Jannicke Borch Myhre

• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Totland, Torunn Holm & Andersen, Lene Frost (2026). Validity of self-reported educational attainment collected as part of a telephone interview in a Norwegian dietary study. Journal of Public Health Research. ISSN 2279-9028. 15(3). doi: 10.1177/22799036261481566. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Loaeza, Lizbeth Moreno; Lara-Castor, Laura; Sharib, Julia R.; Cudhea, Frederick; Wang, Meng & Li, Peizhi [Vis alle 339 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Understanding sugar-sweetened beverage tax implementation globally: a 34-year, population-based observational study in 183 countries. The Lancet Global Health. ISSN 2572-116X. 14(6). doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(26)00093-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages can improve public health. We aimed to characterise the extent and types of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes implemented worldwide and the national characteristics predicting implementation, such as sugar-sweetened beverage intake amounts, disease rates, or economic development. Methods: This longitudinal analysis aggregated serial global datasets (including the Global Dietary Database, Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factor Collaboration, Global Burden of Disease study, and World Bank data) from 1990 to 2024 in 183 countries to assess sugar-sweetened beverage tax characteristics and national predictors of policy adoption. Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes for public health purposes were identified and characterised, including amounts, fiscal instruments, structures, and covered beverages. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, obesity and diabetes prevalence, gross domestic product (GDP), and sociodemographic index (SDI) were assessed as predictors of tax implementation using Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates. Findings: From 1990 to 2024, 64 countries implemented sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, accelerating over time and covering 3·5 billion people globally. South Asia led in adoption (50% of countries; median tax rate 7·5%), followed by southeast and east Asia (47·8%; 5·0%), the Middle East and North Africa (30·0%; 17·0%), and Latin America and the Caribbean (31·3%; 7·0%). Taxes were ad valorem (ie, based on price; 45%), volume-based (44%), sugar-content-based (5%), or mixed (6%), and 13% of countries earmarked revenue for public health. Multivariable-adjusted predictors of tax implementation included diabetes prevalence (hazard ratio [HR]=1·22 [95% CI 1·05–1·43]), obesity prevalence (1·14 [1·00–1·29]), GDP per capita (HR per $10 000: 1·19 [1·06–1·34]), and SDI (0·70 [0·57–0·86]), but not sugar-sweetened beverage intake (0·77 [0·42–1·39]). Interpretation: Global adoption of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes has rapidly accelerated since 1990; however, there is important heterogeneity by region and tax structure, and the taxes are shaped by a country's economic capacity, social development, and health conditions.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Øyri, Linn Kristin Lie; Holven, Kirsten Bjørklund & Andersen, Lene Frost (2025). Vitamin D status in Norwegian children and associations between child vitamin D status, dietary factors, and maternal vitamin D status. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 69. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v69.10727. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background and aims: There is limited data regarding the vitamin D status of infants and young children in Norway. We aimed to assess vitamin D status among Norwegian children at approximately 6 and 12 months of age and explore associations between child vitamin D status, dietary factors, and maternal vitamin D status. Methods: Mothers/parents completed a food frequency questionnaire for their 6/12-month-old child. Dried blood spot samples were collected from the mother and child. Results: The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D) concentration was 81 nmol/L (standard deviation [SD] 22 nmol/L) for 6-month-old children (n = 84) and 72 nmol/L (SD 22 nmol/L) for 12-month-old children (n = 56) (P = 0.03 for difference between age groups). In the younger and older age groups, 94 and 88% of the children, respectively, had a S-25(OH)D concentration ≥ 50 nmol/L. The mean dietary vitamin D intake was 12 μg/day for the 6-month-olds and 14 μg/day for the 12-month-olds. Adjusted linear regression models showed that for every μg/day increase in dietary vitamin D intake, serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) increased by around one nmol/L for both age groups (P = 0.002 for the younger age group and P = 0.04 for the older age group). Use of vitamin D supplements was associated with higher S-25(OH)D concentrations in both age groups, while a higher S-25(OH)D concentration among formula users was found only in the youngest age group. Breastfeeding was not associated with S-25(OH)D concentration in either age group. Small positive correlations between child and maternal vitamin D status were observed for both the younger (r = 0.22) and the older (r = 0.28) age groups (P = 0.04 for both groups). Conclusion: While there was a wide range in S-25(OH)D concentrations among children, most were within the sufficient range. Adequate vitamin D intake should be encouraged both in the first and second year of life.

• Ahles, Amelia; Muhammad, Andrew; Yenerall, Jacqueline N.; Reedy, Julia; Shi, Peilin & Zhang, Jianyi [Vis alle 333 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region: a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries. BMJ Open. 14(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074562. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective When considering proposals to improve diets, it is important to understand how factors like price and income can affect saturated fat (SF) intake and demand. In this study, we examine and estimate the influence of price and income on intake across 160 countries, by age and sex, and derive sensitivity measures (price elasticities) that vary by age, sex and world region. Design We econometrically estimate intake responsiveness to income and prices across countries, accounting for differences by world region, age and sex. Intake data by age, sex and country were obtained from the 2018 Global Dietary Database. These data were then linked to global price data for select food groups from the World Bank International Comparison Programme and income data from the World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank). Results Intake differences due to price were highly significant, with a 1% increase in price associated with a lower SF intake (% energy/d) of about 4.3 percentage points. We also find significant differences across regions. In high-income countries, median (age 40) intake reductions were 1.4, 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points, given a 1% increase in the price of meat, dairy, and oils and fats, respectively. Price elasticities varied with age but not sex. Intake differences due to income were insignificant when regional binary variables were included in the analysis. Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among prices and intake within and across countries. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneous effects as they address global nutrition and health challenges.

• Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Totland, Torunn Holm & Andersen, Lene Frost (2023). Discretionary foods and drinks in Norwegian children and adolescents' diet: Data from the national dietary survey Ungkost 3. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 26(12), s. 2629–2640. doi: 10.1017/S1368980023001982. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: This study aimed to identify the amount of discretionary foods and drinks consumed by Norwegian children and adolescents, describe how such products contribute to the intake of total energy and nutrients, and study the distribution in intake of discretionary foods and drinks across different meals. Secondly, the aim was to explore factors associated with those children and adolescents having the highest consumption of discretionary foods and drinks. Design: Secondary analysis of data from a national survey of dietary intake among Norwegian children and adolescents. Setting: Schools in fifty randomly selected municipalities in Norway. Participants: The study population included 636 pupils in 4th grade (9–11 years) and 687 pupils in 8th grade (12–14 years). Results: Discretionary foods and drinks contributed to about 20 % of the children and adolescents’ total energy intake. These products contributed to about two-thirds of the participants’ intake of added sugar, and limited amounts of dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals. The quartile which had the lowest proportion of their energy intake from discretionary foods and drinks seemed to have a higher intake of whole grains, and fish and seafood. Conclusions: Almost all 4th and 8th graders in Norway consumed discretionary foods and drinks, and these products contributed to a substantial proportion of the total energy intake and limited amounts of nutrients. Those children and adolescents consuming the least discretionary foods and drinks had a higher intake of whole grains, fish and seafood, indicating healthier and more sustainable food habits.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Totland, Torunn Holm; Lande, Britt & Andersen, Lene Frost (2023). Secular trends in infant feeding practices during the first year of life in Norway: Findings from 1998 to 2019 - the Spedkost surveys. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 131(5), s. 851–859. doi: 10.1017/S0007114523002246. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aims of the present study were to assess secular trends in breast-feeding and to explore associations between age at introduction of solid foods and breast-feeding duration. Data from three national dietary surveys in Norway were used, including infants born in 1998 (Spedkost 1, n 1537), 2006 (Spedkost 2, n 1490) and 2018 (Spedkost 3, n 1831). In all surveys, around 80 % of the infants were breastfed at 6 months of age. At 12 months of age, breast-feeding rate was 41 % in Spedkost 1, increasing to 48 % in Spedkost 2 and 51 % in Spedkost 3. Compared with earlier introduction, introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was associated with a lower risk of breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. In Spedkost 2, the adjusted hazard ratio for breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life for those introduced to solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was 0·43 (95 % CI (0·31, 0·60)), P < 0·001, while the corresponding number in Spedkost 3 was 0·44 (95 % CI (0·29, 0·67)), P < 0·001. In conclusion, breast-feeding at infant age 12 months increased over time. Introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was positively associated with breast-feeding duration in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. As breast-feeding contributes to numerous health benefits for infant and mother, and possibly improved dietary sustainability in infancy, findings point to the importance of continued protection, support and promotion of breast-feeding.

• Lara-Castor, Laura; Micha, Renata; Cudhea, Frederick; Miller, Victoria; Shi, Peilin & Zhang, Jianyi [Vis alle 348 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Sugar-sweetened beverage intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries. Nature Communications. 14(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41269-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with cardiometabolic diseases and social inequities. For most nations, recent estimates and trends of intake are not available; nor variation by education or urbanicity. We investigated SSB intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries, stratified subnationally by age, sex, education, and rural/urban residence, using data from the Global Dietary Database. In 2018, mean global SSB intake was 2.7 (8 oz = 248 grams) servings/week (95% UI 2.5-2.9) (range: 0.7 (0.5-1.1) in South Asia to 7.8 (7.1-8.6) in Latin America/Caribbean). Intakes were higher in male vs. female, younger vs. older, more vs. less educated, and urban vs. rural adults. Variations by education and urbanicity were largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1990 and 2018, SSB intakes increased by +0.37 (+0.29, +0.47), with the largest increase in Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings inform intervention, surveillance, and policy actions worldwide, highlighting the growing problem of SSBs for public health in Sub-Saharan Africa.

• Stea, Tonje Holte; Holvik, Kristin; Bryntesen, Caroline Marlen Solie & Myhre, Jannicke Borch (2021). Changes in food habits amongst Norwegian adolescents in 2016 and 2019 according to gender and socioeconomic status. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 65, s. 1–10. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v65.6262. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Monitoring dietary habits is important in order to identify risk groups and as a basis for targeted public health initiatives. Objective: To study trends in consumption of selected foods and beverages from 2016 to 2019 amongst Norwegian adolescents according to gender and parental education. Design: Repeated cross-sectional study amongst 25,996 adolescents, aged 14–17 years old. Consumption of selected food and beverages was measured by an online food frequency questionnaire and general linear models were applied to estimate changes in dietary habits. Results: Between 2016 and 2019, we observed a reduced frequency of consumption of vegetables (from 4.7 to 4.4 times/week), fruit and berries (from 4.4 to 4.2 times/week), whole-grain bread (from 5.1 to 4.2 times/week), and fish (from 2.3 to 1.6 times/week). During this time period, we also observed a reduced frequency of consumption of salty snacks (from 2.1 to 1.9 times/week), sweets (from 2.3 to 2.0 times/week), sugar-sweetened beverages (from 2.8 to 2.6 times/week), and artificially sweetened beverages (from 2.2 to 1.5 times/week). In girls, there was a decrease in the reported frequency of consumption of fruit and berries (−4%, vs. no change in boys). The decrease in consumption frequency of whole-grain bread was larger in girls than in boys (−19% vs. −14%). Further, a 17% decrease in consumption of sweets was observed amongst adolescents with no or only one parent having college/university education compared to a 13% decrease in adolescents whose both parents had college/university education. Conclusion: Our results showed a decrease in frequency of consumption of selected healthy and unhealthy food and beverages amongst adolescents between 2016 and 2019. The gender gap in consumption of fruit and berries and whole-grain bread seemed to decrease during this time period, and the socio-economic gap in consumption of sweets seemed to disappear.

• Øyri, Linn Kristin Lie; Bogsrud, Martin Prøven; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Astrup, Helene & Retterstøl, Kjetil [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Cholesterol at ages 6, 12 and 24 months: Tracking and associations with diet and maternal cholesterol in the Infant Cholesterol Study. Atherosclerosis. ISSN 0021-9150. 326, s. 11–16. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background and aims: There are indications for tracking of circulating total cholesterol concentration (TC) from childhood to later in life. An increased lifelong TC exposure increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis, however little is known about the determinants of TC early in life. We aimed to describe TC in Norwegian offspring aged 6, 12 and 24 months, and to explore if maternal TC, breastfeeding and offspring diet are associated with offspring TC. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, mothers of offspring aged 6 (n = 629), 12 (n = 258) and 24 (n = 263) months completed a questionnaire of the offspring's diet and took home-based dried blood spot samples from themselves and their offspring. The mothers and offspring participating at age 12 months also participated at age 6 months of the offspring. Results: Offspring TC showed a wide range in all three age groups. Twenty one percent of the offspring had TC ≥ 5.1 mmol/l. There was significant tracking of offspring TC from 6 to 12 months of age (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Maternal and offspring TC was positively associated in all age groups (0.20 ≤ β ≤ 0.40, p < 0.001 for all). Breastfeeding was positively associated with offspring TC at ages 6 and 12 months (0.05 ≤ β ≤ 0.26, 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.03), but not at age 24 months. Conclusions: The wide range in TC and probable tracking of TC from infancy to later in life highlights the importance of early identification of children with elevated TC who can benefit from preventive measures.

• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost; Holvik, Kristin; Astrup, Helene & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2019). Means of increasing response rates in a Norwegian dietary survey among infants – results from a pseudo-randomized pilot study. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12874-019-0789-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Postal surveys are widely used in scientific studies, including dietary surveys, but few studies about methods to increase participation in national dietary surveys are published. In the present study we compared response rates in a pilot study to a national dietary survey among infants using two different incentives (gift certificate or lottery), personalization in the form of handwritten name and address vs. a printed label and mode of sending out invitations (e-mail or postal invitation). Methods In this parallel-design pseudo-randomized pilot trial, a nationally representative sample of 698 mothers of infants aged 6 and 12 months was drawn from the Norwegian National Registry and invited to complete a food frequency questionnaire about their infant’s diet. One half of the mothers of 6 month olds were randomized by alternation to the lottery group (n = 198) and offered to participate in a lottery of two prizes (500 EUR and 1000 EUR). The other half (n = 200) was offered a gift certificate (50 EUR) upon completion of the questionnaire. Each incentive group was randomized by alternation to receiving an invitation with handwritten name and address or a printed label. For the mothers of infants aged 12 months (n = 300), 150 mothers received an e-mail invitation and 150 mothers received a postal invitation. Logistic regression was used for testing differences between the groups. Results The response rate was significantly higher (p = 0.028) in the gift certificate group (72%) than in the lottery group (62%). No difference was seen between those receiving an invitation with a handwritten name and address (68%) compared to a printed label (66%, p = 0.72). A somewhat higher response rate was seen when using the postal (50%) compared to the e-mail invitation (43%, p = 0.25). Conclusions In this pseudo-randomized parallel-design trial of women participating in a national dietary survey among infants, the response rate was higher when offered a gift certificate than when participating in a lottery. Handwritten name and address did not affect participation compared to a printed label. Only a moderate difference was seen between the postal and e-mail invitation. Others conducting similar methodological studies are encouraged to publish their results to expand the knowledge basis in this area.

• Medin, Anine Christine; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Diep, Lien My & Andersen, Lene Frost (2019). Diet quality on days without breakfast or lunch - Identifying targets to improve adolescents' diet. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 135, s. 123–130. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Dietary intake in adolescents does often not align with the recommended dietary guidelines. Excess intakes of added sugar and saturated fat, and insufficient vegetable intake are among the identified challenges, which can affect future health negatively. Identifying targets to improve dietary practices is therefore essential. The current study aimed to examine the prevalence of meal skipping and if meal skipping days had a different diet quality than other days, using data from a recent Norwegian dietary survey in adolescents (n = 689, age 12-14 years). Their dietary intake was recorded for four days, using a web-based record system. Differences between days with, and without, breakfast or lunch were explored using mixed effect models, adjusting for correlated data and covariates, including weekday-weekend effect. In total, 8% and 11% were days without breakfast and lunch, respectively. Days with breakfast or lunch were associated with higher intake of fibre, and higher odds of consuming fruits and berries, juice and smoothie, than days without breakfast or lunch. Weekdays with lunch were also associated with lower intakes of added sugar and total fat (in % of energy), and discretionary foods, compared to weekdays without lunch. Skipping breakfast and lunch was associated with reduced diet quality in adolescents. Targeting these meals, and in particular school lunch, is a potential way forward to improve adolescents' dietary intake.

• Johansen, Anne Marte Wetting; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Hjartåker, Anette & Andersen, Lene Frost (2019). Validation of energy intake recorded by a 7-day pre-coded food diary against measured energy expenditure in a group of Norwegian adults. PLOS ONE. 14(4), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215638. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to validate energy intake (EI) reported by a pre-coded food diary (PFD) against energy expenditure (EE) measured by the ActiReg system consisting of an activity and position monitor and a calculation program (ActiCalc). Dietary intake was recorded by the PFD and EE was measured by the ActiReg system over a 7-day period. One hundred and twenty adult participants completed the study, 42 men and 78 women. The average group EI was 17% lower compared to measured EE. The 95% limits of agreement were 6.7 and -2.9 MJ/day. Of all participants, 68% were classified as acceptable reporters, 29% as underreporters and only 3% as overreporters. Fifty percent of the men and 30% of the women were classified into the same quartile for EI and EE, whereas 5% of both men and women were ranked in the opposite quartile by the two methods (weighted kappa coefficient = 0.29). Pearson correlation coefficient between reported EI and measured EE was 0.49 (p<0.001). High BMI was related to larger underreporting when EE was low. Furthermore, this study found that PFD underestimates EI on the group level with an average of 17% and showed large variation in the validity of the PFD on the individual level.

• Øyri, Linn Kristin Lie; Bogsrud, Martin Prøven; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Retterstøl, Kjetil & Brekke, Hilde Kristin [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Infant cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin concentrations vary widely - associations with breastfeeding, infant diet and maternal biomarkers. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 109(1), s. 115–121. doi: 10.1111/apa.14936. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: Elevated total cholesterol (TC) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are risk factors for cardiovascular disease however little is known about their determinants in infants. We aimed to describe TC and HbA1c concentrations in infants aged 8-14 months, and explore the relation between infant TC, HbA1c, breastfeeding, infant diet, and maternal TC and HbA1c. Methods: In this cross-sectional pilot study, mothers of infants aged 6 and 12 months were invited to complete a food frequency questionnaire and to take home-based dried blood spot samples from themselves and their infants. Results: Among the 143 included infants, the mean (SD, range) concentration was 4.1 (0.8, 2.3-6.6) mmol/L for TC and 4.9 (0.4, 3.7-6.0) % for HbA1c. There was no significant difference between age groups or sexes. There was a positive relation between TC concentrations of all infants and mothers (B=0.30 unadjusted, B=0.32 adjusted, P<0.001 for both), and a negative relation between infant TC and intake of unsaturated fatty acids in the oldest age group (B=-0.09, P=0.03 unadjusted, B=-0.08, P=0.06 adjusted). Infant HbA1c was not significantly related to diet or maternal HbA1c. Conclusion: TC and HbA1c concentrations varied widely among infants aged 8-14 months. Infant TC was associated with macronutrient intake and maternal TC.

• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Johansen, Anne Marte Wetting; Hjartåker, Anette & Andersen, Lene Frost (2018). Relative validation of a pre-coded food diary in a group of Norwegian adults - Comparison of underreporters and acceptable reporters. PLOS ONE. 13(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202907. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Estimating dietary intake is important for both epidemiological and clinical studies. In large studies, a balance has to be achieved between methods with high accuracy and methods that are easy to use. The aim of the present study was to compare results from a pre-coded scanable food diary (PFD) with results from a weighed record (WR) in a group of Norwegian adults. We also explored differences in day-to-day energy intake and the distribution of energy intake across the day in acceptable reporters (ARs) and underreporters (URs). Participants (n = 114, mean age 35 years, 68% women) recorded dietary intake with the PFD for 7 consecutive days. One week after completing the PFD, participants completed a 7 days WR. No difference in mean energy intake was seen between methods. Few differences were seen for the macronutrients, the most noticeable difference being the percentage of energy (E%) from carbohydrates which was significantly lower with the PFD (47 E%) than with the WR (49 E%). For the micronutrients, intakes of calcium and vitamin A were both significantly higher with the PFD than with the WR. Pearson's correlation coefficient ranged from 0.47 (tocopherol) to 0.76 (E% carbohydrates) for all nutrients. Bread intake was significantly lower with the PFD while the intakes of edible fats, cheese and beverages were higher. Twenty-eight percent of the participants were found to be URs with the PFD. No clear pattern of underreporting at certain recording days or times of the day was seen. In conclusion, the results showed similar energy intakes and few differences in food and nutrient intakes between the PDF and the WR at the group level. Somewhat larger differences between the methods were seen at the individual level. Because of the reduced work load on both participants and researchers, the PFD seems a suitable alternative to the WR.

• Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Myhre, Jannicke Borch & Andersen, Lene Frost (2016). Beverage consumption patterns among Norwegian adults. Nutrients. 8(9). doi: 10.3390/nu8090561. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Beverages may be important contributors for energy intake and dietary quality. The purpose of the study was to investigate how beverage consumption varies between different meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper/evening meal, snacks) and between weekdays and weekend-days in Norwegian adults. A cross-sectional dietary survey was conducted among Norwegian adults (n = 1787) in 2010–2011. Two telephone-administered 24 h recalls were used for dietary data collection. Breakfast was the most important meal for milk and juice consumption, dinner for sugar-sweetened beverages and wine, and snacks for water, coffee, artificially sweetened beverages, and beer. Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages did not differ between weekdays and weekend-days among consumers. The average intake of wine and beer (men only) was higher on weekend-days. Higher age was positively associated with wine consumption and negatively associated with consumption of water, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened beverages. Higher education was associated with consumption of water, beer, and wine, whereas lower education was associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Beverage consumption patterns among Norwegian adults vary between different meal types and in subgroups of the population. Alcohol consumption was higher on weekend-days. Knowledge regarding beverage consumption patterns in the population should be considered when revising dietary guidelines in the future. View Full-Text

• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Wandel, Margareta & Andersen, Lene Frost (2016). Differences in nutrient composition and choice of side dishes between red meat and fish dinners in Norwegian adults. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 60. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29555. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Food-based dietary guidelines often recommend increased consumption of fish and reduced intake of red and processed meat. However, little is known about how changing the main protein source from red meat to fish may influence the choice of side dishes. Objective: To investigate whether side dish choices differed between red meat and fish dinners. Moreover, to compare intakes of macronutrients and selected micronutrients in red meat and fish dinners and to see whether whole-day intakes of these nutrients differed between days with red meat dinners and days with fish dinners. Design: Data were collected in a cross-sectional nationwide Norwegian dietary survey using two non-consecutive telephone-administered 24-h recalls. The recalls were conducted approximately 4 weeks apart. In total, 2,277 dinners from 1,517 participants aged 18–70 were included in the analyses. Results: Fish dinners were more likely to include potatoes and carrots than red meat dinners, whereas red meat dinners more often contained bread, tomato sauce, and cheese. Red meat dinners contained more energy and iron; had higher percentages of energy (E%) from fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat; and a lower E% from protein and polyunsaturated fat than fish dinners. Fish dinners contained more vitamin D, β-carotene, and folate than red meat dinners. Similar differences were found when comparing whole-day intakes of the same nutrients on days with red meat versus fish dinners. Conclusion: Fish dinners were accompanied by different side dishes than red meat dinners. With regard to nutrient content, fish dinners generally had a healthier profile than red meat dinners. However, iron intake was higher for red meat dinners. Information about associated foods will be useful both for developing public health guidelines and when studying associations between dietary factors and health outcomes.

• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Wandel, Margareta & Andersen, Lene Frost (2015). The contribution of snacks to dietary intake and their association with eating location among Norwegian adults - Results from a cross-sectional dietary survey. BMC Public Health. 15(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1712-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Snack consumption has been reported to increase over recent decades. Little is known about possible associations between snack composition and snack eating location. In the present study, we aimed to describe the contribution of snacks to dietary intake in Norwegian adults and to investigate whether the composition of snacks differed according to where they were eaten. Methods Dietary data were collected in 2010 and 2011 using two telephone administered 24 h recalls about four weeks apart. In total, 1787 participants aged 18-70 years completed two recalls. The recorded eating locations were at home, other private household, work/school, restaurant/cafe/fast-food outlet and travel/meeting. Results Snacks contributed to 17% and 21% of the energy intake in men and women, respectively. Compared with main meals, snacks had a higher fiber density (g/MJ) and contained a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrates, added sugars and alcohol, while the percentages of energy from fat and protein were lower. The top five energy-contributing food groups from snacks were cakes, fruits, sugar/sweets, bread and alcoholic beverages. Snacks were mostly eaten at home (58% of all snacks) or at work/school (23% of all snacks). Snacks consumed at work/school contained less energy, had a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrates and had lower percentages of energy from added sugars, alcohol and fat than snacks consumed at home. Snacks consumed during visits to private households and at restaurants/cafe/fast-food outlets contained more energy, had a higher percentage of energy from fat and had a lower fiber density than snacks consumed at home. Conclusions We conclude that snacks are an important part of the diet and involve the consumption of both favorable and less favorable foods. Snacks eaten at home or at work/school were generally healthier than snacks consumed during visits to other private households or at restaurants/cafe/fast-food outlets. Nutritional educators should recommend healthy snack options and raise awareness of the association between eating location and snack composition.

• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Wandel, Margareta & Andersen, Lene Frost (2014). Eating location is associated with the nutritional quality of the diet in Norwegian adults. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 17(4), s. 915–923. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013000268. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Wandel, Margareta & Andersen, Lene Frost (2014). Meal types as sources for intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains among Norwegian adults. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 18(11), s. 2011–2021. doi: 10.1017/S1368980014002481. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fredriksen, Jannicke; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Borgejordet, A; Gjerdevik, K & Nordbotten, A (2009). Unexpected sources of vitamin C. Food Chemistry. ISSN 0308-8146. 113(3), s. 832–834. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fredriksen, Jannicke; Ueland, Thor; Dyrøy, E; Halvorsen, Bente; Melby, K & Melbye, L [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2004). Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. ISSN 0014-2972. 34(10), s. 709–715. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Totland, Torunn Holm; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Lund, Nicolai Andre; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Johansson, Lars & Andersen, Lene Frost (2012). Does the intake of energy and macronutrients differ by personal characteristics among Norwegian adults? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Totland, Torunn Holm; Myhre, Jannicke Borch & Andersen, Lene Frost (2011). Do Norwegians who fulfill the physical activity recommendation also adhere to the food based dietary guidelines? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Løken, Elin Bjørge; Totland, Torunn Holm & Fredriksen, Jannicke (2009). Testing of participation rate in a national dietary survey using 24 hour recalls by telephone. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fredriksen, Jannicke; Vesterhus, Kari Norunn; Borgejordet, Åse; Nordbotten, Astrid; Gjerdevik, Kathrin & Løken, Elin Bjørge [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2008). Norwegian white wheat flour. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Borgejordet, Åse; Fredriksen, Jannicke; Nordbotten, Astrid; Gjerdevik, Kathrin & Løken, Elin Bjørge (2008). Norwegian analytical values for vitamin K1 in selected vegetables and vegetable oils. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fredriksen, Jannicke; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Borgejordet, Åse; Gjerdevik, Kathrin & Nordbotten, Astrid (2007). Unexpected Sources of Vitamin C. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Sausages and mashed potatoes make a popular main dish on Norwegian dinner tables. So far the mashed potatoes have been assumed the main source of vitamin C in this dish, and presently the vitamin C content in sausages is listed as zero in the Norwegian Food Composition Table as well as in several other countries’ food composition tables. However, maybe it’s time to reconsider? Method: As part of the continuous work with updating the Norwegian Food Composition Table, samples of different kinds of sausages (Frankfurters, sausages for grilling, and meat sausages) from the largest producers on the Norwegian market were analyzed for relevant nutrients including vitamin C. Vitamin C was measured by HPLC electrochemical detection as the sum of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. The analytical work was performed at the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research in Bergen in 2005. Results and discussion: The content of vitamin C in the analyzed sausages varied from 11 to 40 mg/100 g sausage. This is explained by the addition of vitamin C as an antioxidant by the producers to prevent oxidative degradation of the meat. Vitamin C was declared for all the sausages in the analytical project. When including the new analytical values for vitamin C in sausages in a nutrient calculation database, the total vitamin C intake in the most recent national dietary surveys increased by 7-9 % in adults, children and youth. Other meat products such as cold cuts and salami-like sausages also have declared use of vitamin C as an antioxidant, and a larger impact on total vitamin C intake may be seen if also these and other processed meat products turn out to be significant sources of vitamin C. Conclusion: When planning analytical projects, care should be taken to include vitamin C when analyzing meat products where this vitamin may have been added for antioxidant purposes.

• Borgejordet, Åse & Fredriksen, Jannicke (2005). The Norwegian Food Composition Table. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristensen, Anne Marte; Fredriksen, Jannicke; Løken, Elin Bjørge; Borgejordet, Åse & Nordbotten, Astrid (2004). Does nutrition labeling reflect the analyzed contents of processed food items? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Food manufacturers may label their food items to inform consumers about the nutrient composition of the product. According to Norwegian regulations, declared values may originate from one of three sources: (i) analysis of the specific food item, (ii) calculations based on known or actual average values for the ingredients included in the food item or (iii) calculations based on well established and accepted data. Regulations do not require that the manufacturer states which of these sources was used to obtain the declared nutrient values. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare analyzed and declared nutrient values in recently analyzed Norwegian food items. Methods: A total of 121 products were analyzed during 2000-2002, of which 22 were single food items with declared nutrient contents and could therefore be included in the comparison. The analyzed foods represent market leader products within selected food groups and were sampled in the Bergen area as part of the continuous work with the Norwegian Food Composition Table. Analyses of protein (i.e. nitrogen x 6.25), available carbohydrate (sum of starch and mono+disaccharides), and total fat were performed according to standard procedures at the Institute of Nutrition under the Directorate of Fisheries in Bergen. The energy content was calculated based on the analyzed as well as the declared contents of carbohydrate (17 kJ/g), protein (17 kJ/g), and fat (37 kJ/g) and compared with the declared energy value. Results: The table below (not included here) shows the energy content of food items where the declared value differed more than 10 % from the value based on analysis. For poultry products the differences between declared and analyzed fat content explained most of the differences in energy content. No such relationships were found for the other products. Possible explanations for the discrepancies observed include different methods used for analysis, natural variation in the nutrient contents of the ingredients, calculations based on unspecified sources (cf. (ii), (iii) above), and use of different conversion factors when calculating energy content. Calculated energy content based on declared values indicates that the latter explanation did not play an important role. Conclusions: Our findings show differences between analyzed and declared nutrient contents for some foods. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible discrepancies between analyzed and declared nutrient contents. With respect to future nutrition labeling regulations, it is desirable that manufacturers are required to state the source of the declared nutrient contents.

• Fredriksen, Jannicke & Kristensen, Anne Marte (2004). Deklarering av matvarer - er det samsvar mellom deklarerte og analyserte næringstoffverdier? Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring (NTFE). ISSN 1503-5034. 03. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Astrup, Helene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost; Kristiansen, Anne Lene & Lund-Blix, Nicolai Andre (2020). Småbarnskost 3. Landsomfattende undersøkelse av kostholdet blant 2-åringer i Norge. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284061009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Småbarnskost 3 er den tredje landsomfattende kartleggingen av kostholdet blant 2-åringer i Norge. I februar 2019 ble 3000 mødre til barn født i februar 2017 invitert til å fylle ut et spørreskjema om kostholdet til barnet ved 2 års alder. Spørreskjemaet var tilgjengelig både som et elektronisk spørreskjema og et papirspørreskjema. Deltakelsesprosenten i Småbarnskost 3 var 47 %. Mødrenes gjennomsnittsalder var 33 år og de fleste mødrene (67 %) hadde høyere utdanning. Da barnet var 2 år hadde de fleste mødrene (63 %) inntektsgivende arbeid på heltid og de fleste barna (94 %) gikk i barnehage. Resultatene fra Småbarnskost 3 viser en rekke positive trekk ved kostholdet til 2-åringer. Barna hadde et kosthold som i stor grad var i tråd med anbefalingene og inkluderte grovt brød, grøt og andre kornvarer, frukt, bær og grønnsaker, kjøtt og fisk, yoghurt og melk. Inntaket av næringsstoffer var også i stor grad i tråd med anbefalingene, med unntak av inntaket av mettet fett som i gjennomsnitt lå over anbefalt nivå og inntaket av jern som lå under anbefalt nivå for jenter. Tilskudd av vitamin D var nødvendig for å komme på nivå med anbefalt inntak av vitamin D. De viktigste resultatene fra undersøkelsen er summert opp i punktene under: • I andre leveår var andelen som ble ammet 34 % ved 13 måneders alder, 24 % ved 15 måneder, 16 % ved 18 måneder og 8 % ved 2 års alder. • 79 % av barna fikk grøt og gjennomsnittlig inntak av grøt var 87 g/dag. Hjemmelaget grøt ble gitt til 68 % og industrifremstilt grøt ble gitt til 29 % av barna. • Tilnærmet alle barna fikk brød, og gjennomsnittlig inntak var 113 g/dag. Grovt brød og ekstra grovt brød var de mest brukte brødtypene. De mest brukte påleggstypene var hvitost/smøreost og leverpostei. • Tilnærmet alle barna fikk grønnsaker og frukt og bær daglig eller ukentlig. Totalt gjennomsnittlig inntak av grønnsaker var 80 g/dag, og det var gulrot og tomat som var mest spist. Gjennomsnittlig inntak av frukt og bær var 181 g/dag, hvorav frisk frukt utgjorde 109 g/dag, mens industrifremstilte fruktmoser bidro med 35 gram frukt og bær per dag. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av potet var 16 g/dag. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av fisk og fiskeprodukter var 33 g/dag. Inntaket av kjøtt og kjøttprodukter var 35 g/dag. Rødt kjøtt utgjorde 83 % og hvitt kjøtt utgjorde 17 % av det totale kjøttinntaket. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av kumelk som drikke var i underkant av 3 dl/dag. De fleste drakk lettmelk med 1 % fett (60 %) og lettmelk med 0,5 % fett (tilsatt vitamin D)(46 %). • De fleste barna (92 %) fikk yoghurt daglig eller ukentlig. Gjennomsnittlig inntak var 102 g/dag, og det meste av inntaket var fruktyoghurt. • Alle barna fikk vann, og gjennomsnittlig inntak var i underkant av 5 dl/dag. • 53 % av barna fikk juice daglig eller ukentlig, og gjennomsnittsinntaket var 29 g/dag. • 48 % av barna fikk søte drikker som saft, brus og nektar med sukker, og gjennomsnittlig inntak var i underkant av en halv desiliter per dag (40 g/dag). • 54 % av barna fikk vitamin D-tilskudd eller annet kosttilskudd, hvorav 30 % fikk tran og 16 % fikk vitamin D-dråper. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av vitaminer og mineraler var på nivå med eller høyere enn anbefalt, med unntak av jern, som var litt under anbefalingen for jenter. Tran/vitamin D-dråper eller annet tilskudd med vitamin D var nødvendig for å komme på nivå med anbefalt daglig inntak av vitamin D. • Inntaket av vitamin A var over anbefalt daglig inntak, og den viktigste kilden var leverpostei. • Kosttilskudd (tran og vitamin D-dråper) var den viktigste kilden til vitamin D. Matvaregruppen smør, margarin og olje bidro også vesentlig til vitamin D. • De viktigste kildene til jern var brød, grøt og kjøtt/kjøttprodukter. • De viktigste kildene til jod var matvaregruppene melk og yoghurt og fisk og fiskeprodukter. • Gjennomsnittlig andel energi fra de ulike energigivende næringsstoffene (karbohydrat, protein og fett) var innenfor anbefalingene, med unntak av mettet fett som bidro med 12,8 energiprosent (E%) og dermed lå over anbefalt inntak (< 10 E%). 85 % av barna fikk mer mettet fett i kosten enn anbefalt. Hovedkildene til mettet fett var matvaregruppene smør, margarin og olje, melk og yoghurt, ost og kjøtt/kjøttprodukter. • Gjennomsnittlig andel energi fra tilsatt sukker var på 4,6 E% og innenfor anbefalingen (< 10 E%). 4 % av barna hadde et inntak ≥ 10 E%. Hovedkildene til tilsatt sukker var søte drikker og yoghurt. • Det var ingen store forskjeller i inntak av matvarer og næringsstoffer mellom gutter og jenter, men gutter hadde et høyere inntak av enkelte matvarer som for eksempel grøt og brød og et noe høyere inntak av enkelte næringsstoffer som for eksempel karbohydrat og jern. Sammenligningen av resultatene fra Småbarnskost 3 (2019) med resultatene fra den forrige landsomfattende kostholdsundersøkelsen blant 2 år gamle barn (Småbarnskost 2, 2007) tyder på at det har det skjedd flere endringer i kostholdet til 2-åringer i løpet av denne 12-årsperioden. Selv om samme metode (matvarefrekvensspørreskjema) ble benyttet i de to undersøkelsene, må endringene over tid vurderes med forbehold siden spørreskjemaet har blitt noe endret, samt at svarprosenten var lavere i Småbarnskost 3 sammenlignet med Småbarnskost 2 (47 % i 2019 vs. 56 % i 2007). Siden forrige undersøkelse har andelen barn som blir ammet i andre leveår økt. Det har vært en reduksjon i inntak av søte drikker (40 g/dag i 2019 vs. 60 g/dag i 2007), og en økning i inntak av vann (475 g/dag i 2019 vs. 307 g/dag i 2007). Inntaket av grønnsaker har økt (71 g/dag i 2019 vs. 54 g/dag i 2007), samtidig som inntaket av potet har gått ned (13 g/dag i 2019 vs. 26 g/dag i 2007). Totalt inntak av frukt og bær har økt (181 g/dag i 2019 vs. 152 g/dag i 2007), men inntaket av frisk frukt har gått ned, samtidig som inntaket av fruktmoser, og da særlig industrifremstilte fruktmoser, har økt. Inntaket av grøt har økt (87 g/dag i 2019 vs. 58 g/dag i 2007), og da særlig inntaket av hjemmelaget grøt, samtidig som inntaket av brød har blitt noe redusert (113 g/dag i 2019 vs. 131 g/dag i 2007). Selv om det totale inntaket av brød har gått ned, er inntaket av grovt brød høyere i 2019 sammenlignet med 2007. Inntaket av yoghurt har også økt siden 2007 (102 g/dag i 2019 vs. 71 g/dag i 2007). Inntaket av kumelk som drikke har blitt noe redusert (286 g/dag i 2019 vs. 309 g/dag i 2007), og da særlig inntaket av lettmelk med 1 % fett, samtidig som inntaket av lettmelk med vitamin D har økt siden 2007. Det har også vært en økning i andel brukere av helmelk og smør/Bremykt siden forrige undersøkelse i 2007. Gjennomsnittlig andel energi fra tilsatt sukker var lavere i 2019 (4,6 E%) sammenlignet med i 2007 (6,7 E%), og andelen som var innenfor anbefalingen for tilsatt sukker (< 10 E%) var høyere (96 % i 2019 vs. 84 % i 2007). Inntaket av mettet fett blant 2 år gamle barn synes ikke å ha endret seg siden 2007. Flere av barna fikk vitamin D-dråper i 2019 (16 %) sammenlignet med i 2007 (4 %), samtidig som andelen som fikk tran har blitt noe redusert, fra 38 % i 2007 til 30 % i 2019. Det var også en vesentlig reduksjon i andel som svarte at de unngikk å gi enkelte matvarer til barnet fordi de var redd barnet kunne reagere med allergi/intoleranse (15 % i 2019 vs. 27 % i 2007), og denne reduksjonen kunne tilskrives en vesentlig reduksjon i andelen som svarte at de unngikk å gi nøtter til barnet.

• Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2020). Spedkost 3. Landsomfattende undersøkelse av kostholdet blant spedbarn i Norge, 12 måneder. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284060996. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hansen, Lisa Brooke; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Johansen, Anne Marte Wetting; Paulsen, Mari Mohn & Andersen, Lene Frost (2015). UNGKOST 3. Landsomfattende kostholdsundersøkelse blant elever i 4. -og 8. klasse i Norge, 2015. Folkehelseinstituttet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Borgejordet, Åse; Nordbotten, Astrid; Løken, Elin Bjørge & Fagerli, Rønnaug Aarflot (2012). Nutritional composition of selected wild and farmed raw fish. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of the present project was to supply new, representative data for the nutritional composition of seven commonly used types of unprocessed fish in the continuous work to update the Norwegian Food Composition Database. The types of fish included in this project were wild caught mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and farmed cod (Gadus morhua), halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and salmon (Salmo salar). The samples were originally collected as part of a project at the Norwegian Food Control Authority’s department of fish and seafood in Bergen, aiming to obtain representative data for levels of contaminants in some wild and farmed types of fish caught in the North Sea and along the Norwegian coast. As updated information about the nutritional composition of several of the same types of fish was needed for the Norwegian Food Composition Table, collaboration was established and the samples were analysed for relevant nutrients in addition to contaminants. The sampling was organised between August 2006 and January 2008 by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority’s Section for Fish and Seafood in Bergen, Norway. The majority of the analyses were conducted by the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research in Bergen (NIFES), Norway. Analysis of phosphorous and folate was done by the subcontractor ALS Analytica in Oslo, Norway, whereas 25-OH D3 was performed by the Danish Technical University (DTU). Analysis of folate was repeated by NIFES in 2009. No large differences in nutrient content were found compared to the present values in the Norwegian Food Composition Table 2006 for the relevant fish types. The most notable finding was lower concentration of vitamin D in mackerel. Furthermore, cholesterol values were somewhat higher than earlier values for all types of fish, also compared to NIFES’ own published results, www.nifes.no. The main results from this project will be included in the Norwegian Food Composition Table on the Internet.

• Totland, Torunn Holm; Melnæs, Benedicte Kjerpeseth; Hallén, Ninna; Kigen, Kaja Marie; Lund, Nicolai Andre & Myhre, Jannicke Borch [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Norkost 3 - En landsomfattende kostholdsundersøkelse blant menn og kvinner i Norge i alderen 18-70 år, 2010-11. Helsedirektoratet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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