verdsatt fasilitering av praksisen i sine evalueringer. Faglærerne har på sin side etterstrebet å øke egen fasilitatorkompetanse og etablere et pedagogisk grunnlag for fasilitering av SamPraks. Betydningen av en solid og konsistent pedagogikk for TPS er forankret gjennom mange år i en rekke forskningsstudier. I 2023 bestemte vi oss derfor for å etablere et pedagogisk tilbud for å gi nye og eksisterende fasilitatorer i SamPraks en omfattende opplæring til denne funksjonen. Metode: Gjennom samarbeid med pedagoger ved Det utdanningsvitenskapelige fakultet ved UiO utviklet vi et fasilitatorkurs for vitenskapelige ansatte, som gir en uttelling på 15 timers universitetspedagogisk basiskompetanse. Som forberedelse før kursstart må deltakerne gjennomføre SamPraks’ digitale introduksjonskurs, og skrive et refleksjonsnotat. Deretter kommer to samlinger med teori om gruppedynamikk og TPS. Avslutningsvis får deltakerne praktisk opplæring i å fasilitere tverrprofesjonelle grupper; først som observatører av en erfaren fasilitator, og dernest som aktive fasiliatatorer med en erfaren pedagog som støtte. Det er utviklet en manual som bidrar til å gi retning og veiledning i hvordan man kan skape god fasilitering og gi studentene et godt læringsutbytte. Resultater: Vi har nå gjennomført to fasilitatorkurs og utdannet tilsammen 17 nye SamPraksfasilitatorer. Etter gjennomført fasilitatorkurs er deltagerne selvstendige, og de utgjør allerede en avgjørende ressurs for gjennomføringen av SamPraks og kvaliteten på den TPS-en. Oppsummering: Fasilitatorene er avgjørende i å sikre kvaliteten på læringsutbyttet for studentene i TPS. Gjennom aktiv støtte til å fremme læringsprosesser bidrar fasilitatorene til at studentene i større grad kan utnytte læringspotensialet som ligger i å lære av, med og om hverandre i praksis. 'Stiftelsen til fremme for norsk apotekfarmasi' har bidratt til finansiering av kursene.

• Sørensen, Kari; Wøien, Hilde & Heyn, Lena (2025). Positive emotions in communication with children undergoing a needle procedure: An observational study of nurses’, parents’ and children’s expressions. Full text in Research Archive
• Langerud, Anne Kathrine; Petosic, Antonija & Wøien, Hilde (2025). Persistent pain in ICU survivors – What is the evidence? Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 89. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104070. Full text in Research Archive
• Collet, Marie Oxenbøll; Laerkner, Eva; Jensen, Janet; Egerod, Ingrid; Christensen, Jan & Jørgensen, Niels Kasper [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Functional and cognitive rehabilitation interventions during intensive care admission: A protocol for a systematic integrative review. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 67(5), p. 670–674. doi: 10.1111/aas.14214. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde (2022). Stress og helseplager hos helsepersonell gjennom pandemiens fire bølger. Full text in Research Archive
• Henriksen, Kjersti Forbech; Tønnessen, Siri; Wøien, Hilde & Hansen, Britt Sætre (2022). A conceptual framework of the core competencies and qualities of the intensive care nurse. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Bondjers, Kristina; Lingaas, Ingebjørg; Dyb, Grete Anita & Zwart, John Anker Henrik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Stress reactions and health problems in hospital personel during the Covid-19 pandemic; a longitudinal, multicenter study. Full text in Research Archive
• Bondjers, Kristina; Stensland, Synne; Zwart, John Anker Henrik; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Wøien, Hilde & Atar, Dan [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Hvordan gikk det? Støtte og stolthet gjennom pandemien - rapport fra en longitudinell studie av 2000 sykehuspersonell. Full text in Research Archive
• Stensland, Synne; Bondjers, Kristina; Zwart, John Anker Henrik; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Wøien, Hilde & Atar, Dan [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Did hospital personnel receive adequate help and support to reduce work-related stress during the Covid-19 pandemic? The Norwegian Study of Hospital Personnel. Full text in Research Archive
• Bondjers, Kristina; Lingaas, Ingebjørg; Stensland, Synne; Wøien, Hilde; Muller, Ashley Elizabeth & Atar, Dan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Is it all bad? - sense of accomplishment among health-care workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Full text in Research Archive
• Bondjers, Kristina; Stensland, Synne; Zwart, John Anker Henrik; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Wøien, Hilde & Atar, Dan [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Psychological impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers. Full text in Research Archive
• Bondjers, Kristina; Stensland, Synne; Zwart, John Anker Henrik; Rosseland, Leiv Arne; Wøien, Hilde & Atar, Dan [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Hvordan gikk det? Støtte og stolthet gjennom pandemien - rapport fra en longitudinell studie av 2000 sykehuspersonell. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde (2018). Advanced geriatric nursing in the interdisciplinary team New learning model. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke & Hellesø, Ragnhild (2018). Sykepleiere med spesialisering. Bedre helsetjeneste med forskrivningsrett? Dagens medisin. ISSN 1501-4290. Full text in Research Archive
• Randen, Irene & Wøien, Hilde (2010). Smertelindring og sedasjonspraksis ved norske intensivavdelinger - resultater fra en nasjonal og en lokal kartlegggingsstudie. Full text in Research Archive
• Wøien, Hilde; Bjørk, Ida Torunn & Stubhaug, Audun (2009). Side-effects of sedatives and analgesics are perceived as a major problem by Norwegian ICU clinicians. Full text in Research Archive

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