Knut Tjøl Gjesdal

• Havig, Stine Marie; Berg-Pedersen, Riikka Mari; Krabseth, Hege-Merete; Müller, Lill Dannevig; Haugaa, Kristina Ingrid Helena Hermann & Zare, Hasse Khiabani [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Effect on QTc interval by switching from methadone to equipotent R-methadone dose in methadone maintenance treatment patients. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13982.
• Fyksen, Tea Sætereng; Vanberg, Paul; Gjesdal, Knut Tjøl; von Lueder, Thomas Gero; Bjørnerheim, Reidar & Steine, Kjetil [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Cardiovascular phenotype of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid abusers compared with strength-trained athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 32(8), s. 1170–1181. doi: 10.1111/sms.14172. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brunström, Mattias; Kjeldsen, Sverre; Kreutz, Reinhold; Gjesdal, Knut Tjøl; Narkiewicz, Krzysztof & Burnier, Michel [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Missing Verification of Source Data in Hypertension Research: The HYGIA PROJECT in Perspective. Hypertension. ISSN 0194-911X. 78(2), s. 555–558. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17356.
• Falk, Ragnhild Sørum; Mariampillai, Julian Eek; Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Heir, Trond; Bodegard, Johan & Robsahm, Trude Eid [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). The Oslo Ischaemia Study: cohort profile. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 11(10). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049111. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Purpose The Oslo Ischaemia Study was designed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of silent coronary disease in Norwegian middle-aged men, specifically validating exercise electrocardiography (ECG) findings compared with angiography. The study has been important in investigating long-term predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as investigating a broad spectrum of epidemiological and public health perspectives. Participants In 1972–1975, 2014 healthy men, 40–59 years old, were enrolled in the study. Comprehensive clinical examination included an ECG-monitored exercise test at baseline and follow-ups. The cohort has been re-examined four times during 20 years. Linkage to health records and national health registries has ensured complete endpoint registration of morbidity until the end of 2006, and cancer and mortality until the end of 2017. Findings to date The early study results provided new evidence, as many participants with a positive exercise ECG, but no chest pain (‘silent ischaemia’), did not have significant coronary artery stenosis after all. Still, they were over-represented with coronary disease after years of follow-up. Furthermore, participants with the highest physical fitness had lower risk of cardiovascular disease, and the magnitude of blood pressure responses to moderate exercise was shown to influence the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. With time, follow-up data allowed the scope of research to expand into other fields of medicine, with the aim of investigating predictors and the importance of lifestyle and risk factors. Future plans Recently, the Oslo Ischaemia Study has been found worthy, as the first scientific study, to be preserved by The National Archives of Norway. All the study material will be digitised, free to use and accessible for all. In 2030, the Oslo Ischaemia Study will be linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry to obtain complete follow-up to death. Thus, a broad spectrum of additional opportunities opens.

• Mariampillai, Julian Eek; Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Kjeldsen, Sverre; Liestøl, Knut; Grundvold, Irene & Bodegard, Johan [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Novel insights into stroke risk beyond resting and maximal bicycle exercise systolic blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension. ISSN 0263-6352. 39(10), s. 2022–2029. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002894.
• Mirza, Yusuf Ahmed; Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Selmer, Randi Marie; Liestøl, Knut; Grundvold, Irene & Erikssen, Jan Emil [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Tiårsprediksjon av hjerte-og karsykdom hos friske norske menn basert på NORRISK-2. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 140(12), s. 1–10. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0089. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ariansen, Inger; Degerud, Eirik Magnus Meek; Gjesdal, Knut; Tell, Grethe S. & Næss, Øyvind (2020). Examining the lower range of the association between alcohol intake and risk of incident hospitalization with atrial fibrillation. International journal of cardiology: Heart and Vasculature (IJCHA). ISSN 2352-9067. 31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100679. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Evidence is sparse on the association between alcohol intakes in the lower range and risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to investigate self-reported low and moderate alcohol intakes and subsequent risk of incident AF among current drinkers. Methods Norwegian population-based health examination surveys assessing self-reported daily alcohol intake (mean grams per day) were linked to health and population registers. Hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence interval) for time to incident (first) hospitalization with AF by alcohol intake level were assessed by Cox regression, with adjustment for educational level and cardiovascular risk factors except blood pressure. Results The study population included 234,392 participants (49% men). Incident hospitalization with AF was identified in 5043 (2.2%) persons during a mean follow-up of 9 years. Compared to a very low alcohol intake of <1 unit weekly, a moderate consumption in the range of 1 to <2 units daily increased the risk of incident AF by 18% (HR 1.18 [1.06–1.32]). The average risk of incident AF increased by 9% per daily alcohol unit of 12 g (HR 1.09 [1.03, 1.14]). In sex-stratified analyses significant associations were found in men only. Conclusions We found that less than two alcohol units/day significantly increased the risk of incident AF, however, in men only. Reduction of even a moderate alcohol intake may thus reduce the risk of AF at the population level.

• Barzenje, Aros Dlawer; Gjesdal, Knut; Winsvold, Bendik K S; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Stovner, Lars Jacob & Gravdahl, Gøril Bruvik [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Clinical and vascular responses to propranolol and candesartan in migraine patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Cephalalgia Reports. ISSN 2515-8163. 3, s. 1–8. doi: 10.1177/2515816320946491. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Both propranolol and candesartan are prophylactic drugs for migraine, but with unknown mechanisms of action. The objectives of the present study were to investigate these drugs’ effects on arterial wall dynamics and the potential relation between their vascular and clinical effect. Methods: The study was based on data from a previously published randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blinded, double crossover clinical trial comparing the prophylactic effects of candesartan and propranolol in 72 patients. Finapres noninvasive blood pressure curves were analyzed. On the descending limb of the pulse curve, a notch is produced by pulse wave reflection, and its relative height compared to the top of the curve (the notch ratio) was used as a marker of arterial wall stiffness. Results: Candesartan decreased the notch ratio from baseline (p ¼ 0.005), reflecting more compliant arteries and vasodilation, whereas propranolol increased the notch ratio (p ¼ 0.005), reflecting less compliant arteries and vasoconstriction. There was no difference in baseline notch ratio between clinical responders and nonresponders. Conclusion: The drugs are both efficient prophylactic medications, yet they have opposite effects on arterial wall dynamics. This suggests that drug effects other than those on arterial compliance must be responsible for their prophylactic effect in migraine.

• Bjørkavoll-Bergseth, Magnus; Kleiven, Øyunn; Auestad, Bjørn Henrik; Eftestøl, Trygve Christian; Oskal, Kay Raymond & Nygård, Martin [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Duration of elevated heart rate Is an important predictor of exercise-induced troponin elevation. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). ISSN 2047-9980. 9:e14408(4), s. 1–19. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014408. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mariampillai, Julian Eek; Liestøl, Knut; Kjeldsen, Sverre; Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Engeseth, Kristian & Bodegard, Johan [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure at Moderate Workload Is Linearly Associated With Coronary Disease Risk in Healthy Men. Hypertension Research. ISSN 0916-9636. 75(1), s. 44–50. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13528. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Piira, Anu Mirjam; Lannem, Anne M.; Gjesdal, Knut; Knutsen, Raymond; Jørgensen, Lone & Glott, Thomas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Quality of life and psychological outcomes of body-weight supported locomotor training in spinal cord injured persons with long-standing incomplete lesions. . Spinal Cord. ISSN 1362-4393. s. 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41393-019-0401-2.
• Piira, Anu Mirjam; Lannem, Anne M.; Sørensen, Marit; Glott, Thomas; Knutsen, Raymond & Jørgensen, Lone [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Robot-assisted locomotor training did not improve walking function in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. ISSN 1650-1977. 51(5), s. 385–389. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2547. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To assess the effects of robot-assisted locomotor training in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Design: Randomized single-blind controlled clinical trial. Setting: The intervention site was an outpatient clinic, and pre- and post-evaluations were performed in a rehabilitation hospital. Patients: A total of 24 subjects with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grades C or D, >?2 years post-injury. Interventions: Subjects were randomized to 60 days of robot-assisted locomotor training, or to usual care. Methods: Walking function, lower extremity muscle strength and balance were assessed single-blinded pre- and post-intervention. Results: After a 9-year recruitment period, only 24 of the planned 30 subjects had been enrolled (mean time since injury 17 (standard deviation (SD) 20) years for all subjects). Walking function, lower extremity muscle strength and balance improved modestly in both groups, with no statistically significant group difference in walking function or muscle strength, whereas postural control declined significantly in the intervention group, compared with controls (p?=?0.03). Conclusion: Late-onset robot-assisted locomotor training did not re-establish independent walking function. A modest, but non-significant, effect was seen on muscle strength and balance. However, significant between-group differences were found only in postural control in the control group.

• Piira, Anu Mirjam; Lannem, Anne M.; Sørensen, Marit; Glott, Thomas; Knutsen, Raymond & Jørgensen, Lone [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Manually assisted body-weight supported locomotor training does not re-establish walking in non-walking subjects with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. ISSN 1650-1977. 51(2), s. 113–119. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2508. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To assess the effects of manually assisted body-weight supported locomotor training in subjects with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Subjects: Twenty subjects with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grades C or D and > 2 years post-injury. Methods: Random allocation to 60 days of body-weight supported locomotor training, or usual care, which might include over-ground walking. Walking function, lower extremity muscle strength and balance were blindly evaluated pre-/post-intervention. Results: A small, non-significant improvement in walking function was observed (0.1 m/s (95% confidence interval (95% CI) –0.2, 0.4)), but subjects without baseline gait function, did not re-establish walking. The effect on lower extremity muscle strength was 2.7 points (95% CI –1.4, 6.8). No difference was observed in balance measures. Conclusion: Subjects with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury without baseline walking function were unable to re-establish gait with manually assisted body-weight supported locomotor training. A modest, non-significant, improvement was found in strength and walking speed. However, due to study recruitment problems, an effect size that was smaller than anticipated, and large functional heterogeneity among study subjects, the effect of late-onset body-weight supported locomotor training is not clear. Future studies should include larger numbers of subjects with less functional loss and greater functional homogeneity. Intensive training should probably start earlier post-injury.

• Strømnes, Linn Arvidsson; Ree, Helene; Gjesdal, Knut & Ariansen, Inger (2019). Sex Differences in Quality of Life in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). ISSN 2047-9980. 8(8). doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010992. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The goal of this literature review was to assess sex differences in the quality of life (QoL) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and, if possible, to determine if these are due to AF. Methods and Results The electronic database PubMed was searched on January 23, 2018, using the search terms “QoL”, gender differences, “AF” female, and gender to find potential articles that assessed sex differences in QoL in AF patients. In all, 851 articles were identified, from which 25 original studies were eligible for this systematic review. Female AF patients were found to have poorer QoL and more symptoms than male AF patients. They scored lower, predominantly on the physical component score of the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 Health Survey. Conclusions The available literature consistently describes poorer QoL in female AF patients but does not clearly address whether this is a reflection of sex differences seen in the general population or is related to AF per se. It is also questionable whether the relatively poorer QoL in women is large enough to be of clinical importance.

• Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Mariampillai, Julian Eek; Engeseth, Kristian; Erikssen, Jan Emil; Bodegard, Johan & Liestøl, Knut [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Stroke and Death. Stroke. ISSN 0039-2499. 50, s. 155–161. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.021798.
• Engeseth, Kristian; Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Mariampillai, Julian Eek; Grundvold, Irene; Liestøl, Knut & Kjeldsen, Sverre [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Physical fitness is a modifiable predictor of early cardiovascular death: A 35-year follow-up study of 2014 healthy middle-aged men. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (EJPC). ISSN 2047-4873. 25(15), s. 1655–1663. doi: 10.1177/2047487318793459.
• Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Hodnesdal, Christian; Engeseth, Kristian; Erikssen, Jan Emil; Bodegard, Johan & Liestøl, Knut [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Long-term predictors of stroke in healthy middle-aged men. International Journal of Stroke. ISSN 1747-4930. 13(3), s. 292–300. doi: 10.1177/1747493017730760.
• Larssen, Marte Strømsnes; Steine, Kjetil; Mykland Hilde, Janne; Skjørten, Ingunn; Hodnesdal, Christian & Liestøl, Knut [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Mechanisms of ECG signs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 4(1). doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000552. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Engeseth, Kristian; Hodnesdal, Christian; Grundvold, Irene; Liestøl, Knut; Gjesdal, Knut & Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Temporal reduction in chronotropic index predicts risk of cardiovascular death among healthy middle-aged men: A 28-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). ISSN 2047-9980. 5:e004555, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004555. Vis sammendrag

  Background Chronotropic index is a standardized measure of heart rate (HR) increment during exercise that reflects the combined effects of age, resting HR, and physical fitness. Low chronotropic index has been reported to predict disease and death. We tested whether temporal change in chronotropic index over 7 years influenced risk of cardiovascular death through up to 28 years. Methods and Results Chronotropic index was calculated ([achieved maximal HR−resting HR]/[age‐predicted maximal HR−resting HR]) after a symptom‐limited bicycle ECG exercise test in 1420 healthy men at 2 examinations 7 years apart, in 1972 and 1979. Events of cardiovascular death were registered by manual scrutiny of all participants’ hospital charts and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. The participants were divided into quartiles of temporal change in chronotropic index, with quartile one having the most negative value. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate risks and adjusted for classical cardiovascular risk factors. Incidence of cardiovascular death was 310 (22%) during median of 21 years of follow‐up. After multivariable adjustment, and comparison with quartile four (mean +0.11), quartiles one (−0.16), two (−0.04), and three (+0.02) were associated with hazard ratios 1.50 (95% CI 1.10–2.05), 1.10 (0.79–1.53), and 1.04 (0.74–1.45) for cardiovascular death. Results remained robust also after exclusion of 31 participants with exercise ECG‐induced signs of coronary ischemia. Conclusions Temporal reduction in chronotropic index was associated with increased long‐term risk of cardiovascular death and might be a clinically important predictor when assessing risk in healthy individuals over a longer time.

• Barth, Zoltan; NOMELAND, BIRGIT; Schwartz, Thomas; Gjesdal, Knut; Flatø, Berit & Koller, Akos [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). In juvenile dermatomyositis, heart rate variability is reduced, and associated with both cardiac dysfunction and markers of inflammation: a cross-sectional study median 13.5 years after symptom onset. Rheumatology. ISSN 1462-0324. 55(3), s. 535–543. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev376. Vis sammendrag

  Objectives. Low heart rate variability (HRV) is a well-established predictor of cardiac death. The aim of this study was to investigate arrhythmias and HRV in patients with JDM, and associations between HRV and inflammatory markers, echocardiographic measurements and disease parameters. Methods. Fifty-five patients with JDM were examined 2–34 years (median 13.5 years) after disease onset, and compared with 55 age and sex matched controls. Holter ECG monitoring and echocardiography were analysed blinded to patient information. Arrhythmia and HRV (six parameters) were analysed by standard software, finally adjudicated by an experienced cardiologist. Markers of inflammation (ESR, high sensitivity (hs)CRP and cytokines) were analysed. Disease activity and organ damage were assessed by clinical examination at follow-up and retrospectively by chart review. Results. In two out of six HRV parameters, JDM patients had lower values than controls. No difference in arrhythmias was found between the groups. In patients, but not in controls, there were significant negative correlations between five out of six HRV parameters, and ESR and hsCRP (Spearman correlation coefficient, −0.306 to −0.470; P, 0.023 to <0.001). Also, in patients, negative correlations were found between three out of six HRV parameters and systolic and diastolic function. Active disease and low HRV were associated. Patients with hsCRP in the highest quartile (Q4) had lower HRV in all parameters compared with those in pooled Q1–3 (P < 0.001). Conclusion. JDM patients had reduced HRV, which was associated with elevated inflammatory markers, active disease and reduced myocardial function. This suggests reduced vagal control of the heart; further studies are needed to determine whether this is also associated with cardiac morbidity or mortality.

• Engeseth, Kristian; Hodnesdal, Christian; Grundvold, Irene; Liestøl, Knut; Gjesdal, Knut & Erikssen, Gunnar [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Heart rate reserve predicts cardiovascular death among physically unfit but otherwise healthy middle-aged men: a 35-year follow-up study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (EJPC). ISSN 2047-4873. 23(1), s. 59–66. doi: 10.1177/2047487314553202.
• Opdal, Mimi Stokke; Arnesen, Margrete; Muller, Lill Dannevig; Hullstein, Ingunn; Sayed, Karim & Brørs, Odd [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Effects of Hemodialysis on Methadone Pharmacokinetics and QTc. Clinical Therapeutics. ISSN 0149-2918. 37(7), s. 1594–1599. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.04.009.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Gjesdal, Knut; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Steine, Kjetil (2015). Prevalence of abnormal ECGs in male soccer players decreases with the Seattle criteria, but is still high. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 25(4), s. 501–508. doi: 10.1111/sms.12274. Vis sammendrag

  Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography are mandatory in preparticipation cardiac screening in soccer players. Abnormal ECG findings usually require follow-up investigations. The main aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of abnormal ECG findings in male professional soccer players according to European Society of Cardiology's (ESC) recommendations and the Seattle criteria, and to assess the need for echocardiography. ECGs from 587 of 595 (99%) players were recorded with ClickECG, and measurements were derived with visually adjusted on-screen calipers on the computer-based averaged PQRST complex. Echocardiographic recordings were performed with Vivid 7/i and categorized according to reference values for athlete's heart. After the initial screening, 32 (5.5%) players were recommended for follow-up. The prevalence of abnormal ECGs was 29.3% vs 11.2% according to the ESC's recommendations and the Seattle criteria, respectively. None of the players with abnormal ECGs only according to the ESC's recommendations had abnormal echocardiograms. Echocardiography alone detected one player with abnormalities (athlete's heart). The Seattle criteria reduced the number of athletes with abnormal ECGs considerably compared with the ESC recommendations. Based on echocardiographic evaluations, this increased the specificity of the Seattle criteria, without increasing the number of false-negative ECGs. The need for mandatory echocardiography in soccer players seems limited.

• Kvittingen, Eivind V.; Gjelsvik, Bjørn E. & Gjesdal, Knut (2014). EKG i allmennpraksis. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 27(4), s. 42–46. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0310.
• Ulimoen, Sara Reinvik; Enger, Steve; Norseth, Jon; Pripp, Are Hugo; Abdelnoor, Michael & Arnesen, Harald [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Improved rate control reduces cardiac troponin T levels in permanent atrial fibrillation. Clinical Cardiology. ISSN 0160-9289. 37(7), s. 422–427. doi: 10.1002/clc.22281.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Steine, Kjetil; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Gjesdal, Knut (2014). Visual or computer-based measurements: important for interpretation of athletes’ ECG. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 48(9), s. 761–767. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093412. Vis sammendrag

  Background: ECG is recommended for preparticipation health examination in athletes. Owing to a lack of consensus on how to read and interpret athletes’ ECGs, different criteria for abnormality are used. Aims: To compare the prevalence of abnormal ECGs and test the correlation between visual and computerbased measurements. Methods: In a preparticipation cardiac screening examination of 595 male professional soccer players aged 18–38 years, ECGs were categorised according to the European Society of Cardiology’s (ESC) recommendations and the Seattle criteria, respectively. Visual measurements were conducted with callipers onscreen on the averaged PQRST complex in each lead, calculated by the trimmed mean. Computer-based measurements were derived from the medium beat. Heart rhythm and conduction were scored visually by a cardiologist. Categorical variables were compared by κ statistics (K) and continuous variables by intraclass correlation. Results: ECGs of good quality were available from 579 players. According to the ESC’s recommendations and Seattle criteria, respectively, ECGs were categorised as abnormal in 171 (29.5%) vs 64 (11.1%) players after visual assessment, and in 293 (50.6%; K=0.395) vs 127 (21.9%; K=0.564) after computer-based measurements. Intraclass correlation was very good for measurements of R and S wave amplitudes and moderate to very good for intervals. K was very good for pathological Q wave amplitudes and moderate for T wave inversions. Conclusions: Abnormal ECGs were more than twice as common after computer-based than after visual measurements. Such a difference will markedly influence the number of athletes who need further examinations. Reference values may need adjustments dependent on measurement methods.

• Ulimoen, Sara Reinvik; Enger, Steve; Pripp, Are Hugo; Abdelnoor, Michael; Arnesen, Harald & Gjesdal, Knut [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Calsium channel blockers improve exercise capasity and reduce N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels compared with beta-blockers in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 35(8), s. 517–523. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht429.
• Hodnesdal, Christian; Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Erikssen, Gunnar; Gjesdal, Knut; Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik & Liestøl, Knut [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Rapidly upsloping ST-segment on exercise ECG: a marker of reduced coronary heart disease mortality risk. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (EJPC). ISSN 2047-4873. 20(4), s. 541–548. doi: 10.1177/2047487312444370.
• Thelle, Dag Steinar; Selmer, Randi; Gjesdal, Knut; Sakshaug, Solveig; Jugessur, Astanand & Graff-Iversen, Sidsel [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Resting heart rate and physical activity as risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation: a prospective study of 309 540 men and women. Heart. ISSN 1355-6037. 99(23), s. 1755–1760. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303825. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grundvold, Irene; Skretteberg, Torger; Liestøl, Knut; Erikssen, Gunnar; Engeseth, Kristian & Gjesdal, Knut [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Low Heart Rates Predict Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Healthy Middle-Aged Men. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. ISSN 1941-3149. 6(4), s. 726–731. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000267.
• Stokstad, Magnus Thue; Berge, Hilde Moseby & Gjesdal, Knut (2013). Hjertescreening av unge idrettsutøvere. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133(16), s. 1722–1725. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.0016. Vis sammendrag

  BAKGRUNN: Unge idrettsutøvere har økt risiko for plutselig hjertedød sammenliknet med andre. Hjertescreening er foreslått for å forhindre dødsfall. Vi ønsket å gjennomgå kunnskapsgrunnlaget for hjertescreening hos unge idrettsutøvere. KUNNSKAPSGRUNNLAG: Vi har gjennomført litteratursøk i PubMed på plutselig hjertedød hos unge idrettsutøvere kombinert med søkeord relatert til screening, insidens, kostnadseffektivitet og anbefalinger, supplert med sekundærreferanser og artikler fra eget arkiv. RESULTATER: I publiserte studier benyttes ulike definisjoner av idrettsutøver og plutselig død, og noen inkluderer også hjertestans med vellykket gjenopplivning. Retrospektive studier, ofte basert på mediesøk, er fortsatt vanligst. Dødsårsak er ikke alltid fastsatt ved obduksjon. Screeninganbefalinger er basert på studier med begrenset kvalitet og eksperters personlige, ofte regionale erfaringer. FORTOLKNING: Forskjellene i studiemetode gir usikre insidenstall. Beregninger av kostnadseffektivitet blir derfor usikre. For å bedre kunnskapskvaliteten må det utarbeides standardiserte metoder og, ideelt sett, et register for hjertestans og hjertedød hos barn og unge. Vi har foreløpig for lite kunnskap til å anbefale obligatorisk hjertescreening med EKG i Norge. Når det eventuelt måtte komme, bør man differensiere etter kjønn, idrettsgren og konkurransenivå. Kostnadseffektiviteten kan sannsynligvis forbedres med standardiserte spørreskjemaer og standardisert tolking av EKG hos idrettsutøvere.

• Skretteberg, Per Torger; Grundvold, Irene; Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik; Engeseth, Kristian; Liestøl, Knut & Erikssen, Gunnar [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Seven-Year Increase in Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure at Moderate Workload Predicts Long-Term Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality in Healthy Middle-Aged Men. Hypertension. ISSN 0194-911X. 61(5), s. 1134–1140. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00793.
• Ulimoen, Sara Reinvik; Enger, Steve; Carlson, Johan E.; Platonov, Pyotr G.; Pripp, Are Hugo & Abdelnoor, Michael [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Comparison of Four Single-Drug Regimens on Ventricular Rate and Arrhythmia-Related Symptoms in Patients With Permanent Atrial Fibrillation. American Journal of Cardiology. ISSN 0002-9149. 111(2), s. 225–230. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.020.
• Grundvold, Irene; Skretteberg, Torger; Liestøl, Knut; Gjesdal, Knut; Erikssen, Gunnar & Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Importance of physical fitness on the predictive effect of body mass index and weight gain on incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-aged men. American Journal of Cardiology. ISSN 0002-9149. 110(3), s. 425–432. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.043.
• Larstorp, Anne Cecilie Kjeldsen; Ariansen, Inger; Gjesdal, Knut; Olsen, Michael H; Ibsen, Hans & Devereux, Richard B [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Association of Pulse Pressure With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint (LIFE) Reduction in Hypertension Study. Hypertension. ISSN 0194-911X. 60, s. 347–353. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195032.
• Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Gjesdal, Knut; Jugessur, Astanand; Myrstad, Marius; Nystad, Wenche & Selmer, Randi Marie [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Atrieflimmer, fysisk aktivitet og utholdenhetstrening. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(3), s. 295–299. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0567.
• Ariansen, Inger; Reims, Henrik Mikael; Gjesdal, Knut; Olsen, Michael Hecht; Ibsen, Hans & Devereux, Richard B [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Impact of alcohol habits and smoking on the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients with ECG left ventricular hypertrophy: The LIFE study. Blood Pressure. ISSN 0803-7051. 21(1), s. 6–11. doi: 10.3109/08037051.2011.622978.
• Bodegard, Johan; Skretteberg, Torger; Gjesdal, Knut; Pyöräla, Kalevi; Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik & Liestøl, Knut [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Low-grade systolic murmurs in healthy middle-aged individuals: innocent or clinically significant? A 35-year follow-up study of 2014 Norwegian men. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 271(6), s. 581–588. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02480.x.
• Dalby, Marius & Gjesdal, Knut (2012). Hva sier hvilepulsen om helse og sykdom? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(11), s. 1348–1351. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0629.
• Ariansen, Inger; Dammen, Toril; Abdelnoor, Michael; Tveit, Arnljot & Gjesdal, Knut (2011). Mental health and sleep in community-dwelling patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Clinical Cardiology. ISSN 0160-9289. 34, s. 327–331. doi: 10.1002/clc.20883.
• Ariansen, Inger; Edvardsen, Elisabeth; Borchsenius, Fredrik; Abdelnoor, Michael; Tveit, Arnljot & Gjesdal, Knut (2011). Lung function and dyspnea in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. European journal of internal medicine. ISSN 0953-6205. 22(5), s. 466–470. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.06.010.
• Ariansen, Inger; Dammen, Toril; Abdelnoor, Michael; Tveit, Arnljot & Gjesdal, Knut (2011). Mental Health and Sleep in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation Patients From the General Population. Clinical Cardiology. ISSN 0160-9289. 34(5), s. 327–331. doi: 10.1002/clc.20883.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2010). Hjertearytmier. I Fjeldstad, Trygve (Red.), Norsk legemiddelhåndbok for helsepersonell 2010. Foreningen for utgivelse av norsk legemiddelhåndbok. ISSN 9788290732108. s. 316–328.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2010). Atrial fibrillation: present challenges and future possibilities. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 23, s. 51–56.
• Steen, Torkel & Gjesdal, Knut (2010). Utredning og behandling av synkoper: behov for forbedringer. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 23, s. 27–32.
• Toivonen, Lauri; Raatikainen, Pekka; Walfridsson, Håkan; Englund, Anders; Hegbom, Finn & Anfinsen, Ole-Gunnar [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). A Randomized Invasive Cardiac Electrophysiology Study of the Combined Ion Channel Blocker AZD1305 in Patients After Catheter Ablation of Atrial Flutter. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. ISSN 0160-2446. 56(3), s. 300–308. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181ed0859.
• Sverdrup, Øystein; Jensen, Torstein; Solheim, Svein & Gjesdal, Knut (2010). Training auscultatory skills: computer simulated heart sounds or additional bedside training? A randomized trial on third-year medical students. BMC Medical Education. ISSN 1472-6920. 10. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-10-3.
• Ariansen, Inger; Abdelnoor, Michael; Tveit, Arnljot & Gjesdal, Knut (2010). Guidelines' criteria for rate control in atrial fibrillation: Are they useful? Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 44(3), s. 132–138. doi: 10.3109/14017430903552632.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2009). Non-investigational antiarrhythmic drugs: long-term use and limitations. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. ISSN 1474-0338. 8(3), s. 345–355. doi: 10.1517/14740330902927647.

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• Gjesdal, Knut (2011). Elektrokardiografi. Klinisk veileder. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISBN 978-82-05-41217-0. 12 s.

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• Gjesdal, Knut Tjøl (2022). EKG-spalten. Computertolkning av EKG. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 33(1), s. 33–35.
• Gjesdal, Grunde & Gjesdal, Knut Tjøl (2022). EKG-spalten. Smalkomplekset ventrikkeltakykardi. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 35(2), s. 34–35.
• Gjesdal, Knut Tjøl (2022). EKG-SPALTEN. DRAMATISKE SYNKOPER. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 35(3), s. 11–12.
• Stokke, Mathis Korseberg & Gjesdal, Knut Tjøl (2022). EKG-SPALTEN. Arytmi under arbeidsbelastning. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 35(4), s. 10–12.
• Mariampillai, Julian Eek; Kjeldsen, Sverre; Gjesdal, Knut Tjøl & Skretteberg, Torger (2022). Blood pressure during moderate or maximal exercise: hardly two sides of the same coin. Journal of Hypertension. ISSN 0263-6352. 40(6), s. 1243–1244. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003121.
• Gjesdal, Knut & Hegbom, Finn (2021). EKG-spalten. Diagnostikk av bredkomplekset takykardi: ikke glem aVR. . Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 34(1), s. 37–40.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2021). EKG-spalten. AV-blokk grad I - et uskyldig bifunn? . Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 34(2), s. 29–30.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2021). EKG-spalten. P-bølgen. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 34(3), s. 9–11.
• Gjesdal, Knut & Ribic, Darijan (2021). EKG-spalten. Glem ikke aVR! Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 34(4), s. 9–11.
• Gjesdal, Knut & Kjeldsen, Sverre (2021). Fusk og feil i forskning og forskningsformidling. Indremedisineren. ISSN 1891-1617. s. 54–57.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2020). EKG-spalten. KOLS. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 33(1), s. 31–33.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2020). Digitalis: gammel medisin som fortsatt er (litt) aktuell. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 33(1), s. 45–48.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2020). EKG-spalten. Atrietakykardi med blokk. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 33(4), s. 11–13.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2020). EKG-spalten. Vagusutløst atrieflimmer. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 33(3), s. 9–11.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2020). EKG-spalten. Venstre ventrikkelhypertrof. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 33(2), s. 39–40.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2019). EKG-spalten. Ventrikulære ekstrasystoler. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 32(1), s. 23–25.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2019). EKG I HJERTEFORUM. Paroksysmal SVT. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 32(3), s. 13–14.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2019). EKG-SPALTEN. Feilkobling. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 32(4), s. 11–12.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2019). EKG I HJERTEFORUM. Intermitterende preeksitasjon, nodalrytme, retrograd blokk og et hjerte som husker. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 32(2), s. 21–22.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2017). Winston Churchill - livlegens beretning. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(14/15), s. 1–5. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0193.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2016). K. Gjesdal svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(14/15), s. 1185–1185. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0580.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2016). Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal - 50 years anniversary. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 50(5-6), s. 251–252. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2016.1249021.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2016). Hjerteinfarkt før og nå – et 50 års perspektiv. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(9), s. 833–836. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0852.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2015). Medikamentell behandling av atrieflimmer: refleksjoner og praktiske råd. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 28(4), s. 14–19.
• Kvittingen, Eivind V.; Gjelsvik, Bjørn E. & Gjesdal, Knut (2015). EKG i allmennpraksis – kvaliteten kan forbedres. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 135(8), s. 746–746. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0310.
• Gjesdal, Knut & Grundvold, Irene (2015). Atrial fibrillation and exercise in women: Some answers given, some questions remain. Heart. ISSN 1355-6037. 101(20), s. 1605–1606. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307836.
• Barth, Zoltan; Witzcak, Birgit; Schwartz, Thomas; Gjesdal, Knut; Flatø, Berit & Koller, A'kos [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Heart rate variability is related to inflammation and cardiac function in juvenile dermatomyositis.
• Barth, Zoltan; Witzcak, Birgit; Schwartz, Thomas; Gjesdal, Knut; Flatø, Berit & Koller, A'kos [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Heart rate variability is related to inflammation and cardiac function in juvenile dermatomyositis.
• Hoff, Per Ivar; Gjesdal, Knut & Platou, Eivind S (2014). Elektrofysiologiske undersøkelser og ablasjoner. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 27, s. 171–186.
• Gjesdal, Knut & Platou, Eivind S (2014). Vippetest (Tilt test)hos synkopepasienter. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 27.
• Haakonsen, Sigurd; Sirnes, Per Anton & Gjesdal, Knut (2014). En mann i 80-årene med gjentatte synkoper. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 134(1), s. 52–55. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.0241.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Steine, Kjetil; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Gjesdal, Knut (2014). Measurement method is important for interpretation of athletes’ ECG.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Steine, Kjetil; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Gjesdal, Knut (2014). Measurement method is important for interpetation of athletes' ECG. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 48(7), s. 567–568.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Solberg, Erik Ekker; Andersen, Thor Einar; Gjesdal, Knut & Steine, Kristine (2013). ECG assessment method (manually or by software) has a significant impact on number of pathological findings in athletes. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 34, s. 1078–1079.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2013). Kardiologens mareritt. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133(15). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.0790.
• Grundvold, Irene; Skretteberg, Torger; Liestøl, Knut; Erikssen, Gunnar; Engeseth, Kristian & Gjesdal, Knut [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Predictors of atrial fibrillation differ in men with high vs low physical fitness. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 34, s. 1041–1041.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker; Gjesdal, Knut & Steine, K (2013). The new Seattle Criteria reduce the prevalence of abnormal ECG findings in professional football players. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 34, s. 333–333.
• Grundvold, Irene; Skretteberg, Per Torger; Engeseth, Kristian; Gjesdal, Knut; Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik & Arnesen, Harald [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Response to Letter by Morris et al Regarding Article, "Low Heart Rates Predict Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Healthy Middle-Aged Men" by Grundvold et al. Circulation Arrhythm Electrophysiology. 6(6), s. E102–E102. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001154.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2013). Challenges for a Nordic cardiovascular journal. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 47(3), s. 130–131. doi: 10.3109/14017431.2013.790995.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Gjesdal, Knut; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Steine, Kjetil (2013). ECG measurement method (visually or by software) has a significant impact on number of pathological findings in athletes.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Gjesdal, Knut; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Steine, Kjetil (2013). The new Seattle criteria reduce the prevalence of abnormal ECG findings in professional football players.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Gjesdal, Knut; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Steine, Kjetil (2013). Høy forekomst av unormale ekg-forandringer ved hjertescreening av profesjonelle fotballspillere i Norge.
• Berge, Hilde Moseby; Gjesdal, Knut; Andersen, Thor Einar; Solberg, Erik Ekker & Steine, Kjetil (2013). Flere unormale ekg-forandringer hos fotballspillere i Norge enn hos idrettsutøvere i andre land.
• Skretteberg, Per Torger; Grundvold, Irene; Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik; Gjesdal, Knut; Liestøl, Knut & Erikssen, Jan Emil [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Seven-year increase in exercise systolic blood pressure at 100w predicts long-term risk of coronary heart disease in healthy middle-aged men. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 59(13), s. E1627–E1627. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(12)61628-3.
• Gjesdal, Knut; Johansen, Jens Brock & Gadler, Fredrik (2012). Temporary emergency pacing-an orphan in district hospitals. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 46(3), s. 128–130. doi: 10.3109/14017431.2012.674550.
• Gjesdal, Knut & Platou, ES (2011). Utviklingen av antiarytmika - en historie med forviklinger. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 24, s. 17–21.
• Platou, ES & Gjesdal, Knut (2011). Historien om amiodaron (men Rocalmbole var ikke død). Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 24, s. 119–124.
• Gjesdal, Knut (2011). Supraventrikulære arytmier, Elektrokardiografi. Klinisk veileder. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-05-41217-0. s. 189–201.
• Hodnesdal, Christian; Prestgaard, Erik Edvard; Erikssen, Gunnar; Gjesdal, Knut; Kjeldsen, Sverre Erik & Liestøl, Knut [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Rapid ST-upslope on Exercise Electrocardiogram Predicts Reduced Long Term Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 124(21).
• Ariansen, Inger; Abdelnoor, Michael; Dammen, Toril; Edvardsen, E.; Tveit, Arnljot & Gjesdal, Knut (2010). Symptoms in atrial fibrillation are related to oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold. European Heart Journal, Supplement. ISSN 1520-765X. 31, s. 114–114.

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