Tor Iversen

• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2024). Impacts of Norway's extended free choice reform on waiting times and hospital visits. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. doi: 10.1002/hec.4801.
• Sten-Gahmberg, Susanna; Sten-gahmberg, Susanna; Pedersen, Kine; Pedersen, Kine; Harsheim, Ingrid gaarder & Løyland, Hanna Isabel [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing a complex telemedicine-based intervention with usual care in patients with chronic conditions. European Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1618-7598. doi: 10.1007/s10198-023-01664-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2024). Impacts of Norway's extended free choice reform on waiting times and hospital visits. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. doi: 10.1002/hec.4801.
• Løyland, Hanna Isabel; Pedersen, Kine; Sten Gahmberg, Susanna; Gaarder Harsheim, Ingrid; Sæther, Erik Magnus & Iversen, Tor [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Effekter, gevinster og kostnader ved digital hjemmeoppfølging–en samfunnsøkonomisk analyse basert på et pragmatisk randomisert forsøk. Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 26(5), p. 124–135. doi: 10.23865/magma.v26.1426. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne studien omhandler en utprøving av digital hjemmeoppfølging i helsetjenesten og omfatter seks lokale prosjekter i kommunene Stad, Bodø, Larvik, Oslo (med bydelene Sagene, Grünerløkka, Gamle Oslo og St. Hanshaugen), Ullensaker (i samarbeid med Gjerdrum) og Kristiansand (i samarbeid med flere Agder-kommuner). Utprøvingen ble gjennomført som en pragmatisk randomisert kontrollert studie. Målgruppen var personer med kroniske sykdommer, med middels til høy risiko for forverret helsetilstand, reinnleggelse på sykehus eller økt behov for helse-og omsorgstjenester. Pasientene i tiltaksgruppen fikk utarbeidet en egenbehandlingsplan, utførte selv avtalte målinger og svarte på spørsmål om sin helsetilstand på et nettbrett. Pasientene kunne følge med på egne resultater. I tillegg tok en sykepleier i oppfølgingstjenesten kontakt dersom målingene var utenfor pasientens normalverdier, for å avklare behov for helsejhelp. Samlet sett viser vår analyse at verdien av de prissatte nyttevirkningene av tiltaket (bedre helserelatert livskvalitet og endret ressursbruk i helsetjenesten) er lavere enn kostnadene ved å tilby digital hjemmeoppfølging. Tiltaket gir imidlertid også virkninger som det ikke har vært mulig å prissette. Vi finner at digital hjemmeoppfølging bidrar til at pasientene får økt forståelse og mestring av egen sykdom, og derigjennom føler seg tryggere og er mer fornøyd med oppfølging av egen helse. Fremover vil det være viktig å begrense ressursbruken i helsetjenesten, samtidig som man retter tilbudet mot personer som har særlig nytte av det. Dette innebærer at de som får digital hjemmeoppfølging, hverken må være for syke til at det er for sent å forebygge forverring og økt bruk av helsetjenester, eller for friske til å dra nytte av tjenesten. Brukt riktig kan digital hjemmeoppfølging være et godt verktøy i tilbudet til pasienter med kroniske sykdommer og særlige behov.

• Pedersen, Kine; Løyland, Hanna Isabel; Erik Magnus, Sæther; Sten Gahmberg, Susanna; Abelsen, Birgit & Snilsberg, Øyvind [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Primærhelseteam – en mer teambasert fastlegetjeneste. Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 26(5), p. 73–83. doi: 10.23865/magma.v26.1421. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Primærhelseteam (PHT) er en ny arbeidsform i fastlegetjenesten der lege, sykepleier og helsesekretær jobber sammen i team. Teamet skal tilby gode tjenester og arbeide systematisk med pasientsikkerhet og kvalitetsforbedring. Målgruppene for primærhelseteam er listeinnbyggere med kronisk sykdom, psykiske lidelser og rusavhengighet, skrøpelige eldre, og brukere med utviklingshemming og funksjonsnedsettelser. Et nasjonalt forsøk med primærhelseteam startet i 2018. Forsøket følges av en evaluering. I denne artikkelen forsøker vi å svare på spørsmålene: Hvordan jobber legekontorene i PHT-forsøket som team, og hvilke effekter gir det? Videre belyser vi hvordan funnene kan brukes i utformingen av en mer teambasert fastlegetjeneste. Vi bygger på datainnsamlingen og hovedfunnene fra evalueringen av PHT, og utdyper tolkningen av funnene i lys av internasjonal litteratur. Vi finner at personellet på legekontorene opplever at teamarbeid gir gode resultater – både for pasientene og for dem selv i form av økt arbeidstrivsel. Teameffektiviteten på legekontorene avhenger av struktur (som møter, maler og prosedyrer) og felles arbeidsmåter, kontinuitet i personellgruppen, grad av engasjement for teamarbeid samt tydelig ledelse av og fastlegenes individuelle tilfredshet med teamarbeidet. Vi finner at PHT-sykepleierne i større grad har bidratt til bedre oppfølging av pasienter i målgruppene enn til å avlaste fastlegen. Resultatet samsvarer med effektmålene for forsøket, der vekten er lagt på kvalitetsforbedring og ikke produktivitetsforbedring på fastlegekontoret. Evalueringen viser at det er ressurs- og tidkrevende å utvikle teamarbeid. For å lykkes med en eventuell videre implementering av en tverrfaglig, teambasert fastlegeordning, må det være en klar interesse for dette blant fastlegene.

• Forster, Rachel Bedenis; Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Tibballs, Katrina Louise Bø; Nøkleby, Kjersti; Berg, Tore Julsrud & Iversen, Tor [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Cohort profile: Outcomes & Multi-morbidity In Type 2 diabetes (OMIT) - a national registry-based observational cohort with focus on care and treatment of key high-risk groups in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054840. Full text in Research Archive
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2021). Betalingsmåter for teamarbeid i primærhelsetjenesten. In Botten, Grete Synøve (Eds.), Mangfold og engasjement i ti år. Institutt for helse og samfunn ved Universitetet i Oslo 2010-2020.. Norwegian Medical Society. ISSN 978-82-92871-76-8. p. 100–109.
• Iversen, Tor & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2021). Technology adoption by primary care physicians. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 31(3), p. 441–451. doi: 10.1002/hec.4447. Show summary

  We study primary care physicians' prevention and monitoring technology adop-tion. Physicians' adoption decisions are based on benefits and costs, which de-pend on payment incentives, educational assistance, and market characteris-tics. The empirical study uses national Norwegian register and physician claims data between 2009 and 2014. In 2006, a new annual comprehensive checkup for Type 2 diabetic patients was introduced. A physician collects a fee for each checkup. In 2013, an education assistance program was introduced in two Nor-wegian counties. We estimate adoption decisions by fixed-effect regressions, and two-part and hazard models. We use a difference-in-difference model to estimate the education program impact. Fixed-effect estimations and separate analyses of physicians who have moved between municipalities support a peer effect. The education program has a strongly positive effect, which is positively associated with a physician's number of diabetic patients, and the fraction of physician-adopters in the same market.

• Bannenberg, Normann; Førland, Oddvar; Iversen, Tor; Karlsson, Martin & Øien, Henning (2021). Preventive Home Visits. American Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 2332-3493. 7(4), p. 457–496. doi: 10.1086/714988. Show summary

  This paper evaluates the introduction of preventive home visits (PHV) for older people in Norway. Their purpose is to support autonomy and independence as well as to prevent disability and nursing home admissions. Wecontribute to the literature by exploiting a natural experiment in Norwegian municipalities. Our results show that the introduction of a PHV program significantly changes the use of local public resources away from nursing homes, while increasing the utilization of home-based care. Further, PHVs lead to a decline in hospital admissions by 7 percent—whereas treatments for mental health conditions remain unaffected. Mortality is reduced by more than 4 percent in the age group 80 and above.

• Hsu, John; Iversen, Tor; Price, Mary; Moger, Tron Anders; Tevis, Delaney & Hagen, Terje P. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Myocardial infarction care among the elderly: Declining treatment with increasing age in two countries. Health Affairs. ISSN 0278-2715. 40(9), p. 1483–1490. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00108. Show summary

  The elderly account for the majority of medical spending in many countries, raising concerns about potentially unnecessary spending, especially during the final months of life. Using a well-defined starting point (hospitalization for an initial acute myocardial infarction) with evidence-based postevent treatments, we examined age trends in treatments in the US and Norway, two countries with high levels of per capita medical spending. After accounting for comorbidities, we found marked decreases within both countries in the use of invasive treatments with age (for example, less use of percutaneous coronary interventions and surgery) and the use of relatively inexpensive medications (for example, less use of anticholesterol [statin] drugs for which generic versions are widely available). The treatment decreases with age were larger in Norway compared with those in the US. The less frequent treatment of the oldest of the old, without even use of basic medications, suggests potential age-related bias and a disconnect with the evidence on treatment value. Hospital organization and payment in both countries should incentivize greater equity in treatment use across ages.

• Aas, Eline; Iversen, Tor & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2021). The Economic Sustainability of the Norwegian Healthcare System. In Baltagi, Badi H. & Moscone, Francesco (Ed.), The Sustainability of Health Care Systems in Europe . Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISSN 978-1-83909-499-6. p. 81–101. doi: 10.1108/S0573-855520210000295010. Show summary

  The Norwegian health care system is semi-decentralized. Primary care and long-term care (LTC) are the responsibilities of the municipalities. Specialist care is the responsibility of the central government and is organised through four Regional Health Authorities (RHA). Resource use, health outcomes and severity are the three main pillars for priority setting, regularly applied in reimbursement decisions for pharmaceuticals. The sustainability of health care is challenged in Norway. The main factors are a growing elderly population with high need of complex, coordinated services, an increasing demand for newly approved drugs and advanced technology and a potential shortage of health care personnel. We present recent trials and policy reforms in Norway aimed at improving care pathways combined with cost containment. Reforms in the pharmaceutical market, both with regard to market access and reimbursement(cost-effectiveness), and regulation of prices, have resulted in cost containment. The primary care sector awaits reform initiatives to recruit and retain physicians as general practitioners. No reform in the hospital sector has had cost containment as a main focus. The sector is characterized with low productivity growth, and expenditures that have increased more than the GDP growth. Waiting times are long, and coordination between sub-sectors of health care has been poor, although the Coordination reform of 2012 has alleviated some of the challenges related to intersectoral coordination. Still, the divided responsibility for health care between the central government and the municipalities creates tensions between national ambitions and local decisions in the financing and provision of health services.

• Iversen, Tor; Skjeflo, Sofie Waage; Westberg, Nina Bruvik & Øien, Henning (2021). Statlige ambisjoner og lokale beslutninger i omsorgspolitikken. Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. p. 29–44. Show summary

  Staten har ambisiøse mål for det lokale velferdstilbudet. Siden kommunene organiserer og finansierer tilbudet, vil måloppnåelsen avhenge av lokalpolitiske prioriteringer. For å påvirke de lokale prioriteringene innfører Stortinget ofte øremerkede tilskudd. Ett eksempel på dette er investeringstilskudd til heldøgns omsorgsboliger og sykehjemsplasser. Et hovedmål med investeringstilskuddet er å øke antall plasser innen heldøgnsomsorg. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi kommunenes tilpasning til investeringstilskuddet. Vi finner verken at antallet plasser eller kommunale driftsutgifter til omsorgstjenester har økt. Vi finner at kvaliteten har økt i form av flere enerom. Artikkelen illustrerer dermed spenningene mellom nasjonale ambisjoner og kommunale beslutninger.

• Wang, Jian; Iversen, Tor; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Godager, Geir (2020). Are patient-regarding preferences stable? Evidence from a laboratory experiment with physicians and medical students from different countries. European Economic Review. ISSN 0014-2921. 125. doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103411. Full text in Research Archive
• Iversen, Tor & Øien, Henning (2019). Tilpasning til brukerbetaling for omsorgstjenester. Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. 133(6), p. 68–77.
• Heldal, Kristian; Midtvedt, Karsten; Lønning, Kjersti; Iversen, Tor; Hernæs, Kjersti Helene & Tsarpali, Vasiliki [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Kidney transplantation: an attractive and cost-effective alternative for older patients?—a cost–utility study. Clinical Kidney Journal (CKJ). ISSN 2048-8505. 12(6), p. 888–894. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfz018. Full text in Research Archive
• Aas, Eline; Iversen, Tor; Holt, Tonje; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2019). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Randomized Control Trial among Norwegian Youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. ISSN 1537-4416. 48(1), p. S298–S311. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1463535. Full text in Research Archive
• Iversen, Tor & Häkkinen, Unto (2018). Comparative treatment costs for patients with acute myocardial infarction between Finland and Norway. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 6(2), p. 58–79. doi: 10.5617/njhe.5543. Full text in Research Archive
• Karlsson, Martin; Iversen, Tor & Øien, Henning (2018). Aging and Health Care Costs. In Hamilton, Jonathan (Eds.), Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Economics and Finance. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780190625979. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.24.
• Iversen, Tor & Sommeno, Tigist Woldetsadik (2018). How social capital arises in areas. In Folland, Sherman & Nauenberg, Eric (Ed.), Elgar Companion to Social Capital and Health. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781785360701. p. 29–46. doi: 10.4337/9781785360718.00010.
• Aas, Eline; Iversen, Tor & Hoff, Geir (2017). The effect of education on health behavior after screening for colorectal cancer. In Bolin, Kristian (Eds.), Human Capital and Health Behavior. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISSN 978-1-78635-466-2. p. 207–242. doi: 10.1108/S0731-219920170000025007.
• Klitkou, Søren Toksvig; Iversen, Tor; Stensvold, Hans Jørgen & Rønnestad, Arild Erlend (2017). Use of hospital-based health care services among children aged 1 through 9 years who were born very preterm - a population-based study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 17:571(571), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2498-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Iversen, Tor & Godager, Geir (2017). Fastlegen som portvakt. Michael. ISSN 1893-9651. 14(19), p. 43–59. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I denne artikkelen viser vi hvordan en ordning med primærlegen som portvakt til spesialisthelsetjenesten kan medføre mer effektiv bruk av samfunnets ressurser. Siden primærlegen oftest har bedre diagnostiske kunnskaper enn pasientene, vil primærlegen kunne være bedre enn pasientene til å sortere hvilke pasienter som bør henvises til spesialisthelsetjenesten og hvilke pasienter primærlegen kan diagnostisere og behandle selv. En portvaktordning vil slik kunne bidra til en mer effektiv arbeidsdeling i helsesektoren. I situasjoner der et mindretall av pasientene trenger behandling i spesialisthelsetjenesten, vil primærlegen kunne bidra til å identifisere de tilfeller der behandling i spesialisthelsetjenesten er ønskelig for samfunnet. Om portvaktordningen faktisk medfører bedre bruk av samfunnets ressurser, vil da både avhenge av pasientenes egne kunnskaper, fastlegenes diagnostiske dyktighet, samt tida det tar å utføre portvaktfunksjonen. Vi beskriver teoretiske og empiriske studier som viser at avlønningsordningen for primærleger har betydning for hvor strengt portvaktrollen utøves. Et sentralt resultat fra litteraturen er at per capita avlønning medfører høyere henvisningsrate enn ytelsesbaserte takster og utvidet budsjettansvar. Et viktig spørsmål for framtidig forskning er om det finnes avlønningssystemer som oppmuntrer til en passe høy henvisningsrate vurdert ut fra kravet om god bruk av helsesektorens samlede ressurser.

• Guo, Na; Iversen, Tor; Lu, Mingshan; Wang, Jian & Shi, Luwen (2016). Does the new cooperative medical scheme reduce inequality in catastrophic health expenditure in rural China? BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1883-7.
• Øien, Henning; Iversen, Tor; Helgesen, Marit Kristine & Schou, Arild (2016). Fallforebygging I samhandlingsreformen. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2(3), p. 177–188. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2016-03-04. Full text in Research Archive
• Iversen, Tor; Øien, Henning & Schou, Arild (2016). Fastlegene i samhandlingsreformen. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2(2), p. 107–116. doi: 10.18261/ISSN.2387-5984-2016-02-05. Show summary

  Fastlegene utfører en vesentlig del av diagnostikk og behandling i primærhelsetjenesten i Norge. Likevel er det ingen virkemidler i samhandlingsreformen som er rettet direkte mot fastlegene. Artikkelen beskriver ved hjelp av regresjonsanalyser bruken av fastlegetjenester og spesialisthelsetjenester i perioden 2009−2014 for et utvalg av kronikere og en sammenligningsgruppe. Vi finner ikke noe skift i fordelingen mellom de to typene tjenester etter at samhandlingsreformen ble introdusert fra 1. januar 2012.

• Iversen, Tor & Mokienko, Anastasia (2016). Supplementing gatekeeping with a revenue scheme for secondary care providers. International Journal of Health Economics and Management. ISSN 2199-9023. 16(3), p. 247–267. doi: 10.1007/s10754-016-9188-2. Show summary

  We study implications of a change in the payment scheme for radiology providers in Norway that was implemented in 2008. The change implies reduced fee-for-service and increased fixed budget for a contracted volume of services. A consequence of the change is that private providers have less incentive to conduct examinations beyond the contracted volume. Different from the situation observed before the change in 2008, the volume is no longer determined by the demand side, and a rationing of the supply occurs. We employ data on radiological examinations initiated by GPs’ referrals. We apply monthly data at the physician-practice level for 2007–2010. The data set is unique because it includes information about all GPs in the Norwegian patient-list system. The results indicate that private providers conducted fewer examinations in 2008–2010 compared with previous periods and that public hospitals did either the same volume or more. We find that GPs who operate in a more competitive environment experienced a greater reduction in magnetic resonance imaging, both performed by private providers and in total for their patients. We argue that this result supports a hypothesis that patients with lower expected benefits are rationed. Hence, rationing from the supply side might supplement GP gatekeeping

• Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Moger, Tron Anders (2016). Risikojustering ved måling av predikert dødelighet etter hjerteinfarkt. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(5), p. 423–427. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.1292.
• Iversen, Tor (2016). Primary Care: Effectiveness and Costs. In Scheffler, Richard M. (Eds.), World Scientific Handbook of Global Health Economics and Public Policy. World Scientific. ISSN 978-981-4612-31-9. p. 231–268.
• Rose Olsen, Kim; Anell, Anders; Häkkinen, Unto; Iversen, Tor; Olafsdottir, Thorhildur & Sutton, Matt (2016). General practice in the Nordic countries. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 4(1), p. 56–67. doi: 10.5617/njhe.2801.
• Iversen, Tor; Anell, Anders; Häkkinen, Unto; Kronborg, Christian & Olafsdottir, Thorhildur (2016). Coordination of care in the Nordic countries. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 4(1), p. 41–55. doi: 10.5617/njhe.2846.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2016). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. ISSN 0167-2681. 131, p. 36–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.005.
• Häkkinen, Unto; Rosenqvist, Gunnar; Iversen, Tor; Rehnberg, Clas & Seppälä, Timo T. (2015). Outcome, use of resources and their relationship in the treatment of AMI, stroke and hip fracture at European hospitals. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 24, p. 116–139. doi: 10.1002/hec.3270.
• Iversen, Tor; Aas, Eline; Rosenqvist, Gunnar & Häkkinen, Unto (2015). Comparative Analysis of Treatment Costs in EUROHOPE. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 24, p. 5–22. doi: 10.1002/hec.3262.
• Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor; Klitkou, Søren Toksvig; Moger, Tron Anders & Häkkinen, Unto (2015). Socio-economic inequality in the use of procedures and mortality among AMI patients: Quantifying the effects along different paths. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 24, p. 102–115. doi: 10.1002/hec.3269. Show summary

  SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN THE USE OF PROCEDURES AND MORTALITY AMONG AMI PATIENTS: QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS ALONG DIFFERENT PATHS TERJE P. HAGEN a, * , UNTO HÄKKINEN a,b , TOR IVERSEN a , SØREN TOKSVIG KLITKOU a , TRON ANDERS MOGER a ON BEHALF OF THE EUROHOPE STUDY GROUP a Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway b Centre for Health and Social Economics (CHESS), National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland ABSTRACT

• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2015). Competition, gatekeeping, and health care access. Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 0167-6296. 39, p. 159–170. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.11.005.
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2014). Sosial ulikhet i bruk av helsetjenester i Norge. In Botten, Grete Synøve; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (Ed.), Helsetjenestens nye logikk. Akademika forlag. ISSN 978-82-321-0348-5. p. 231–245.
• Folland, Sherman & Iversen, Tor (2014). How does social capital arise in populations. In Folland, Sherman & Rocco, Lorenzo (Ed.), The Economics of Social Capital and Health. World Scientific. ISSN 978-981429339-6. p. 45–66. doi: 10.1142/9789814293402_0005.
• Häkkinen, Unto; Iversen, Tor; Peltola, Mikko; Seppälä, Timo; Malmivaara, Antti & Belicza, Eva [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). Health care performance comparison using a disease-based approach: The EuroHOPE project. Health Policy. ISSN 0168-8510. 112(1-2), p. 100–109. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.04.013.
• Askildsen, Jan Erik; Iversen, Tor & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2013). Review of waiting times policies: Country case studies - Norway. In Siciliani, Luigi; Borowitz, Michael & Moran, Valerie (Ed.), Waiting Time Policies in the Health Sector - What works?. OECD Publishing. ISSN 978-9264-17906-6. p. 221–236.

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• Frich, Jan C; Iversen, Tor & Tjerbo, Trond (2017). Helsepolitikkens faglige premisser. Det norske medicinske Selskab. ISBN 978-82-92871-87-4. 14(19). 243 p.
• Botten, Grete Synøve; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (2014). Helsetjenestens nye logikk. Akademika forlag. ISBN 978-82-321-0348-5. 343 p.

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• Hagen, Terje P. & Iversen, Tor (2023). Helse­tjenestene – og det permanente endringsbehovet. Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 26(5), p. 70–72. doi: 10.23865/magma.v26.1420.
• Iversen, Tor (2023). Patient composition, risk adjustment and GP revenue in a mixed capitation and fee for service system. Show summary

  In Norway, regular general practitioners (GPs) provide primary care to the population. Each GP has a list of patients. About 75 percent of GPs are private practitioners. The remaining proportion are employed by the municipalities. The renumeration scheme is a combination of a capitation fee and fee-for-service. Presently, a gradual increase in the capitation fee relative to fee-for service is considered. With an increasing proportion of revenue from the capitation fee, the list composition becomes more important for a GP’s total revenue. Questions asked are: 1. What is the variation in list composition among GPs? Do GPs with long lists have a healthy list population who demands few services relative to the population of GPs with short lists? 2. What is the impact on revenue for different types of GPs if a flat capitation fee increases relative to fee-for-service? 3. What difference does it make for the revenue distribution among GPs to include utilization of long-term care at the patient level in a risk adjustment formula? We use detailed register data for GPs and the list population from 2016 in the city of Oslo to explore the questions. Data include information about long term care (LTC) recipients. We do not find support for the hypotheses that GPs with long lists have more healthy patients than GPs with short lists. The proportion of individuals above 80 years old is the same for GPs with long lists as it is for GPs with short lists. Also, the proportion of the list who receives LTC services is about the same. GPs with long lists have a smaller revenue from FFS than GPs with shorter lists. We suggest that GPs with long lists manage their lists by providing fewer services to their patients than their colleagues with shorter lists. We find that increasing the proportion of capitation to 50 percent of the total revenue has considerable effect on the revenue distribution among GPs. GPs with long lists benefit and GPs with a high proportion of LTC recipients lose. The change is mitigated by risk adjusting the capitation fee according to LTC recipients listed. Also compared with the initial smaller proportion of capitation, increased risk adjusted capitation favors GP with a high proportion of LTC recipients listed. 1

• Zhang, Yuan & Iversen, Tor (2023). The development of digital consultations in Norway.
• Zhang, Yuan; Øien, Henning & Iversen, Tor (2023). Norway - Handling the Pandemic and the Effects on Specialized Healthcare.
• Zhang, Yuan & Iversen, Tor (2022). Development of the composition of GP consultation services in Norway from 2019 to 2021.
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform.
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform.
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform.
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2022). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform.
• Ge, Ge; Iversen, Tor; Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2021). The impacts of Norway’s extended free choice reform.
• Iversen, Tor (2021). Presentation of the evaluation of primary care team in Norway.
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Snilsberg, Øyvind (2020). Norge er trolig alene om å innføre omvendt overtid for fastleger. Dagens medisin. ISSN 1501-4290. Show summary

  Norge er ikke det første landet som velger å betale større basistilskudd til allmennlegene – men trolig alene om å innføre omvendt overtid.

• Iversen, Tor; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Wang, Jian & Godager, Geir (2019). Are patient-regarding preferences stable? Evidence from a laboratory experiment with physicians and medical students from different countries.
• Häkkinen, Unto; Iversen, Tor & Åsa, Ljungvall (2018). Editorial: Nordic health system performance comparison. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 6(2), p. 7–9.
• Bolin, Kristian; Lindgren, Björn; Grossman, Michael; Gyrd-Hansen, Dorte; Iversen, Tor & Kaestner, Robert [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Introduction. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research. ISSN 0731-2199. 25, p. xiii–xvi. doi: 10.1108/S0731-219920170000025009.
• Frich, Jan C; Iversen, Tor & Tjerbo, Trond (2017). Helsepolitikkens faglige premisser. Michael. ISSN 1893-9651. 14, p. 9–16.
• Hagen, Terje P. & Iversen, Tor (2016). EuroHOPE – sammenligning av helseutfall og behandlingskostnader mellom sju europeiske land. BestPractice. p. 17–19.
• Iversen, Tor (2016). Primary care capacity and utilization of specialized health care.
• Aas, Eline & Iversen, Tor (2016). The effect of human capital on health behaviour after screening for colorectal cancer.
• Iversen, Tor (2016). Promising leads in health economics research on general practice.
• Iversen, Tor (2016). Health care financing - how to finance service production?
• Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Moger, Tron Anders (2016). T.P. Hagen og medarbeidere svarer:. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(8), p. 690–690. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0331.
• Iversen, Tor (2015). Hvem har arbeidsgiverbetalt helseforsikring? .
• Iversen, Tor (2015). Friskliv, læring og mestring – lønner det seg?
• Iversen, Tor (2015). Aflønning i almen praksis.
• Iversen, Tor (2015). Primary care capacity and utilization of specialized health care for patients with chronic disease.
• Iversen, Tor (2015). Primary care capacity and utilization of specialized health care.
• Häkkinen, Unto; Iversen, Tor; Peltola, Mikko; Rehnberg, Clas & Seppälä, Timo T. (2015). Towards explaining international differences in health care performance: Results of the EuroHOPE project. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 24, p. 1–4. doi: 10.1002/hec.3282.
• Wang, Jian; Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Iversen, Tor & Jing, Lin (2015). The Impact of Payment Systems on Medical Students’ and Physicians’ Behavior – An Experimental Study in China.
• Iversen, Tor (2014). A comparative analysis of treatment costs in European countries.
• Iversen, Tor (2014). Aktuelle utfordringer i helsesektorene i Norden.
• Iversen, Tor (2014). Incentives in Health Care.
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Hennig-Schmidt, Heike (2014). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental analysis.
• Botten, Grete; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (2014). Helsetjenestens nye logikk: fortsatt målrettet mangfold. In Botten, Grete Synøve; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (Ed.), Helsetjenestens nye logikk. Akademika forlag. ISSN 978-82-321-0348-5. p. 13–22.
• Iversen, Tor & Mokienko, Anastasia (2013). Stimulating gatekeeping by means of the revenuesystem.
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2013). Gatekeeping and Access to Health Care.
• Lieng, Marit; Busund, Bjørn; Ræder, Johan & Iversen, Tor (2013). Innsatsstyrt finansiering og dagkirurgi. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133, p. 974–976. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.0155.
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Hennig-Schmidt, Heike (2013). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental analysis.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2013). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental analysis.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2013). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions?
• Aandahl, Emilie; Abelsen, Birgit; Fosse, Anette; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Løyland, Hanna Isabel [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Evaluering av forsøk med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger: Sluttrapport 2018 – 2023 (Statusrapport VI). Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Kine; Godager, Geir; Tyrihjell, Johannes Bjørnstad; Værnø, Susanne Gerda; Gundersen, Martine Bergh & Iversen, Tor [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Evaluering av handlingsplan for allmennlegetjenesten 2020–2024: Evalueringsrapport II. Oslo Economics. Full text in Research Archive
• Aandahl, Emilie; Abelsen, Birgit; Fosse, Anette; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor & Løyland, Hanna Isabel [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Evaluering av forsøk med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger. Statusrapport V . Oslo Economics. Full text in Research Archive
• Abelsen, Birgit; Godager, Geir; Harsheim, Ingrid Gaarder; Iversen, Tor; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Løyland, Hanna Isabell [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Evaluering av utprøving av digital hjemmeoppfølging: Sluttrapport. Oslo Economics.
• Abelsen, Birgit; Gaski, Margrete; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor; Løyland, Hanna Isabel & Pedersen, Kine [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Evaluering av pilotprosjekt med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger: Sluttrapport for 2018-2021 (Statusrapport IV). Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Kine; Pedersen, Kine; Godager, Geir; Rognlien, Hans David; Tyrihjell, Johannes Bjørnstad & Værnø, Susanne Gerda [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Evaluering av handlingsplan for allmennlegetjenesten 2020–2024: Evalueringsrapport I. Oslo Economics. Full text in Research Archive
• Abelsen, Birgit; Gaski, Margrete; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor; Løyland, Hanna Isabell & Pedersen, Kine [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluering av forsøk med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger: Statusrapport III. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Lindén, Tord Skogedal; Ervik, Rune; Holmås, Tor Helge; Iversen, Tor & Holter, Marianne Therese Smogeli [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluering av fritt behandlingsvalg. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Iversen, Tor & Ma, Ching-To Albert (2020). Technology adoption in primary health care. Health Economics Research Network at the University of Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7756-269-8. 2020(4).
• Abelsen, Birgit; Gaski, Margrete; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor; Løyland, Hanna Isabel & Pedersen, Kine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Evaluering av pilotprosjekt med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger. Statusrapport I. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Abelsen, Birgit; Gaski, Margrete; Godager, Geir; Løyland, Hanna Isabel; Pedersen, Kine & Snilsberg, Øyvind [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Evaluering av pilotprosjekt med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger. Statusrapport II. Helsedirektoratet.
• Abelsen, Birgit; Gaski, Margrete; Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor; Løyland, Hanna Isabel & Pedersen, Kine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Evaluering av pilotprosjekt med primærhelseteam og alternative finansieringsordninger. Statusrapport 2 . Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Westberg, Nina Buvik; Skjeflo, Sofie Waage; Hveem, Ellen Balke; Pedersen, Simen; Øien, Henning & Sørvoll, Jardar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Evaluering av investeringstilskudd til omsorgsboliger og sykehjem. Menon Economics.
• Wang, Jian; Iversen, Tor; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Godager, Geir (2019). Are patient-regarding preferences stable? Evidence from a laboratory experiment with physicians and medical students from different countries . Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7756-265-0. 2019(1).
• Wang, Jian; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike; Iversen, Tor & Godager, Geir (2017). How Changes in Payment Schemes Influence Provision Behavior-Evidence from a lab experiment with physicians and medical students. universitetet i oslo. ISSN 9788277562612. 2017(2).
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2016). Brukernes erfaringer med fastlegeordningen 2001- 2015. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7756-258-2. 2016(10).
• Godager, Geir; Iversen, Tor; Morken, Tone & Hunskaar, Steinar (2015). Fastlønn ved legevaktarbeid. Nasjonalt kompetansesenter for legevaktmedisin, Uni Research Helse. ISSN 9788292970911.
• Godager, Geir; Hennig-Schmidt, Heike & Iversen, Tor (2014). Does performance disclosure influence physicians’ medical decisions? An experimental study. Helseøkonomisk forskningsnettverk ved Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7756-243-8. 2014(4).
• Godager, Geir & Iversen, Tor (2014). Brukernes erfaringer med fastlegeordningen 2001 – 2012. Trender i bruk, tilgjengelighet og fornøydhet. HERO. ISSN 978-82-7756-241-4. 2014(2).

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