Publikasjoner
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Tørmoen, Anita Johanna; Myhre, Martin Øverlien; Walby, Fredrik A; Grøholt, Berit & Rossow, Ingeborg Margrete
(2020).
Change in prevalence of self-harm from 2002 to 2018
among Norwegian adolescents.
European Journal of Public Health.
ISSN 1101-1262.
30(4),
s. 688–692.
doi:
10.1093/eurpub/ckaa042.
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Self-harm is prevalent among adolescents and associated with mental health problems and negative life-events. Few studies have examined changes in its prevalence related to these factors. This study explored whether changes in prevalence of self-harm among adolescents had occurred, and to what extent changes in associated factors may have contributed. Two cross-sectional school-based surveys among adolescents (grades 8–10) in Norway were conducted in 2002 (N = 5842) and in 2017/18 (N = 29 063). Past year prevalence of self-harm and identical variables on risk factors was analyzed in hierarchical logistic regression to examine whether and to what extent changes in self-harm correlates could explain periodical change in prevalence of self-harm. An increase from 4.1% to 16.2% in self-harm prevalence was observed from 2002 to 2017/18. The increase was relatively larger among girls compared to boys and among 8th graders compared to 10th graders. Among the assessed risk factors for self-harm, depressive symptoms increased, while anti-social behavior, exposure to violent acts and drinking to intoxication decreased. The increase in depressive symptoms contributed to explain increase in self-harm. This contribution was outweighed by the decrease in other risk factors. Self-harm prevalence increased 4-fold among Norwegian adolescents over a 15-year period. While exposure to several risk factors for self-harm changed substantially in this period, these risk factors could in sum not explain any of the increase in self-harm.
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Mehlum, Lars; Ramleth, Ruth-Kari; Tørmoen, Anita Johanna; Haga, Egil; Diep, Lien My & Stanley, Barbara
[Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2019).
Long term effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy versus enhanced usual care for adolescents with self-harming and suicidal behavior.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
ISSN 0021-9630.
60(10),
s. 1112–1122.
doi:
10.1111/jcpp.13077.
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Background Knowledge is lacking on the long‐term outcomes of treatment for adolescents with repetitive suicidal and self‐harming behavior. Furthermore, the pathways through which treatment effects may operate are poorly understood. Our aims were to investigate enduring treatment effects of dialectical behavior therapy adapted for adolescents (DBT‐A) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC) through a prospective 3‐year follow‐up and to analyze possible mediators of treatment effects. Methods Interview and self‐report data covering the follow‐up interval were collected from 92% of the adolescents who participated in the original randomized trial. Trial registration number: NCT01593202 (www.ClinicalTrials.gov). Results At the 3‐year follow‐up DBT‐A remained superior to EUC in reducing the frequency of self‐harm, whereas for suicidal ideation, hopelessness and depressive and borderline symptoms and global level of functioning there were no inter‐group differences, with no sign of symptom relapse in either of the participant groups. A substantial proportion (70.8%) of the effect of DBT‐A on self‐harm frequency over the long‐term was mediated through a reduction in participants’ experience of hopelessness during the trial treatment phase. Receiving more than 3 months follow‐up treatment after completion of the trial treatment was associated with further enhanced outcomes in patients who had received DBT‐A. Conclusions There were on average no between‐group differences at the 3‐year follow‐up in clinical outcomes such as suicidal ideation, hopelessness, depressive and borderline symptoms. The significantly and consistently larger long‐term reduction in self‐harm behavior for adolescents having received DBT‐A compared with enhanced usual care, however, suggests that DBT‐A may be a favorable treatment alternative for adolescents with repetitive self‐harming behavior.
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Haga, Egil; Aas, Eline; Grøholt, Berit; Tørmoen, Anita Johanna & Mehlum, Lars
(2018).
Cost-effectiveness of dialectical behaviour therapy vs. enhanced usual care in the treatment of adolescents with self-harm.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH).
12(1).
doi:
10.1186/s13034-018-0227-2.
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Background Studies have shown that dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is effective in reducing self-harm in adults and adolescents. Aims To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of DBT for adolescents (DBT-A) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC). Methods In a randomised study, 77 adolescents with repeated self-harm were allocated to 19 weeks of outpatient treatment, either DBT-A (n = 39) or EUC (n = 38). Cost-effective analyses, including estimation of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, were conducted with self-harm and global functioning (CGAS) as health outcomes. Results Using self-harm as effect outcome measure, the probability of DBT being cost-effective compared to EUC increased with increasing willingness to pay up to a ceiling of 99.5% (threshold of € 1400), while with CGAS as effect outcome measure, this ceiling was 94.9% (threshold of € 1600). Conclusions Given the data, DBT-A had a high probability of being a cost-effective treatment.
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Ramleth, Ruth-Kari; Grøholt, Berit; Diep, Lien My; Walby, Fredrik A & Mehlum, Lars
(2017).
The impact of borderline personality disorder and sub-threshold borderline personality disorder on the course of self-reported and clinician-rated depression in self-harming adolescents.
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation.
4.
doi:
10.1186/s40479-017-0073-5.
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Background Studies on adults suggest that the presence of comorbid depression and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is associated with an elevated risk of self-harming behaviours and that self-harming behaviours, when present, will have higher severity. This comorbidity, furthermore, complicates clinical assessments, which may be an obstacle to early identification and proper intervention. Adolescents who self-harm frequently report high levels of depressive symptoms, but this is often not reflected in the clinicians’ assessment. BPD is still a controversial diagnosis in young people, and less is known about the clinical significance of comorbid BPD in adolescent populations. The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of BPD on the assessment and course of self-reported and clinician-rated depression in self-harming adolescents before and after a treatment period of 19 weeks. We hypothesized that, compared to adolescents without BPD, adolescents with BPD would self-report higher levels of depression at baseline, and that they would have less reduction in depressive symptoms. Methods A total of 39 adolescents with depressive disorders and BPD-traits participating in a randomised controlled trial on treatment of self-harm with Dialectical Behaviour Therapy adapted for Adolescents or enhanced usual care were included. Adolescents with full-syndrome BPD (n = 10) were compared with adolescents with sub-threshold BPD (n = 29) with respect to their self-reported and clinician-rated depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and global level of functioning at baseline, and after 19 weeks of treatment (end of trial period). Results At baseline, adolescents with full-syndrome BPD self-reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation compared to adolescents with sub-threshold BPD, whereas the two groups were rated as equally depressed by the clinicians. At trial completion, all participants had a significant reduction in suicidal ideation, however, adolescents with BPD had a poorer treatment outcome in terms of significantly higher levels of clinician-rated and self-reported depressive symptoms and significantly lower levels of global functioning. At baseline as well as at trial completion, self-reported and clinician-rated levels of depressive symptoms were not significantly correlated in adolescents with BPD. In a multiple linear regression analysis, a diagnosis of BPD and a high baseline level of clinician-rated depressive symptoms predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at trial completion, whereas receiving Dialectical Behaviour Therapy predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusion Our findings suggest that a diagnosis of BPD may have a strong impact on the assessment and course of depressive symptoms in self-harming adolescents. Although rated as equally depressed, adolescents with BPD self-reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation at baseline, and showed a poorer outcome in terms of higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of global functioning at trial completion compared to adolescents with sub-threshold BPD. Our findings suggest that receiving Dialectical Behaviour Therapy could lead to a greater reduction in depressive symptoms, although firm conclusions cannot be drawn given the limited sample size. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of underestimating the severity of depression in the context of emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Providing BPD specific treatments seems to be important to achieve sufficient treatment response with regard to depressive symptoms in adolescents with BPD-traits. Trial registration Treatment for Adolescents With Deliberate Self Harm; NCT00675129 , registered May 2008.
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Mehlum, Lars; Ramberg, Maria; Tørmoen, Anita Johanna; Haga, Egil; Diep, Lien My & Stanley, Barbara
[Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2016).
Dialectical behavior therapy compared with enhanced usual care for adolescents with repeated suicidal and self-harming behavior: outcomes over a one-year follow-up.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
ISSN 0890-8567.
55(4),
s. 295–300.
doi:
10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.005.
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Grøholt, Berit; Haga, Egil; Tørmoen, Anita Johanna; Ramberg, Maria & Mehlum, Lars
(2014).
Screening for selvksading i barne- og ungdomspsykiatriske poliklinikker - erfaringer fra rekruttering til en randomisert kontrollert studie.
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
19(3),
s. 24–29.
doi:
10.5617/suicidologi.2269.
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Haga, Egil; Grøholt, Berit; Tørmoen, Anita Johanna; Aas, Eline & Mehlum, Lars
(2014).
Økonomisk evaluering av behandling for ungdom med villet egenskade - hvorfor og hvordan?
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
19(3),
s. 30–35.
doi:
10.5617/suicidologi.2270.
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Freuchen, Anne & Grøholt, Berit
(2013).
Characteristics of suicide notes of children and young adolescents: An examination of the notes from suicide victims 15 years and younger.
Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
ISSN 1359-1045.
20(2),
s. 194–206.
doi:
10.1177/1359104513504312.
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Udal, Anne Beate Helseth; Øygarden, Bjørg; Egeland, Jens; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik & Grøholt, Berit
(2012).
Memory in early onset bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: similarities and differences.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.
ISSN 0091-0627.
40(7),
s. 1179–1192.
doi:
10.1007/s10802-012-9631-x.
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Freuchen, Anne; Kjelsberg, Ellen & Grøholt, Berit
(2012).
Suicide or accident? A psychological autopsy study of suicide in youths under the age of 16 compared to deaths labeled as accidents.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH).
6(1).
doi:
10.1186/1753-2000-6-30.
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Objective In the present paper, we describe suicide in youths under 16 years of age and compare their risk factors for suicide to those of older adolescents as described in the literature. Furthermore, we evaluate the possible mislabeling of suicides as accidents, and vice versa. Method We used the data from a nationwide psychological autopsy of youths 15 years and younger who had committed suicide or died in accidents in Norway from 1993 to 2004 (n = 84). We additionally constructed a suicide index to distinguish between the two causes of death. Results The young suicide victims presented, with little gender difference, fewer obvious risk factors and less suicide intent than commonly described for older adolescents. The suicide index distinguished quite well between suicides and accidents, with few cases indicating a possible mislabeling, although some suicide cases could have been labeled as uncertain. Conclusion In line with previous research, suicides in 11-15-year-olds have many similarities to suicides in older adolescents in terms of external circumstances, but they present less apparent warning signs. In our total sample of 84 deaths, there were few indications of incorrect labeling.
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Freuchen, Anne; Kjelsberg, Ellen; Lundervold, Astri & Grøholt, Berit
(2012).
Differences between children and adolescents who commit suicide and their peers: A psychological autopsy of suicide victims compared to accident victims and a community sample.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH).
6(1).
doi:
10.1186/1753-2000-6-1.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to gain knowledge about the circumstances related to suicide among children and adolescents 15 years and younger. Methods: We conducted a psychological autopsy, collecting information from parents, hospital records and police reports on persons below the age of 16 who had committed suicide in Norway during a 12-year period (1993-2004) (n = 41). Those who committed suicide were compared with children and adolescents who were killed in accidents during the same time period (n = 43) and with a community sample. Results: Among the suicides 25% met the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis and 30% had depressive symptoms at the time of death. Furthermore, 60% of the parents of the suicide victims reported the child experienced some kind of stressful conflict prior to death, whereas only 12% of the parents of the accident victims reported such conflicts. Conclusion: One in four suicide victims fulfilled the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis. The level of sub-threshold depression and of stressful conflict experienced by youths who committed suicide did not appear to differ substantially from that of their peers, and therefore did not raise sufficient concern for referral to professional help.
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MØRDRE, MARIANNE; Grøholt, Berit; Sandstad, Berit & Myhre, Anne Margrethe
(2012).
The impact of ADHD symptoms and global impairment in childhood on working disability in mid-adulthood: a 28-year follow-up study using official disability pension records in a high-risk in-patient population.
BMC Psychiatry.
12(174).
doi:
10.1186/1471-244X-12-174.
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Background Individuals with ADHD have been associated with more employment difficulties in early adulthood than healthy community controls. To examine whether this association is attributable specifically to disturbance of activity and attention (ADHD) or to psychopathology in general, we wanted to extend existing research by comparing the rate of mid-adulthood working disabilities for individuals diagnosed with ADHD as children with the rate for clinical controls diagnosed with either conduct disorder, emotional disorder or mixed disorder of conduct and emotions. Methods Former Norwegian child-psychiatric in-patients (n = 257) were followed up 17–39 years after hospitalization by record linkage to the Norwegian national registry of disability pension (DP) awards. Based on the hospital records, the patients were re-diagnosed according to ICD-10. Associations between the diagnoses, other baseline factors and subsequent DP were investigated using Kaplan–Meier survival analyses and logrank testing. Results At follow-up, 19% of the participants had received a DP award. In the logrank testing, ADHD was the only disorder associated with a subsequent DP, with 30% being disabled at follow-up (p = 0.01). Low psychosocial functioning (assessed by the Children’s Global Assessment Scale) at admission uniquely predicted future DP (p = 0.04). Conclusions ADHD in childhood was highly associated with later receiving a DP. Our finding of worse prognosis in ADHD compared with other internalizing and externalizing disorders in mid-adulthood supports the assumption of ADHD being specifically linked to working disability. Assessment of psychosocial functioning in addition to diagnostic features could enhance prediction of children who are most at risk of future disability.
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MØRDRE, MARIANNE; Grøholt, Berit; Kjelsberg, Ellen; Sandstad, Berit & Myhre, Anne Margrethe
(2011).
The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: A 30 years follow-up study using official crime records.
BMC Psychiatry.
11.
doi:
10.1186/1471-244X-11-57.
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Background Few longitudinal studies have explored lifetime criminality in adults with a childhood history of severe mental disorders. In the present study, we wanted to explore the association between adult delinquency and several different childhood diagnoses in an in-patient population. Of special interest was the impact of disturbance of activity and attention (ADHD) and mixed disorder of conduct and emotions on later delinquency, as these disorders have been variously associated with delinquent development. Methods Former Norwegian child psychiatric in-patients (n = 541) were followed up 19-41 years after hospitalization by record linkage to the National Register of Criminality. On the basis of the hospital records, the patients were re-diagnosed according to ICD-10. The association between diagnoses and other baseline factors and later delinquency were investigated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results At follow-up, 24% of the participants had been convicted of criminal activity. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, conduct disorder (RR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.2-3.4) and hyperkinetic conduct disorder (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.6-4.4) significantly increased the risk of future criminal behaviour. Pervasive developmental disorder (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2-0.9) and mental retardation (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.3-0.8) reduced the risk for a criminal act. Male gender (RR = 3.6, 95%CI = 2.1-6.1) and chronic family difficulties (RR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.5) both predicted future criminality. Conclusions Conduct disorder in childhood was highly associated with later delinquency both alone or in combination with hyperactivity, but less associated when combined with an emotional disorder. ADHD in childhood was no more associated with later delinquency than the rest of the disorders in the study population. Our finding strengthens the assumption that there is no direct association between ADHD and criminality.
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MØRDRE, MARIANNE; Grøholt, Berit; Knudsen, Ann Kristin; Sponheim, Eili; Mykletun, Arnstein & Myhre, Anne Margrethe
(2011).
Is long-term prognosis for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified different from prognosis for autistic disorder? Findings from a 30-year follow-up study.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
ISSN 0162-3257.
doi:
10.1007/s10803-011-1319-5.
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Alvik, Astrid & Grøholt, Berit
(2011).
Examination of the cut-off scores determined by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire in a population-based sample of 6 month-old Norwegian infants.
BMC Pediatrics.
11.
doi:
10.1186/1471-2431-11-117.
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Background Few population-based samples have previously published performance on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), a recommended screening tool to detect infant developmental delay. The aim of the study was to investigate performance on the ASQ in a population-based sample of 6-month-old infants. Methods In this population-based questionnaire study from Oslo, Norway, the 30 item ASQ 6 month Questionnaire (N = 1053) were included, however without the pictograms, and compared to the Norwegian reference sample (N.ref) (N = 169) and to US cut-off values. Exclusion criteria were maternal non-Scandinavian ethnicity, infant age < 5.0 or > 7.0 months (corrected age), twins, and birth weight < 2.5 kg. Cut-off = 2.5 percentile (equivalent to mean minus 2 standard deviations). Pearson's Chi square and Mann-Whitney U were used to compare items and areas, respectively, with N.ref. Results The reported ASQ scores were lower on all but one of the 10 significantly different items, and in all areas except Personal social, compared to the N.ref sample. The estimated cut-off values for suspected developmental delay (Communication 25, Gross motor 15, Fine motor 18, Problem solving 25 and Personal social 20) were lower than the recommended American (US) values in all areas, and lower than the Norwegian values in two areas. Scores indicating need for further assessment were reached by 13.8% or 20.5% of the infants (missing items scored according to the US or the Norwegian manual), and by 33.8% or 30.3% of the infants using the recommended US or the Norwegian cut-off values, in this population-based sample. The Fine motor area demonstrated a large variability depending on the different cut-off and scoring possibilities. Both among the items excluding pictograms and the items that do not have pictograms, approximately every third item differed significantly compared to the N.ref sample. Conclusion The psychomotor developmental scores were lower than in the reference samples in this study of ASQ 6 month Questionnaire; to our knowledge the first study to be both representative and comparatively large. Approximately every third child with birth weight above 2.5 kg, received scores suggesting further assessment using recommended ASQ cut-off scores.
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Roy, Betty Van; Grøholt, Berit; Heyerdahl, Sonja & Clench-Aas, Jocelyne
(2010).
Understanding discrepancies in parent-child reporting of emotional and behavioural problems: Effects of relational and socio-demographic factors.
BMC Psychiatry.
10.
doi:
10.1186/1471-244X-10-56.
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Background:
Discrepancies between parents and children in their assessment of children's mental health affect the evaluation of need for services and must be taken seriously. This article presents the differences between parents' and children's reports of the children's symptoms and social impairment, based on the results of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The interrelationship between relational aspects and socio-demographic factors with patterns of disagreement are explored.
Methods:
Differences in the prevalence and means of SDQ symptom and impact scores were obtained from 8,154 primary school children, aged between 10 and 13 years, and their parents. Agreement between matched pairs was measured using Pearson's and Spearman's rho correlations. Socio-demographic variables, communication patterns and parental engagement were analysed as possible correlates of informant discrepancies using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
Results:
In general, although children reported more symptoms, they reported less impact of perceived difficulties than parents. The parents were more consistent in their evaluation of symptoms and impact than were the children. Exploration of highly discrepant subgroups showed that, when children reported the most symptoms and impact, qualitative aspects of the parent-child relationship and family structure seemed to be more powerful predictors of disagreement than were gender of the child and socio-demographic variables. When parents reported the most symptoms and impact, low parental educational level, low income and male gender of the child played an additional role.
Conclusions:
Our findings underline the importance of paying attention to child reports of emotional-behavioural difficulties, particularly when parents do not identify these problems. Considerations on what meaning parent-child discrepancy might have in the context of the parent-child relationship or the family's psychosocial status should be integrated in the overall understanding of the child's situation and subsequent recommendations.
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Udal, AH; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Lovdahl, H; Gjaerum, B; Pripp, AH & Grøholt, Berit
(2009).
Motor function may differentiate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from early onset bipolar disorder.
Behavioral and Brain Functions.
5.
doi:
10.1186/1744-9081-5-47.
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Background Differentiating between bipolar spectrum disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and adolescence is difficult because the clinical presentation is influenced by ongoing neural development, causing considerable symptom overlap. Motor problems and neurological soft signs have been associated with ADHD for decades. Little is known about motor skills in BD. Here we assess the diagnostic accuracy of neuromotor deviations in differentiating ADHD from BD in clinical practice. We also investigate if these deviations exist in concurrent ADHD and BD, thus indicating true comorbidity Methods 64 patients 6-18 years (31 girls, 33 boys) fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of BD, ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-C) or comorbid BD and ADHD-C, were compared using an age-standardized neuromotor test; NUBU. Categorical variables were analyzed using cross table with two-tailed chi square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. Continuous variables were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and, if significant, Mann-Whitney U test and ROC plots. Results The ADHD-C group and the comorbid ADHD-C and BD group both showed significantly more neurological soft signs (p less than 0.01) and lower mean static coordination percentile (p less than 0.01) than the BD group. The positive predictive value of NUBU in the diagnosis of ADHD-C with or without concurrent BD was 89% (80-95) for total soft signs and 87% (79-95) for static coordination below the 7.5 percentile. Conclusion An age-standardized neuromotor test battery may promote diagnostic accuracy in differentiating ADHD from BD in clinical practice, and help evaluating whether symptoms of ADHD in children who have BD reflect symptom overlap or real comorbidity. This may have important implications for everyday diagnostic work.
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Bramness, Jørgen G.; Grøholt, Berit; Engeland, Anders & Furu, Kari
(2009).
The use of lithium, valproate or lamotrigine for psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents in Norway 2004-2007-A prescription database study.
Journal of Affective Disorders.
ISSN 0165-0327.
117(3),
s. 208–211.
doi:
10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.006.
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Roy, Betty Van; Kristensen, Hanne; Grøholt, Berit & Clench-Aas, Jocelyne
(2009).
Prevalence and characteristics of significant social anxiety in children aged 8-13 years. A norwegian cross-sectional population study.
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
ISSN 0933-7954.
44(5),
s. 407–415.
doi:
10.1007/s00127-008-0445-7.
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Background:
Social anxiety has been frequently studied in both population- and clinical-based adult and adolescent samples. Corresponding research in children is scarce and is dominated by clinical studies. The aim of the present population-based study was to examine the prevalence of significant social anxiety (SSA) in preadolescent children and compare their characteristics with those of children without SSA. The spectrum of social anxiety is explored by comparing children with different levels of social anxiety, as defined by 1–2 versus 3–5 social situations feared.
Method:
The sample consisted of 14,497 parents and their 3rd–7th grade children (8–13 years old) who participated in a health profile study, including questions covering DSM-IV criteria A–D for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Socio-demographic data, social and school functioning, somatic complaints, parent–child relationships, and use of health services were added to a logistic regression model to explore characteristics associated with children with, and without SSA. Associated emotional and behavioural problems were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) using parent and self-report.
Results:
Parents described 2.3% of all children as significantly socially anxious and 0.9% feared at least three social situations. The majority of children with SSA managed their everyday life well. However, compared with children without SSA, children with SSA struggled more often in different areas of life and showed a significantly higher prevalence of associated emotional and behavioural symptoms. Our findings also support the notion of social anxiety as a spectrum concept.
Conclusions:
Social anxiety problems start in childhood and can be impairing, even in non-clinical populations and in reasonably young age groups. Increased awareness of different aspects of social anxiety is needed to identify children who are at risk and to devise appropriate interventions to improve the immediate and long-term outcome.
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Grøholt, Berit & Ekeberg, Øivind
(2009).
Prognosis after Adolescent Suicide Attempt: Mental Health, Psychiatric Treatment, and Suicide Attempts in a Nine-Year Follow-up Study.
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour.
ISSN 0363-0234.
39(2),
s. 125–136.
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Roy, Betty Van; Kristensen, Hanne; Grøholt, Berit & Clench-Aas, J
(2008).
Prevalence and characteristics of significant social anxiety in children aged 8-13 years : A Norwegian cross-sectional population study.
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
ISSN 0933-7954.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind & Haldorsen, Tor
(2006).
Adolescent suicide attempters: what predicts future suicidal acts?
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour.
ISSN 0363-0234.
36(6),
s. 638–650.
doi:
10.1521/suli.2006.36.6.638.
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Predictors for repetition of suicide attempts were evaluated among 92 adolescent suicide attempters 9 years after an index suicide attempt (90% females). Five were dead, two by suicide. Thirty-one (42%) of 73 had repeated a suicide attempt. In multiple Cox regression analysis, four factors had an independent predictive effect: comorbid disorders, hopelessness, having ever received treatment for mental or behavior problems, and having a father exerting control without affection. Prediction on an individual level was difficult. Since almost half repeated a suicidal act, the best strategy is to evaluate all adolescent suicide attempters thoroughly and provide treatment as needed
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Udal, Anne & Grøholt, Berit
(2006).
Bipolare lidelser hos barn og ungdom.
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
126(3),
s. 302–304.
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Mehlum, Lars; Dieserud, Gudrun; Ekeberg, Øivind; Grøholt, Berit; Mellesdal, Liv & Walby, Fredrik A.
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2006).
Forebygging av selvmord. Del 1. Psykoterapi, medikamentelle intervensjoner og elektrokonvulsiv terapi. Systematisk kunnskapsoppsummering.
Rapport fra Kunnskapssenteret.
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Van, Roy Elisabeth; Grøholt, Berit; Heyerdahl, Sonja & Clench-Aas, Jocelyne
(2006).
Self-reported strengths and difficulties in a large Norwegian population 10-19 years - Age and gender specific results of the extended SDQ-questionnaire.
European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
ISSN 1018-8827.
15(4),
s. 189–198.
doi:
10.1007/s00787-005-0521-4.
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This study reports young people's assessment of own problems and strengths from a Norwegian survey (n=29,631, age range 10-19), based on the self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (response rate 84.3%). Differences according to the age and gender are illuminated. Girls reported most emotional problems and boys most conduct and peer problems. Compared to other countries, Norwegian adolescents reported more hyperactive behaviour. Total problem scores were highest in early-adolescence for boys (Mean=10.8, SD=6.1), and for girls it is in late adolescence (Mean 11.3, SD=5.2). One third of the subjects reported at least minor perceived difficulties. All symptom scales were strongly associated with perceived difficulties, impact and burden to others (P<0.001) with significant gender and age effects. Impact scores were included in the estimate of possible caseness. Combining symptom scores and impact scores, 3.7% of the sample was defined as a high risk group, while 8.8% needed special attention from mental health services. The results also suggested that SDQ could be a valuable screening instrument for older adolescents.
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Rossow, Ingeborg; Grøholt, Berit & Wichstrøm, Lars
(2005).
Intoxicants and suicidal behaviour among adolescents: changes in levels and associations from 1992 to 2002.
Addiction.
ISSN 0965-2140.
100(1),
s. 79–88.
doi:
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00941.x.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(2005).
Suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents: Different factors contribute to self-esteem.
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour.
ISSN 0363-0234.
35,
s. 525–535.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2005).
Fødselsvekt og selvmord: er det noen sammenheng?
Norsk Epidemiologi.
ISSN 0803-2491.
15(1),
s. 25–28.
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Hjelmeland, Heidi & Grøholt, Berit
(2005).
A Comparative Study of Young and Adult Deliberate Self-Harm Patients.
Crisis.
ISSN 0227-5910.
26(2),
s. 64–72.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Hjelmeland, Heidi Marie & Grøholt, Berit
(2005).
A comparative study of young and adult deliberate self-harm patients.
Crisis.
ISSN 0227-5910.
26(2),
s. 64–72.
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Haavet, Ole Rikard & Grøholt, Berit
(2005).
Ikke-medikamentelle strategier i behandling av psykiske plager og sykdommer i allmennpraksis.
I Haavet, Ole Rikard (Red.),
Ungdomsmedisin.
Universitetsforlaget.
ISSN 9788215007021.
s. 170–176.
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Holmesland, Anne lise & Grøholt, Berit
(2004).
Tverrfaglig videreutdanning - et effektivt virkemiddel i psykisk<BR/>helsevern for barn og unge?
Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet).
ISSN 0332-6470.
s. 892-899 : port.–892-899 : port..
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Langlo, Sara Rise; Ramberg, Maria & Grøholt, Berit
(2003).
Suicidal ungdom: hva skal klinikeren se etter [Suicidal adolescents: what should clinicians look for? ].
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
123,
s. 2246–2249.
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Selvmord er årsak til 30% av dødsfall i aldersgruppen 15 til 19 år i Norge mot 5% på 60-tallet. Mange unge suicidale oppsøker lege få uker før et selvmordsforsøk Studiens formål var å kartlegge om dette gjelder Norge og hva som eventuelt karakteriserer disse unge. Materiale og metode: 92 under 20 år innlagt etter alvorlig selvmordsforsøk i Oslo og Akershus i 1993/94 (87% av alle) ble omfattende intervjuet, og sammenliknet med 460 skoleungdom matchet for kjønn og alder.
Resultater: 41 (45%) oppsøkte lege innen seks uker før forsøket, 27 (29%) med problemer av fysisk art, seks (7%) kom med psykiske problemer alene. Bare to (2%) nevnte suicidaltanker i konsultasjonen. De som gikk til legen var eldre, rapporterte dårligere fysisk helse, oftere spiseforstyrrelse og følte seg oftere integrert i vennemiljø enn de som ikke gikk til legen. Sammenliknet med gjennomsnittsunge søkte de sjelden støtte hos foreldre og venner, hadde tidligere seksuelt debut, høyere forbruk av narkotika og sigaretter, oftere skilte foreldre og færre søsken. De rapporterte lavere selvfølelse, mer ensomhet og oftere depressive følelser. Alle forskjeller var signifikante (p<0.01). Fortolkning: Suicidale unge som oppsøker lege skiller seg klart fra gjennomsnittsungdom; de er tyngre belastet både sosioøkonomisk og psykososialt. Almennleger må se etter disse kjennetegnene, og bli flinkere til å spørre om psykiske problemer og selvmordstanker.
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Mack, Kristin & Grøholt, Berit
(2003).
Dysmorfofobia [Body dysmorphic disorder--new light on an old disease].
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
123,
s. 779–781.
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Grøholt, Berit & Ekeberg, Øivind
(2003).
Suicide in young people under 15 years: problems of classification.
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.
ISSN 0803-9488.
57,
s. 411–417.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the classification of suicide in children and young adolescents. Although under-classification of suicide in the very young is a well-known problem, our hypothesis was that accidents might wrongly be classified as suicides, leading to over-classification. This may more easily occur in the very young. METHOD: Information about all registered young suicides under 20 years of age in Norway in 1990-92 was gathered from professional informants. The suicides were reclassified as certain, uncertain or improbable suicide. People under 15 years of age (n=14) were compared with late adolescent suicides (15-19 years) (n=115). RESULTS: Uncertain or improbable suicides were significantly more common in the very young (50% vs. 5%, P<0.001). In contrast to the very young who completed suicide, the very young with uncertain suicide had few risk factors (mental disorders, broken families, known stressors or precipitants, suicide intent and farewell notes). Clinical vignettes are given. CONCLUSION: Some accidents in children may wrongly have been classified as suicide. Cases of death following experimenting or imitations of models from television or fiction should rather be classified as accidents or undetermined deaths. Misclassification of suicide may be an unnecessary burden to families and peers
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Grøholt, Berit
(2003).
Selvmord, selvmordsforsøk og utagerende atferd hos unge,
I Befring, Edvard (Red.),
Barn i Norge 2003 Sosialeog emosjonelle vansker hos barn - problemer, utfordringer og muligheter.
Voksne for barn.
ISSN 9788292488010.
s. 27–38.
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Sammendrag
Utagerende unge har en overhyppighet av selvmord og selvmordsforsøk. Forklaringene kan være mange. Utagering ledsages ofte av depresjon. Impulsivitet som er vanlig ved denne type atferd kan svekke vanlige motforestillinger. Atferden i seg selv kan føre unge opp i mange vanskelige situasjoner. Oppvekstbetingelser som fører til utagerende atferd kan også føre til psykososiale problemer som igjen leder til selvmord. Videre vet vi at aggresjon som vanskelig kontrolleres er forbundet både med selvmord og med utagerende atferd. Disse og andre mulige forklaringer på forholdet mellom utagering og selvmordsatferd drøftes, og munner ut i enkelte praktiske råd til voksne som står overfor unge i selvmordskrise.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2002).
Risikofaktorer for suicidal atferd blant unge i Norge.
Norsk Epidemiologi.
ISSN 0803-2491.
12(3),
s. 207–214.
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Tre grupper av unge med suicidal atferd sammenliknes; unge som døde av suicid (N=129), unge som gjorde selvmordsforsøk og ble hospitalisert (N=92), og unge som har skadet seg selv, men ikke ble innlagt på sykehus (N=141). All gruppene omfatter unge til og med 19 år, og er sammenliknet med gjennomsnittsungdom fra spørreundersøkelsen ¿Ung i Norge¿. Variabler knyttet til psykisk helse, sosial situasjon og forhold til andre ble inkludert i analysene. For selvmordsstudien var få sosiale variabler inkludert. I multivariate analyser fant vi at depresjon, utagerende atferd og lav selvfølelse øket risiko for all suicidal atferd, på en måte som indikerte en kontinuitet knyttet til alvorlighetsgrad mellom de ulike suicidale gruppene. Negative ytre forhold (sosiale forhold, forhold til andre) hadde klarest sammenheng med alvorlige selvmordsforsøk. De unge som søkte støtte hos foreldre ved behov var delvis beskyttet. De som søkte støtte fra venner viste suicidal atferd, mens sjelden slik at det førte til innleggelse. Konsekvenser av disse forskjellene, bl.a. for forebyggende tiltak, diskuteres.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2002).
Selvmord og selvmordsforsøk blant unge innvandrere.
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
7(2),
s. 15–16.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(2000).
Young suicide attempters: a comparison between a clinical and an epidemiological sample.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
ISSN 0890-8567.
39(7),
s. 868–875.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare risk factors for self-harm in 2 groups:
hospitalized adolescents who had attempted suicide and adolescents
reporting suicide attempts in a community survey. METHOD: All suicide
attempters aged 13 to 19 years admitted to medical wards (n = 91) in a
region of Norway were assessed and interviewed. Risk factors were
identified by comparisons with a general population sample
participating in a questionnaire study in the same community (n =
1,736). In this population sample, a separate analysis of risk factors
for reporting deliberate self-harm (n = 141) was performed, applying
bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS:
Adjusted risk factors for suicide attempts in hospitalized adolescents
were depression (odds ratio [OR] = 4.7), disruptive disorders (OR =
9.4), low self-worth (OR = 1.3), infrequent support from parents (OR =
3.3) or peers (OR = 3.3), parents' excessive drinking (OR = 4.3), and
low socioeconomic status (OR = 2.4). For adolescents who self-reported
self-harm, depression (OR = 3.1) and loneliness (OR = 1.13) were
significant adjusted risk factors (p < .001). Low self-worth, low
socioeconomic status, and little support from parents or peers
characterized hospitalized suicidal adolescents compared with those who
were not hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors were more powerful
for hospitalized than for nonhospitalized adolescents. Prevention
efforts should target the same factors for both groups, at a population
level for nonhospitalized adolescents and at an individual level for
hospitalized adolescents, with a focus on depression, low self-esteem,
and family communication.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind & Haldorsen, Tor
(2000).
Adolescents hospitalised with deliberate self-harm: the significance of an intention to die.
European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
ISSN 1018-8827.
9,
s. 244–254.
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All suicide attempters admitted to medical wards in the greater Oslo area, (N=91) aged 13-19 years, were dichotomised on the basis of one item in Motives for Parasuicide Questionnaire (MPQ) and one item in Suicide Intent Scale (SIS): if the intent was to die (N=57), or not (N=34). The two groups were compared regarding the attempt, mental health problems, and psychosocial risk factors. The attempt of adolescents with an intent to die were more serious, rated with SIS (15.7 vs. 5.7, p<0.001), with Risk Rescue Rating (p=0.003) or rated medically (p<0.05). They were clinically more often depressed (61% vs. 32%, p< 0.01), felt more hopeless (Hopelessness Scale) (10.8 vs. 8.2, P<0.05), were less disruptive (11% vs. 32%, p<0.05) and less often abused substances (0 vs. 12%, p<0.05). Both groups were equally burdened with other factors. The differentiation on basis of suicidal intent delineated two groups, both with considerable psychosocial problems. Those with suicide intent had more internalising problems including depression, while those with other intents showed more externalising behaviour. The need for help also in the group with no intent to die may be underestimated.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(1999).
Sex differences in adolescent suicides, Norway 1990-92.
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour.
ISSN 0363-0234.
29,
s. 295–308.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(1999).
Sex differences in adolescent suicides in Norway, 1990-1992.
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour.
ISSN 0363-0234.
29(4),
s. 295–308.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(1998).
Suicide among children and younger and older adolescents in Norway: a comparative study.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
ISSN 0890-8567.
37(5),
s. 473–481.
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Objective: To compare characteristics and risk factors of suicide in early adolescents (younger than age 15 years) and in late adolescents. The authors examined whether differences in risk factors or resilience might explain the different suicide rates in the two age groups. Method: Information about all registered suicides of young people in Norway from 1990 through 1992 was gathered from several professional informants. Children younger than 15 years old who committed suicide (N=14) were compared with late-adolescent suicides (15 through 19 years) (N=115), and with controls (N=889). Results: Younger compared with older adolescent suicides more often hanged themselves (93% vs 35%). Suicidal ideation (7% vs. 39%) and precipitating events were described less frequently (29% vs. 49%). Older adolescents more often had psychiatric disorders (77% vs. 43%). Compared to controls the risk factors for suicide were affective disorders (young adolescents: odds ratio (OR)=23.8,confidence interval (CI)=2.3-1183, older adolescents: OR=19.6,CI=10.6-38.8); Disruptive disorders (young adolescents OR=3.4,CI=0.0-340, older adolescents OR=6.1,CI=3.0-12.7) Not living with two biological parents: (young adolescents OR=3.1,CI=0.6-14.7, older adolescents OR=2.5, CI=1.6-3.8). Conclusion: Children and early adolescents completing suicide were less exposed to known risk factors than late adolescents. The increased suicide risk was similar for both groups when compared with community controls. The low suicide incidence in childhood may be related to fewer risk factors, rather than to resilience to risk factors.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Ø; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(1998).
Suicide among children and younger adolescents in Norway: A comparative study.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
ISSN 0890-8567.
37(5),
s. 473–481.
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Grøholt, Berit; Sommerschild, Hilchen Thode & Garløv, Ida
(2001).
Lærebok i barnepsykiatri, 3. reviderte utgave.
Universitetsforlaget.
ISBN 9788251840484.
567 s.
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Boken gir en grundig innføring i faget barnepsykiatri. Den henvender seg til studenter i grunn- og videreutdanningen innen helse-, pedagogikk- og sosialfagene. Den kan være et oppslagsverk for 1-linjetjenesten og et supplement for spsialistutdanningen.
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Gjærum, Bente; Grøholt, Berit & Sommerschild, Hilchen Thode
(1998).
Mestring som mulighet i møte med barn, ungdom og foreldre.
TANO.
ISBN 9788251835589.
360 s.
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Berntzen, Kjell; Grøholt, Berit; Normann, Erik & Grøgaard, Jens
(1998).
Pediatri og rettsapparat.
Kvalitetssikringsutvalget, Norsk Barnelegeforneing.
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Tørmoen, Anita Johanna; Myhre, Martin Øverlien; Walby, Fredrik A; Grøholt, Berit & Rossow, Ingeborg Margrete
(2019).
Change in prevalence of Self-harm from 2002-2018 among Norwegian adolescents.
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Haga, Egil; Tørmoen, Anita Johanna; Aas, Eline; Mehlum, Lars & Grøholt, Berit
(2015).
Cost-effectiveness of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) vs Enhanced Usual care in the treatment of adolescents With self-harm.
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Freuchen, Anne; Kjelsberg, Ellen; Lundervold, Astri & Grøholt, Berit
(2013).
Correction: Differences between children and adolescents who commit suicide and their peers: A psychological autopsy of suicide victims compared to accident victims and a community sample.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH).
7(1),
s. 18–18.
doi:
10.1186/1753-2000-7-18.
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Grøholt, Berit & Ekeberg, Øivind
(2009).
Long term prognosis among adolescent suicide attempters.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Grøholt, Berit
(2008).
Fornøyde foreldre og alt såre vel?
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
128,
s. 1040–1040.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2007).
Advarsler om antidepressiver har virket.
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
127(20),
s. 2652–2652.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2007).
Ungdom og gjentatt selvmordsforsøk.
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
12(3),
s. 8–11.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind & Haldorsen, Tor
(2007).
Long term prognosis among adolescent suicide attempters.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Grøholt, Berit
(2006).
Barne- og ungdomspsykiatri.
Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet).
ISSN 0029-2001.
126(1),
s. 85–85.
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Larsson, Bo; Grøholt, Berit & Mehlum, Lars
(2006).
Behandling vid upprepad självskada och suicidforsök hos tonåringar: en randomiserad kontrollerad mulicenter-studie.
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
11,
s. 16–17.
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Hjelmeland, Heidi Marie & Grøholt, Berit
(2004).
Comparison of young and adult DSH patients.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Grøholt, Berit
(2003).
Selvskade, selvmordsforsøk og selvmord blant unge - et kontinuum eller delvis overlappende grupper?
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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Hestetun, Ingebjørg & Grøholt, Berit
(2003).
Suicidalitet hos barn, barns forhold til selvmord, barn som pårørende.
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Grøholt, Berit & Hestetun, Ingebjørg
(2003).
Selvmord blant ungdom, samtale ved bekymring og vurdering av selvmordsrisiko.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2001).
Honor presentation. Klingenstein III generation award. Research on depression and suicide.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(2001).
Self-esteem in suicidal adolescents: difference from average adolescents.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2001).
Selvmordsforsøk blant ungdom.
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
6(1),
s. 8–11.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2001).
Psykiatrisk behandling etter barn og unges selvmordsforsøk.
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
6(2),
s. 11–13.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2000).
Ungdom, kriser og selvmordsatferd - med forskerens og Ibsens øyne.
Suicidologi.
ISSN 1501-6994.
5(1),
s. 10–12.
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En jente fikk ved en tilfeldighet vite at faren, som hun satte meget høyt, kanskje ikke var hennes egentlige far. Denne kunnskapen var også ukjent for faren, og hele grunnlaget for familiens harmoni ble forrykket: Familien var i krise. Jenta var opptatt av å vise at hun var glad i faren sin uansett, mens han tvilte på datterens varme følelser og ønsket bevis på at hennes kjærlighet til han var ekte. ¿Hadde jeg bedt henne ofre livet for meg¿, sier han, ¿så ville vi nok fått høre--¿. Jenta overhører denne uttalelsen, og skyter seg. Men er én krise nok til å utløse selvmord? Historien over fra Ibsens "Vildanden" analyseres i lys av funn fra ny forskning. Konklusjonen vi må trekke er at akutte kriser ofte er viktig for utløsning av selvmord, men sjelden nok. Men vi må vokte oss vel for å snu på faktorenes orden og si at akutte kriser lett fører til selvmord. Selvmord er en meget sjelden utgang på kriser. Det er sammenfall av mange negative omstendigheter som oftest fører til et selvmord, slik Ibsen viste oss i Vildanden.
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Grøholt, Berit; Ekeberg, Øivind; Wichstrøm, Lars & Haldorsen, Tor
(2000).
Interpersonal relationships and deliberate self-harm in adolescents.
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Grøholt, Berit
(1999).
Continuum of Suicidality in Adolescence - one of kind or severity?
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Grøholt, Berit
(1999).
Familieterapi, systemteori og selvmordsatferd.
Nytt i suicidologi : fra forskning til forebygging.
ISSN 0808-2227.
4(2),
s. 10–12.
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Mehlum, Lars; Dieserud, Gudrun Klemetsdal; Ekeberg, Øivind; Grøholt, Berit; Mellesdal, Liv Solrunn & Walby, Fredrik A
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2007).
Forebygging av selvmord, del 2.
Folkehelseinstituttet.
ISSN 9788281211469.
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Rapporten er utarbeidet etter oppdrag fra Sosial- og helsedirektoratet og er ment å være en del av grunnlagsmaterialet ved utarbeidelsen av nasjonale retningslinjer for selvmordsforebyggende arbeid i psykiatrisk spesialisthelsetjeneste.
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Mehlum, Lars; Dieserud, Gudrun Klemetsdal; Ekeberg, Øivind; Grøholt, Berit; Mellesdal, Liv Solrunn & Walby, Fredrik A
[Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen]
(2006).
Forebygging av selvmord, del 1: Psykoterapi, medikamentelle intervensjoner og elektrokonvulsiv terapi.
Folkehelseinstituttet.
ISSN 9788281211322.
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Kunnskapsoppsummeringen omhandler effekt av selvmordsforebyggende tiltak i psykiatrisk spesialisthelsetjeneste. Foreliggende delrapport 1 omhandler psykoterapi, medikamentelle intervensjoner og elektrokonvulsiv terapi.
Rapporten er utarbeidet etter oppdrag fra Sosial- og helsedirektoratet og er ment å være en del av grunnlagsmaterialet ved utarbeidelsen av nasjonale retningslinjer for selvmordsforebyggende arbeid i psykiatrisk spesialisthelsetjeneste.
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Grøholt, Berit
(2000).
Affektive lidelser. Suicidalitet.
Den norske lægeforening.
ISSN 9788290921342.
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Grøholt, Berit
(1999).
Suicide and suicide attempt among children and adolescents A clinical and epidemiological study from Norway 1990-1994.
ISSN 9788291049298.
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The present study confirms that the problem of suicidal behaviour among children and adolescents is multifaceted, and the individual stories showed great diversity. The adolescents who harmed themselves were generally faced with several problems, and often their need for assistance was obvious. Several had received special assistance throughout their lives. The problem of the suicide completers were often less obvious, and few had received any treatment. Still, they often had communicated their suicidal intent, and several had previously attempted suicide. Impulsivity makes prediction of risk for suicidal behaviour difficult among adolescents. However, also disruptive adolescents should be asked about suicidal impulses, present or past. The binge drinking typically seen in Norway may temporarily lower the threshold for suicide, and less drinking or a more continental drinking pattern may reduce this effect. The availability of firearms and frequency of firearms as a means for suicide is a special Norwegian problem. Hunting traditions in Norway are strong, and obviously will continue. Increased awareness of the danger is needed, leading to better security in storing guns and ammunition.
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Lomell, Heidi Mork; Aall, Jørgen; Hvinden, Bjørn & Grøholt, Berit
(1999).
Forskning om menneskerettigheter i Norge.
Norges forskningsråd.
ISSN 9788212013506.
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En tilstandsrapport om forskning om menneskerettigheter i Norge med vurdering av forskningsbehov, utarbeidet av Institutt for menneskerettigheter og en arbeidsgruppe bestående av Heidi Mork Lomell (leder), Jørgen Aall, Bjørn Hvinden og Berit Grøholt.
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Hvinden, Bjørn; Lomell, Heidi Mork; Aall, Jørgen & Grøholt, Berit
(1999).
Forskning om menneskerettigheter i Norge. En tilstandsrapport med vurdering av forskningsbehov.
Norges forskningsråd.
ISSN 9788212013506.
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Publisert
7. sep. 2017 14:57
- Sist endret
7. sep. 2017 14:57
