Ludvig A Munthe

• Ørbo, Hilde Sofie Sager; Hammersbøen, Kristin Reine; Sexton, Joseph; Jyssum, Ingrid; Tveter, Anne Therese & Christensen, Ingrid Egeland [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Incidence and outcome of COVID-19 following vaccine and hybrid immunity in patients on immunosuppressive therapy: identification of protective post-immunisation anti-RBD antibody levels in a prospective cohort study. RMD Open. ISSN 2056-5933. 10(2). doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003545.
• Kared, Hassen; Jyssum, Ingrid; Alirezaylavasani, Amin; Egner, Ingrid Marie; The Tran, Trung & Tietze, Lisa [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 immunity after vaccination and breakthrough infection in rituximab-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients: a prospective cohort study. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 15. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1296273.
• Heinzelbecker, Julia; Fauskanger, Marte; Jonson, Ida; Krengel, Ute; Løset, Geir Åge & Munthe, Ludvig Andre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting the GM3(Neu5Gc) ganglioside. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 15. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331345.
• Podgorica, Mirjam; Drivet, Elsa Maria Caroline; Viken, Jonas Krag; Richman, Alyssa; Vestbøstad, Johanne Bonsaksen & Szodoray, Peter [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Transcriptome analysis of primary adult B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia identifies pathogenic variants and gene fusions, and predicts subtypes for in depth molecular diagnosis. European Journal of Haematology. ISSN 0902-4441. doi: 10.1111/ejh.14164.
• Malecka, Agnieszka Maria; Østlie, Ingunn; Trøen, Gunhild; Malecki, Jedrzej Mieczyslaw; Delabie, Jan & Tierens, Anne [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of complement receptor 1 in clonal B cells in cold agglutinin disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. ISSN 0009-9104. 216(1), s. 45–54. doi: 10.1093/cei/uxad135. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gainullin, Murat; Federico, Lorenzo; Osen, Julie Røkke; Chaban, Viktoriia; Kared, Hassen & Alirezaylavasani, Amin [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). People who use drugs show no increase in pre-existing T-cell cross-reactivity toward SARS-CoV-2 but develop a normal polyfunctional T-cell response after standard mRNA vaccination. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 14:1235210, s. 1–13. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235210. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Federico, Lorenzo; Malone, Brandon; Tennøe, Simen; Chaban, Viktoriia; Osen, Julie Røkke & Gainullin, Murat [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Experimental validation of immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes identified by artificial intelligence. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 14:1265044, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265044. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kared, Hassen; Alirezaylavasani, Amin; Lund, Kathrine Persgård; Chopra, Adity; Tietze, Lisa & de Matos Kasahara, Taissa [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Hybrid and SARS-CoV-2-vaccine immunity in kidney transplant recipients. EBioMedicine. ISSN 2352-3964. 97. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104833. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Federico, Lorenzo; Tvedt, Tor Henrik Anderson; Gainullin, Murat; Osen, Julie Røkke; Chaban, Viktoriia & Lund, Kathrine Persgård [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Robust spike-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a prospective, cohort study. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 14. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210899. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wolf, Asia-Sophia Fumika Michaela; Ravussin, Anthony; König, Marton; Øverås, Mathias Herstad; Solum, Guri & Kjønstad, Ingrid Fadum [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination differ by disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis. JCI Insight. ISSN 2379-3708. 8(12), s. 1–14. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.165111. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ravussin, Anthony; Robertson, Anna Hayman; Wolf, Asia-Sophia Fumika Michaela; Blix, Kristine; Kjønstad, Ingrid Fadum & Solum, Guri [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Determinants of humoral and cellular immune responses to three doses of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in older adults: a longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity. ISSN 2666-7568. 4(5), s. e188–e199. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00055-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovd, Markus Herberg; Åsberg, Anders; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Heldal, Kristian; Reisæter, Anna Varberg & Vaage, John T. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Humoral vaccine response and breakthrough infections in kidney transplant recipients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. ISSN 2589-5370. 60. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102035. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hermansen, Johanne Uthus; Yin, Yanping; Urban, Aleksandra; Myklebust, Camilla Victoria; Karlsen, Linda & Melvold, Katrine [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). A tumor microenvironment model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia enables drug sensitivity testing to guide precision medicine. Cell death discovery. ISSN 2058-7716. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01426-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jørgensen, Kristin Kaasen; Høivik, Marte Lie; Chopra, Adity; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Ricanek, Petr & Moum, Bjørn Allan [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive medication: association to serum drug levels and disease type. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 58(8), s. 874–882. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2177884. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tran, Trung; Vaage, Eline Benno; Mehta, Adi; Chopra, Adity; Tietze, Lisa & Kolderup, Heidi Anette [Vis alle 40 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Titers of antibodies against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 correlate with levels of neutralizing antibodies to multiple variants. npj Vaccines. ISSN 2059-0105. 7(1). doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00586-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørlykke, Kristin H.; Ørbo, Hilde Sofie Sager; Tveter, Anne Therese; Jyssum, Ingrid; Sexton, Joseph & Tran, Trung [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Four SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses or hybrid immunity in patients on immunosuppressive therapies: a Norwegian cohort study. The Lancet Rheumatology. 5(1), s. e36–e46. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(22)00330-7. Vis sammendrag

  Background Data on response and safety of repeated vaccinations and hybrid immunity in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases on immunosuppressive therapy is needed to further develop vaccination strategies in this vulnerable population. This study aimed to evaluate hybrid immunity and humoral immune response and safety of four SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases on immunosuppressive therapy. Methods This prospective observational Norwegian study of vaccine response to COVID-19 (Nor-vaC) included adult patients aged 18 years and older with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis) on immunosuppressive therapy, who had received four SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses (vaccine group) or three vaccine doses followed by COVID-19 (hybrid group), and healthy controls receiving three vaccine doses (control group). Patients were recruited from the Division of Rheumatology at Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, and the Department of Gastroenterology at Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog. Patients who had COVID-19 before the third vaccine dose, and patients with allergies or intolerances to elements of the vaccine were excluded. Antibodies to the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (anti-RBD antibodies) were assessed 2–4 weeks following vaccination or COVID-19. This study is registered at Clinialtrials.gov, NCT04798625. Findings Between Nov 12, 2021, and April 19, 2022, 1458 participants with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases provided post-vaccination samples at 2–4 weeks following a third vaccine dose. After 544 participants were excluded, 715 (78%) of the remaining 914 participants received the fourth dose of the vaccine, and of these, 536 (75%) provided post-vaccination samples 2–4 weeks after their fourth vaccination (vaccine group). 199 (22%) of the 914 had COVID-19 after their third dose of the vaccine and of these, 167 (84%) provided samples (hybrid group). 256 of the eligible 703 patients had rheumatoid arthritis, 107 had spondyloarthritis, 115 had psoriatic arthritis, 130 had Crohn's disease, and 95 had ulcerative colitis). Median age was 56 years [IQR 45–65], 398 (57%) were women, and 305 (43%) were men. Patients in the vaccine group had higher anti-RBD antibody concentrations following the fourth vaccine dose (median 6192 BAU/ml [IQR 2878–11 243]) than after the third dose (median 5087 BAU/ml [1250–9081]; p< 0·0001), but lower antibody concentrations than the control group following the third dose (median 7595 BAU/ml [5916–12 001]; p< 0·0001). Antibody concentrations were higher in the patients in the hybrid group (23 548 BAU/ml [IQR 11 440–35 935]) than in the vaccine group (p<0·0001). No difference was found in antibody concentrations between the fourth dose of BNT162b2 (full-dose) and mRNA-1273 (half-dose). Patients and controls had a comparable safety profile after both three and four vaccine doses. Interpretation Vaccine boosters improve humoral immune responses and are safe in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases on immunosuppressive therapy, and administration should be considered regularly in this patient group. Hybrid immunity with omicron induces a strong humoral response suggesting longer intervals between booster doses in this patient group.

• Syversen, Silje Watterdal; Jyssum, Ingrid; Tveter, Anne Therese; Sexton, Joseph; Christensen, Ingrid Egeland & Tran, Trung [Vis alle 20 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Immunogenicity and safety of a three-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination strategy in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases on immunosuppressive therapy. RMD Open. ISSN 2056-5933. 8(2). doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002417. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Huse, Kanutte; Bai, Baoyan; Hilden, Vera Irene; Bollum, Lise Kristin; Våtsveen, Thea Kristin & Munthe, Ludvig Andre [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Mechanism of CD79A and CD79B support for IgM+ B cell fitness through B cell receptor surface expression. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 209(10), s. 2042–2053. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200144. Vis sammendrag

  he BCR consists of surface-bound Ig and a heterodimeric signaling unit comprised of CD79A and CD79B. Upon cognate Ag recognition, the receptor initiates important signals for B cell development and function. The receptor also conveys Ag-independent survival signals termed tonic signaling. Although the requirement of a CD79A/CD79B heterodimer for BCR complex assembly and surface expression is well established based on mice models, few studies have investigated this in human mature B cells. In this study, we found that human tonsillar B cells with high surface expression of IgM or IgG had potentiated BCR signaling compared with BCRlow cells, and high IgM expression in germinal center B cells was associated with reduced apoptosis. We explored the mechanism for IgM surface expression by CRISPR/Cas9-induced deletion of CD79A or CD79B in four B lymphoma cell lines. Deletion of either CD79 protein caused loss of surface IgM in all cell lines and reduced fitness in three. From two cell lines, we generated stable CD79A or CD79B knockout clones and demonstrated that loss of CD79A or CD79B caused a block in N-glycan maturation and accumulation of immature proteins, compatible with retention of BCR components in the endoplasmic reticulum. Rescue experiments with CD79B wild-type restored surface expression of CD79A and IgM with mature glycosylation, whereas a naturally occurring CD79B G137S mutant disrupting CD79A/CD79B heterodimerization did not. Our study highlights that CD79A and CD79B are required for surface IgM expression in human B cells and illuminates the importance of the IgM expression level for signaling and fitness.

• Christensen, Ingrid Egeland; Jyssum, Ingrid; Tveter, Anne Therese; Sexton, Joseph; Tran, Trung & Mjaaland, Siri [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The persistence of anti-Spike antibodies following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in patients on immunosuppressive therapy compared to healthy controls—a prospective cohort study. BMC Medicine. ISSN 1741-7015. 20(1), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02587-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The durability of vaccine-induced humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) on immunosuppressive therapy is not known. The aim of this study was to compare the persistence of anti-Spike antibodies following two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination between IMID patients and healthy controls and to identify factors associated with antibody decline. Methods IMID patients on immunosuppressive medication enrolled in the prospective observational Nor-vaC study were included. Participants received two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Serum collected at two time points following vaccination (first assessment within 6–48 days, second within 49–123 days) were analyzed for antibodies binding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Multivariable regression models estimated percent reduction in anti-RBD over 30 days and factors associated with reduction. Results A total of 1108 patients (403 rheumatoid arthritis, 195 psoriatic arthritis, 195 spondyloarthritis, 124 ulcerative colitis, 191 Crohn’s disease) and 134 controls provided blood samples within the defined intervals (median 19 days [IQR 15–24] and 97 days [87–105] after second vaccine dose). Antibody levels were lower in patients compared to controls at both time points, with median anti-RBD 2806 BAU/ml [IQR 1018–6068] in patients and 6187 BAU/ml [4105–7496] in controls (p<0.001) at first assessment, and 608 BAU/ml [IQR 58–1053] in patients and 1520 BAU/ml [979–3766] in controls (p<0.001) at second assessment. At second assessment, low anti-RBD antibody levels (defined as <200 BAU/ml) were found in 449 (41%) patients, and 6 (5%) controls (p<0.001). The change was − 83% in patients and − 66% in controls (p<0.001). Patients had a greater estimated 30 days percent reduction in anti-RBD levels compared to controls − 4.9 (95% CI − 7.4 to − 2.4), (p<0.05). Among therapies, mono- or combination treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors was associated with the greatest decline. Conclusions Within 4 months after vaccination, antibody levels declined considerably in both IMID patients and controls. Patients had lower initial antibody levels and a more pronounced decline compared to healthy controls and were therefore more likely to decline to low antibody levels. These results support that IMID patients need additional vaccine doses at an earlier stage than healthy individuals.

• Skånland, Sigrid S; Inngjerdingen, Marit; Bendiksen, Henrik; York, Jamie Piers; Spetalen, Signe & Munthe, Ludvig Andre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Functional testing of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia guides precision medicine and maps response and resistance mechanisms. An index case. Haematologica. ISSN 0390-6078. 107(8), s. 1994–1998. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2021.280393. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Syversen, Silje Watterdal; Jyssum, Ingrid; Tveter, Anne Therese; Tran, Trung; Sexton, Joseph & Provan, Sella Aarrestad [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Immunogenicity and Safety of Standard and Third-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy. Arthritis & Rheumatology. ISSN 2326-5191. 74(8), s. 1321–1332. doi: 10.1002/art.42153. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Minton, Annabel R.; Smith, Lindsay D.; Bryant, Dean J.; Strefford, Jonathan C.; Forconi, Francesco & Stevenson, Freda K. [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). B-cell receptor dependent phagocytosis and presentation of particulate antigen by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy. ISSN 2692-3114. 3(1), s. 37–49. doi: 10.37349/etat.2022.00070.
• Sandvei, Marie Søfteland; Jacobsen, Geir Wenberg; Stien, Marianne Heldal; Ræder, Helge; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Skogen, Vegard (2022). A national intercalated medical student research program –student perceptions, satisfaction, and factors associated with pursuing a PhD. Medical Education Online. ISSN 1087-2981. 27:2122105(1), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2122105. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Imbery, John Franklin; Heinzelbecker, Julia; Jebsen, Jenny Karoline; McGowan, Marc Kevin; Myklebust, Camilla Victoria & Bottini, Nunzio [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). T-helper cell regulation of CD45 phosphatase activity by galectin-1 and CD43 governs chronic lymphocytic leukaemia proliferation. British Journal of Haematology. ISSN 0007-1048. 198(3), s. 556–573. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18285. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kared, Hassen; Wolf, Asia-Sophia Fumika Michaela; Alirezaylavasani, Amin; Ravussin, Anthony; Solum, Guri & Tran, Trung [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Immune responses in Omicron SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in vaccinated adults. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 13. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31888-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Giliberto, Mariaserena; Thimiri Govinda Raj, Deepak Balaji; Cremaschi, Andrea; Skånland, Sigrid S; Gade, Alexandra & Tjønnfjord, Geir Erland [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Ex vivo drug sensitivity screening in multiple myeloma identifies drug combinations that act synergistically. Molecular Oncology. ISSN 1574-7891. 16(6), s. 1241–1258. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.13191. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The management of multiple myeloma (MM) is challenging: An assortment of available drug combinations adds complexity to treatment selection, and treatment resistance frequently develops. Given the heterogeneous nature of MM, personalized testing tools are required to identify drug sensitivities. To identify drug sensitivities in MM cells, we established a drug testing pipeline to examine ex vivo drug responses. MM cells from 44 patients were screened against 30 clinically relevant single agents and 44 double- and triple-drug combinations. We observed variability in responses across samples. The presence of gain(1q21) was associated with low sensitivity to venetoclax, and decreased ex vivo responses to dexamethasone reflected the drug resistance observed in patients. Less heterogeneity and higher efficacy was detected with many combinations compared to the corresponding single agents. We identified new synergistic effects of melflufen plus panobinostat using low concentrations (0.1–10 nm and 8 nm, respectively). In agreement with clinical studies, clinically approved combinations, such as triple combination of selinexor plus bortezomib plus dexamethasone, acted synergistically, and synergies required low drug concentrations (0.1 nm bortezomib, 10 nm selinexor and 4 nm dexamethasone). In summary, our drug screening provided results within a clinically actionable 5-day time frame and identified synergistic drug efficacies in patient-derived MM cells that may aid future therapy choices.

• Jyssum, Ingrid; Kared, Hassen; Tran, Trung; Tveter, Anne Therese; Provan, Sella Aarrestad & Sexton, Joseph [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Humoral and cellular immune responses to two and three doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in rituximab-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective, cohort study. The Lancet Rheumatology. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00394-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• König, Marton; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Torgauten, Hilde Marie; Tran, Trung; Schikora-Rustad, Stine & Vaage, Eline Benno [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in multiple sclerosis: the relevance of time since last rituximab infusion and first experience from sporadic revaccinations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. ISSN 0022-3050. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327612. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Holm, Sverre; Kared, Hassen; Michelsen, Annika Elisabet; Kong, Xiang Yi; Dahl, Tuva Børresdatter & Schultz, Nina Haagenrud [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Immune complexes, innate immunity, and NETosis in ChAdOx1 vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 42(39), s. 4064–4072. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab506. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Szodoray, Peter; Andersen, Tor Kristian; Heinzelbecker, Julia; Imbery, John Franklin; Huszthy, Peter C. & Stanford, Stephanie M. [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Integration of T helper and BCR signals governs enhanced plasma cell differentiation of memory B cells by regulation of CD45 phosphatase activity. Cell reports. ISSN 2211-1247. 36:109525(6), s. 1–24. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109525. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schultz, Nina Haagenrud; Sørvoll, Ingvild Hausberg; Michelsen, Annika; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Lund-Johansen, Fridtjof & Ahlen, Maria Therese [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after CHADOX1 NCoV-19 vaccination. New England Journal of Medicine. ISSN 0028-4793. 384(22), s. 2124–2130. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2104882. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Huszthy, Peter Csaba; Gopalakrishnan, Ramakrishna Prabhu; Jacobsen, Johanne Tracey; Haabeth, Ole Audun; Løset, Geir Åge & Braathen, Ranveig [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). B cell receptor ligation induces display of V-region peptides on MHC class II molecules to T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ISSN 0027-8424. 116(51), s. 25850–25859. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902836116. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The B cell receptors (BCRs) for antigen express variable (V) regions that are enormously diverse, thus serving as markers on individual B cells. V region-derived idiotypic (Id) peptides can be displayed as pId:MHCII complexes on B cells for recognition by CD4+ T cells. It is not known if naive B cells spontaneously display pId:MHCII in vivo or if BCR ligation is required for expression, thereby enabling collaboration between Id+ B cells and Id-specific T cells. Here, using a mouse model, we show that naive B cells do not express readily detectable levels of pId:MHCII. However, BCR ligation by Ag dramatically increases physical display of pId:MHCII, leading to activation of Id-specific CD4+ T cells, extrafollicular T-B cell collaboration and some germinal center formation, and production of Id+ IgG. Besides having implications for immune regulation, the results may explain how persistent activation of self-reactive B cells induces the development of autoimmune diseases and B cell lymphomas.

• Skånland, Sigrid Strand; Cremaschi, Andrea; Bendiksen, Henrik; Hermansen, Johanne Uthus; Thimiri Govinda Raj, Deepak Balaji & Munthe, Ludvig Andre [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). An in vitro assay for biomarker discovery and dose prediction applied to ibrutinib plus venetoclax treatment of CLL. Leukemia. ISSN 0887-6924. doi: 10.1038/s41375-019-0569-7.
• Chellappa, Stalin ; Kushekhar, Kushi; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Tjønnfjord, Geir Erland; Aandahl, Einar Martin & Okkenhaug, Klaus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The PI3K p110δ isoform inhibitor idelalisib preferentially inhibits human regulatory T cell function. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 202(5), s. 1397–1405. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701703.
• Traxel, Sabrina; Schadt, Linda; Eyer, Tatjana; Mordasini, Vanessa; Gysin, Claudine & Munthe, Ludvig Andre [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Bone marrow T helper cells with a Th1 phenotype induce activation and proliferation of leukemic cells in precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Oncogene. ISSN 0950-9232. doi: 10.1038/s41388-018-0594-4.
• Hermansen, Johanne Uthus; Tjønnfjord, Geir Erland; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Tasken, Kjetil & Skånland, Sigrid Strand (2018). Cryopreservation of primary B cells minimally influences their signaling responses. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 8:17651, s. 1–7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36121-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Myhrvold, Ida Kristin; Cremaschi, Andrea; Hermansen, Johanne Uthus; Tjønnfjord, Geir Erland; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Tasken, Kjetil [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. OncoTarget. ISSN 1949-2553. 9(10), s. 9273–9284. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.23949. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Geir Wenberg; Ræder, Helge; Stien, Marianne Heldal; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Skogen, Vegard (2018). Springboard to an academic career - A national medical student research program. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 13:e0195527(4), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195527. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wang, Dong; Fløisand, Yngvar; Myklebust, Camilla Victoria; Bürgler, Simone; Ribes, Anna Maria Parente & Hofgaard, Peter Olaf [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Autologous bone marrow Th cells can support multiple myeloma cell proliferation in vitro and in xenografted mice. Leukemia. ISSN 0887-6924. 31(10), s. 2114–2121. doi: 10.1038/leu.2017.69. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Szodoray, Peter; Stanford, Stephanie M.; Molberg, Øyvind; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Bottini, Nunzio & Nakken, Britt (2016). T-helper signals restore B-cell receptor signaling in autoreactive anergic B cells by upregulating CD45 phosphatase activity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 138(3), s. 839–851.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.035.
• Aas-Hanssen, Kristin; Thompson, Keith M; Bogen, Bjarne & Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2015). Systemic lupus erythematosus: Molecular mimicry between anti-dsDNA CDR3 idiotype, microbial and self peptides-as antigens for Th cells. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 6:00382. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00382. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Almåsbak, Hilde Kjersti; Walseng, Even; Kristian, Alexandr; Myhre, Marit Renee; Suso, Else Marit Inderberg & Munthe, Ludvig Andre [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Inclusion of an IgG1-Fc spacer abrogates efficacy of CD19 CAR T cells in a xenograft mouse model. Gene Therapy. ISSN 0969-7128. 22(5), s. 391–403. doi: 10.1038/gt.2015.4.
• Bürgler, Simone; Vives, Aleix Gimeno; Ribes, Anna Maria Parente; Wang, Dong; Os, Audun & Devereux, Stephen [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells express CD38 in response to Th1 cell-derived IFN-γ by a T-bet-dependent mechanism. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 194(2), s. 827–835. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401350.
• Etokebe, Godfrey; Bulat-Kardum, Ljiljana; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Balen, Sanja & Dembic, Zlatko (2014). Association of variable number of tandem repeats in the coding region of the FAM46A gene, FAM46A rs11040 SNP and BAG6 rs3117582 SNP with susceptibility to tuberculosis. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 9(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091385. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haabeth, Ole Audun; Tveita, Anders; Fauskanger, Marte Hotvedt; Schjesvold, Fredrik Hellem; Lorvik, Kristina Berg & Hofgaard, Peter Olaf [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). How do CD4+ T cells detect and eliminate tumor cells that either lack or express MHC class II molecules? Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 5:174. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00174. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aas-Hanssen, Kristin; Funderud, Ane; Thompson, Keith M; Bogen, Bjarne & Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2014). Idiotype-specific Th cells support oligoclonal expansion of Anti-dsDNA B cells in mice with lupus. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 193(6), s. 2691–2698. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400640.
• Ruffini, Pier Adelchi; Os, Audun; Dolcetti, Riccardo; Tjønnfjord, Geir Erland; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Bogen, Bjarne (2014). Targeted DNA vaccines eliciting crossreactive anti-idiotypic antibody responses against human B cell malignancies in mice. Journal of Translational Medicine. ISSN 1479-5876. 12(1). doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-207.
• Jacobsen, Johanne Tracey; Haabeth, Ole Audun; Tveita, Anders; Schjetne, Karoline W; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Bogen, Bjarne (2014). Naive idiotope-specific B and T cells collaborate efficiently in the absence of dendritic cells. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 192(9), s. 4174–4183. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302359.
• Os, Audun; Bürgler, Simone; Ribes, Anna Maria Parente; Funderud, Ane; Wang, Dong & Thompson, Keith M [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Are Activated and Proliferate in Response to Specific T Helper Cells. Cell reports. ISSN 2211-1247. 4(3), s. 566–577. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.011.
• Kielland, Anders; Camassa, Laura Maria Azzurra; Døhlen, Gaute; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Blomhoff, Rune & Amiry-Moghaddam, Mahmood [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). NF-kappa B Activity in Perinatal Brain During Infectious and Hypoxic-Ischemic Insults Revealed by a Reporter Mouse. Brain Pathology. ISSN 1015-6305. 22(4), s. 499–510. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00548.x.
• Selmer, Kaja Kristine; Gilfillan, Gregor Duncan; Strømme, Petter; Lyle, Robert; Hughes, Timothy & Hjorthaug, Hanne Sagsveen [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). A mild form of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB diagnosed with targeted next-generation sequencing of linked genomic regions. European Journal of Human Genetics. ISSN 1018-4813. 20(1), s. 58–63. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.126.
• Kielland, Anders; Camassa, Laura Maria Azzurra; Døhlen, Gaute; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Blomhoff, Rune & Amiry-Moghaddam, Mahmood [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Activity in Perinatal Brain During Infectious and Hypoxic-Ischemic Insults revealed by a Reporter Mouse. Brain Pathology. ISSN 1015-6305. 22(4), s. 499–510. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00548.x.
• Nakken, Britt; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Konttinen, Yrjo T.; Sandberg, Anna Klokk; Szekanecz, Zoltan & Alex, Philip [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). B-cells and their targeting in rheumatoid arthritis — Current concepts and future perspectives. Autoimmunity Reviews. ISSN 1568-9972. 11(1), s. 28–34. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.06.010.
• Holmøy, Trygve; Vartdal, Frode; Hestvik, Anne Lise Karlsgot; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Bogen, Bjarne (2010). The idiotype connection: linking infection and multiple sclerosis. Trends in immunology. ISSN 1471-4906. 31(2), s. 56–62. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2009.11.001.
• Jacobsen, Johanne Tracey; Lunde, Elin; Gjerstad, Vibeke Sundvold; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Bogen, Bjarne (2010). The cellular mechanism by which complementary Id(+) and anti-Id antibodies communicate: T cells integrated into idiotypic regulation. Immunology and Cell Biology. ISSN 0818-9641. 88(5), s. 515–522. doi: 10.1038/icb.2009.118.
• Zangani, Michael Mehrdad; Carlsen, Harald; Kielland, Anders; Os, Audun; Hauglin, Harald & Blomhoff, Rune [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Tracking Early Autoimmune Disease by Bioluminescent Imaging of NF-kappa B Activation Reveals Pathology in Multiple Organ Systems. American Journal of Pathology. ISSN 0002-9440. 174(4), s. 1358–1367. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080700.
• Funderud, Ane; Aas-Hanssen, Kristin; Aksaas, Anne Kristin; Hafte, Tolesa Tilahun; Corthay, Alexandre & Munthe, Ludvig Andre [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Isoform-specific regulation of immune cell reactivity by the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). Cellular Signalling. ISSN 0898-6568. 21(2), s. 274–281. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.013.
• Zangani, Michael M; Frøyland, Marianne; Gao, Yue Qiu; Meza, Zepeda Leonardo; Kutok, JL & Thompson, Keith M [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2007). Lymphomas can develop from B cells chronically helped by idiotype-specific T cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine (JEM). ISSN 0022-1007. 204. doi: 10.1084/jem.20061220.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Corthay, Alexandre; Os, Audun; Zangani, Michael M & Bogen, Bjarne (2005). Systemic autoimmune disease caused by autoreactive B cells that receive chronic help from immunoglobulin V region-specific T cells. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 175, s. 2391–2400.
• Corthay, Alexandre; Lundin, Katrin; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Frøyland, Marianne; Gedde-Dahl, Thobias & Dembic, Zlatko [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2004). Immunotherapy in multiple myeloma: Id-specific strategies suggested by studies in animal models. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. ISSN 0340-7004. 53, s. 759–769.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Os, A; Zangani, Michael M & Bogen, Bjarne (2004). MHC-Restricted Ig V region-driven T-B lymphocyte collaboration: B cell receptor ligation facilitates switch to IgG production. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 172(12), s. 7476–7484.
• Lundin, Knut E. A.; Hofgaard, Peter Olaf; Omholt, Hilde; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Corthay, Alexandre & Bogen, Bjarne (2003). Therapeutic effect of anti-idiotype-specific CD4+ T cells against B-cell lymphoma in the absence of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Blood. ISSN 0006-4971. 102, s. 605–612.
• Bogen, Bjarne & Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2000). Immunologi, Immunologi. Universitetsforlaget.
• Bogen, Bjarne; Schenck, Karl; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Dembic, Zlatko (2000). Deletion of Idiotype(Id)-specific T cells in multiple myeloma. Acta Oncologica. ISSN 0284-186X. 39, s. 783–788.
• Lunde, E.; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Vabø, A.; Sandlie, Inger & Bogen, Bjarne (1999). Antibodies engineered with IgD specificity efficiently deliver integrated T-cell epitopes for antigen presentation by B cells. Nature Biotechnology. ISSN 1087-0156. 17, s. 670–675.
• Lunde, E.; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Vabø, A.; Sandlie, Inger & Bogen, Bjarne (1999). Antibodies engineered with anti IgD-specificity efficiently deliver integrated T cell epitopes for antigen presentation by B cells. Nature Biotechnology. ISSN 1087-0156. 17, s. 670–675.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Kyte, JA & Bogen, Bjarne (1999). Resting small B cells present endogenous immunoglobulin variable-region determinants to idiotope(Id)-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo. European Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0014-2980. 29, s. 4043–4052.
• Dembic, Zlatko; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Schenck, Karl; Mueller, C. & Bogen, Bjarne (1998). Transient overexpression of CD4 enhances allelic exclusion of T-cell receptor (TCR) a chains and promotes positive selection of class II-restricted TCR-transgenetic thymocytes. Molecular Immunology. ISSN 0161-5890. s. 23–38.
• Blichfeldt, E.; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Røtnes, Jan Sigurd & Bogen, Bjarne (1996). Dual T cell receptor T cells have a decreased sensitivity to physiological ligands due to reduced density of each T cell receptor. European Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0014-2980. 26, s. 2876–2884. Vis sammendrag

  A considerable fraction of T cells express two distinct T cell receptors (TCR), mainly due to expression of two TCR alpha chains. It has been suggested that such dual-TCR cells could have a role in autoimmunity. However, as such cells express less of each TCR, they could be less sensitive to their physiological ligand, i.e. peptide plus major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). We tested this hypothesis in a transgenic TCR model in which most T cells express different amounts of the transgene-encoded TCR due to expression of endogenous TCR alpha chains. Five Th1 clones derived from lambda 2(315) immunoglobulin light chain-specific TCR-transgenic mice expressed different levels of the transgene-encoded TCR, ranging from similar to 10 000 to similar to 50 000 TCR per cell. Cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization in single T cells from these dones elicited by lambda 2(315) peptide-pulsed, I-E(d)-expressing antigen- presenting cells, correlated linearly with the relative transgene- encoded TCR expression. The peptide requirement for half-maximal T cell proliferation showed a similar correlation, with low TCR levels requiring higher peptide concentration. Corroborative evidence was obtained by deployment of short-term polyclonal CD4(+) lines from TCR-transgenic mice. Such lines had reduced early (Ca2+ mobilization) and late (lymphokine and proliferation) responses, compared with T cell lines from recombination- deficient TCR-transgenic severe combined immunodeficiency mice (which express only a single transgene-encoded TCR). Taken together, the Ca2+ responses increase gradually with increasing TCR expression per cell, similar to the previously described analog Ca2+ signaling elicited by increasing amounts of peptide/MHC [Rotnes et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1994. 24: 851]. Surprisingly small reductions in TCR expression per cell reduce T cell responsiveness. This suggests that dual-TCR T cells are immunologically less effective than single-TCR T cells

• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Blichfeldt, E.; Sollien, Anders; Dembic, Zlatko & Bogen, Bjarne (1996). T cells with two TCR_b chains and reactivity to both MHC/idiotypic peptide and superantigen. Cellular Immunology. ISSN 0008-8749. 170, s. 283–290. Vis sammendrag

  T lymphocytes, MHC, idiotypes, peptides, superantigens

• Blichfeldt, E.; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Røtnes, Jan Sigurd & Bogen, Bjarne (1996). Dual T cell receptor T cells have a decreased sensitivity to physiological ligands due to reduced density of each T cell receptor. European Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0014-2980. 26, s. 2876–2884. Vis sammendrag

  T lymphocytes, T cell receptor, ligands, peptides

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• Federico, Lorenzo; Malone, Brandon; Tennøe, Simen; Chaban, Viktoriia; Osen, Julie Røkke & Gainullin, Murat [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Corrigendum: Experimental validation of immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes identified by artificial intelligence (Frontiers in Immunology, (2023), 14, (1265044), 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265044). Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 15. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1377041.
• Tran, Trung; Vaage, Eline Benno; Mehta, Adi; Chopra, Adity; Tietze, Lisa & Kolderup, Heidi Anette [Vis alle 40 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Author Correction: Titers of antibodies against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 correlate with levels of neutralizing antibodies to multiple variants (npj Vaccines, (2022), 7, 1, (174), 10.1038/s41541-022-00586-7). npj Vaccines. ISSN 2059-0105. 8(1). doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00600-6.
• Rasmussen, Tilde; König, Marton; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Schikora-Rustad, Stine; Berge, Tone & Holmøy, Trygve [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Safety of a third SARS CoV 2 mRNA vaccine dose in people with multiple sclerosis.
• König, Marton; Wolf, Asia-Sophia Fumika Michaela; Ravussin, Anthony; Chopra, Adity; Tran, Trung & Torgauten, Hilde Marie [Vis alle 28 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Immunogenicity and efficacy of mRNA-COVID-19 vaccines in people with multiple sclerosis.
• Midtvedt, Karsten; Vaage, John T.; Heldal, Kristian; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Lund-Johansen, Fridtjof & Åsberg, Anders (2022). Fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients with previously impaired humoral antibody response. American Journal of Transplantation. ISSN 1600-6135. doi: 10.1111/ajt.17091.
• Grødeland, Gunnveig; Fossum, Even & Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2022). Vaksinasjon av immunsupprimerte. [Radio]. Vaksinepodden.
• König, Marton; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Torgauten, Hilde Marie; Tran, The Trung; Schikora-Rustad, Stine & Vaage, Eline Benno [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Humoral Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in People with Multiple Sclerosis using High-Efficacy Disease Modifying Therapies.
• Ribes, Anna Maria Parente; Skånland, Sigrid Strand; Bürgler, Simone; Os, Audun; Wang, Dong & Bogen, Bjarne [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduce CD40l-induced proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells but not normal B cells. Haematologica. ISSN 0390-6078. 101(2), s. e59–e62. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2015.135590.
• Nakken, Britt; Alex, Philip; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Szekanecz, Zoltan & Szodoray, Peter (2012). Immune-Regulatory Mechanisms in Systemic Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases. Clinical & Developmental Immunology. ISSN 1740-2522. doi: 10.1155/2012/957151.
• Jacobsen, Johanne Tracey; Schjetne, Karoline W; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Bogen, Bjarne (2012). Naive anti-Id B cells and Id-specific CD4(+) T cells collaborate efficiently to non infectious antigens in the absence of dendritic cells. Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0022-1767. 188.
• Nakken, Britt; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Szodoray, Peter (2011). B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 73(4), s. 377–377.
• Os, Audun; Bürgler, Simone; Ribes, Anna Maria Parente; Funderud, Ane; Thompson, Keith M & Tjønnfjord, Geir Erland [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). CLL Cells can Collaborate with Antigen-Specific T Helper Cells and Receive Help to Proliferate. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 73(4), s. 383–383.
• Jacobsen, Johanne Tracey; Schjetne, Karoline W; Munthe, Ludvig Andre & Bogen, Bjarne (2011). New Immunoglobulin Knock-in Mice for Idiotype (Id)-Driven T-B Collaboration. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 73(4), s. 388–388.
• Zangani, M.; Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Os, Audun & Bogen, Bjarne (2002). Ligation of BCR allows differetiation of diotype+ B cell dependent on diotype specific T cell help: Explantaion for autoantibody production and autoimmune disease.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Zangani, M.; Os, Audun; Corthay, Alexandre & Bogen, Bjarne (2002). B cell presentation of immunoglobulin Idiotypes to Id-specific T cells results in spontaneous lethal autoimmunity on an autoimmune disease-free background.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Corthay, Alexandre; Os, Audun & Bogen, Bjarne (2002). B cells that present Ig V regions on MHC class II molecules are stimulated by V region-specific CD4+ T cells to proliferate and secrete autoantibodies in vivo. A novel murine model of lupus-like and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2001). Id-dependent T-B cell collaboration and mucosal immunopathology.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Corthay, Alexandre & Bogen, Bjarne (2001). Id-dependent T-B cooperation. A novel murine model of lupus-like and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre; Corthay, Alexandre & Bogen, Bjarne (2001). B cells that present Ig V regions on MHC class II molecules are stimulated by V region-specific CD4+ T cells to proliferate and secrete autoantibodies in vivo. A novel murine model of lupus-like and inflammatory bowel disease.
• Bogen, Bjarne & Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2001). B cells spontaneously presenting their Idiotype are stimulated by Idiotype-specific CD4+ T cells to proliferate and secrete autoantibodies in vivo.
• Bjarne, B. & Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2001). B cells spontaneously presenting their Idiotype are stimulated by Idiotype-specific CD4+ T cells to proliferate and secrete autoantibodies in vivo.
• Munthe, Ludvig Andre (2001). Presentation of idiotopes to idiotope-specific T cells. Idiotope-dependent T-B co-operation. 7Letras.

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