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• Tesikova, Martina; Bjerknes, Anne-Line; Wilhelmsen, Terese; Skalstad, Ingunn & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2026). The Science of Play, the Play of Science: A scoping review of play-based pedagogies for learning sciences in early childhood education and care. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE). 10(2). doi: 10.7577/njcie.6560. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Approaches to play and learning in early childhood education and care (ECEC) range from child-centered to academically focused pedagogies. These different perspectives shape how ECEC teachers support children’s learning in play-based contexts, reflecting a continuum in how child-initiated learning during play is encouraged. At one end is free play, initiated and directed by children, while the opposite end represents teacher-guided activities, often designed with specific learning objectives in mind. In this scoping review, we explore existing research on play-based pedagogies in science education within ECEC. It includes 48 peer-reviewed qualitative and quantitative studies published in English between 2010 and 2024, focusing on children aged 0-6 years in ECEC institutions. The analysis combines descriptive and content methods. We found that most studies focused on play activities planned and/or structured by teachers that were closely linked to specific learning objectives. In contrast, only a few studies (10) explored children’s free play and how children learn science in such settings. Notably, toddlers were largely absent from the research, with very few studies including this age group. These findings provide insight into how play and learning science are framed in research, revealing limited attention to how ECEC teachers support children’s learning during free play. Finally, we highlight both the importance of play in early science education and the critical role of ECEC teachers in fostering children’s engagement with science through play.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Øyri, Linn Kristin Lie; Holven, Kirsten Bjørklund & Andersen, Lene Frost (2025). Vitamin D status in Norwegian children and associations between child vitamin D status, dietary factors, and maternal vitamin D status. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 69. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v69.10727. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background and aims: There is limited data regarding the vitamin D status of infants and young children in Norway. We aimed to assess vitamin D status among Norwegian children at approximately 6 and 12 months of age and explore associations between child vitamin D status, dietary factors, and maternal vitamin D status. Methods: Mothers/parents completed a food frequency questionnaire for their 6/12-month-old child. Dried blood spot samples were collected from the mother and child. Results: The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D) concentration was 81 nmol/L (standard deviation [SD] 22 nmol/L) for 6-month-old children (n = 84) and 72 nmol/L (SD 22 nmol/L) for 12-month-old children (n = 56) (P = 0.03 for difference between age groups). In the younger and older age groups, 94 and 88% of the children, respectively, had a S-25(OH)D concentration ≥ 50 nmol/L. The mean dietary vitamin D intake was 12 μg/day for the 6-month-olds and 14 μg/day for the 12-month-olds. Adjusted linear regression models showed that for every μg/day increase in dietary vitamin D intake, serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) increased by around one nmol/L for both age groups (P = 0.002 for the younger age group and P = 0.04 for the older age group). Use of vitamin D supplements was associated with higher S-25(OH)D concentrations in both age groups, while a higher S-25(OH)D concentration among formula users was found only in the youngest age group. Breastfeeding was not associated with S-25(OH)D concentration in either age group. Small positive correlations between child and maternal vitamin D status were observed for both the younger (r = 0.22) and the older (r = 0.28) age groups (P = 0.04 for both groups). Conclusion: While there was a wide range in S-25(OH)D concentrations among children, most were within the sufficient range. Adequate vitamin D intake should be encouraged both in the first and second year of life.

• Tollnes, Inger Johanne Riis; Sørensen, Veronika; Tholin, Kristin Rydjord; Hognestad, Karin; Hannevig, Lise Vibeke & Sanda, Anne Marte [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Pedagogisk ledelse i norsk forskningslitteratur innenfor barnehagefeltet – en scoping review. Nordisk barnehageforskning (NBF). 21(2), s. 245–265. doi: 10.23865/nbf.v21.455. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Formålet med studien er å gi en oversikt over hva begrepet pedagogisk ledelse omhandler i fagfellevurderte artikler og fagbøker innenfor norsk barnehagefaglig forskningslitteratur. Studien er gjennomført som en scoping review, med undersøkelse i norske og internasjonale elektroniske databaser og forskningsbaserte fagbøker fra 2011 til 2021. Totalt 35 bidrag ble inkludert i samsvar med inklusjonskriteriene, og det ble gjennomført en tematisk innholdsanalyse. Litteraturstudien viser at pedagogisk ledelse er et vidt og lite utforsket begrep, spesielt i forståelsen av pedagogisk ledelse av barn. Denne litteraturgjennomgangen vil derfor kunne bidra til å tydeliggjøre innholdet i begrepet og eventuelt legge grunnlag for felles forståelse av begrepet innen barnehagefeltet. Studien peker på implikasjoner for barnehagefeltet og barnehagelærerutdanningen.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Totland, Torunn Holm; Lande, Britt & Andersen, Lene Frost (2023). Secular trends in infant feeding practices during the first year of life in Norway: Findings from 1998 to 2019 - the Spedkost surveys. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 131(5), s. 851–859. doi: 10.1017/S0007114523002246. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aims of the present study were to assess secular trends in breast-feeding and to explore associations between age at introduction of solid foods and breast-feeding duration. Data from three national dietary surveys in Norway were used, including infants born in 1998 (Spedkost 1, n 1537), 2006 (Spedkost 2, n 1490) and 2018 (Spedkost 3, n 1831). In all surveys, around 80 % of the infants were breastfed at 6 months of age. At 12 months of age, breast-feeding rate was 41 % in Spedkost 1, increasing to 48 % in Spedkost 2 and 51 % in Spedkost 3. Compared with earlier introduction, introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was associated with a lower risk of breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. In Spedkost 2, the adjusted hazard ratio for breast-feeding cessation during the first year of life for those introduced to solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was 0·43 (95 % CI (0·31, 0·60)), P < 0·001, while the corresponding number in Spedkost 3 was 0·44 (95 % CI (0·29, 0·67)), P < 0·001. In conclusion, breast-feeding at infant age 12 months increased over time. Introduction of solid foods at ≥ 5 months of age was positively associated with breast-feeding duration in the two most recent Spedkost surveys. As breast-feeding contributes to numerous health benefits for infant and mother, and possibly improved dietary sustainability in infancy, findings point to the importance of continued protection, support and promotion of breast-feeding.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Bjelland, Mona; Lien, Nanna; Holst, Rene & Andersen, Lene Frost (2021). Exploring intervention components in association with changes in preschool children’s vegetable intake: the BRA-study. BMC Research Notes. 14(214), s. 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s13104-021-05629-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The present study aimed to explore kindergarten staffs’ perceived usefulness of intervention components in association with changes in children’s vegetable intake and vegetables served in the kindergarten. Assessment of the perceived usefulness of intervention components consisted of a paper-based questionnaire for the kindergarten staff assessing usefulness of posters, supplementary material and 1-day inspirational course. Children’s vegetable intake in the kindergarten was assessed by direct observation, while vegetables served was assessed by a 5-day weighted vegetable diary. Results: Seventy-three kindergartens in two counties in Norway participated (response rate 15%) and parental consent was obtained for 633 children 3–5 years of age at baseline (response rate 39%). Mixed effect models indicated a tendency that posters were associated with increased child vegetable intake (P = 0.062). Surprisingly, a low degree of perceived usefulness of supplementary material was associated with the largest increase in child vegetable intake (P = 0.020). No significant associations between perceived usefulness of intervention components and vegetables served in the kindergarten were found. This study indicated a tendency that posters were associated with increased child vegetable intake; however, this may also be due to synergies between multiple intervention components.

• Øyri, Linn Kristin Lie; Bogsrud, Martin Prøven; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Astrup, Helene & Retterstøl, Kjetil [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Cholesterol at ages 6, 12 and 24 months: Tracking and associations with diet and maternal cholesterol in the Infant Cholesterol Study. Atherosclerosis. ISSN 0021-9150. 326, s. 11–16. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background and aims: There are indications for tracking of circulating total cholesterol concentration (TC) from childhood to later in life. An increased lifelong TC exposure increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis, however little is known about the determinants of TC early in life. We aimed to describe TC in Norwegian offspring aged 6, 12 and 24 months, and to explore if maternal TC, breastfeeding and offspring diet are associated with offspring TC. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, mothers of offspring aged 6 (n = 629), 12 (n = 258) and 24 (n = 263) months completed a questionnaire of the offspring's diet and took home-based dried blood spot samples from themselves and their offspring. The mothers and offspring participating at age 12 months also participated at age 6 months of the offspring. Results: Offspring TC showed a wide range in all three age groups. Twenty one percent of the offspring had TC ≥ 5.1 mmol/l. There was significant tracking of offspring TC from 6 to 12 months of age (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Maternal and offspring TC was positively associated in all age groups (0.20 ≤ β ≤ 0.40, p < 0.001 for all). Breastfeeding was positively associated with offspring TC at ages 6 and 12 months (0.05 ≤ β ≤ 0.26, 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.03), but not at age 24 months. Conclusions: The wide range in TC and probable tracking of TC from infancy to later in life highlights the importance of early identification of children with elevated TC who can benefit from preventive measures.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Medin, Anine Christine; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna & Holst, René [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Long-term effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial on vegetable intake among Norwegian 3-5-year-olds: the BRA-study. BMC Research Notes. 13. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-4892-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  OBJECTIVE: To report on long-term effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial, which aimed to increase vegetable intake among Norwegian preschool children (3-5 years at baseline). The effects of the intervention at follow-up 1 (immediately post-intervention) have previously been published. This paper presents the effects of the intervention from baseline to follow-up 2 (12 months post-intervention). RESULTS: Parental consents were obtained for 633 out of 1631 eligible children (response rate 38.8%). The effects of the intervention from baseline to follow-up 2 were assessed by mixed-model analyses taking the clustering effect of kindergartens into account. Children's vegetable intake was reported by the parents at baseline (spring 2015), at follow-up 1 (spring 2016) and at follow-up 2 (spring 2017). No significant long-term effects in child vegetable intake were found. A mean difference of - 0.1 times per day (95% CI - 0.5, 0.2) (P = 0.44) was found for the daily frequency of vegetable intake. A mean difference of - 0.2 different kinds of vegetables eaten over a month (95% CI - 1.0, 0.7) (P = 0.70) was found and for daily amount of vegetables a mean difference of - 15.0 g vegetables (95% CI - 38.0, 8.0) (P = 0.19) was found. Trial registration International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials ISRCTN51962956 (http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN51962956). Registered 21 June 2016 (retrospectively registered).

• Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Andersen, Lene Frost; Bjelland, Mona & Lien, Nanna (2020). Effects of a kindergarten intervention on vegetables served and staff’s food-related practices: results of a cluster randomised controlled trial–the BRA study. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 23(6), s. 1117–1126. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019003963. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect on frequency, variety and amount of vegetables served and staff’s food-related practices in the multicomponent BRA intervention. Design: Cluster randomised controlled trial, conducted between Spring 2015 and Spring 2016. For allocation of the kindergartens, a stratified block randomisation was used. Data were collected in three ways: (i) a questionnaire for pedagogical leaders assessing the variety and frequency of vegetables served, including staff’s food-related practices assumed to be related to vegetable intake; (ii) a questionnaire for kindergarten assistants assessing staff’s food-related practices; (iii) a 5-d weighted vegetable diary assessing amount of vegetables served in a department. Setting: The target group for this study was public and private kindergartens in the counties of Vestfold and Buskerud, Norway. Participants: A total of seventy-three kindergartens participated. Results: At follow-up I, the amount of vegetables served increased by approximately 20 g per person per day (P = 0·002), and the variety in served vegetables increased by one-and-a-half kind per month (P = 0·014) in the intervention group compared to the control group. No effects on the frequency of vegetables served or on staff’s food-related practices were found. Conclusions: The BRA intervention was successful in increasing the amount and variety of vegetables served within intervention kindergartens. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms that can affect the staff’s food-related practices.

• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost; Holvik, Kristin; Astrup, Helene & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2019). Means of increasing response rates in a Norwegian dietary survey among infants – results from a pseudo-randomized pilot study. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12874-019-0789-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Postal surveys are widely used in scientific studies, including dietary surveys, but few studies about methods to increase participation in national dietary surveys are published. In the present study we compared response rates in a pilot study to a national dietary survey among infants using two different incentives (gift certificate or lottery), personalization in the form of handwritten name and address vs. a printed label and mode of sending out invitations (e-mail or postal invitation). Methods In this parallel-design pseudo-randomized pilot trial, a nationally representative sample of 698 mothers of infants aged 6 and 12 months was drawn from the Norwegian National Registry and invited to complete a food frequency questionnaire about their infant’s diet. One half of the mothers of 6 month olds were randomized by alternation to the lottery group (n = 198) and offered to participate in a lottery of two prizes (500 EUR and 1000 EUR). The other half (n = 200) was offered a gift certificate (50 EUR) upon completion of the questionnaire. Each incentive group was randomized by alternation to receiving an invitation with handwritten name and address or a printed label. For the mothers of infants aged 12 months (n = 300), 150 mothers received an e-mail invitation and 150 mothers received a postal invitation. Logistic regression was used for testing differences between the groups. Results The response rate was significantly higher (p = 0.028) in the gift certificate group (72%) than in the lottery group (62%). No difference was seen between those receiving an invitation with a handwritten name and address (68%) compared to a printed label (66%, p = 0.72). A somewhat higher response rate was seen when using the postal (50%) compared to the e-mail invitation (43%, p = 0.25). Conclusions In this pseudo-randomized parallel-design trial of women participating in a national dietary survey among infants, the response rate was higher when offered a gift certificate than when participating in a lottery. Handwritten name and address did not affect participation compared to a printed label. Only a moderate difference was seen between the postal and e-mail invitation. Others conducting similar methodological studies are encouraged to publish their results to expand the knowledge basis in this area.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna; Holst, René & Andersen, Lene Frost (2019). Effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial on vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3–5-year-olds: the BRA-study. BMC Public Health. 19(1), s. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7436-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Early childhood represents a critical period for the establishment of long-lasting healthy dietary habits. Limited knowledge exists on how to successfully increase vegetable consumption among preschool children. The overall aim of the present study was to improve vegetable intake among preschool children in a kindergarten-based randomized controlled trial. Methods: The target group was preschool children born in 2010 and 2011, attending public or private kindergartens in two counties in Norway. Data about child intake of vegetables were collected by three methods. First, parents filled in a web-based questionnaire of the child’s vegetable intake. Second, among a subsample, trained researchers observed children’s vegetable intake in the kindergarten. Thirdly, a parental web-based 24-h recall assessing the child’s vegetable intake was filled in. For allocation of kindergartens to intervention and control groups, a stratified block randomization was used. Multiple intervention components were implemented from September 2015 to February 2016 and components focused at influencing the four determinants availability, accessibility, encouragement and role modelling. The effect of the intervention from baseline (spring 2015) to follow-up 1 (spring 2016) was assessed by mixed-model analysis taking the clustering effect of kindergartens into account. Results: Parental consent was obtained for 38.8% of the children (633 out of 1631 eligible children). Based on the observational data in the kindergarten setting (n 218 in the control group and n 217 in the intervention group), a tendency to a small positive effect was seen as a mean difference of 13.3 g vegetables/day (95% CI: − 0.2, 26.9) (P = 0.054) was observed. No significant overall effects were found for the total daily vegetable intake or for the parental reported frequency or variety in vegetable intake. Conclusions: Based on the observational data in the kindergarten setting, a tendency to a small positive effect was seen with a mean difference of about 13 g vegetables/day, while no other effects on child vegetable intake were found. Additionally, further research to understand the best strategies to involve parents in dietary interventions studies is warranted.

• Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Moser, Thomas; Andersen, Lene Frost & Bjelland, Mona [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Exploring workplace climate and culture in relation to food environment-related factors in Norwegian kindergartens. The BRA-Study. PLOS ONE. 14(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225831. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Kindergartens represent an important arena for promoting vegetable intake when it is essential to establish healthy dietary behaviours early in life. To develop and implement successful interventions targeting dietary behaviours in kindergartens, a good understanding of the factors influencing their food environment and the interplay between these factors is essential. The present study aimed to explore associations between workplace climate and culture in the kindergarten setting and the staff’s food-related practices, vegetables served and the possible mediating role of staff’s food-related practices. Method Vegetables served, staff’s food-related practices, and data on workplace climate and culture were collected using a 5-day, weighted, vegetable diary and three paper-based questionnaires. Seventy-three kindergartens in the Norwegian counties of Vestfold and Buskerud participated in the study. Spearman’s rho was used to assess the association between workplace climate and culture, and staff’s food-related practices and vegetables served. Mediation analyses were conducted to assess the mediating role of staff’s food-related practices in the relationship between workplace climate and culture and vegetables served in this setting. Results There was one significant positive correlation between factors in the workplace climate and culture, and staff’s food-related practices and vegetables served. The staff’s food-related practices were found to mediate the association between support from superior and the variety of vegetables served. They also mediated the association between commitment to the organization and the frequency, as well as the variety, of vegetables served. Conclusion The results identified commitment to the organization and support from superior as two important factors in the workplace climate and culture. Furthermore, these two factors seems to be important to target when developing kindergarten-based interventions aimed at increasing the variety and frequency of vegetables served as they were associated with more favourable food-related practices among staff.

• Øyri, Linn Kristin Lie; Bogsrud, Martin Prøven; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Retterstøl, Kjetil & Brekke, Hilde Kristin [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Infant cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin concentrations vary widely - associations with breastfeeding, infant diet and maternal biomarkers. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 109(1), s. 115–121. doi: 10.1111/apa.14936. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: Elevated total cholesterol (TC) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are risk factors for cardiovascular disease however little is known about their determinants in infants. We aimed to describe TC and HbA1c concentrations in infants aged 8-14 months, and explore the relation between infant TC, HbA1c, breastfeeding, infant diet, and maternal TC and HbA1c. Methods: In this cross-sectional pilot study, mothers of infants aged 6 and 12 months were invited to complete a food frequency questionnaire and to take home-based dried blood spot samples from themselves and their infants. Results: Among the 143 included infants, the mean (SD, range) concentration was 4.1 (0.8, 2.3-6.6) mmol/L for TC and 4.9 (0.4, 3.7-6.0) % for HbA1c. There was no significant difference between age groups or sexes. There was a positive relation between TC concentrations of all infants and mothers (B=0.30 unadjusted, B=0.32 adjusted, P<0.001 for both), and a negative relation between infant TC and intake of unsaturated fatty acids in the oldest age group (B=-0.09, P=0.03 unadjusted, B=-0.08, P=0.06 adjusted). Infant HbA1c was not significantly related to diet or maternal HbA1c. Conclusion: TC and HbA1c concentrations varied widely among infants aged 8-14 months. Infant TC was associated with macronutrient intake and maternal TC.

• Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Moser, Thomas; Holthe, Asle & Andersen, Lene Frost [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Is the environment in kindergarten associated with the vegetables served and eaten? The BRA Study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 47(5), s. 538–547. doi: 10.1177/1403494818756702. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: The aim of the present study was to explore the associations between the economic, political, sociocultural and physical environments in kindergartens, along with the frequency and variety of vegetables served, and the amount of vegetables eaten. Method: The BRA Study collected data through two paper-based questionnaires answered by the kindergarten leader and pedagogical leader of each selected kindergarten, and a five-day vegetable diary from kindergartens (n = 73) in Vestfold and Buskerud Counties, Norway. The questionnaires assessed environmental factors, and the frequency and variety of vegetables served. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to explore the associations between factors in the kindergarten environments and vegetables served and eaten. Results: Kindergartens that included expenditures for food and beverages in the parental fees served a larger variety of vegetables (p = 0.046). A higher frequency of served vegetables (p = 0.014) and a larger amount (p = 0.027) of vegetables eaten were found in kindergartens where parents paid a monthly fee of 251 NOK or more. Similarly, the amount of vegetables eaten was higher (p = 0.017) in kindergartens where the employees paid a monthly fee to eat at work. Furthermore, a larger amount (p = 0.046) of vegetables was eaten in kindergartens that had written guidelines for food and beverages that were offered. Conclusions: This study indicates that the economic environment in a kindergarten seems to be positively associated with the vegetables served and eaten there. This is of high relevance for public health policy as vegetable consumption is an important factor in reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna & Andersen, Lene Frost (2017). Associations between physical home environmental factors and vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3-5-year-olds: the BRA-study. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016003396. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: First, to explore item pools developed to measure the physical home environment of pre-school children and assess the psychometric properties of these item pools; second, to explore associations between this environment and vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3–5-year-olds. Design: Data were collected in three steps: (i) a parental web-based questionnaire assessing the child’s vegetable intake and factors potentially influencing the child’s vegetable consumption; (ii) direct observation of the children’s fruit, berry and vegetable intakes at two meals in one day in the kindergarten; and (iii) a parental web-based 24 h recall. Results: Principal component analysis on the thirteen-item pool assessing availability/accessibility resulted in two factors labelled ‘availability at home’ and ‘accessibility at home’, while the eight-item pool assessing barriers resulted in two factors labelled ‘serving barriers’ and ‘purchase barriers’. The psychometric properties of these factors were satisfactory. Linear regression of the associations between vegetable intake and the factors showed generally positive associations with ‘availability at home’ and ‘accessibility at home’ and negative associations with ‘serving barriers’. Conclusions: This age group has so far been understudied and there is a need for comparable studies. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting the physical home environment of pre-school children in future interventions as there are important modifiable factors that both promote and hinder vegetable consumption in this environment. This research was originally published in Public Health Nutrition. © 2016 Cambridge University Press

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna & Andersen, Lene Frost (2017). Associations between sociocultural home environmental factors and vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3?5-year olds: BRA-study. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 117, s. 310–320. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.031. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The home environment is the first environment to shape childhood dietary habits and food preferences, hence greater understanding of home environmental factors associated with vegetable consumption among young children is needed. The objective has been to examine questionnaire items developed to measure the sociocultural home environment of children focusing on vegetables and to assess the psychometric properties of the resulting factors. Further, to explore associations between the environmental factors and vegetable consumption among Norwegian 3–5 year olds. Parents (n 633) were invited to participate and filled in a questionnaire assessing the child's vegetable intake and factors potentially influencing this, along with a 24-h recall of their child's fruit and vegetable intake. Children's fruit and vegetable intakes at two meals in one day in the kindergarten were observed by researchers. Principal components analysis was used to examine items assessing the sociocultural home environment. Encouragement items resulted in factors labelled “reactive encouragement”, “child involvement” and “reward”. Modelling items resulted in the factors labelled “active role model” and “practical role model”. Items assessing negative parental attitudes resulted in the factor labelled “negative parental attitudes” and items assessing family pressure/demand resulted in the factor labelled “family demand”. The psychometric properties of the factors were for most satisfactory. Linear regression of the associations between vegetable intake and the factors showed, as expected, generally positive associations with “child involvement”, “practical role model” and “family demand”, and negative associations with “negative parental attitudes” and “reward”. Unexpectedly, “reactive encouragement” was negatively associated with vegetable consumption. In conclusion, associations between sociocultural home environmental factors and children's vegetable consumption showed both expected and unexpected associations some of which differed by maternal education – pointing to a need for further comparable studies.

• Markussen, Marianne Skov; Veierød, Marit Bragelien; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Ursin, Giske & Andersen, Lene Frost (2016). Dietary patterns of women aged 50-69 years and associations with nutrient intake, sociodemographic factors and key risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 19(11), s. 2024–2032. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015003547. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective In women, the risk for non-communicable diseases increases after menopause. We aimed to identify major dietary patterns and study their associations with nutrient intake, sociodemographic factors and risk factors for non-communicable diseases among women aged 50–69 years. Design A cross-sectional study. Food intake was recorded by a 253-item FFQ. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. The associations between the dietary patterns and nutrients were described by Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the associations between the dietary patterns and age, education, BMI, physical activity and smoking. Setting The Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme. Subjects Women (n 6298) aged 50–69 years. Results Three dietary patterns were identified: ‘Prudent’, ‘Western’ and ‘Continental’. Adherence to the ‘Prudent’ pattern was related to older age, higher education, higher BMI, more physical activity (Ptrend<0·001) and being a non-smoker (P<0·001). Adherence to the ‘Western’ pattern was related to older age, lower education, higher BMI, less physical activity (0·001≤Ptrend≤0·006) and lower alcohol intake (r =−0·28). Adherence to the ‘Continental’ pattern was related to younger age, higher education, higher BMI, less physical activity, (Ptrend<0·001), being a smoker (P<0·001) and higher alcohol intake (r=0·36). Conclusions Three distinct dietary patterns were identified. High adherence to a ‘Prudent’ pattern was associated with a healthy lifestyle, while high adherence to a ‘Western’ or ‘Continental’ pattern was associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. These findings are valuable knowledge for health authorities when forming strategies to promote a healthier lifestyle among women.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Bjelland, Mona; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Haugen, Margaretha; Meltzer, Helle Margrete & Nystad, Wenche [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Tracking of body size from birth to 7 years of age and factors associated with maintenance of a high body size from birth to 7 years of age - The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa). Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 18(10), s. 1746–1755. doi: 10.1017/S1368980014002419. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To examine tracking of body size among children participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) from birth to 7 years of age and additionally to explore child and parental characteristics associated with maintenance of a high body size in this period of life. Design: Anthropometric data at birth and at 1, 3 and 7 years of age were collected by questionnaires addressed to the mother. Setting: Participants were recruited from all over Norway during the period 1999–2008. Subjects: A total of 3771 children had complete anthropometric data at birth and at 1, 3 and 7 years of age; the sample includes children born between 2002 and 2004. Results: Cohen’s weighted kappa pointed to fair (0·36) to moderate (0·43) tracking of body size from birth to 7 years of age. Generalized estimating equations further indicated that children in the highest tertile of ponderal index at birth had nearly one unit higher BMI (kg/m2) at the age of 7 years compared with children in other tertiles of ponderal index at birth. Having parents with high BMI (≥25·0 kg/m2) increased the odds of having a stable high body size from birth to 7 years of age; moreover, girls had significantly higher odds compared with boys. Conclusions: The study indicates fair to moderate tracking of body size from birth to 7 years of age. From a public health perspective, early prevention of childhood overweight and obesity seems to be especially important among children of parents having a high BMI. This research was originally published in Public Health Nutrition. © 2014 Cambridge University Press

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Lillegaard, Inger Therese L. & Andersen, Lene Frost (2013). Effect of changes in a food frequency questionnaire: comparing data from two nationale dietary survey instruments among 12-month-old infants. BMC Public Health. 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-680. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background National dietary surveys among Norwegian 12-months olds have been conducted twice: in 1999 and 2007. At both time-points diet were assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) (the SFFQ-1999 and the SFFQ-2007). Modifications in the SFFQ-2007 compared to the SFFQ-1999 have been made; therefore, the objective of the present study has been to explore the comparability of the data obtained by the two questionnaires. Moreover, reliability of maternal recall of infant feeding practices was assessed. Methods Three hundred Norwegian infants born in April 2007 were invited to participate by completing both the SFFQ-1999 and the SFFQ-2007. An invitation letter and one of two questionnaires were sent by mail to the mother/parents about two weeks before the child turned 12 months of age. The study had a cross-over design where half of the sample received the SFFQ-1999 first and then about 2–3 weeks later they received the SFFQ-2007. The second half received the SFFQ-2007 first, and then 2–3 weeks later they received the SFFQ-1999. Results Ninety three participants completed both questionnaires (SFFQ-1999 and SFFQ-2007). For nutrients, the largest significant differences between the questionnaires were found for intake of vitamin D and added sugar, where added sugar was reported lower and vitamin D was reported higher with the SFFQ-2007 compared to the SFFQ-1999. For food items, lower intake of yoghurt and higher intake of vegetables and fish were observed with the SFFQ-2007 compared to the SFFQ-1999. In addition, reliable answers with regard to breastfeeding status, age for breastfeeding cessation and age for introducing solid foods were found. Conclusion There was reasonable comparability between the two questionnaires for most nutrients and foods. The differences between the two questionnaires could mainly be explained by modifications that had occurred over time, where changes in the food composition databases used and especially changes in commercial recipes with regard to baby food products seemed to be of major importance. The differences are important to take into account when interpreting dietary trends among Norwegian 12 month-olds in the period from 1999 to 2007. This study also implies that maternal recall of infant feeding practices is reliable.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Lillegaard, Inger Therese L.; Lande, Britt & Andersen, Lene Frost (2013). Effect of changes in an FFQ: comparing data from two national dietary survey instruments among 2-year-olds. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 109(2), s. 363–369. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512001109. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the interpretation of dietary trends, it is important to consider the potential effect of modifications in the dietary assessment method. Therefore, our objective was to explore the comparability of data obtained at two time points by a semi-quantitative FFQ (SFFQ) which has had slight modifications over time. In the national dietary surveys among Norwegian 2-year-olds, diet was assessed by an SFFQ which underwent modifications between the 1999 survey and the 2007 survey. In the present study, fifty-nine families with a 2-year-old child participated by completing both the SFFQ in a crossover design within a month's time. With regard to the reported intake of energy and nutrients, the largest significant differences observed between the two questionnaires were for carbohydrates and added sugar. According to intake of food groups, significant differences were observed for five out of sixteen food groups. Spearman's correlation coefficients for energy, nutrients and food groups ranged from 0·43 (Ca) to 0·85 (soft drinks). Most Bland–Altman plots indicated broad limits of agreement. The differences between the two questionnaires can be explained by changes in the questionnaires, changes in the food composition databases used and random variation. Comparing differences between the questionnaires by maternal educational level, number of children and type of day care revealed minor differences. In conclusion, this study showed that at the group level there was reasonable comparability between the two questionnaires, except for carbohydrates, added sugar and some food groups. Moreover, there were moderate to high correlations for energy, nutrients and food groups. This research was originally published in the British Journal of Nutrition. © 2012 Cambridge University Press

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Lande, Britt; Sexton, Joseph & Andersen, Lene Frost (2012). Dietary patterns among Norwegian 2-year-olds in 1999 and in 2007 and associations with child and parent characteristics. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 110(1), s. 135–144. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512004643. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Infant and childhood nutrition influences short- and long-term health. The objective of the present paper has been to explore dietary patterns and their associations with child and parent characteristics at two time points. Parents of Norwegian 2-year-olds were, in 1999 (n 3000) and in 2007 (n 2984), invited to participate in a national dietary survey. At both time points, diet was assessed by a semi-quantitative FFQ that also provided information on several child and parent characteristics. A total of 1373 participants in the 1999 sample and 1472 participants in the 2007 sample were included in the analyses. Dietary patterns were identified by principal components analysis and related to child and parent characteristics using the general linear model. Four dietary patterns were identified at each time point. The ‘unhealthy’ and ‘healthy’ patterns in 1999 and 2007 showed similarities with regard to loadings of food groups. Both the ‘bread and spread-based’ pattern in 1999 and the ‘traditional’ pattern in 2007 had high positive loadings for bread and spreads; however, the ‘traditional’ pattern did also include positive associations with a warm meal. The last patterns identified in 1999 and in 2007 were not comparable with regard to loadings of food groups. All dietary patterns were significantly associated with one or several child and parent characteristics. In conclusion, the ‘unhealthy’ patterns in 1999 and in 2007 showed similarities with regard to loadings of food groups and were, at both time points, associated with sex, breastfeeding at 12 months of age, parity, maternal age and maternal work situation. This reserarch was originally published in the British Journal of Nutrition. © 2012 Cambridge University Press

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Lande, Britt; Øverby, Nina Cecilie & Andersen, Lene Frost (2010). Factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding and breast-feeding in Norway. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 13(12), s. 2087–2096. doi: 10.1017/S1368980010002156. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To identify factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding and breast-feeding during the first year of life among Norwegian infants. Design Data on breast-feeding practices were collected by a semi-quantitative FFQ. Setting In 2006?2007 about 3000 infants were invited to participate in a population-based prospective cohort study in Norway. Subjects A total of 1490 mothers/infants participated at both 6 and 12 months of age. Results Exclusive breast-feeding at 4 months was associated with parental education, parity and geographical region, while exclusive breast-feeding at 5·5 months was associated only with maternal age. At both ages, a negative association with exclusive breast-feeding was observed for maternal smoking. Breast-feeding at 6 months was associated with parental education, maternal age and marital status. Breast-feeding at 12 months was associated with maternal education, maternal age and number of children. At both ages, negative associations with breast-feeding were observed for maternal smoking and descending birth weight. At 12 months, a negative association was also observed for having day care by other than the parents. Conclusions Even though Norway has an extensive and positive breast-feeding tradition and a maternal leave system that supports the possibility to breast-feed, factors like maternal education, maternal age and maternal smoking are strongly associated with duration of exclusive breast-feeding and breast-feeding. Research to better understand the reasons for inequalities in breast-feeding is needed to facilitate the development of more effective breast-feeding promotion strategies. This again may improve compliance with recommendations and reduce inequalities in infant feeding practices.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Bjerknes, Anne-Line; Tesikova, Martina; Wilhelmsen, Terese; Skalstad, Ingunn & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2025). The Science of Play, the Play of Science​ A scoping review of play-based pedagogies for learning natural sciences in ECEC. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Approaches to play and learning in early childhood education and care (ECEC) range from child-centered to academically focused pedagogies. These different perspectives shape how ECEC teachers support children’s learning in play-based contexts, reflecting a continuum in how child-initiated learning during play is encouraged. At one end is free play, initiated and directed by children, while the opposite end represents teacher-guided activities, often designed with specific learning objectives in mind. In this scoping review, we explore existing research on play-based pedagogies in natural science education within ECEC. It includes 48 peer-reviewed qualitative and quantitative studies published in English between 2010 to 2024, focusing on children aged 0-6 years in ECEC institutions. The analysis combines descriptive and content methods, guided by a five-stage framework. We found that most studies focused on play activities planned and/or structured by adults that were closely linked to specific learning objectives. In contrast, only a few studies (10) explored children’s free play and how children learn natural science in such settings. Notably, toddlers were largely absent from the research, with very few studies including this age group. These findings provide insight into how play and learning natural science are framed in research, revealing limited attention to how ECEC teachers support children's learning during free play. Finally, we highlight both the importance of play in early science education and the critical role of ECEC teachers in fostering children’s engagement with natural science through play.

• Tesikova, Martina; Bjerknes, Anne-Line; Skalstad, Ingunn; Wilhelmsen, Terese & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2023). A scoping review of play-based pedagogies for learning natural sciences in ECEC. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This review explores the existing research on natural science play-based learning pedagogies in ECEC. Views on play and learning in ECEC reflect child-centered or academic pedagogical approches (Broström, 2017; Bubikova-Moan et al., 2019). Most studies related to scientific concepts have focus on academic play-based learning practices (Broström, 2017; Pyle et al., 2017). However, research exploring characterictics of play in understanding natural sciences, as well as the extent of teacher involvement in play is in shortage. ECEC teachers can interact with children’s learning in various ways. This reflects a continuum: a free play at the one end, and teacher-controlled play at the opposite end (Pyle & Daniels, 2017). Sustained shared thinking encourages adults to supervise children’s play environment (Adbo & Carulla, 2020). The research is a scoping review (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005) covering 32 qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2010 and 2020, reporting on children up to the age of 6. Descriptive and content analyses were conducted by all authors independently, using five-stage framework (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005). Considerate coding methods and procedures were established and any uncertainty was discussed. Studies where ECEC teachers have planned children’s play dominate, as well as playing activities related to learning goals. In almost all studies, teachers do not participate in children's play, having more passive roles as instructors or guides of play. This provides insights into how playbased learning of science looks in practice and promotes the importance of science education in free-play learning settings

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Mona, Bjelland; Anne, Himberg-Sundet; Nanna, Lien & Lene, Frost Andersen (2018). Sammenhenger mellom sosiokulturelle faktorer i hjemmemiljøet og grønnsaksinntak blant norske 3-5 åringer: resultater fra BRA-studien. Nordisk Nutrition. ISSN 1654-8337. 4, s. 14–17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Totland, Torunn Holm & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2012). Overvekt i de Nordiske landene. Nordisk Nutrition. ISSN 1654-8337. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Gimse, Gislaug; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Lande, Britt & Andersen, Lene F. (2009). Socio economic factors associated with breastfeeding during the first year of life among Norwegian infants. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ouff, Susanne Moen & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2023). Mat og måltid i Vinje-barnehagen. Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost; Kristiansen, Anne Lene & Lund-Blix, Nicolai Andre (2020). Spedkost 3. Landsomfattende undersøkelse av kostholdet blant spedbarn i Norge, 6 måneder. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284060989. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Astrup, Helene; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost; Kristiansen, Anne Lene & Lund-Blix, Nicolai Andre (2020). Småbarnskost 3. Landsomfattende undersøkelse av kostholdet blant 2-åringer i Norge. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284061009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Småbarnskost 3 er den tredje landsomfattende kartleggingen av kostholdet blant 2-åringer i Norge. I februar 2019 ble 3000 mødre til barn født i februar 2017 invitert til å fylle ut et spørreskjema om kostholdet til barnet ved 2 års alder. Spørreskjemaet var tilgjengelig både som et elektronisk spørreskjema og et papirspørreskjema. Deltakelsesprosenten i Småbarnskost 3 var 47 %. Mødrenes gjennomsnittsalder var 33 år og de fleste mødrene (67 %) hadde høyere utdanning. Da barnet var 2 år hadde de fleste mødrene (63 %) inntektsgivende arbeid på heltid og de fleste barna (94 %) gikk i barnehage. Resultatene fra Småbarnskost 3 viser en rekke positive trekk ved kostholdet til 2-åringer. Barna hadde et kosthold som i stor grad var i tråd med anbefalingene og inkluderte grovt brød, grøt og andre kornvarer, frukt, bær og grønnsaker, kjøtt og fisk, yoghurt og melk. Inntaket av næringsstoffer var også i stor grad i tråd med anbefalingene, med unntak av inntaket av mettet fett som i gjennomsnitt lå over anbefalt nivå og inntaket av jern som lå under anbefalt nivå for jenter. Tilskudd av vitamin D var nødvendig for å komme på nivå med anbefalt inntak av vitamin D. De viktigste resultatene fra undersøkelsen er summert opp i punktene under: • I andre leveår var andelen som ble ammet 34 % ved 13 måneders alder, 24 % ved 15 måneder, 16 % ved 18 måneder og 8 % ved 2 års alder. • 79 % av barna fikk grøt og gjennomsnittlig inntak av grøt var 87 g/dag. Hjemmelaget grøt ble gitt til 68 % og industrifremstilt grøt ble gitt til 29 % av barna. • Tilnærmet alle barna fikk brød, og gjennomsnittlig inntak var 113 g/dag. Grovt brød og ekstra grovt brød var de mest brukte brødtypene. De mest brukte påleggstypene var hvitost/smøreost og leverpostei. • Tilnærmet alle barna fikk grønnsaker og frukt og bær daglig eller ukentlig. Totalt gjennomsnittlig inntak av grønnsaker var 80 g/dag, og det var gulrot og tomat som var mest spist. Gjennomsnittlig inntak av frukt og bær var 181 g/dag, hvorav frisk frukt utgjorde 109 g/dag, mens industrifremstilte fruktmoser bidro med 35 gram frukt og bær per dag. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av potet var 16 g/dag. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av fisk og fiskeprodukter var 33 g/dag. Inntaket av kjøtt og kjøttprodukter var 35 g/dag. Rødt kjøtt utgjorde 83 % og hvitt kjøtt utgjorde 17 % av det totale kjøttinntaket. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av kumelk som drikke var i underkant av 3 dl/dag. De fleste drakk lettmelk med 1 % fett (60 %) og lettmelk med 0,5 % fett (tilsatt vitamin D)(46 %). • De fleste barna (92 %) fikk yoghurt daglig eller ukentlig. Gjennomsnittlig inntak var 102 g/dag, og det meste av inntaket var fruktyoghurt. • Alle barna fikk vann, og gjennomsnittlig inntak var i underkant av 5 dl/dag. • 53 % av barna fikk juice daglig eller ukentlig, og gjennomsnittsinntaket var 29 g/dag. • 48 % av barna fikk søte drikker som saft, brus og nektar med sukker, og gjennomsnittlig inntak var i underkant av en halv desiliter per dag (40 g/dag). • 54 % av barna fikk vitamin D-tilskudd eller annet kosttilskudd, hvorav 30 % fikk tran og 16 % fikk vitamin D-dråper. • Gjennomsnittlig inntak av vitaminer og mineraler var på nivå med eller høyere enn anbefalt, med unntak av jern, som var litt under anbefalingen for jenter. Tran/vitamin D-dråper eller annet tilskudd med vitamin D var nødvendig for å komme på nivå med anbefalt daglig inntak av vitamin D. • Inntaket av vitamin A var over anbefalt daglig inntak, og den viktigste kilden var leverpostei. • Kosttilskudd (tran og vitamin D-dråper) var den viktigste kilden til vitamin D. Matvaregruppen smør, margarin og olje bidro også vesentlig til vitamin D. • De viktigste kildene til jern var brød, grøt og kjøtt/kjøttprodukter. • De viktigste kildene til jod var matvaregruppene melk og yoghurt og fisk og fiskeprodukter. • Gjennomsnittlig andel energi fra de ulike energigivende næringsstoffene (karbohydrat, protein og fett) var innenfor anbefalingene, med unntak av mettet fett som bidro med 12,8 energiprosent (E%) og dermed lå over anbefalt inntak (< 10 E%). 85 % av barna fikk mer mettet fett i kosten enn anbefalt. Hovedkildene til mettet fett var matvaregruppene smør, margarin og olje, melk og yoghurt, ost og kjøtt/kjøttprodukter. • Gjennomsnittlig andel energi fra tilsatt sukker var på 4,6 E% og innenfor anbefalingen (< 10 E%). 4 % av barna hadde et inntak ≥ 10 E%. Hovedkildene til tilsatt sukker var søte drikker og yoghurt. • Det var ingen store forskjeller i inntak av matvarer og næringsstoffer mellom gutter og jenter, men gutter hadde et høyere inntak av enkelte matvarer som for eksempel grøt og brød og et noe høyere inntak av enkelte næringsstoffer som for eksempel karbohydrat og jern. Sammenligningen av resultatene fra Småbarnskost 3 (2019) med resultatene fra den forrige landsomfattende kostholdsundersøkelsen blant 2 år gamle barn (Småbarnskost 2, 2007) tyder på at det har det skjedd flere endringer i kostholdet til 2-åringer i løpet av denne 12-årsperioden. Selv om samme metode (matvarefrekvensspørreskjema) ble benyttet i de to undersøkelsene, må endringene over tid vurderes med forbehold siden spørreskjemaet har blitt noe endret, samt at svarprosenten var lavere i Småbarnskost 3 sammenlignet med Småbarnskost 2 (47 % i 2019 vs. 56 % i 2007). Siden forrige undersøkelse har andelen barn som blir ammet i andre leveår økt. Det har vært en reduksjon i inntak av søte drikker (40 g/dag i 2019 vs. 60 g/dag i 2007), og en økning i inntak av vann (475 g/dag i 2019 vs. 307 g/dag i 2007). Inntaket av grønnsaker har økt (71 g/dag i 2019 vs. 54 g/dag i 2007), samtidig som inntaket av potet har gått ned (13 g/dag i 2019 vs. 26 g/dag i 2007). Totalt inntak av frukt og bær har økt (181 g/dag i 2019 vs. 152 g/dag i 2007), men inntaket av frisk frukt har gått ned, samtidig som inntaket av fruktmoser, og da særlig industrifremstilte fruktmoser, har økt. Inntaket av grøt har økt (87 g/dag i 2019 vs. 58 g/dag i 2007), og da særlig inntaket av hjemmelaget grøt, samtidig som inntaket av brød har blitt noe redusert (113 g/dag i 2019 vs. 131 g/dag i 2007). Selv om det totale inntaket av brød har gått ned, er inntaket av grovt brød høyere i 2019 sammenlignet med 2007. Inntaket av yoghurt har også økt siden 2007 (102 g/dag i 2019 vs. 71 g/dag i 2007). Inntaket av kumelk som drikke har blitt noe redusert (286 g/dag i 2019 vs. 309 g/dag i 2007), og da særlig inntaket av lettmelk med 1 % fett, samtidig som inntaket av lettmelk med vitamin D har økt siden 2007. Det har også vært en økning i andel brukere av helmelk og smør/Bremykt siden forrige undersøkelse i 2007. Gjennomsnittlig andel energi fra tilsatt sukker var lavere i 2019 (4,6 E%) sammenlignet med i 2007 (6,7 E%), og andelen som var innenfor anbefalingen for tilsatt sukker (< 10 E%) var høyere (96 % i 2019 vs. 84 % i 2007). Inntaket av mettet fett blant 2 år gamle barn synes ikke å ha endret seg siden 2007. Flere av barna fikk vitamin D-dråper i 2019 (16 %) sammenlignet med i 2007 (4 %), samtidig som andelen som fikk tran har blitt noe redusert, fra 38 % i 2007 til 30 % i 2019. Det var også en vesentlig reduksjon i andel som svarte at de unngikk å gi enkelte matvarer til barnet fordi de var redd barnet kunne reagere med allergi/intoleranse (15 % i 2019 vs. 27 % i 2007), og denne reduksjonen kunne tilskrives en vesentlig reduksjon i andelen som svarte at de unngikk å gi nøtter til barnet.

• Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost; Kristiansen, Anne Lene & Lund-Blix, Nicolai Andre (2020). Spedkost 3. Landsomfattende undersøkelse av kostholdet blant spedbarn i Norge, 12 måneder. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284060996. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Andersen, Lene Frost & Kristiansen, Anne Lene (2020). Spedkost 3. Landsomfattende undersøkelse av kostholdet blant spedbarn i Norge, 12 måneder. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284060996. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Reinertsen, Anne Beate; Hognestad, Karin; Bøe, Marit; Kristiansen, Anne Lene & Lundestad, Magritt (2020). Følgeevaluering av Oslo og Viken modellen i Regional ordning for barnehagebasert kompetanseutvikling (REKOMP), 2019-20. Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge/Universitetet i Søraust-Noreg. ISSN 9788278604526. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Forskere fra Oslo Met, Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge (USN) og Høgskolen i Østfold (HiØ) har på oppdrag fra Fylkesmannen i Oslo og Viken evaluert det første året i Regional ordning for barnehagebasert kompetanseutvikling (REKOMP), 2019-20. Forskergruppens overordnede mandat har vært å være et justeringsredskap for modellen fremover, og være “navlebeskuende” i sin form, mens overordnet problemstilling for forskergruppen har vært knyttet til hvilke muligheter for kompetanseutvikling som ligger i ordningen. Rapporten er basert på erfaringer og synspunkter fra styrere i barnehagen og universitets- og høgskoleansatte (UH-ansatte) i regionen. Datainnsamlingen er gjennomført gjennom kvalitative fokusgruppe intervjuer med UH-ansatte og styrere, samt en kvantitativ spørreundersøkelse sendt ut til styrere i alle barnehager som inneværende år har deltatt i ordningen. Forskergruppen takker informantene for bidrag til evalueringen. Evalueringens innhold består av tre deler: 1. Hvordan de tre ulike modellene for oppfølgning Oslo og Viken har valgt fungerer. Inn under dette punktet har forskningsgruppa også definert inn de fire tematiske områdene i regional ordning, og deres innholdsmessige relevans for å peke på muligheter for kompetanseutvikling på barnehagefeltet. 2. Hvordan styrere i barnehagene opplever at UH-sektor sitt faglige bidrag fungerer. Dette spørsmålet sees i lys av teorier og målsettinger om å bygge lærende organisasjoner. 3. Hvordan fagansatte på de tre UH-institusjonene i Oslo og Viken modellen opplever rollen som prosessveiledere i møte med barnehagefeltet. Her settes søkelys på hvordan ordningen kan bidra til faglig merverdi for både barnehagefelt og UH-sektor. Evalueringen viser gjennomgående positive holdninger til ordningen og gjensidige ønsker om tettere faglig samarbeid mellom barnehager og UH-sektor. De tre modellene gir ulik nærhet til barnehagene fra UH-sektor sin side. Både styrere og UH-ansatte opplever modellene som delvis uklare og overlappende. Tett oppfølging blir oppfattet som en modell som gir mulighet for at UH-sektor kan bli kjent med barnehagens praksis, og gå inn på barnehagenivå. I Fleksibel delingsmodell kan det bli slik at møtene mellom feltet og UH-sektor skjer på enten ledernivå eller barnehageeiernivå, og avstanden til barnehagene og personalet blir dermed større. Når det gjelder modellen Støtte til lokale ressurser fremstår modellen som særlig uklar, men også at den passer til barnehager som er godt i gang med utviklingsprosjekter og som driver på egenhånd. De fire tematiske områdene oppfattes som vide, men dekkende for barnehagens behov for kompetanseheving. Det synes å kreve dialog mellom barnehagene og UH-sektor i det enkelte prosjekt for å avgrense og konkretisere barnehagenes kompetansebehov nærmere. Forskergruppen konkluderer med at Regional ordning bidrar til at styrere i barnehager får faglig støtte fra UH-sektor i ledelse av kompetanseutvikling i personalgruppen, og bidrar til videreføring av arbeidet med å bygge lærende organisasjoner sett i lys av overordnede føringer i lovverket. Regional ordning sees som en mulighet for kompetansebygging og utvikling av egne organisasjoner til å være lærende i begge sektorer. Forskergruppens anbefalinger for videre justering og utvikling av ordningen er: -Hensikten med den enkelte modell må tydeliggjøres og kommuniseres bedre, samt innhold og ansvarsområder i modellene og hva som kan forventes i den enkelte modell med hensyn til UH-sektors oppfølging. -Kompetanseutvikling og endringsprosesser tar tid, og det anbefales at prosjekter tildeles midler for en lengre periode, for eksempel i en tre-års periode. -UH-ansatte må videreutvikle sin faglige praksisnære kompetanse, og sektoren må utvikle arenaer for opplæring i prosessveiledning. Videre må UH-ansatte videreutvikle forskningsmuligheter sammen med praksisfeltet i regional ordning. I vårt mandat står det ikke noe direkte om forskerrollen. I lys av Kunnskapsdepartementets Strategi for Utdanningsforskning, 2020-2024, kan regional ordning spille en sentral rolle hvis den forskningsmessige delen av ordningen videreutvikles og styrkes. -Det unike med regional ordning må framheves sterkere i forhold til andre tiltak og programmer barnehagesektoren er engasjert i. Et kriterium for deltagelse i ordningen kan være at barnehageeier/barnehagene beskriver hvordan regional ordning er tenkt å bidra til samkjøring og videreutvikling av allerede etablerte programmer eller tiltak i barnehagen. Deltagelse i færre programmer kan gi økt dybde i læringsprosesser og økt kvalitet.

• Hausken, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Kristiansen, Anne Lene & Andersen, Lene Frost (2013). Kunnskapsoppsummering om helsemessige forhold ved bruk av tilsatt søtstoff i drikke – og matvarer. Helsedirektoratet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Paulsen, Mari Mohn; Høvding, Benedicte Olsen; Kristiansen, Anne Lene & Andersen, Lene Frost (2012). Måltider, fysisk aktivitet og miljørettet helsevern i barnehagen. En undersøkelse blant styrere og pedagogiske ledere. Helsedirektoratet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Andersen, Lene Frost & Lande, Britt (2009). Småbarnskost 2 år Landsomfattende kostholdsundersøkelse blant 2 år gamle barn. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Andersen, Lene Frost & Lande, Britt (2009). Spedkost - 12 måneder Landsomfattende kostholdsundersøkelse blant 12 måneder gamle barn Spedkost 2006-2007. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øverby, Nina; Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Andersen, Lene Frost & Lande, Britt (2008). Spedkost - 6 måneder Landsomfattende kostholdsundersøkelse blant 6 måneder gamle barn. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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