Terje P. Hagen

• Hagen, Terje P. & Zelko, Erika (2024). Exploring End-of-Life Care for Patients with Breast Cancer, Dementia or Heart Failure: A Register-Based Study of Individual and Institutional Factors. Healthcare. ISSN 2227-9032. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12090943. Show summary

  Objective: To examine variations in end-of-life care for breast cancer, heart failure, and dementia patients. Data and methods: Data from four Norwegian health registries were linked using a personal identification number. Longitudinal trends over 365 days and the type of care on the final day of life were analyzed using descriptive techniques and logistic regression analysis. Results: Patients with dementia were more commonly placed in nursing homes than patients in the two other groups, while patients with heart failure and breast cancer were more frequently hospitalized than the dementia patients. Breast cancer and heart failure patients had a higher likelihood of dying at home than dementia patients. The higher the number of general practitioners, the higher was the probability of home-based end-of-life care for cancer patients, while an increasing non-physician healthcare workers increased the likelihood of home-based care for the other patient groups. Conclusions: Diagnoses, individual characteristics, and service availability are all associated with the place of death in end-of-life care. The higher the availability of health care services, the higher also is the probability of ending the life at home.

• Hagen, Terje P. (2024). Sykehustalen 2024 – hva skjer med sykehusfinansieringen? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 144(3). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0051.
• Antonini, Marcello; Genie, Mesfin; Attema, Arthur; Attwell, Katie; Balogh, Zsolt & Behmane, Daiga [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2024). Public preferences for vaccination campaigns in the COVID-19 endemic phase: insights from the VaxPref database. Health Policy and Technology. ISSN 2211-8837. 13(1). doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2024.100849.
• Hagen, Terje P.; Aarflot, Morten & Tjerbo, Trond (2024). Pasienter nyinnlagt i sykehjem – alder, tilstand og funksjonsnivå. Michael. ISSN 1893-9651. 21(1), p. 23–38. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sykehjemmene er en hjørnestein i kommunehelsetjenesten. De siste årene er antall sykehjemsplasser blitt redusert. Har det skjedd endringer i populasjonen av pasienter som er i langtidsopphold i sykehjemmene? Hensikten med denne artikkelen er å gi en nærmere beskrivelse av pasientpopulasjonen i kommunale helseinstitusjoner der sykehjemsplasser utgjør mer enn 95 % av plassene. Våre hovedfunn, basert på individdata fra Kommunalt pasient- og brukerregister fra perioden 2017–2021, er at det skjer en foryngelse av sykehjemsbeboerne, men at 70 % av dem fortsatt er 80 år eller eldre. I de eldre aldersgruppene som legges inn i langtidsopphold, finner vi overvekt av pasienter med hjerte- og karlidelser, nevrologiske lidelser og demens, mens psykiske og nevrologiske lidelser er de største sykdomsgruppene i de lavere aldersgruppene. Funksjonsevnen til eldre som er nyinnlagt, er noe redusert over tid. Det kan indikere at terskelen for å få langtidsplass er hevet for denne gruppen. Nyinnlagte pasienter i de lavere aldergruppene har imidlertid dårligere funksjonsevne enn de eldre. Våre resultater indikerer at inntakene til sykehjemmene reflekterer prioriteringskriteriene når vi betrakter landet samlet. Kommunenes utgifter til institusjonene ser ikke ut til å øke som følge av at andelen yngre pasienter som får langtidsplass, øker.

• Häkkinen, Unto; Hagen, Terje P. & Kittelsen, Sverre (2023). 20 years of Nordic comparative health economics research. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 6(1), p. 59–79. doi: 10.5617/njhe.10133. Full text in Research Archive
• Holte, Jon Helgheim; Hagen, Terje P. & Tjerbo, Trond (2023). Brukere med særlig høye kostnader i pleie- og omsorgstjenestene – hvem er de, og hva betyr de for kommunale utgifter? Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 26(5), p. 93–102. doi: 10.23865/magma.v26.1423. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn: Det er kjent fra internasjonal litteratur at en liten gruppe tjenestemottakere står for en stor andel av de totale kostnadene i helsetjenestene. Om det finnes en tilsvarende gruppe med høykostnadsbrukere innenfor pleie- og omsorgstjenestene, og hva som eventuelt kjennetegner disse brukerne, er ikke undersøkt i Norge eller andre vestlige land. Mål: Målet for studien er å etablere oversikt over høykostnadsbrukere innenfor de kommunale pleie- og omsorgstjenestene i Norge. Finnes det en liten gruppe av tjenestemottakere som står for en stor del av kostnadene i de kommunale pleie- og omsorgstjenestene? Hvilke grupper representerer de, og hva betyr de for kommunale utgifter? Metode: Analysen gjøres på individdata fra Kommunalt pasientregister (KPR) for 2019. Pasientene med 5 prosent høyest kostnader defineres som brukere med særlig høye kostnader – høykostnadsbrukere. Oddsen for å være i gruppen av høykostnadsbrukere estimeres deretter ved en flernivåanalyse. Resultater: Høykostnadsbrukerne står for 39 prosent av de samlede kostnadene for kommunale pleie- og omsorgstjenester. Gjennomsnittskostnaden for høykostnadsbrukerne er knapt 2,2 millioner kroner. For de øvrige brukerne er gjennom-snittskostnaden vel 186 000 kroner. Det er betydelige forskjeller mellom høykostnadsbrukerne og de øvrige brukerne særlig når det gjelder tjenestebruk, alder og diagnoser. For høykostnadsbrukerne genereres nesten 90 prosent av kostnadene gjennom bruk av hjemmetjenester. Den største kostnaden er forbundet med Praktisk bistand – opplæring (36,2 prosent). Høykostnadsbrukerne er i gjennomsnitt yngre enn de øvrige brukerne (46 år vs. 66 år) og har ofte funksjonshemminger. Konklusjon: En liten gruppe tjenestemottakere står for en stor andel av de samlede kostnadene for pleie- og omsorgstjenester i Norge. Disse brukerne er yngre, hjemmeboende og funksjonshemmede

• Hagen, Terje P. & Tjerbo, Trond (2023). Vi forbereder oss på «eldrebølgen», men i kommunehelsetjenesten er det en «yngrebølge». Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 9(2), p. 92–104. doi: 10.18261/tfo.9.2.8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn: Det er ventet at økningen i andelen eldre vil skape utfordringer for omsorgstjenestene. Kommunalt pasient- og brukerregister (KPR) gir gode muligheter til å analysere bruk av omsorgstjenester og se på variasjoner etteralder. Så langt er denne muligheten ikke fullt utnyttet. I denne artikkelen gjennomfører vi en detaljert analyse av endringer i etterspørselen av kommunale pleie- og omsorgstjenester i perioden fra starten av 2017 til og med 2020 basert på data fra KPR. Metode: Vi benytter enkle beskrivende analyser. Hovedresultater: Nedgangen i pasienter på langtidsopphold i institusjoner har stoppet opp. I analyseperioden observerte vi et stabilt antall pasienter, om lag 33000 per uke. Andelen pasienter over 80 år utgjør om lag 75 prosent av totalen, men er svakt fallende over tid. Det er en økning i antall pasienter i alle aldersgrupper under 80 år. Antall pasienter som har vært i institusjoner på tidsbegrensede opphold og i avlastningsopphold, har økt. Veksten er sterkest i aldersgruppene under 80 år. Antallet brukere med brukerstyrt personlig assistanse (BPA) økte og er høyest i alders-gruppene 18–39 år og 40–59 år. Antallet brukere som mottar helsetjenester i hjemmet, økte jevnt i perioden. Også her er veksten sterkest i aldergruppene under 80 år. Hovedkonklusjon: Med unntak av praktisk bistand er all vekst i etterspørselen etter pleie- og omsorgstjenester i den aktuelle perioden i aldersgruppene under 80 år. Det indikerer at det for tiden er andre årsaker enn demografi som driver endringene i kommunehelsetjenesten. I høy grad er etterspørselsøkningen politikkdrevet. Den kan trolig forklares med langtidseffekter av nedbygging av statlige og fylkeskommunale institusjoner og nylig økning i bruker-rettighetene.

• Demetriou, Christiana A.; Achilleos, Souzana; Quattrocchi, Annalisa; Gabel, John; Critselis, Elena & Constantinou, Constantina [Show all 37 contributors for this article] (2023). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on total, sex-and age-specific all-cause mortality in 20 countries worldwide during 2020: Results from the C-MOR project. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 52(3), p. 664–676. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyac170. Full text in Research Archive
• Hilland, Geir Haakon Iversen; Hagen, Terje P. & Martinussen, Pål Erling (2023). Stayin’ alive: The introduction of municipal in-patient acute care units was associated with reduced mortality and fewer hospital readmissions. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 326. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115912. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagen, Terje P. & Tjerbo, Trond (2023). The Causal Effect of Community Hospitals on General Hospital Admissions. Evaluation of a Natural Experiment Using Register Data. International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC). ISSN 1568-4156. 23(2). doi: 10.5334/ijic.6515. Full text in Research Archive
• M.P., Ugarte; Achilleos, Souzana; Quattrocchi, Annalisa; Gabel, John; Hagen, Terje P. & Verstiuk, Olesia (2022). Premature mortality attributable to COVID-19: potential years of life lost in 17 countries around the world, January–August 2020. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-12377-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørnelv, Gudrun Maria Waaler; Hagen, Terje P.; Forma, Leena & Aas, Eline (2022). Care pathways at end-of-life for cancer decedents: registry based analyses of the living situation, healthcare utilization and costs for all cancer decedents in Norway in 2009-2013 during their last 6 months of life. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 22. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08526-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Forster, Rachel Bedenis; Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Tibballs, Katrina Louise Bø; Nøkleby, Kjersti; Berg, Tore Julsrud & Iversen, Tor [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Cohort profile: Outcomes & Multi-morbidity In Type 2 diabetes (OMIT) - a national registry-based observational cohort with focus on care and treatment of key high-risk groups in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054840. Full text in Research Archive
• Yitbarek, Kiddus; Hurlburt, Sarah; Hagen, Terje P.; Berhane, Melkamu; Abraham, Gelila & Adamu, Ayinengida [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Inequitable Utilization of Neonatal Health Services in Southwest Ethiopia: The Effects of Socioeconomic Disparities. INQUIRY (INQ). ISSN 0046-9580. 58. doi: 10.1177/00469580211018290.
• Hellesø, Ragnhild & Hagen, Terje P. (2021). Samhandlingsreforma- kva fungerte, kva må gjerast vidare? In Botten, Grete Synøve (Eds.), Mangfold og engasjement i ti år. Institutt for helse og samfunn ved Universitetet i Oslo 2010-2020.. Norwegian Medical Society. ISSN 978-82-92871-76-8. p. 92–98.
• Ambugo, Eliva Atieno; de Bruin, Simone R.; Masana, Lina; MacInnes, Julie; Mateu, Nuri Cayuelas & Hagen, Terje P. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). A Cross-European Study of Informal Carers’ Needs in the Context of Caring for Older People, and their Experiences with Professionals Working in Integrated Care Settings. International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC). ISSN 1568-4156. doi: 10.5334/ijic.5547. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Informal carers are increasingly relied on for support by older people and the health and social care systems that serve them. It is therefore important that health and social care professionals are knowledgeable about and responsive to informal carers’ needs. This study explores informal carers’ own needs within the context of caregiving; and examines, from the informal carers’ perspective, the extent to which professionals assess, understand and are responsive to informal carers’ needs. Methods: We interviewed (2016–2018) 47 informal carers of older people being served by 12 integrated care initiatives across seven countries in Europe. The interviews were thematically coded inductively and analysed. Results: Informal carers reported that professionals treated them with respect and made efforts to assess and respond to their needs. However, even though professionals encouraged informal carers to look after themselves, informal carers’ needs (e.g., for respite, healthcare) were insufficiently addressed, and informal carers tended to prioritize older people’s needs over their own. Discussion and conclusion: Informal carers need better support in caring for their own health. Health professionals should have regular contact with informal carers and proactively engage them in ongoing needs assessment, setting action plans for addressing their needs, and identifying/accessing appropriate support services. This will be important if informal carers are to continue their caregiving role without adverse effects to themselves.

• Hagen, Terje P. (2021). Er det stordriftsfordeler i sykehus? Praktisk økonomi & finans. ISSN 1501-0074. 37(3), p. 233–241. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-2871-2021-03-06. Show summary

  I Norge er spørsmålet om det er stordriftsfordeler i sykehus aktualisert av to forhold. For det første står landet foran sykehusutbygginger i Mjøsområdet, Drammen, Oslo og på Helgelandskysten. Et grunnleggende tema i debatten har vært om en skal bygge store sykehus eller satse på mindre, men flere enheter. Både i Mjøsområdet og i Oslo ser en i skrivende stund ut til å legge opp til større utbygginger. Den andre saken er den nylig vedtatte fordelingsmodellen mellom staten og de regionale helseforetakene der en kompenserer for ulemper forbundet med størrelse. Det paradoksale er altså at en legger opp til sykehusutbygginger som ifølge den statlige utredningen er ineffektive og som en i neste omgang må kompensere for. I artikkelen går jeg gjennom internasjonal litteratur om temaet og stiller tre spørsmål: Er det stordriftsfordeler i sykehus? Kan eventuelle stordriftsfordeler utløses gjennom sykehussammenslåinger? Hvordan påvirkes kvaliteten i sykehusbehandlingen av sykehussammenslåinger? Artikkelen er ikke en systematisk revy i streng forstand, men en gjennomgang av litteraturen som legger vekt på hvordan analysene av effektivitet og skalaeffekter har endret seg over tid og hvordan disse endringene har påvirket konklusjonene. Avslutningsvis knytter jeg trådene tilbake til den norske debatten.

• Hsu, John; Iversen, Tor; Price, Mary; Moger, Tron Anders; Tevis, Delaney & Hagen, Terje P. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Myocardial infarction care among the elderly: Declining treatment with increasing age in two countries. Health Affairs. ISSN 0278-2715. 40(9), p. 1483–1490. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00108. Show summary

  The elderly account for the majority of medical spending in many countries, raising concerns about potentially unnecessary spending, especially during the final months of life. Using a well-defined starting point (hospitalization for an initial acute myocardial infarction) with evidence-based postevent treatments, we examined age trends in treatments in the US and Norway, two countries with high levels of per capita medical spending. After accounting for comorbidities, we found marked decreases within both countries in the use of invasive treatments with age (for example, less use of percutaneous coronary interventions and surgery) and the use of relatively inexpensive medications (for example, less use of anticholesterol [statin] drugs for which generic versions are widely available). The treatment decreases with age were larger in Norway compared with those in the US. The less frequent treatment of the oldest of the old, without even use of basic medications, suggests potential age-related bias and a disconnect with the evidence on treatment value. Hospital organization and payment in both countries should incentivize greater equity in treatment use across ages.

• Fosse, Rina Moe; Ambugo, Eliva Atieno; Moger, Tron Anders; Hagen, Terje P. & Tjerbo, Trond (2021). Does rehabilitation setting influence risk of institutionalization? A register-based study of hip fracture patients in Oslo, Norway. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 21(1), p. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06703-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Achilleos, Souzana; Quattrocchi, Annalisa; Gabel, John; Heraclides, Alexandros; Kolokotroni, Ourania & Constantinou, Constantina [Show all 46 contributors for this article] (2021). Excess all-cause mortality and COVID-19-related mortality: a temporal analysis in 22 countries, from January until August 2020. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab123.
• Lette, Manon; Ambugo, Eliva; Hagen, Terje P.; Nijpels, Giel; Baan, Caroline & De Bruin, Simone (2020). Addressing safety in integrated care programs for older adults living at home: A systematic scoping review. BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. doi: 10.1186/s12877-020-1482-7.
• Häkkinen, Unto; Goude, Fanny; Hagen, Terje P.; Kruse, Marie; Moger, Tron Anders & Peltola, Mikko [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). A performance comparison of patient pathways in Nordic capital areas – a pilot study for ischaemic stroke patients. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/1403494819863523.
• Ambugo, Eliva & Hagen, Terje P. (2019). Effects of introducing a fee for inpatient overstays on the rate of death and readmissions across municipalities in Norway . Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 230, p. 309–317. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.006. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian healthcare coordination reform (Samhandlingsreformen) was implemented from January 1, 2012. In addition to providing municipalities with funding to strengthen their health infrastructure, it required municipalities to pay hospitals a daily fee for patients who, having been declared ready for discharge and in need of municipal health services, were not received by the municipalities on time. This study examines the effects of the reform on the rate of death and readmissions occurring within 60 days of hospitalization. We use aggregated municipal data for years 2009, 2010, 2012-2014 (N=1646) for Norwegian patients (age 18+) hospitalized in the same years for COPD/asthma, heart failure, hip fracture, and stroke. We stratify our analyses of the municipal data by these patient groups. Our linear regression models test for moderated (interaction) effects whereby associations between the reform and the rate of death and readmissions vary by whether or not patients were classified as ready for discharge and in need of follow-up care in the municipality. The models adjust for municipal sociodemographic and health characteristics. We found no statistically significant moderated effects of the reform across the patient groups, except for patients with stroke (b=.027, SE=.109, p<.05). Specifically, compared to the pre-reform period (2009 2010), the post-reform period (2012-2014) was associated with a higher rate of readmissions at high predicted values of needing follow-up care. Although our analyses of municipal data suggest that patients with stroke are vulnerable to the reform and its incentive scheme, there is no strong evidence overall to suggest that the Norwegian healthcare coordination reform is functioning in a manner that exacerbates the risk of death and readmissions.

• Häkkinen, Unto; Hagen, Terje P. & Moger, Tron Anders (2018). Performance comparison of hip fracture pathways in two capital cities: Associations with level and change of integration. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 7. doi: 10.5617/njhe.4836. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Finland and Norway have health care systems that have a varying degree of vertical integration. In Finland the financial responsibility for all patient treatment is placed at the municipal level, while in Norway the responsibility for patients is divided between the municipalities (primary and long-term care) and state-owned hospitals. From 2012, the Norwegian system became more vertically integrated following the introduction of the Coordination Reform. The aim of the paper is to analyse the associations between different modes of integration and performance indicators. The data included operated hip fracture patients from the years 2009– 2014 residing in the cities of Oslo and Helsinki. Data from routinely collected national registers, also including data from primary health and long-term-care services, were linked. Performance indicators were compared at baseline (before the Coordination Reform, i.e., 2009–2011), and trends were described and analysed by difference-in-difference methods. The baseline study indicated that hip fracture patients in Oslo, compared with those in Helsinki, had longer stays in acute hospitals. They used less institutional care outside of hospitals as well as more GP services and fewer other outpatient services. Mortality was lower, and the probability of being discharged to home within 90 days from the index day was higher. After the Coordination Reform, the length of stay in hospital was shorter and the length of the first institutional episode in Oslo was longer than before the Reform, demonstrating that the shorter hospital stays were more than compensated for by longer stays in long-term-care institutions. The number of patients institutionalised 90 days from the index day increased and the number of patients discharged to home within 90 days from the index day decreased in Oslo after the Reform while the opposite trends were observed in Helsinki. After the Reform, the performance differences between the two regions had decreased.

• Moger, Tron Anders; Häkkinen, Unto & Hagen, Terje P. (2018). Higher mortality among ACS patients in Finland than in Norway: Do differences in acute services and scale effects in hospital treatment explain the variation? . Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 7. doi: 10.5617/njhe.4834. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mortality following hospital treatment in Finland and Norway is similar for major diseases, with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as an important exception. For ACS, the mortality is significantly higher in Finland than in Norway. We study whether a decentralized structure with reduced emergency preparedness and smallscale production in Finland vs. a centralized structure with large percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) departments performing acute services 24/7 in Norway explains the country differences in mortality. For patients discharged with acute myocardial infarction (International Classification of Diseases - ICD-10 I21 and I22) and unstable angina pectoris (ICD-10 I 20.0), data from the hospital discharge registers for 1 Jan. 2009–30 Nov. 2014 was linked with socio-demographic and regional variables, variables describing distances to hospitals, and with data from causes of death registers in Norway and Finland. Variables relating to hospital system and organization of care were included as independent variables in logistic regression analyses. Marginal mortality differences between the countries for different categories of the variables are presented separately for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and for other ACS patients. In Finland, 36% of STEMI patients and 25% of other ACS patients were admitted to hospitals having an emergency PCI service. The corresponding numbers for Norway were 77% and 66%. However, the percentage of patients receiving PCI within one day was similar (STEMI: Norway 54% vs. Finland 56%, p < 0.001), as was the distribution of PCIs performed during weekends (28% vs. 26%, p = 0.02). The short term mortality was a little lower in Norway for STEMI patients (30-day mortality: 10% vs. 12%, p < 0.001; 365-day mortality: 18% vs. 18%, p = 0.48), while markedly lower for other ACS (30-day mortality: 6% vs. 10%, p < 0.001; 365-day mortality: 14% vs. 20%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for individual and regional variables, the mortality was found to be 2–4% lower in Norway within most categories of the hospital system and organization of care variables in all analyses. As such, we were not able to explain the mortality differences by the hospital system and organization of care variables. Rather, the explanation seems to have other sources.

• Swanson, Jayson O.; Vogt, Verena; Sundmacher, Leonie; Hagen, Terje P. & Moger, Tron Anders (2018). Continuity of care and its effect on readmissions for COPD patients: A comparative study of Norway and Germany. Health Policy. ISSN 0168-8510. 122(7), p. 737–745. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.05.013. Full text in Research Archive
• Holom, Geir Hiller; Alexandersen, Nina; Goldhaber-Fieber, Jeremy D. & Hagen, Terje P. (2018). Which patients receive surgery in for-profit and non-profit hospitals in a universal health system? An explorative register-based study in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 8(6), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019780. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives To compare the socioeconomic status (SES) and case-mix among day surgical patients treated at private for-profit hospitals (PFPs) and non-profit hospitals (NPs) in Norway, and to explore whether the use of PFPs in a universal health system has compromised the principle of equal access regardless of SES. Design A retrospective, exploratory study comparing hospital types using the Norwegian Patient Register linked with socioeconomic data from Statistics Norway by utilising Norwegian citizens’ personal identification numbers. Setting The Norwegian healthcare system. Population All publicly-financed patients in five Norwegian metropolitan areas having day surgery for meniscus (34 100 patients), carpal tunnel syndrome (15 010), benign breast hypertrophy (6 297), or hallux valgus (2 135) from 2009–2014. Primary outcome measure Having surgery at a PFP or NP. Results Across four unique procedures, the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for using PFPs were generally lower for the lowest educational level (0.77–0.87) and the lowest income level (0.68–0.89), though aORs were not always significant. Likewise, comorbidity and previous hospitalisation had lower aORs (0.62-0.95; 0.44-0.97, respectively) for having surgery at PFPs across procedures, though again aORs were not always significant. No clear patterns emerged with respect to age, gender, or higher levels of income and education. Conclusions The evidence from our study of four procedures suggests that equal access to PFPs compared to NPs for those patients at the lowest education and income levels may be compromised, though further investigations are needed to generalise these findings across more procedures and probe causal mechanisms and appropriate policy remedies. The finding that comorbidity and previous hospitalisation had lower odds of treatment at PFPs indicates that NPs play an essential role for more complex patients, but raises questions about patient preference and cream skimming.

• Hagen, Terje P. & Tingvold, Laila (2018). Planning future care services: Analyses of investments in Norwegian municipalities. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 46(4), p. 495–502. doi: 10.1177/1403494817730996. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims: To analyse whether the Norwegian Central Government’s goal of subsidizing 12,000 places in nursing homes or sheltered housing using an earmarked grant was reached and to determine towards which group of users the planned investments were targeted. Methods: Data from the investment plans at municipal level were provided by the Norwegian Housing Bank and linked to variables describing the municipalities’ financial situation as well as variables describing the local needs for services provided by Statistics Norway. Using regression analyses we estimated the associations between municipal characteristics and planned investments in total and by type of care place. Results: The Norwegian Central Government reached its goal of giving subsidies to 12,000 new or rebuilt places in nursing homes and sheltered housing. A total of 54% of the subsidies (6878 places) were given to places in nursing homes. About 7500 places were available by the end of the planning period and the rest were under construction. About 50% of the places were planned for user groups aged <67 years and 23% of the places for users aged <25 years. One-third of the places were planned for users with intellectual disabilities. Investments in nursing homes were correlated with the share of the population older than 80 years and investments in sheltered houses were correlated with the share of users with intellectual disabilities. Conclusions: Earmarked grants to municipalities can be adequate measures to affect local resource allocation and thereby stimulate investments in future care. With the current institutional setup the municipalities adapt investments to local needs.

• Tjerbo, Trond & Hagen, Terje P. (2018). The health policy pendulum: Cost control vs activity growth. International Journal of Health Planning and Management. ISSN 0749-6753. 33(1), p. e67–e75. doi: 10.1002/hpm.2407. Full text in Research Archive
• Holom, Geir Hiller & Hagen, Terje P. (2017). Quality differences between private for-profit, private non-profit and public hospitals in Norway: a retrospective national register based study of acute readmission rates following total hip and knee arthroplasty. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015771. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives To compare the quality of care—using unplanned acute hospital readmissions as a quality measure—among patients treated at private for-profit hospitals (PFPs), private non-profit hospitals (PNPs) and public hospitals (PUBs) in Norway. Design A retrospective comparative study using the Norwegian Patient Register. Readmissions were evaluated by logistic regressions both using adjustment for various patient-level and other covariates, and a two-stage model using distance as an instrumental variable. Setting The Norwegian healthcare system. Population All publicly financed patients having primary total hip (37 897 patients) or primary total knee arthroplasty (25 802 patients) at one of the three hospital types from 2009 to 2014. Primary outcome measure 30-day unplanned acute hospital readmission rate. Results We found highest readmission rates among PUBs and lowest among PFPs, for both procedures. However, the patients were on average more than 2 years younger at PFPs. PFPs also treated the least severe patients, while PUBs treated the most severe. Using adjustment for various patient-level and other covariates, compared to PUBs, both PFPs and PNPs had lower odds of readmission following both procedures. However, using the instrumental variable method, the only significant difference found was a lower odds of readmission at PNPs among hip patients when compared with PUBs. No patients in our data set were readmitted to PFPs, those originally treated at PFPs were readmitted to either PNPs or PUBs, and PUBs received most of the readmitted patients across hospital types. Conclusions Quality differences between hospital types were small; however, PNPs had significantly lower readmission rates compared with PUBs among patients having total hip arthroplasty. PUBs received the larger part of the readmitted patients across hospital types and thus play an essential role in the care of more complex patients and for readmissions, regardless of any quality differences.

• Alexandersen, Nina; Hagen, Terje P. & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2017). Hvilke bedrifter kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge? Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. 1, p. 31–38. Show summary

  I underkant av 500 000 personer har private helseforsikringer i Norge, de fleste gjennom arbeidsgiverfinansierte kollektive ordninger. Forsikringene skal primært gi raskere tilgang til spesialisthelsetjenester. Vi bruker data fra en spørreundersøkelse supplert med registerdata fra Brønnøysundregistrene og analyserer sannsynligheten for å ha privat helseforsikring. Vi finner at sannsynligheten for private helseforsikringer øker med antall ansatte og med andel menn i bedriften, men reduseres med sykefravær på næringsnivå. Arbeidsgivers avgjørelse om å kjøpe private helseforsikringer er påvirket av ansattes preferanser og arbeidsgivers oppfatning om at private helseforsikringer kan brukes som rekrutteringsstrategi. I gjennomsnitt er bedriftene fornøyd/veldig fornøyd med det medisinske tilbudet som gis gjennom private helseforsikringer.

• Johannessen, Karl-Arne; Kittelsen, Sverre A.C. & Hagen, Terje P. (2017). Assessing physician productivity following Norwegian hospital reform: A panel and data envelopment analysis. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 175, p. 117–126. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.008. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagen, Terje P.; Holom, Geir Hiller & Ameyu, Kebebew Negera (2017). Outsourcing day surgery to private for-profit hospitals: the price effects of competitive tendering. Health Economics, Policy and Law. ISSN 1744-1331. 13, p. 50–67. doi: 10.1017/S1744133117000019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Setting prices for elective patient treatments in private for-profit (PFP) hospitals in traditional tax-funded health systems is challenging since both the organisation of these hospitals and the tasks they perform differ considerably from what we find in public hospitals. From the year 2000, Norway became one of a few countries to gradually implement a procurement system based on competitive tendering when outsourcing elective surgery. In this study we analyse the effect of introducing competitive tendering on the prices paid to PFP hospitals. Pricing data were collected from the formal contracts awarded to PFP hospitals and defined in terms of both absolute and relative prices. We found that PFP hospitals performed day surgeries at markedly lower prices than public hospitals and that competitive tendering triggered the price reduction. We speculate that the PFP hospitals’ lack of acute services, less severe patient population, reduced teaching responsibilities and ability to streamline production, as well as other factors, explain the lower prices at PFP hospitals.

• Mishra, Vinod Kumar; Fiane, Arnt E; Winsnes, Benny Adam; Geiran, Odd; Sørensen, Gro & Hagen, Terje P. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Cardiac Replacement Therapies: Outcomes and Costs for Heart Transplantation versus Circulatory Assist. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 51(1), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2016.1196826.
• Swanson, Jayson O. J & Hagen, Terje P. (2016). Reinventing the community hospital: A retrospective population-based cohort study of a natural experiment using register data. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 6:e012892(12). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012892. Show summary

  Objectives To investigate whether implementation of municipal acute bed units (MAUs) resulting from the Norwegian Coordination Reform (2012) was associated with reductions in hospital admissions, particularly for the elderly. Design A municipality-based retrospective comparative cohort study using monthly population-based registry data analysed with fixed-effects log–log regressions. Setting Norwegian municipalities and hospitals. Population All patients admitted to secondary hospital care in Norway between 2010 and 2014, excluding psychiatric admissions, with additional focus on admission type and elderly age subgroups. Main outcome measures Monthly admission rates in total and by age group for all patients, patients admitted with acute conditions and with acute conditions at internal medicine departments. Results The introduction of MAUs was associated with a small yet significant overall negative effect on hospital admissions. The reduction in all admissions was significant for the entire population (−1.2%, 95% CI −2.0% to −0.0%) and slightly stronger for those aged 80 years and above (−1.9%, 95% CI −3.0% to −1.0%). The more detailed analysis of the elderly population aged 80 years and above revealed that effects were affected by the institutional characteristics of the MAUs. The significant effects ranged between −1.6% and −8.6%, depending on the availability of physicians on duty at the MAUs, the MAUs location or combinations thereof. Conclusions Introduction of MAUs following implementation of the Norwegian Coordination Reform in 2012 was associated with a significant reduction in hospital admissions primarily for the elderly. Our findings suggest that this type of intermediate care is a viable option in an effort to alleviate the burden on hospitals by reducing the acute secondary care admission volume. Further examinations focused on cost-effectiveness, health status of patients, number of patients treated at the MAUs and comparing other intermediate care alternatives would all add important perspectives to the issue.

• Yin, Jun; Dahl, Fredrik Andreas; Hagen, Terje P. & Lurås, Hilde (2016). The influence of changes in activity-based financing on hospital readmissions for the elderly. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 4(2), p. 72–81. doi: 10.5617/njhe.992.
• Hagen, Terje P. & Melberg, Hans Olav (2016). Liggetider og reinnleggelser før og etter Samhandlingsreformen. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2(2), p. 143–158. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2016-02-09.
• Swanson, Jayson O. J; Alexandersen, Nina & Hagen, Terje P. (2016). Førte opprettelsen av kommunale akutte døgnenheter til færre innleggelser ved somatiske sykehus? Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2(2), p. 125–134. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2016-02-07. Show summary

  I Følge helse- og omsorgstjenesteloven av 2011 skal kommunene tilby heldøgns medisinsk akuttbehandling fra 1. januar 2016. Målet med tilbudet som er kalt kommunal øyeblikkelig hjelp døgnenheter (ØDH), er å redusere antall innleggelser ved sykehusene særlig for den eldre befolkningen. I notatet analyseres om etablering av ØDH-er faktisk har påvirket antall innleggelser ved sykehusene. Vi har hentet inn data om antall innleggelser fra Norske paientregister, data om demografiske variable og data om det kommunale tilbudet av tjeneste utover ØHD-ene fra Statistisk sentralbyrå og data om tidspunkt for etablering av ØHD-ene fra kommunene. Data er analysert som et panel med faste effekter for kommune. Konklusjonene er at innføring av ØDH-ene har hatt effekt, men også at effektene varierer betydelig med hvordan ØDH-ene er organisert. I gjennomsnitt finner vi effekter av innføring av ØDH-er på innleggelser for pasienter over 80 år på knapt (minus) 2%. Det ØDH-ene som er samlokalisert med legevekt og som har god legeberedskap som har effekter. ØDH-er som har annen organisering enn dette har i gjennomsnitt ingen effekt, men det er store variasjoner på kommunenivå.

• Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Moger, Tron Anders (2016). Risikojustering ved måling av predikert dødelighet etter hjerteinfarkt. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(5), p. 423–427. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.1292.
• Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor; Klitkou, Søren Toksvig; Moger, Tron Anders & Häkkinen, Unto (2015). Socio-economic inequality in the use of procedures and mortality among AMI patients: Quantifying the effects along different paths. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 24, p. 102–115. doi: 10.1002/hec.3269. Show summary

  SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN THE USE OF PROCEDURES AND MORTALITY AMONG AMI PATIENTS: QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS ALONG DIFFERENT PATHS TERJE P. HAGEN a, * , UNTO HÄKKINEN a,b , TOR IVERSEN a , SØREN TOKSVIG KLITKOU a , TRON ANDERS MOGER a ON BEHALF OF THE EUROHOPE STUDY GROUP a Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway b Centre for Health and Social Economics (CHESS), National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland ABSTRACT

• Hagen, Terje P.; Belicza, Eva; Fatore, Giovanni; Goude, Fanny & Häkkinen, Unto (2015). Acute myocardial infarction, use of percutaneous coronary intervention, and mortality: A comparative effectiveness analysis covering Seven European Countries. Health Economics. ISSN 1057-9230. 24, p. 88–101. doi: 10.1002/hec.3263.
• Ambugo, Eliva Atieno & Hagen, Terje P. (2015). A multilevel analysis of mortality following acute myocardial infarction in Norway: Do municipal health services make a difference? BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 5(11). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008764.
• Johannessen, Karl-Arne & Hagen, Terje P. (2014). Physicians' engagement in dual practices and the effects on labor supply in public hospitals: Results from a register-based study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-299.
• Hagen, Terje P. & Tjerbo, Trond (2014). Helsetjenesteaksjonen av 2013: Hva er alternativene og hva blir effekten av forslagene? In Botten, Grete Synøve; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (Ed.), Helsetjenestens nye logikk. Akademika forlag. ISSN 978-82-321-0348-5. p. 107–116.
• McArthur , David Philip; Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander & Hagen, Terje P. (2014). Modelling the cost of providing ambulance services. Journal of Transport Geography. ISSN 0966-6923. 34, p. 175–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.12.004.

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• Fiva, Jon H.; Hagen, Terje P. & Sørensen, Rune Jørgen (2021). Kommunal organisering. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215055381. 247 p.
• Botten, Grete Synøve; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (2014). Helsetjenestens nye logikk. Akademika forlag. ISBN 978-82-321-0348-5. 343 p.

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• Aas, Eline; Godager, Geir; Hagen, Terje P.; Häkkinen, Unto; Karlsson, Martin & Kittelsen, Sverre [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Advancing and Inspiring Health Economics: A Special Issue in Honor of Tor Iversen. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 6(1), p. 1–5. doi: 10.5617/njhe.10299. Show summary

  Professor Tor Iversen is a distinguished and highly respected health economist who has made significant contributions to the field of health economics. With this special issue, we celebrate his work.

• Hagen, Terje P. & Iversen, Tor (2023). Helse­tjenestene – og det permanente endringsbehovet. Magma forskning og viten. ISSN 1500-0788. 26(5), p. 70–72. doi: 10.23865/magma.v26.1420.
• Bjørnelv, Gudrun Maria Waaler; Aas, Eline; Aaltonen, Mari; Hagen, Terje P. & Forma, Leena (2022). Place of living during end-of-life according to cause of death: a comparative analysis from Finland and Norway .
• Hagen, Terje P. (2021). De første ti årene og veien videre - en samtale. Michael. ISSN 1893-9651. 18, p. 175–181.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2021). Ti år - og med livet foran seg! Michael. ISSN 1893-9651. 18, p. 9–12.
• Bjørnelv, Gudrun Maria Waaler; Forma, Leena; Hagen, Terje P. & Aas, Eline (2021). En komparativ analyse av sammensetningen av helsetjenester, bosituasjon og totale helsetjenestekostnader for personer med kreft ved livets slutt.
• Bjørnelv, Gudrun Maria Waaler; Aas, Eline; Aaltonen, Mari; Hagen, Terje P. & Forma, Leena (2021). Place of living during end-of-life according to cause of death: a comparative analysis from Finland and Norway.
• Bjørnelv, Gudrun Maria Waaler; Hagen, Terje P.; Forma, Leena & Aas, Eline (2021). Living situation, healthcare utilization and costs at end-of-life for cancer patients in Norway.
• Hagen, Terje P.; Forma, Leena & Aas, Eline (2021). En komparativ analyse av sammensetningen av helsetjenester, bosituasjon og totale helsetjenestekostnader for personer med kreft ved livets slutt.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2021). Effects of municipal acute wards on hospital admissions: Evaluation of a natural experiment using register data. Show summary

  Objectives: Norway introduced municipal acute wards (MAWs) as part of the Coordination Reform in 2012 to reduce the number of patients admitted to hospitals. The main objective of the paper is investigate whether implementation of AMUs had a causal effect on hospital admissions. Methods: We analyzed monthly admission rates in total and by age group for patients admitted with acute and elective conditions at internal medicine and surgical departments by panel data regression technics. Identification of the causal effects were made possible by utilizing the sequential implementation of the MAW. Our data covered all municipalities for the period from 2010 until the end of 2017. Preliminary results: The sequential implementation of the MAWs started summer 2012. By the beginning of 2016 close to all municipalities had an MAW up and running. The introduction of MAWs was associated with a significant reduction in acute hospital admissions. The effect was strongest for patients above 80 years of age admitted acutely to internal medicine departments. The effects were even stronger if the MAW had physician on duty 24/7 or were located close to a local emergency center. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that this type of intermediate care is a viable option in an effort to alleviate the burden on hospitals by reducing acute secondary care admission volume.

• Hagen, Terje P. & Hofmann, Bjørn (2020). Norway’s Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2020). Innovation prosjects in Health Region South-East.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2018). Ekspertutvalget: Nye oppgaver til fylkeskommunene. Plan. p. 6–11.
• Lehto, Juhani S. & Hagen, Terje P. (2018). HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SYSTEM REFORM IN FINLAND perspectives on private insurance and private hospitals.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2018). Privatisering av helsetjenester i Norden - hovedkonklusjoner.
• Tjerbo, Trond; Hagen, Terje P. & Monkerud, Lars Chr. (2017). Is there a health political budget cycle? An analysis of growth in health expenditure in election years for OECD countries.
• Moger, Tron Anders; Häkkinen, Unto & Hagen, Terje P. (2017). Higher mortality among ACS patients in Finland than in Norway: Do differences in acute preparedness and scale effects in hospital treatment explain the variation? Show summary

  Background: Mortality differences following hospital treatment in Finland and Norway are similar for major diseases with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as an important exception. For ACS, mortality in Finland is significantly higher than in Norway. Objective: To study whether the differences in the organization of the PCI facilities, a decentralized structure with reduced emergency preparedness and small scale production in Finland vs. a centralized structure with large PCI departments performing acute services 24/7 in Norway, add to the explanations of country differences in 30 and 365 day all-cause mortality for patients hospitalized with ACS (acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris). Data and methods: Data for patients discharged with acute myocardial infarction (ICD 10 I21 and I22) and unstable angina pectoris (ICD 10 I 20.0) from the hospital discharge registers in 2009-2014 was linked with socio-demographic variables, variables describing distances to hospitals and causes of death registers in Norway and Finland. The variables of main interest, emergency preparedness of PCI and the volume of ACS patients at hospital level were included as independent variables in logistic regression analyses. Preliminary results: Across all years combined, Norway had lower 30 and 365 days mortality (7% vs 11%, p<0.001 and 14% vs 20%, p<0.001). However, differences for STEMI patients were smaller (30 days: 10% vs 12%, p<0.001, 365 days: 17% vs 18%, p=0.01) than for non-STEMI, undefined and unstable angina patients (30 days: 6% vs 10%, p<0.001, 365 days: 13% vs 20%, p<0.001). The average Finnish patient was first admitted to a hospital treating 540 ACS patients per year (average travel time by car: 40 min), increasing to 590 patients (travel time: 43 min) during the first episode including transfers to higher level hospitals. Corresponding numbers for Norway were 630 ACS patients per year for the first admission (travel time: 60 min) and 1240 patients (!) for the first episode (travel time: 96 min). In Finland, 48% of STEMI and 39% of non-STEMI, undefined and unstable angina patients were admitted to hospitals with an emergency PCI service during the episode. The corresponding numbers for Norway were 77% and 66%. However, more patients received PCI within 2 days in Finland than Norway (38% vs. 33%, p<0.001), and the distribution of PCIs performed during weekends was similar (23% vs. 23%, p=0.55). Both in Norway and Finland non-STEMI patients who not receive PCI have a significantly lower mortality if they are treated at hospital with PCI facility than at other hospitals (OR 0.65 in Norway and 0.73 in Finland for 365 days mortality, p<0.001). This may indicate better quality at high volume centers. Further work: Multilevel logistic models with individual level risk adjustment and hospital level variables and random effects are going to be used to study if the reduced preparedness for PCI at some of the Finnish hospitals and differences in organization of care for ACS patients add to our understanding of mortality differences between Finland and Norway.

• Swanson, Jayson O. J; Vogt, Verena; Sundmacher, Leonie; Hagen, Terje P. & Moger, Tron Anders (2017). Continuity of care and its effect on readmissions for COPD patients: A comparative study of Norway and Germany.
• Häkkinen, Unto; Hagen, Terje P. & Moger, Tron Anders (2017). Performance comparison of hip fracture pathways in two metropolitan areas - does the level of integration matter?
• Moger, Tron Anders; Häkkinen, Unto & Hagen, Terje P. (2017). Higher mortality among ACS patients in Finland than in Norway: Do differences in acute services and scale effects in hospital treatment explain the variation?
• Hagen, Terje P. (2017). Privatisering på norsk. Anbudskonkurranser, seleksjon og kvalitet i en skattefinansiert helsetjeneste.
• Holom, Geir Hiller; Alexandersen, Nina & Hagen, Terje P. (2017). Which patients receive surgery in for-profit and non-profit hospitals in a universal Health system? An explorative register-based study.
• Hagen, Terje P. & Iversen, Tor (2016). EuroHOPE – sammenligning av helseutfall og behandlingskostnader mellom sju europeiske land. BestPractice. p. 17–19.
• Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Moger, Tron Anders (2016). T.P. Hagen og medarbeidere svarer:. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(8), p. 690–690. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0331.
• Alexandersen, Nina; Hagen, Terje P. & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2016). Hvilke bedrifter kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge?
• Swanson, Jayson O. J & Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Reinventing the Community Hospital.
• Swanson, Jayson O. J & Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Reinventing the Community Hospital.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Prossessevalueringen av Samhandlingsreformen: Statlige virkemidler, kommunale innovasjoner.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Makt, media og mortalitet: Noen erfaringer fra evalueringen av Samhandlingsreformen.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Kommunale akutte døgnenheter (KAD). Resultater fra følgeforskning.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Samhandlingsreformen etter fire år. Hva kan vi lære og hvem kan vi lære av.
• Saltman, Richard B.; Hagen, Terje P. & Vrangbæk, Karsten (2015). New Strategies for Elderly Care in Denmark and Norway. Eurohealth. ISSN 1356-1030. 21(2), p. 23–25.
• Holom, Geir Hiller & Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Patient selection and quality in total hip arthroplasty among patients treated at private for-profit, private non-profit and public hospitals.
• Holom, Geir Hiller & Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Kostnader, pasientseleksjon og kvalitet - en sammenligning mellom offentlige og private sykehus.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2014). Foreløpige erfaringer med Samhandlingsreformen.
• Hagen, Terje P. (2014). Hva har vi lært og hvordan gå videre?
• Hagen, Terje P. (2014). Hva kan vi si om effektene av kommunale akutte døgnenheter?
• Hagen, Terje P. (2014). Reduserer kommunale akutte døgnenheter (KAD) antall innleggelsen av eldre pasienter ved somatiske sykehus?
• Hagen, Terje P. (2014). Reinventing the “cottage hospital”: Did implementation of municipal acute bed units reduce the demand for hospital admissions?
• Hagen, Terje P. (2014). The Norwegian strategy for developing better integrated and less expensive long term care services.
• Botten, Grete; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (2014). Helsetjenestens nye logikk: fortsatt målrettet mangfold. In Botten, Grete Synøve; Frich, Jan C; Hagen, Terje P.; Iversen, Tor & Nordby, Halvor (Ed.), Helsetjenestens nye logikk. Akademika forlag. ISSN 978-82-321-0348-5. p. 13–22.
• Tjerbo, Trond; Førland, Oddvar; Sørvoll, Jardar; Hagen, Terje P.; Fosse, Rina Moe & Ambugo, Eliva Atieno [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Resultatevaluering av Omsorg 2020 – regjeringens plan for omsorgsfeltet 2015–2020. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7756-273-5. 2022(2).
• Andrews, Therese Marie; Tjerbo, Trond; Ambugo, Eliva Atieno; Bliksvær, Trond; Fabritius, Merete Kvamme & Aguinaldo, Sean Jayven [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Årsaker til kostnadsvekst i kommunale pleie- og omsorgstjenester. Nordlandsforskning. ISSN 978-82-7321-761-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagen, Terje P. & Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin (2020). Har bedriftenes kjøp av private helseforsikringer effekter for sykefraværet? Universitetet.
• Westberg, Nina Buvik; Skjeflo, Sofie Waage; Hveem, Ellen Balke; Pedersen, Simen; Øien, Henning & Sørvoll, Jardar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Evaluering av investeringstilskudd til omsorgsboliger og sykehjem. Menon Economics.
• Ambugo, Eliva; Hoel, Viktoria & Hagen, Terje P. (2018). [*Report]: “Sustainable tailored integrated care for older people in Europe (SUSTAIN-project): Lessons learned from improving integrated care in Norway.” . SUSTAIN consortium.
• Häkkinen, Unto; Engel-Andreasen, Christopher; Hagen, Terje P.; Goude, Fanny; Moger, Tron Anders & Kruse, Marie [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Performance comparison of patient pathways in Nordic capital areas. A pilot study. THL. ISSN 978-952-343-134-8.
• Ambugo, Eliva Atieno; Hagen, Terje P. & Vaage, Silje Kathrine Hofgaard (2016). [*Report]: “Current situation and the ambition of sites participating in the SUSTAIN project: Norway.” In P. Wosko & G. Ruppe (Eds.), Integrated care for older people living at home: Current situation and ambition of sites participating in the SUSTAIN project. Austrian Interdisciplinary Platform on Ageing / OEPIA.
• Lappegard, Øystein; Hagen, Terje P. & Hjortdal, Per (2016). Acute admissions to a community hospital: a descriptive cost study. Institutt for helse og samfunn, Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 1501-9071. 2016(9).
• Kaarbøe, Oddvar Martin; Hagen, Terje P. & Aleksandersen, Nina (2016). Hvilke bedrifter kjøper private helseforsikringer i Norge? 7Letras.
• Swanson, Jayson O. J; Hagen, Terje P. & Alexandersen, Nina (2016). Førte opprettelsen av kommunale akutte døgnenheter til færre innleggelser ved somatiske sykehus? HERO working paper 1/2016. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7756-251-3.
• Olsen, Camilla Beck & Hagen, Terje P. (2015). Kommunenes respons på Samhandlingsreformen. HELED. 2015(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Hagen, Terje P.; McArthur, David & Tjerbo, Trond (2015). Resultatevaluering av Omsorgsplan 2015: Kommunenes drifts- og investeringsbeslutninger. Institutt for helse og samfunn, Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7756-248-3. 2015(4).

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