Johan Siqveland

• Sterri, Njål Herman E.; Lockertsen, Øyvind; Husum, Tonje Lossius; Lockertsen, Veronica; Siqveland, Johan & Senneseth, Mette (2026). Antecedents to episodes involving aggression and coercion in in-patient mental health settings: scoping review. BJPsych Open. 12(6), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2026.12123. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Preventing episodes involving aggression and reducing coercive measures are important goals in in-patient mental health settings. Antecedents may provide insight into how episodes are described to develop. However, most studies reflect staff perspectives, and often describe and temporally specify antecedents inconsistently. Aims This scoping review mapped reported antecedents to episodes involving aggression and episodes involving coercive measures, and identified which appeared shared or specific to either phenomenon. Method This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidance, and included 39 studies from systematic searches across Ovid Medline, APA PsycINFO and Scopus. Reported antecedents were extracted, standardised and mapped to six analytical domains. Results The review mapped 240 antecedents, many of which appeared shared across the phenomena. Patient studies emphasised experiences of restrictive care, loss of autonomy and poor interaction quality. Staff studies emphasised immediate, observable situations related to risk management, such as patient aggression, denied requests and interpersonal conflict. Most studies did not specify the temporal boundaries of antecedents. Conclusions The perspectives represented in studies and the ways antecedents are conceptualised influence which antecedents become visible in the literature. Overlapping antecedents indicate that episodes involving aggression and episodes involving coercive measures are often described as part of the same escalation process, although patient and staff studies seem to highlight different stages. Prevention efforts therefore require attention to the entire trajectory, and to the point at which staff perceive intervention as necessary. Future studies should incorporate both perspectives, prioritise patient involvement, and more clearly define and temporally specify antecedents.

• Stangeland, Tormod; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil & Siqveland, Johan (2026). Prediction of Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents in Acute Mental Health Crisis. Archives of Suicide Research. ISSN 1381-1118. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2026.2714308. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jelin, Elma; Ellingsen-Dalskau, Lina Harvold; Nyland, Camilla Skau; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Siqveland, Johan & Isham, Aleksandra Eriksen [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Patient experience measurement in mental health and substance dependence inpatient care: development of short versions of validated questionnaires through importance ranking and psychometric testing. Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology. ISSN 1387-3741. s. 1–17. doi: 10.1007/s10742-026-00374-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Background High-quality, patient-centred mental health and substance dependence care relies on robust Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs). Long questionnaires may burden patients and reduce response rates, particularly in vulnerable populations. In Norway, the Psychiatric Inpatient Patient Experience Questionnaire (PIPEQ-CEM) and the Patient Experiences Questionnaire for Interdisciplinary Treatment for Substance Dependence (PEQ-ITSD–CEM) are used to assess inpatient experiences. With the transition to continuous electronic data collection, there is an increasing need for shorter, psychometrically robust, and stakeholderMethods-informed versions of these questionnaires to improve feasibility and sustainability. Methods A three-phase mixed-methods approach was employed to develop short versions: (1) cognitive interviews with patients and health care workers to test ranking and rating exercises, (2) a main survey using ranking method to assess item importance across domains, and (3) an expert-panel consensus meeting to finalize item selection, balancing statistical robustness, patient-centred relevance, and content coverage. Results Ranking was cognitively more demanding, but more efficient for identifying priority items. In the main survey, eighty-eight patients and 104 health care workers participated, and consistency in prioritized items was found across groups. Short versions of PIPEQ-CEM and PEQ-ITSD–CEM each included seven items, representing key dimensions of care. The expert-panel-based selection of final items was informed by psychometric evaluation, stakeholder input, and findings from previous national surveys. Conclusion The shortened versions of PIPEQ-CEM and PEQ-ITSD–CEM are concise, psychometrically robust, and capture key aspects of patient experience prioritized by both patients and health care workers. They offer a practical tool for monitoring and improving service quality, though further validation in diverse clinical and cultural contexts is recommended.

• Stangeland, Tormod; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Lynum, Linn Ingunn; Nedberge, Karen Margrethe Walaas & Siqveland, Johan (2025). Assessing the Lethality of Suicide Attempts: Adding Chance of Rescue to Medical Severity. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour. ISSN 0363-0234. 55(5), s. e70058–e70058. doi: 10.1111/sltb.70058. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  ABSTRACT Introduction Emphasis on medical severity when assessing the lethality of suicide attempts may overlook important contextual factors. We examined if distinguishing between medical severity and chance of rescue improves evaluation and understanding of suicidal mental states. Methods Seventy adolescent inpatients with a recent suicide attempt were interviewed with the Suicide Intent Scale, and clinicians rated the Risk‐Rescue Rating Scale, which provides separate ratings for medical severity (Risk) and chance of rescue (Rescue). They also completed the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and Fearlessness about Death scale. Results The lethality components Risk and Rescue were uncorrelated ( r  = −0.02). However, Rescue was significantly negatively correlated with suicidal intent ( r  = −0.46), fearlessness about death ( r  = −0.29), and unmet interpersonal needs ( r  = −0.28), while Risk was only correlated with suicidal intent ( r  = 0.29). In a hierarchical regression model, Rescue was the strongest predictor of suicidal intent. Conclusion Rescue factors, more than medical severity factors, were consistently related to our measures of suicidal mental state. Including the rescue component in lethality assessments may improve both the accuracy of clinical evaluations and our understanding of adolescents' mental state during suicidal crisis.

• Holgersen, Katrine Høyer; Hasselberg, Nina; Siqveland, Johan & Ruud, Torleif (2025). Effect of crisis resolution team treatment on crisis experience and crisis coping: a multicenter pre-post study in Norway. BMC Psychiatry. 25(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-07491-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Background Crisis resolution teams (CRTs) have been established in several high-income countries to improve access to mental health services and to prevent unnecessary inpatient admissions. General crisis theory is one of the foundations underpinning the development of CRTs. However, little research has been conducted on what characterises the situations leading to contact with these services and the crisis reactions during CRT care. This study aimed to describe characteristics and situations leading to contact with CRTs and to explore and predict possible changes in crisis experience and coping after CRT treatment. Methods Participants of this Norwegian multicentre pre-post study included 546 CRT service users of 25 CRTs. No control group was included. The present study builds on data collected from service users and team workers. The main outcome variables were change in patient-reported crisis experience and crisis coping from start to end of treatment. We performed descriptive analysis of affected life domains, and linear mixed modelling to analyse how outcomes were associated with patients’ characteristics and treatment. Results At treatment initiation, service users reported high scores of crisis experience and coping difficulties. Several life domains were affected, particularly emotional-life domains, such as mental illness, suicide risk, and loneliness. Lower levels of crisis experience, and enhanced coping abilities were observed within a timeframe of eight weeks or less. Although the current study design cannot rule out a specific causal relationship, recovery was nevertheless associated with service satisfaction, practical support, medication management, and quick access to help. Psychiatric symptoms at start, previous mental illness, and collaboration with wards were negatively related to a favourable outcome. Conclusions CRT service users reported high levels of crisis experience and low levels of coping at treatment initiation. CRT treatment was associated with a decrease in severity and improvement in coping, although more severe mental health problems at the start were negatively related to recovery.

• Stangeland, Tormod; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil & Siqveland, Johan (2025). Testing the psychometric properties of the risk-rescue rating scale: a lethality measure for suicide attempts. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s13033-025-00662-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Health personnel lack a common standard for assessing lethality of suicide attempts. This may lead to inconsistent assessments and unclear reports about suicide attempts. We argue that the Risk-Rescue Rating Scale (RRRS) may help in resolving this problem. It is a measure based on observable indications of the medical danger of a suicide attempt and of the patient’s efforts to avoid or achieve rescue. The instrument is a clinician-rated supplement to self-reports and can be administered in a few minutes and learned in a single brief teaching session. We adapted the RRRS for contemporary use in a Norwegian acute adolescent mental health service clinic. We developed a training program for clinicians, a user manual, and a series of five video-based role-played interview cases for reliability testing. In this study, we recruited 28 clinicians with professional backgrounds typical of Norwegian mental health personnel. They rated five role-played video interviews using the RRRS and the well-established interview instrument the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) and obtained 140 sets of scores. We estimated the interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coef‑ ficient [ICC]) to be .93 for the RRRS and .94 for the SIS, both excellent levels. Correlation was .80 between the RRRS and SIS items that were similar to the RRRS and .53 for SIS items measuring other topics, indicating good concurrent and discriminant validity. Adopting a common standard for communicating about suicide attempts can improve clini‑ cal practice, and the RRRS may prove to be a reliable and practical candidate for this task.

• Steen, Cathrine W.; Söderström, Kerstin; Stensrud, Bjørn; Nylund, Inger Beate & Siqveland, Johan (2024). The effectiveness of virtual reality training on knowledge, skills and attitudes of health care professionals and students in assessing and treating mental health disorders: a systematic review. BMC Medical Education. 24. doi: 10.1186/s12909-024-05423-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Virtual reality (VR) training can enhance health professionals' learning. However, there are ambiguous findings on the effectiveness of VR as an educational tool in mental health. We therefore reviewed the existing literature on the effectiveness of VR training on health professionals' knowledge, skills, and attitudes in assessing and treating patients with mental health disorders. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO (via Ovid), the Cochrane Library, ERIC, CINAHL (on EBSCOhost), Web of Science Core Collection, and the Scopus database for studies published from January 1985 to July 2023. We included all studies evaluating the effect of VR training interventions on attitudes, knowledge, and skills pertinent to the assessment and treatment of mental health disorders and published in English or Scandinavian languages. The quality of the evidence in randomized controlled trials was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. For non-randomized studies, we assessed the quality of the studies with the ROBINS-I tool. Results: Of 4170 unique records identified, eight studies were eligible. The four randomized controlled trials were assessed as having some concern or a high risk of overall bias. The four non-randomized studies were assessed as having a moderate to serious overall risk of bias. Of the eight included studies, four used a virtual standardized patient design to simulate training situations, two studies used interactive patient scenario training designs, while two studies used a virtual patient game design. The results suggest that VR training interventions can promote knowledge and skills acquisition. Conclusions: The findings indicate that VR interventions can effectively train health care personnel to acquire knowledge and skills in the assessment and treatment of mental health disorders. However, study heterogeneity, prevalence of small sample sizes, and many studies with a high or serious risk of bias suggest an uncertain evidence base. Future research on the effectiveness of VR training should include assessment of immersive VR training designs and a focus on more robust studies with larger sample sizes. Trial registration: This review was pre-registered in the Open Science Framework register with the ID-number Z8EDK. Keywords: Clinical skills; Health care professionals; Health care students; Mental health; Systematic review; Training; Virtual reality.

• Ruud, Torleif; Hasselberg, Nina Eide; Siqveland, Johan & Holgersen, Katrine Høyer (2024). Patient-reported outcome, clinician-reported outcome, and patient satisfaction with treatment by crisis resolution teams: a multicenter pre-post study of outcome and associated factors in Norway. BMC Psychiatry. 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-05543-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Crisis resolution teams (CRTs) have become a part of mental health services in many high-income countries. Many studies have investigated the impact of CRTs on acute admissions to inpatient units, but very few studies have investigated patient-reported and clinician-reported outcomes for CRT service users. Our aims were to study patient-reported and clinician-reported outcomes of CRT treatment, how the outcomes were associated with characteristics of the service user and the treatment, and whether outcomes were different across CRTs. Methods: The study was a pre-post observational multicenter study of 475 patients receiving treatment from 25 CRTs in urban and rural areas in Norway. There was no control group. Outcomes were change in mental health status reported by service users using CORE-10 and by clinicians using HoNOS. Patient satisfaction was measured using CSQ-8 at the end of the treatment. Components of CRT accessibility and interventions were measured by clinicians reporting details on each session with the service user. CRT model fidelity was measured using the CORE CRT Fidelity Scale version 2. We used paired t-tests to analyze outcomes and linear mixed modeling to analyze associations of the outcomes with the characteristics of service users and the treatment provided. Using independent t-tests, we analyzed differences in outcomes and patient satisfaction between two clusters of CRTs with differences in accessibility. Results: The patient-reported outcomes and the clinician-reported outcomes were significantly positive and with a large effect size. Both were significantly positively associated with practical support and medication management and negatively associated with collaboration with mental health inpatient units. Patient satisfaction was high at the end of the treatment. CRTs with higher accessibility had a significantly better clinician-reported outcome, but no significant differences were reported for patient-reported outcomes or patient satisfaction. Conclusions: CRT treatment led to improved symptom status as reported by patients and clinicians, as well as high patient satisfaction. Practical support and medication management were the interventions most strongly associated with positive outcomes. Some of the variations in outcomes were at the team level. Patient- and clinician-reported outcomes should be used more in studies on the effect of treatment provided by crisis resolution teams.

• Langjord, Tuva; Pedersen, Geir Arild Feigum; Bovim, Tone Helene; Bremer, Kjetil; Christensen, Tore Buer & Hove, Oddbjørn [Vis alle 20 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Evaluation of health services and treatment alliance among extensively hospitalized patients due to severe self-harm – results from the Extreme Challenges project. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 78(7), s. 591–602. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2024.2376162. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background - Extensive psychiatric hospitalization due to repeated severe self-harm (SH), is a poorly researched area, but a challenge within health services (HS). Recent studies have demonstrated high levels of involuntary treatment among patients with severe personality disorder (PD) and complex comorbidity. Keeping focus on extensively hospitalized SH patients, this study aimed to investigate patients’ and clinicians’ evaluation of HS and treatment alliance. Method - A cross-sectional study with an inpatient sample (age >18 years) with frequent (>5) or long (>4 weeks) psychiatric hospital admissions last year due to SH or SA recruited from 12 hospitals across health regions (N = 42). Evaluation included patient and clinician report. Results - A minority of the patients (14%) were satisfied with HS before the current admission, 45% (patients) and 20% (clinicians) found the current admission helpful, and 46% (patients) and 14% (clinicians) worried about discharge. Treatment complaints were received in 38% of the cases. Outpatient mental HS were available after discharge for 68% and a majority of clinicians indicated satisfactory contact across HS. More intensive or specialized formats were unusual (structured outpatient treatment 35%, day treatment 21%, ambulatory services 32%, planned inpatient services 31%). Mutual problem understanding, aims, and confidence in therapists during the hospital stay were limited (patient-rated satisfactory mutual problem understanding: 39%, aims of stay: 50%, confidence: 50%). Patient and therapist alliance-ratings were in concordance for the majority. Conclusion - The study highlights poor HS satisfaction, poor patient–therapist coherence, limited treatment alliance and limited follow-up in structured treatments addressing SH or intermediary supportive ambulatory/day/inpatient services.

• Husum, Tonje Lossius; Siqveland, Johan; Ruud, Torleif & Lickiewicz, Jakub (2023). Systematic literature review of the use of Staff Attitudes to Coercion Scale (SACS). Frontiers in Psychiatry. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1063276. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Staff’s attitudes to the use of coercion may influence the number of coercive interventions employed and staff willingness to engage in professional development projects aimed at reducing the use of coercion itself. The Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale (SACS) was developed to assess the attitudes of mental healthcare staff to the use of coercion in 2008 and has been employed subsequently. This global study systematically reviews and summarizes the use of the scale in research. Methods: Seven databases were searched for studies using SACS in articles published in peer reviewed journals and gray literature. In addition, researchers who have asked for permission to use the scale since its development in 2008 were contacted and asked for their possible results. Extracting of data from the papers were performed in pairs of the authors. Results: Of the 82 identified publications, 26 papers with 5,838 respondents were selected for review. A review of the research questions used in the studies showed that the SACS questionnaire was mostly used in studies of interventions aimed at reducing coercion and further explain variation in the use of coercion. Conclusion: SACS is, to our best of knowledge, the only questionnaire measuring staff’s attitudes to the use of coercive interventions in mental health services. Its widespread use indicates that the questionnaire is perceived as feasible and useful as well as demonstrating the need for such a tool. However, further research is needed as the relationship between staff attitudes to coercion and the actual use of coercion remains unclear and needs to be further investigated. Staff attitudes to coercion may be a prerequisite for leaders and staff in mental healthcare to engage in service development and quality improvement projects.

• Dymbe, Kine Johansen; Siqveland, Johan & Mehlum, Lars (2023). En litteraturgjennomgang og vurdering av retningslinjer for behandling av villet egenskade. Suicidologi. ISSN 1501-6994. doi: 10.5617/suicidologi.10546. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Faglige retningslinjer er viktige slik at helsetjenestene blir mer evidensbaserte, oppdaterte og konsistente, og bedre i stand til å redusere risiko for uønskede hendelser og forbedre pasientsikkerheten. Videre vil slike retningslinjer kunne forbedre klinikeres evne til å vurdere og tilby behandling av høy kvalitet.
 Vårt mål var å vurdere kliniske retningslinjer for vurdering og behandling av selvmordsrisiko og villet egenskade. Vi gjennomførte systematisk søk i databaser etter slike retningslinjer. Fjorten retningslinjer ble vurdert ved bruk av AGREE II-instrumentet for kvalitetsvurdering av retningslinjer. Retningslinjene skåret høyest på domenene «avgrensning og formål», «involvering av interessenter» og «klarhet og presentasjon», mens de skåret lavest på domenene «metodisk nøyaktighet», «anvendbarhet» og «redaksjonell uavhengighet». Tre av de 14 retningslinjene ble vurdert som av god kvalitet. Flere retningslinjer baseres på konsensus og veldig få solide studier. Dessuten er det i flere retningslinjer manglende redegjørelse for utviklingen av retningslinjen og dens evidensgrunnlag. Dermed ser man viktigheten av mer forskning, spesielt randomiserte kontrollerte studier, for å danne grunnlag for fremtidige retningslinjer. I Norge er det spesielt behov for oppdaterte retningslinjer for sykehusbehandling av villet egenskade, ettersom dagens retningslinjer er utdaterte.

• Langjord, Tuva; Pedersen, Geir Arild Feigum; Bovim, Tone Helene; Christensen, Tore Buer; Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene Ulltveit-Moe & Hove, Oddbjørn [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Mental health disorders, functioning and health-related quality of life among extensively hospitalized patients due to severe self-harm – results from the Extreme Challenges project. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1258025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Severe self-harm leading to extensive hospitalization generates extreme challenges for patients, families, and health services. Controversies regarding diagnoses and health care often follow. Most evidence-based treatments targeting self-harm are designed for borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, current knowledge about mental health status among individuals with severe self-harm is limited. Objectives: To investigate psychopathology among patients extensively hospitalized due to severe or frequent self-harming behaviors. Method: A cross sectional study (period 2019–2021) targeting psychiatric inpatients (>18 years) with frequent (>5) or long (>4 weeks) admissions last year due to self-harm. The target sample (N = 42, from 12 hospitals across all Norwegian health regions) was compared to individuals admitted to outpatient personality disorder (PD) treatment within specialist mental health services in the same period (N = 389). Clinicians performed interviews on self-harm and psychopathology, supplemented by self-report. Results: The target sample were young adults, mainly female, with considerable hospitalization and self-harming behaviors, both significantly more extensive than the comparison group. The majority in both groups reported self-harm onset <18 years. The target sample reported increasing severity of self-harm acts and suicidal intention over time. Both samples had high levels of childhood trauma, impaired personality functioning, and a majority fulfilled criteria for PD. In the target sample, comorbid depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, and substance use occurred more frequently and in 50%, psychosis/dissociative disorder/autism spectrum disorder/ADHD was reported (outpatient comparison sample: 9%). 35% in the target sample screened over cut-off for possible intellectual disability. The target sample reported poor psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life – greater impairment than the outpatient comparison sample. Conclusion: The study reveals that severe self-harm inpatients have complex psychopathology and highlights the importance of individualized and thorough assessment among patients with severe and/or repetitive self-harm.

• Kan, Zhanna; Søegaard, Erik Ganesh Iyer; Siqveland, Johan; Hussain, Ajmal; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil & Jensen, Pia [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Coping, Social Support and Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Effect on Depression and Anxiety: Patients’ Experiences in Community Mental Health Centers in Norway. Healthcare. 10(5). doi: 10.3390/healthcare10050875. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Little is known about psychiatric patients’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations of coping strategies, social support and loneliness with mental health symptoms among these patients. Methods: We recruited 164 patients from Community Mental Health Centers in June–July 2020. Participants responded to an online questionnaire on corona-related questions, Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experience, Crisis Support Scale, a 3-item Loneliness Scale, and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. We used linear regression models to investigate associations between these and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results: Almost 51% were aged 31–50 years and 77% were females. Forty-six (28%) participants reported worsened overall mental health due to the pandemic. The reported rates of clinical depression and anxiety were 84% and 76%, respectively. Maladaptive coping was independently associated with both depression and anxiety symptoms. Loneliness was independently associated with depression symptoms. Conclusions: Patients in Community Mental Health Centers in Norway reported high rates of depression and anxiety symptoms. Many of them reported worsening of their mental health due to the pandemic, even at a time when COVID-19 infections and restrictive measures were relatively low. Maladaptive coping strategies and loneliness may be possible explanations for more distress. Keywords: anxiety; depression; COVID-19; coping; Community Mental Health Centers; loneliness; social support

• Ruud, Torleif; Holgersen, Katrine Høyer; Hasselberg, Nina & Siqveland, Johan (2022). Accessibility and interventions of crisis resolution teams: a multicenter study of team practices and team differences in Norway. BMC Psychiatry. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03992-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Components of crisis resolution teams’ (CRTs) practices have been defined in recommendations and a fidelity scale, and surveys have reported how team leaders describe CRT practices. However, studies on CRTs have not measured and reported details of the crisis intervention provided to individual service users. The present study aimed to measure how various components of CRT practice were provided to individual service users and differences in practice between CRTs. Methods The study was exploratory and part of a prospective multicenter pre-post project on outcome of CRT treatment in Norway. Accessibility and intervention components of 25 CRTs were measured for 959 service users at the first contact after referral and in 3,244 sessions with service users. The data on CRT practice components were analyzed with descriptive statistics and factor analyses, and differences between teams were analyzed using ANOVA and calculating the proportion (intraclass correlation coefficient) of total variance that was due to differences between teams. Results One-third of the service users had their first session with the CRT the day of referral and another third the following day. Treatment intensity was mean 1.8 sessions the first week, gradually decreasing over subsequent weeks. Three of ten sessions were conducted in the service user’s home and six of ten in the team’s location. Eight of ten sessions took place during office hours and two of ten in the evening. The CRT provided assessment and psychological interventions to all service users. Family involvement, practical support, and medication were provided to two of ten service users. Between CRTs, significant differences were identified for a substantial proportion of practice components and especially for several aspects of accessibility. Cluster analysis identified two clusters of CRTs with significant differences in accessibility but no significant differences in the use of intervention components. Conclusions Measurements of accessibility and interventions provided to individual service users gave a detailed description of CRT practices and differences between teams. Such measurements may be helpful as feedback on clinical practice, for studying and comparing crisis resolution team practices, and in future studies on the association between different outcomes and potential critical elements of crisis interventions.

• Hasselberg, Nina; Klevan, Trude Gøril; Weimand, Bente; Uverud, Gunn-Marit; Holgersen, Katrine Høyer & Siqveland, Johan [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Similarities and differences between service users’ and carers’ experiences of crisis resolution teams in Norway: a survey. BMC Psychiatry. 22(1), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03928-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Crisis resolution team (CRT) care in adult mental health services is intended to provide accessible and flexible short-term, intensive crisis intervention to service users experiencing a mental health crisis and involve their carers (next of kin). Research on users’ and especially carers’ experiences with CRT care is scarce and is mostly qualitative in nature. Methods Altogether, 111 service users and 86 carers from 28 Norwegian CRTs were interviewed with The Service User and Carer Structured Interviews of the CORE Crisis Resolution Team Fidelity Scale Version 2. Their experiences with different aspects of CRT care were reported with descriptive statistics, and differences between service users’ and carers’ experiences were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U Test. Results The service users and carers reported that the CRT care mostly reflected their needs and what they wanted. The experiences of service users and carers were mostly similar, except for significant differences in received information and how the termination of CRT care appeared. Both groups experienced the organization of the CRT care as accessible, with continuity, reliability, and flexibility, but without a high intensity of care. Both groups found the content of the CRT care supportive, sensitive, with a choice of treatment type and a range of interventions beyond medication, but a lack of written treatment plans and discharge plans. Carers were rarely involved in discharge meetings. Regarding the role of CRTs within the care system, both groups agreed upon the lack of facilitation of early discharge from inpatient wards and lack of home treatment, but both groups confirmed some collaboration with other mental health services. Conclusion Service users and carers found that the CRTs were accessible, reliable, flexible, supportive, sensitive, and provided a range of interventions beyond medication. Limitations were lack of a high intensity of care, limited written treatment and discharge plans, limited provision of home treatment, and lack of gatekeeping of acute beds. Both groups experienced the CRT care as mostly similar, but with significant differences regarding involvement in care planning and discharge preparation.

• Waraan, Luxsiya; Siqveland, Johan; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi; Axelsdottir, Brynhildur & Mehlum, Lars [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Family therapy for adolescents with depression and suicidal ideation: A systematic review and meta–analysis. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 1359-1045. s. 1–19. doi: 10.1177/13591045221125005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To systematically review and meta-analyze the effectiveness of family therapy compared to other active treatments for adolescents with depressive disorders or suicidal ideation. Method We conducted a systematic search of The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, AMED, CINAHL and Web of Science and performed two meta-analyses of outcomes for depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Results We screened 5,940 records and identified 10 randomized controlled studies of family therapy for depressive disorder or suicidal ideation in adolescents with an active treatment comparison group. Nine studies reported outcome measures of depressive symptoms and four reported outcome measures of suicidal ideation. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference between family therapy and active comparison treatments for end-of-treatment levels of depression. For suicidal ideation our meta-analysis showed a significant effect in favour of family therapy over comparison treatments for suicidal ideation. Conclusions Based on the current body of research, we found that family therapy is not superior to other psychotherapies in the treatment of depressive disorder. However, family therapy leads to significantly improved outcomes for suicidal ideation, compared to other psychotherapies. The evidence for the treatment of depression is of low quality needs more research.

• Husum, Tonje Lossius; Ruud, Torleif; Lickiewicz, Jakub & Siqveland, Johan (2022). Measurement Properties of the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.744661. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale (SACS) was developed to assess mental health care staff’s attitudes to the use of coercion in treatment. The staff’s attitudes to the use of coercion may also influence their willingness to engage in professional development projects aimed at reducing use of coercion. This study systematically reviews the existing evidence related to the measurement properties of the SACS in papers published since the publication of SACS in 2008. Methods: Seven databases were searched for studies published until October 2021 assessing the measurement properties of SACS or using SACS. All original studies reporting data relevant for the assessment of measurement properties of the SACS were eligible for inclusion. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed and rated using the COnsensus-based Standard for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). Results: Of the 81 identified publications, 13 studies with a total of 2,675 respondents met the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported data on structural validity and internal consistency, with high methodological quality, but there were almost no data on any other measurement properties. Conclusion: We found evidence for adequate structural validity and internal consistency of the SACS, while other important measurement properties were not addressed in any of the reviewed studies. Caution is needed when interpreting results of the SACS in terms of aspects such as reliability, criterion validity and measurement error. The relationship between staff attitudes to coercion and the actual use of coercion also remains unclear and needs to be further investigated.

• Lickiewicz, Jakub; Husum, Tonje Lossius; Ruud, Torleif; Siqveland, Johan; Musiał, Zofia & Makara-Studzińska, Marta (2021). Measuring Staff Attitudes to Coercion in Poland. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12(12). doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.745215. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Coercion can be defined as the use of force to limit a person’s choices. In Poland, coercive measures may tend to be overused. However, there is limited information regarding the attitudes of nurses toward coercion in psychiatric settings and the factors influencing any decisions to use coercion. Aims: To validate the Staff Attitudes to Coercion Scale (SACS) for a group of psychiatric nurses and psychiatrists, to compare the said with the original Norwegian SACS version, and to compare nurses’ attitudes with those displayed by psychiatrists. A second aim was to understand the relationship between self-efficacy and attitudes to coercion. Method: We surveyed 351 psychiatric nurses and psychiatrists rating SACS and GSES (General Self Efficacy Scale). We validated the SACS factor structure using confirmatory principal component factor analysis, calculated the internal consistency of subscales, and analyzed the test-retest reliability and face validity of the subscales themselves. Further, we analyzed the differences in attitudes toward coercion between nurses and psychiatrists, as well as whether there was an association between GSES and the SACS subscales. We compared the means on the SACS items between three countries—Germany, Norway, and Poland. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis of the Polish version of SACS found the same factor structure with three factors as was displayed in the original Norwegian SACS, except that one item was loaded on another factor. Internal consistency was acceptable for the factors on coercion as security and the coercion as offending, and unacceptable for the factor on coercion as treatment. Test-retest reliability was excellent for all the three subscales. Face validity was high for the factor coercion as security, partly present for coercion as offending, and not present for coercion as treatment. The subscale Coercion as Treatment was rated significantly higher by nurses than by psychiatrists, but there was no difference for the two other subscales. There was no significant association between the General Self-Efficacy Scale and any of the SACS subscales. The biggest differences in attitudes toward forms of coercion was noted between Poland and Germany. Discussion: The three-factor structure of SACS was the best solution for the Polish nurses and psychiatrists. The attitudes toward coercion differed between the two groups, but a low correlation was computed for the SACS subscales and self-efficacy. There is a cultural diversity visible amongst the three countries examined. Reduction in the use of coercion is a priority worldwide. More knowledge about the process involved in using coercive measures may contribute to this. The use of coercive interventions may harm patients and threaten patients’ rights. Thus, education is needed for pre-service and in-service nurses alike.

• Hasselberg, Nina Eide; Holgersen, Katrine Høyer; Uverud, Gunn-Marit; Siqveland, Johan; Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor & Johnson, Sonia [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Fidelity to an evidence-based model for crisis resolution teams: a cross-sectional multicentre study in Norway. BMC Psychiatry. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03237-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Crisis resolution teams (CRTs) are specialized multidisciplinary teams intended to provide assessment and short-term outpatient or home treatment as an alternative to hospital admission for people experiencing a mental health crisis. In Norway, CRTs have been established within mental health services throughout the country, but their fidelity to an evidence-based model for CRTs has been unknown. Methods: We assessed fidelity to the evidence-based CRT model for 28 CRTs, using the CORE Crisis Resolution Team Fidelity Scale Version 2, a tool developed and first applied in the UK to measure adherence to a model of optimal CRT practice. The assessments were completed by evaluation teams based on written information, interviews, and review of patient records during a one-day visit with each CRT. Results: The fidelity scale was applicable for assessing fidelity of Norwegian CRTs to the CRT model. On a scale 1 to 5, the mean fidelity score was low (2.75) and with a moderate variation of fidelity across the teams. The CRTs had highest scores on the content and delivery of care subscale, and lowest on the location and timing of care subscale. Scores were high on items measuring comprehensive assessment, psychological interventions, visit length, service users’ choice of location, and of type of support. However, scores were low on opening hours, gatekeeping acute psychiatric beds, facilitating early hospital discharge, intensity of contact, providing medication, and providing practical support. Conclusions: The CORE CRT Fidelity Scale was applicable and relevant to assessment of Norwegian CRTs and may be used to guide further development in clinical practice and research. Lower fidelity and differences in fidelity patterns compared to the UK teams may indicate that Norwegian teams are more focused on early interventions to a broader patient group and less on avoiding acute inpatient admissions for patients with severe mental illness.

• Siqveland, Johan; Hauff, Edvard; Ruud, Torleif & Brennen, Timothy John (2018). Posttraumatic stress and autobiographical memory in chronic pain patients. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0044. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Harris, Meredith G.; Sparti, Claudia; Scheurer, Roman; Coombs, Tim; Pirkis, Jane & Ruud, Torleif [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Measurement properties of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) family of measures: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 8(4). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021177. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) for adults, and equivalent measures for children and adolescents and older people, are widely used in clinical practice and research contexts to measure mental health and functional outcomes. Additional HoNOS measures have been developed for special populations and applications. Stakeholders require synthesised information about the measurement properties of these measures to assess whether they are fit for use with intended service settings and populations and to establish performance benchmarks. This planned systematic review will critically appraise evidence on the measurement properties of the HoNOS family of measures. Methods and analysis: Journal articles meeting inclusion criteria will be identified via a search of seven electronic databases: MEDLINE via EBSCOhost, PsycINFO via APA PsycNET, Embase via Elsevier, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature via EBSCOhost, Web of Science via Thomson Reuters, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library. Variants of ‘Health of the Nation Outcome Scales’ or ‘HoNOS’ will be searched as text words. No restrictions will be placed on setting or language of publication. Reference lists of relevant studies and reviews will be scanned for additional eligible studies. Appraisal of reliability, validity, responsiveness and interpretability will be guided by the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments checklist. Feasibility/utility will be appraised using definitions and criteria derived from previous reviews. For reliability studies, we will also apply the Guidelines for Reporting: Reliability and Agreement Studies to assess quality of reporting. Results will be synthesised narratively, separately for each measure, and by subgroup (eg, treatment setting, rater profession/experience or training) where possible. Meta-analyses will be undertaken where data are adequate. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval is not required as no primary data will be collected. Outcomes will be disseminated to stakeholders via reports, journal articles and presentations at meetings and conferences.

• Siqveland, Johan; Hussain, Ajmal; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Ruud, Torleif & Hauff, Edvard (2017). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with chronic pain: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 8:164, s. 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00164. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To summarize evidence for the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among persons with chronic pain (CP). Methods: We searched databases for studies published between January 1995 and December 2016, reporting the prevalence of PTSD in persons with CP. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. We calculated the pooled prevalence using a random-effects model and performed subgroup analyses according to pain location, the population and assessment method. Results: Twenty-one studies were included and the PTSD prevalence varied from 0–57%, with a pooled mean prevalence of 9.7%, 95% CI (5.2–17.1). In subgroup analysis, the PTSD prevalence was 20.5%, 95% CI (9.5–39.0) among persons with chronic widespread pain, 11.2%, 95% CI (5.7–22.8) among persons with headache, and 0.3%, 95% CI (0.0–2.4) among persons with back pain. The prevalence in clinical populations was 11.7%, 95% CI (6.0–21.5) and in non-clinical populations 5.1%, 95% CI (0.01–17.2). In studies of self-reported PTSD symptoms, PTSD prevalence was 20.4%, 95% CI (10.6–35.5), and in studies where structured clinical interviews had been used to assess PTSD its prevalence was 4.5%, 95% (CI 2.1–9.3). The risk of bias was medium for most studies and the heterogeneity was high (I2 = 98.6). Conclusion: PTSD is overall more prevalent in clinical cohorts of persons with CP and particularly in those with widespread pain, but may not always be more prevalent in non-clinical samples of persons with CP, compared to the general population. There is a large heterogeneity in prevalence across studies. Future research should identify sources of heterogeneity and the mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of the two conditions.

• Nygaard, Egil; Johansen, Venke A; Siqveland, Johan; Hussain, Ajmal & Heir, Trond (2017). Longitudinal relationship between self-efficacy and posttraumatic stress symptoms 8 years after a violent assault: An autoregressive cross-lagged model. Frontiers in Psychology. 8, s. 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00913. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Self-efficacy is assumed to promote posttraumatic adaption, and several cross-sectional studies support this notion. However, there is a lack of prospective longitudinal studies to further illuminate the temporal relationship between self-efficacy and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Thus, an important unresolved research question is whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms affect the level of self-efficacy or vice versa or whether they mutually influence each other. The present prospective longitudinal study investigated the reciprocal relationship between general self-efficacy (GSE) and posttraumatic stress symptoms in 143 physical assault victims. We used an autoregressive cross-lagged model across four assessment waves: within 4 months after the assault (T1) and then 3 months (T2), 12 months (T3) and 8 years (T4) after the first assessment. Stress symptoms at T1 and T2 predicted subsequent self-efficacy, while self-efficacy at T1 and T2 was not related to subsequent stress symptoms. These relationships were reversed after T3; higher levels of self-efficacy at T3 predicted lower levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms at T4, while posttraumatic tress symptoms at T3 did not predict self-efficacy at T4. In conclusion, posttraumatic stress symptoms may have a deteriorating effect on self-efficacy in the early phase after physical assault, whereas self-efficacy may promote recovery from posttraumatic stress symptoms over the long term.

• Siqveland, Johan; Ruud, Torleif & Hauff, Edvard (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder moderates the relationship between trauma exposure and chronic pain. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 8(1). doi: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1375337. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are risk factors for chronic pain. Objective: This study investigated how exposure to intentional and non-intentional traumatic events and PTSD are related to pain severity and outcome of treatment in chronic pain patients. Methods: We assessed exposure to potentially traumatizing events, psychiatric diagnosis with structured clinical interview, and pain severity in 63 patients at a secondary multidisciplinary pain clinic at the beginning of treatment, and assessed level of pain at follow up. Exposure to potentially traumatizing events and PTSD were regressed on pain severity at the initial session and at follow up in a set of multiple regression analysis. Results: The participants reported exposure to an average of four potentially traumatizing events, and 32% had PTSD. Exposure to intentional traumatic events and PTSD were significantly associated with more severe pain, and PTSD significantly moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and pain (all p < .05). The treatment programme reduced pain moderately, an effect that was unrelated to trauma exposure and PTSD. Conclusions: Trauma exposure is related to chronic pain in the same pattern as to mental disorders, with intentional trauma being most strongly related to pain severity. PTSD moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and pain. While pain patients with PTSD initially report more pain, they responded equally to specialist pain treatment as persons without PTSD.

• Nygaard, Egil; Hussain, Ajmal; Siqveland, Johan & Heir, Trond (2016). General self-efficacy and posttraumatic stress after a natural disaster: a longitudinal study. BMC Psychology. 4(1). doi: 10.1186/s40359-016-0119-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Self-efficacy may be an important factor in individuals’ recovery from posttraumatic stress reactions after a natural disaster. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated whether self-efficacy predicts the course of posttraumatic recovery beyond lower initial levels of distress. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether general self-efficacy is related to recovery from posttraumatic stress reactions from a longitudinal perspective. Methods A total of 617 Norwegians exposed to the 2004 Southeast Asian tsunami completed self-report questionnaires measuring their level of disaster exposure and general self-efficacy at 6 months and posttraumatic stress reactions 6 months and 2 years post-disaster. Predictors of changes in posttraumatic stress reactions were analyzed with multivariate mixed effects models. Results Self-efficacy at 6 months post-disaster was unrelated to trauma exposure and inversely related to posttraumatic stress reactions at 6 months and 2 years post-disaster. However, self-efficacy was not related to recovery from posttraumatic stress reactions between 6 months and 2 years post-disaster. Conclusions In conclusion, general self-efficacy is related to lower levels of posttraumatic stress reactions in the first months after a disaster but does not appear to be related to improved recovery rates over the longer term.

• Hussain, Ajmal; Nygaard, Egil; Siqveland, Johan & Heir, Trond (2016). The relationship between psychiatric morbidity and quality of life: interview study of Norwegian tsunami survivors 2 and 6 years post-disaster. BMC Psychiatry. 16. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0868-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The study investigated the impact of psychiatric disorders on Quality of Life (QOL) cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a group of Norwegian tourists severely exposed to the 2004 tsunami. Methods Sixty-two adult Norwegian tsunami survivors were interviewed face to face 2 years post-tsunami (T1) and 58 were interviewed again by telephone 6 years post-tsunami (T2). The majority (81 %) reported direct exposure to the waves, and 14 participants (23 %) lost a close family member in the tsunami. Psychiatric morbidity was measured by structured clinical interviews and QOL was assessed with WHO’s Quality of Life-Bref scale. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the independent effects of psychiatric disorders on QOL 2 and 6 years after the tsunami. Results Psychiatric disorders, especially depression, but also PTSD and other anxiety disorders, were associated with reduced QOL. Psychiatric disorders were more strongly related to QOL at 6 years after the tsunami than at 2 years. Conclusions Psychiatric disorders, and especially depression, is related to reduced QOL in a disaster exposed population. Post-disaster psychiatric disorders, such as PTSD and especially depression, should be addressed properly in the aftermath of disasters.

• Siqveland, Johan; Nygaard, Egil; Hussain, Ajmal; Tedeschi, Richard G. & Heir, Trond (2015). Posttraumatic growth, depression and posttraumatic stress in relation to quality of life in tsunami survivors: A longitudinal study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 13:18. doi: 10.1186/s12955-014-0202-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Quality of life (QoL) may often be reduced in survivors of a natural disaster. This paper investigated how posttraumatic growth (PTG), depression and posttraumatic stress interact and independently predict QoL in a longitudinal study of disaster survivors. Methods A total of 58 Norwegian adults who were present in Khao Lak, Thailand at the time of the 2004 Southeast Asia Tsunami completed self-report questionnaires 2 and 6 years after the disaster. The participants reported symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress as well as PTG and QoL. Multiple mixed effects regression analyses were used to determine the independent effects of PTG, depression and posttraumatic stress on QoL measured 2 and 6 years after the disaster. Results Posttraumatic stress and depression were negatively related to QoL. PTG was not significantly related to QoL in a bivariate analysis. However, considerable interaction effects were found. Six years after the tsunami, high levels of posttraumatic stress were related to lower QoL in those participants with low levels of PTG, whereas lower levels of depression were related to higher QoL in those participants with high levels of PTG. Conclusions Posttraumatic stress and depression are negatively associated with QoL after a natural disaster. PTG may serve as a moderating factor in this relationship.

• Teodorescu, Dinu-Stefan; Heir, Trond; Siqveland, Johan; Hauff, Edvard; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Lien, Lars (2015). Chronic pain in multi-traumatized outpatients with a refugee background resettled in Norway: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology. 3(1). doi: 10.1186/S40359-015-0064-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Traumatized refugees often report significant levels of chronic pain in addition to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and more information is needed to understand pain in refugees exposed to traumatic events. This study aimed to assess the frequency of chronic pain among refugee psychiatric outpatients, and to compare outpatients with and without chronic pain on trauma exposure, psychiatric morbidity, and psychiatric symptom severity. We conducted a cross-sectional study of sixty-one psychiatric outpatients with a refugee background using structured clinical diagnostic interviews to assess for traumatic events [Life Events Checklist (LEC)], PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) and complex PTSD [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV PTSD Module (SCID-PTSD) and Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES)], chronic pain (SIDES Scale VI) and psychiatric symptoms [M.I.N.I. International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.)]. Self-report measures were used to assess symptoms of posttraumatic stress [Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R)], depression and anxiety [Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25)] and several markers of acculturation in Norway. Of the 61 outpatients included, all but one reported at least one chronic pain location, with a mean of 4.6 locations per patient. Chronic pain at clinical levels was present in 66% of the whole sample of outpatients, and in 88% of the outpatients with current PTSD diagnosis. The most prevalent chronic pain locations were head (80%), chest (74%), arms/legs (66%) and back (62%). Women had significantly more chronic pain locations than men. Comorbid PTSD and chronic pain were found in 57% of the outpatients. Significant differences were found between outpatients with and without chronic pain on posttraumatic stress, psychological distress, and DESNOS severity. Chronic pains are common in multi-traumatized refugees in outpatient clinics in Norway, and are positively related to symptomatology and severity of psychiatric morbidity. The presence of chronic pain, as well as comorbid chronic pain and PTSD, in psychiatric outpatients with a refugee background call for an integrated assessment and treatment for both conditions

• Siqveland, Johan; Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie & Tedeschi, Richard G. (2012). Posttraumatic Growth in Parents After a Natural Disaster. Journal of loss & trauma. ISSN 1532-5024. 17(6), s. 536–544. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2012.678778. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan & Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie (2012). Kan posttraumatisk vekst være en beskyttelsesfaktor mot selvmord? Suicidologi. ISSN 1501-6994. 17(3), s. 11–15. doi: 10.5617/suicidologi.2170. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teodorescu, Dinu-Stefan; Siqveland, Johan; Heir, Trond; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Hauff, Edvard & Lien, Lars (2012). Posttraumatic growth, depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, post-migration stressors and quality of life in multi-traumatized psychiatric outpatients with a refugee background in Norway. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 10(84). doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-84. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Psychiatric outpatients with a refugee background have often been exposed to a variety of potentially traumatizing events, with numerous negative consequences for their mental health and quality of life. However, some patients also report positive personal changes, posttraumatic growth, related to these potentially traumatic events. This study describes posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, post-migration stressors, and their association with quality of life in an outpatient psychiatric population with a refugee background in Norway. Methods Fifty five psychiatric outpatients with a refugee background participated in a cross-sectional study using clinical interviews to measure psychopathology (SCID-PTSD, MINI), and four self-report instruments measuring posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, and quality of life (PTGI-SF, IES-R, HSCL-25-depression scale, and WHOQOL-Bref) as well as measures of social integration, social network and employment status. Results All patients reported some degree of posttraumatic growth, while only 31% reported greater amounts of growth. Eighty percent of the patients had posttraumatic stress symptoms above the cut-off point, and 93% reported clinical levels of depressive symptoms. Quality of life in the four domains of the WHOQOL-Bref levels were low, well below the threshold for the’life satisfaction’ standard proposed by Cummins. A hierarchic regression model including depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic growth, and unemployment explained 56% of the total variance found in the psychological health domain of the WHOQOL-Bref scale. Posttraumatic growth made the strongest contribution to the model, greater than posttraumatic stress symptoms or depressive symptoms. Post-migration stressors like unemployment, weak social network and poor social integration were moderately negatively correlated with posttraumatic growth and quality of life, and positively correlated with psychopathological symptoms. Sixty percent of the outpatients were unemployed. Conclusions Multi-traumatized refugees in outpatient clinics reported both symptoms of psychopathology and posttraumatic growth after exposure to multiple traumatic events. Symptoms of psychopathology were negatively related to the quality of life, and positively related to post-migration stressors such as unemployment, weak social network and poor social integration. Posttraumatic growth was positively associated with quality of life, and negatively associated with post-migration stressors. Hierarchical regression modeling showed that posttraumatic growth explained more of the variance in quality of life than did posttraumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms or unemployment. It may therefore be necessary to address both positive changes and psychopathological symptoms when assessing and treating multi-traumatized outpatients with a refugee background.

• Israel, Pravin; Diamond, Guy S.; Siqveland, Johan & Diamond, Gary M. (2011). What can attachment based family therapy offer depressed and suicidal youth? Suicidologi. ISSN 1501-6994. 16(1), s. 13–17. doi: 10.5617/suicidologi.2069. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan & Kornør, Hege (2011). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI II). PsykTestBarn. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Beskrivelse. Beck Depression Inventory 2. utgave (BDI II) er en selvvurderingsskala med 21 ledd som måler grad av depresjon hos ungdom over 13 år og voksne. BDI II ble utgitt i 1996 og er en revidert utgave av det opprinnelige Beck Depression Inventory fra 1961. Norsk utgave kom i 2005 og rettighetshaver for den norske versjonen er Pearson Assessment. Hvert ledd i skalaen beskriver et symptom på depresjon, og respondenten blir bedt om å velge hvilket av fire utsagn som best beskriver i hvilken grad han/hun har opplevd det aktuelle symptomet de siste to ukene. Skjemaet fylles ut av deltageren selv og tar mindre enn 30 minutter å fylle ut. Skårene fra kartleggingen tolkes av lege eller psykolog Litteratursøk. Søket resulterte i 221 referanser, hvorav 67 abstracts virket relevante og ble bestilt i fulltekst. En studie med voksne utvalg, og manualen ble inkludert. Psykometri. Intern og test-retest reliabilitet adekvat, validitet sammenlignet med andre selvrapporteringsskjema også adekvat, validitet sammenlignet med diagnostisk intervju ikke undersøkt. Konklusjon: Den norske versjonen av BDI II har gode grunnleggende psykometriske egenskaper i en voksen populasjonen. Måleegenskapene for ungdomspopulasjonen er ikke dokumentert. Hvor egnet skårer fra BDI II er til å skille personer med en behandlingstrengende depresjon fra de som ikke har det, samt skille mellom ulike alvorlighetsgrad av depresjon, er ikke undersøkt. De viktigste egenskapene for klinisk anvendelse av BDI II er dermed ikke undersøkt for den norske utgaven og tolkning av skårer må gjøres med forsiktighet.

• Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie & Siqveland, Johan (2008). Posttraumatisk vekst, mot et mer helhetlig bilde på posttraumatisk tilpasning. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 45(12), s. 13–17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mittelmark, Maurice B; Aarø, Leif Edvard; Henriksen, Sigrún Guðlaugsdóttir; Siqveland, Johan & Torsheim, Torbjørn (2004). Chronic Social Stress in the Community and Associations with Psychological Distress: A Social Psychological Perspective. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion. ISSN 1462-3730. 6(1), s. 4–16. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Øhlckers, Lars Ravn; Høstmælingen, Andreas Teisner & Siqveland, Johan (2023). Godt nok og bedre. Kvalitet i psykisk helse- og rustjenester. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245035285. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Nyland, Camilla Skau; Siqveland, Johan; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Ellingsen-Dalskau, Lina Harvold & Iversen, Hilde Karin Hestad (2025). Pasientrapporterte erfaringer etter utskrivelse fra spesialisert døgnbehandling i psykisk helsevern: En nasjonal studie av variasjon mellom pasientgrupper. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høstmælingen, Andreas Teisner; Bækkelund, Harald; Coldevin, Marit; Hagen, Roger; Herheim, Åste & Holmén, Aina [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Hvem er psykologene til for? Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jelin, Elma; Ellingsen-Dalskau, Lina Harvold; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Siqveland, Johan; Isham, Aleksandra Eriksen & Nyland, Camilla Skau [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Patient Experience Measurement in Mental Health and Substance Dependence inpatient care: Development of Short Versions of Validated Questionnaires Through Importance Ranking and Psychometric testing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Iversen, Hilde Karin Hestad; Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg; Nyland, Camilla Skau; Skudal, Kjersti Eeg; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil & Isham, Aleksandra Eriksen [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Towards more inclusive patient experience surveys: Applying a standardised TRAPD-based approach for translating and adapting measures for Polish-speaking inpatients in psychiatric and substance dependence care in Norway (PRQMs-MAS*). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sterri, Njål Herman E.; Lockertsen, Øyvind; Husum, Tonje Lossius; Lockertsen, Veronica; Siqveland, Johan & Senneseth, Mette (2025). Antecedents to aggression and the use of coercive measures in inpatient mental health settings: a scoping review protocol. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092632. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Iversen, Hilde Karin Hestad; Ellingsen-Dalskau, Lina Harvold; Paulsrud, Inger Opedal; Haugum, Mona; Jelin, Elma & Bjertnæs, Øyvind Andresen [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Patient-Reported Quality of Mental Health and Addiction Services: A longitudinal Study on Specialist and Primary Care in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jelin, Elma; Ellingsen-Dalskau, Lina Harvold; Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil; Siqveland, Johan; Isham, Aleksandra Eriksen & Nyland, Camilla Skau [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Patient and Health Care Workers' Perspectives in Mental Health and Substance Dependence Care: The Short-Form Development of the PIPEQ-CEM* and the PEQ-ITSD – CEM** (PRQMs-MAS***). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Iversen, Hilde Karin Hestad; Ellingsen-Dalskau, Lina Harvold; Skudal, Kjersti Eeg; Aasgaard, Karoline; Linnemørken, Lene Therese Bergerud & Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). A new generation of Patient-Reported Quality Measurements in Mental health and Addiction Services (PRQMs-MAS). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Isham, Aleksandra Eriksen; Løvhaug, Lars; Siqveland, Johan & Kvamsdahl, Marianne Sofie (2023). Kapasiteten for døgnbehandling må forbedres i den norske akuttpsykiatrien. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høstmælingen, Andreas Teisner; Øhlckers, Lars Ravn & Siqveland, Johan (2023). Kvalitet og profesjonsutøvelse. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mehlum, Lars; Haga, Egil; Mellbye, Alex; Schønning, Thea; Dymbe, Kine Johansen & Siqveland, Johan (2022). Predictors of treatment non-response in adolescents receiving DBT-A. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan (2019). Posttraumatic Stress and Autobiographical Memory in Patients with Chronic Pain. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stene-Larsen, Kim; Siqveland, Johan; Myklestad, Ingri & Reneflot, Anne (2019). Selvmordsforebyggende tiltak: Et systematisk søk med sortering av oversiktsartikler publisert mellom 2015 og 2018. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Lunde, Ingeborg; Toven, Siri; Wiig, Synøve Magnussen & Reinholdt, Nils Petter (2018). Detection and early intervention to prevent suicide clusters; a systematic scoping review. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan (2017). Den interpersonlige teorien om selvmord. Suicidologi. ISSN 1501-6994. 22(3), s. 16–20. doi: 10.5617/suicidologi.5889. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie & Siqveland, Johan (2017). Personlig vekst etter livsomveltende hendelser. I Hansson, Kristiane Myckland; Kalstad, Trine Giving & Wold, Kjersti (Red.), Å endres gjennom smerte - historier om posttraumatisk vekst. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279353799. s. 135–148. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan (2016). – Mer nøytral forskning. [Journal]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Berglund, Anette; Frøysaa, Christian & Siqveland, Johan (2015). Behandling ved kronisk suicidalitet – retningslinjer og realiteter. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 52(10), s. 872–877. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Dalsbø, Therese Kristine; Smedslund, Geir & Leiknes, Kari Ann (2015). The Psychometric Assessment Project: an evaluation of psychometric measures used within Norwegian mental health services. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dalsbø, Therese Kristine & Siqveland, Johan (2015). Kognitiv terapi på nett kan ha effekt mot angst. PsykNytt. ISSN 1893-4544. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Personer med angstplager som deltar i internettbasert kognitiv atferdsterapi har etter endt behandling betydelig redusert nivå av angst og økt livskvalitet, sammenlignet med personer som er på venteliste eller som får tilbud om å delta i diskusjonsgruppe på internett. Uheldige hendelser rapporteres sjeldent og må forskes mer på. Effekten av internettbasert behandling kan være like god som effekten av kognitiv atferdsterapi gitt ansikt til ansikt, det viser en nylig utgitt systematisk oversikt fra Cochrane-samarbeidet.

• Siqveland, Johan & Dalsbø, Therese Kristine (2014). Hydrokortison forebygger trolig mot posttraumatisk stresslidelse (cochrane - kort oppsummert). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hydrokortison kan trolig forebygge utvikling av posttraumatisk stresslidelse hos voksne som mottar behandling ved akuttmottak eller gjennomgår operasjoner. Propanolol, temazepam, escitalopram og gabapentin har ingen eller liten effekt på forebygging av posttraumatisk stresslidelse. Det viser en nylig utgitt systematisk oversikt fra Cochrane-samarbeidet.

• Schjelderup, Georg & Siqveland, Johan (2014). Implementing new routines for continuity of care within existing care delivery systems forsuicide attempters treated in emergency department. A pilot study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Hauff, Edvard & Ruud, Torleif (2013). Trauma disorders and self-poisoning in out patients. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Schjelderup, Georg & Ruud, Torleif (2013). Chain of care after suicide attempt.Feasibility of a Collaboration Model Involving a University Hospital and Community Mental Health. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schjelderup, Georg; Siqveland, Johan; Schlytter, Jo Erland & Reinholdt, Nils Petter (2012). Interdisciplinary Professional Network for Suicide Prevention; Experience from a New Model. How is the Implementation of Treatment-Chain for Suicide Attempters Evaluated by Participating Health-Care Disciplines? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan (2012). Tabuer og forebygging av selvmord. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan (2011). Posttraumatic Stress and Chronic Pain-A Longitudinal Study of Chronic Pain Patients. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vittersø, Axel; Isham, Aleksandra Eriksen; Siqveland, Johan & Hanssen-Bauer, Ketil (2023). Hvorfor er det økt belegg på Akuttpsykiatrisk avdeling på Ahus? Evalueringsrapport. Ahus. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan & Jensen, Pia (2022). Helsepersonells bruk av personlige erfaringer med psykiske lidelser og rusproblem i arbeidet (HEPRA): En undersøkelse blant ansatte i psykisk helsevern og tverrfaglig spesialisert rusbehandling. Nasjonalt senter for erfaringskompetanse innen psykisk helse. ISSN 9788293171515. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn: Blant ansatte i psykisk helsevern og tverrfaglig spesialisert rusbehandling (TSB), har flere personlige erfaringer med egne eller pårørendes psykiske lidelser og rusproblem. Det er imidlertid lite kunnskap om hvorvidt helsepersonell deler disse erfaringene og hvordan de eventuelt bruker disse i arbeidet. Hensikt: Undersøke forekomsten av personlige erfaringer med psykiske lidelser og rusproblemer blant ansatte, og hvorvidt de deler erfaringene med pasienter, pårørende og kolleger. I tillegg undersøke sammenhengen mellom personlige erfaringer og holdninger til psykiske lidelser, selvmordsproblematikk, rusproblemer og bruk av tvang, samt jobbtilfredshet. Metode: Vi gjorde en anonym tverrsnittsundersøkelse blant ansatte i psykisk helsevern og tverrfaglig spesialisert rusbehandling i flere helseforetak i Norge. Deltagerne besvarte et internettbasert spørreskjema basert på et skjema fra en tidligere pilotundersøkelse. Skjemaet inneholdt spørsmål om kjønn og profesjon, om egen-/pårørendeerfaringer, bruk og deling av egen-/pårørendeerfaringer i yrkesutøvelsen og opplevde gevinster og ulemper av å ha egen-/ pårørendeerfaringer. Resultater: En betydelig andel deltagere rapporterte egen- og pårørendeerfaringer med psykiske lidelser og rusproblemer. Et mindretall delte egen- og pårørendeerfaringer med pasienter og veileder, mens flere delte erfaringene med kolleger og leder. Grunnene til å ikke dele var flere, men både hensynet til pasienter og behovet for å beskytte seg selv var vanlige grunner. Få ansatte synes at egen- og pårørendeerfaringer gir utfordringer i yrkesutøvelsen, mens mange synes de gir fordeler i form av økt empati, nyttig kunnskap og erfaringer. Konklusjon: Ansatte i psykiske helsevern og tverrfaglig spesialisert rusbehandling deler i liten grad sine personlige erfaringer med pasienter, mens flere deler med kolleger og leder. De som har egen- og pårørendeerfaringer opplever det som overveiende positivt i jobbsammenheng.

• Nøkleby, Heid; Langøien, Lars Jørun; Muller, Ashley Elizabeth; Siqveland, Johan; Jardim, Patricia Sofia Jacobsen & Johansen, Trine Bjerke (2020). Kartleggingsverktøy for utsatte barn og unge: en systematisk kartleggingsoversikt. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284060453. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Innledning På barnevernsfeltet i Norge benyttes i dag flere verktøy for å kartlegge situasjonen til utsatte barn. Kartleggingsverktøyene skal gi en bedre forståelse av barn og unges behov for hjelp samt bidra til beslutninger om videre tiltak. Barne-, ungdoms- og familiedirektoratet (Bufdir) skal som ansvarlig fagdirektorat bistå barnevernet med oppdatert informasjon om relevante og egnede kartleggingsverktøy med gode psykometriske egenskaper. Derfor bestilte Bufdir en oversikt over kartleggingsverktøy for utsatte barn og unge. Verktøyene som beskrives i denne kunnskapsoppsummeringen skal kunne brukes av ansatte i barnevernet som ikke nødvendigvis er spesialister. Instrumentene skal kartlegge behov for tiltak, eventuelt behov for videre kartlegging og undersøkelser. Vi har hatt følgende forskningsspørsmål: • Hvilke eksisterende kartleggingsverktøy kan være nyttige for å vurdere utsatte barn og unges hjelpebehov i kontakt med barnevernet? • Hva er kunnskapsgrunnlaget for måleegenskapene for disse verktøyene? Relevante tematiske områder var psykisk helse (fra tilknytning til psykiske problemer), livskvalitet, resiliens, rusmiddelbruk, kriminalitet, familievansker og ulike risikofaktorer. Metode Vi utførte en systematisk kartleggingsoversikt i tråd med relevant metodelitteratur og metodehåndboken fra område for helsetjenester, Folkehelseinstituttet. Kartleggingsoversikter gir primært oversikt over forskningen på et felt og gjør vanligvis ikke kvalitetsvurderinger av inkluderte studier eller datasyntese. I januar 2019 gjorde vi et første systematisk litteratursøk i relevante databaser og identifiserte nesten 100.000 primærstudier. Disse ville ikke vært mulig å oppsummere. I samråd med oppdragsgiver Bufdir valgte vi da å begrense søket til systematiske oversikter. Et nytt litteratursøk etter systematiske oversikter publisert etter år 2000 ble avsluttet i februar 2019. To forskere gikk uavhengig av hverandre gjennom alle titler og sammendrag og deretter aktuelle oversikter i fulltekst, for å vurdere relevans i henhold til inklusjonskriteriene. Deretter gransket to forskere de aktuelle oversiktene for å avgjøre om de var systematiske oversikter (dvs. klare inklusjonskriterier, et systematisk litteratursøk og kvalitetsvurdering av inkluderte studier). Til slutt kvalitetsvurderte to forskere de systematiske oversiktene med område for helsetjenesters sjekkliste og inkluderte kun oversikter av høy eller middels metodisk kvalitet. De inkluderte oversiktene hadde vurdert en stor mengde kartleggingsverktøy, så vi valgte å presentere mer detaljert de verktøyene som oversiktsforfatterne selv hadde trukket frem. To forskere hentet ut data fra de inkluderte oversiktene samt de inkluderte kartleggingsverktøyene, og uthentede data ble kontrollert av andre forskere. Oversiktene og verktøyene er sortert og presentert på flere måter i denne kartleggingsoversikten, i tekst og tabeller. Resultat Vi identifiserte 12 systematiske oversikter av høy eller middels metodisk kvalitet. Disse vurderte 163 unike kartleggingsverktøy. Vi har presentert de 37 verktøyene som oversiktsforfatterne selv fremhevet eller som var de eneste verktøyene oversiktene vurderte. Alle de 163 kartleggingsverktøyene er listet i vedlegg, sortert tematisk og alfabetisk. ADHD To verktøy som kartlegger ADHD (oppmerksomhets- og hyperaktivitetsforstyrrelse) ble fremhevet. Disse hadde usikre psykometriske egenskaper og viste også at etnisitet hadde effekt på lærerens vurderinger av hvorvidt barnet eller ungdommen har symptomer på ADHD. Atferdsproblemer Ett verktøy som måler atferdsproblemer ble fremhevet. Dette var særlig beregnet på afroamerikansk ungdom, og verktøyet viste gode psykometriske egenskaper. Generell psykisk helse Åtte verktøy ble fremhevet. Disse verktøyene kartlegger generell psykisk helse hos barn og ungdom. Fire av disse viste akseptable til gode psykometriske egenskaper, mens for de andre var resultatene noe mer usikre. Samspill barn-foreldre Verktøyene kartlegger samspill mellom foreldre og barn. Fem verktøy ble fremhevet, men kun ett verktøy ble vurdert til å ha gode psykometriske egenskaper. Selvmordsrisiko Ett verktøy ble fremhevet. Dette måler risiko for selvmord blant unge og viser høy sensitivitet men usikkert kunnskapsgrunnlag. Sosiale ferdigheter Tre verktøy ble fremhevet. Disse kartlegger sosiale ferdigheter blant barn og unge; alle tre viser gode psykometriske egenskaper. Rusmiddelproblemer To svært kortfattede verktøy ble fremhevet. Begge verktøyene kartlegger rusmiddelproblemer blant unge og viste gode egenskaper for raskt å identifisere unge med mulige problemer. Traumer/mishandling Tolv verktøy ble fremhevet. Disse kartlegger erfaringer med fysiske, psykologiske eller seksuelle overgrep eller forsømmelse, og alle ble vurdert til å ha tilfredsstillende psykometriske egenskaper. Ett instrument ble vurdert til å ha gode psykometriske egenskaper. Utvikling Tre verktøy ble fremhevet. Disse kartlegger små barns fysiske og psykiske utvikling. To verktøy viste gode psykometriske egenskaper men alle tre hadde noe usikkert kunnskapsgrunnlag. Diskusjon De 12 inkluderte oversiktene fremhevet 37 verktøy som alle kartlegger barns og ungdoms behov på relevante livsområder. På området generell psykisk helse, samspill, sosiale ferdigheter og mishandling fant vi flere verktøy som i oversiktene ble vurdert til å ha gode psykometriske egenskaper og holdbart kunnskapsgrunnlag. Kun fire av de 11 kartleggingsverktøyene Bufdir på forhånd var særlig interessert i, ble identifisert i søket. Vi fant heller ingen godt utførte systematiske oversikter som hadde vurdert de tematiske områdene resiliens, familievansker, kriminalitet eller risikofaktorer generelt. Vi inkluderte bare systematiske oversikter av høy eller middels metodisk kvalitet. Alle oversiktene bruker sjekklister eller kriterier for å vurdere kvaliteten på primærstudiene, og alle har gjort vurderinger av verktøyenes psykometriske egenskaper, men det er betydelig variasjon i hvor tydelig de presenterer disse resultatene. Begrensninger ved kartleggingsoversikten Denne oppsummeringen er kun en kartleggingsoversikt og ikke en full systematisk oversikt. I tillegg har vi kun inkludert allerede systematisk oppsummert forskning, av høy eller middels metodisk kvalitet. Dette gir noen begrensninger. Vi kan ha gått glipp av hele tematiske områder og vi kan ha gått glipp av enkeltverktøy, fordi de ikke er oppsummert i en publisert systematisk oversikt med høy eller middels metodisk kvalitet. At dette er en kartleggingsoversikt over oversikter tilsier at vi kan ha gått glipp av vesentlige detaljer om verktøyene eller studiene av disse. Konklusjon Vi identifiserte et antall kartleggingsverktøy på flere tematiske områder, og noen av verktøyene ser ut til å ha godt kunnskapsgrunnlag for gode psykometriske egenskaper. Disse kan man se nærmere på for å vurdere om de er aktuelle for bruk i barnevernet i Norge.

• Echavez, Jose Francisco Meneses; Steiro, Asbjørn; Rose, Christopher James; Myrhaug, Hilde Tinderholt; Nøkleby, Heid & Siqveland, Johan (2020). Education to improve labor market opportunities: a systematic review. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788284060828. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration (NAV) commissioned the Norwegian Institute of Public Health to summarize research on the effects of educational interventions aimed at improving labor market opportunities for adults, who either are out of the labor force or have low skills, on employment outcomes. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of educational interventions aimed at improving labor market opportunities for adults, who are either out of the labor force or have low skills, on employment outcomes. Method A systematic literature search in major literature databases and grey literature sources was conducted in October 2018. We searched for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) and registry-based studies (RBs) that evaluated the effects of educational programs on labor market outcomes. Two independent reviewers selected and critically appraised the RCTs and RBs. The certainty of the evidence from the RCTs was evaluated following the GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Results We included seven RCTs (12 publications with about 74,000 participants). We also identified 26 RBs and described findings from six Nordic RBs (383,566 participants). Four RCTs included unemployed adults, and three included both low-skilled and low-wage workers. The RCTs evaluated multi-component programs, which offered a mixed package of services consisting of educational services (classroom education/training) alongside various work-related services. Here, we refer to the interventions as ‘educational programs’. The outcome measures reported in the RCTs were: employment, earnings, working hours, job duration (weeks worked). We synthesized the results and conducted meta‐analyses when possible. Poor data reporting of number of participants and precision measures precluded more detailed analyses. Employment Comparison 1: Educational programs versus no intervention Employment rate: At 1-year follow-up, assuming that 10 of 100 people are employed under no intervention, we observed no difference between educational programs and no intervention (3 RCTs). The analyses showed that three more people (between 1-4 more people) would be employed if they participate in educational programs at 2-years follow-up. A larger effect of four more people being employed (between 1-6 more people) was observed at 3-years follow-up. This difference decreased to one more person being employed (between 0-1 more person) at 4-years follow-up. No difference was observed at 5-years follow-up (very low certainty in the evidence). Employment probability: At 1-year follow-up, assuming 933 per 1000 people are employed under no intervention, nine more people would gain employment (19 more unemployed to 37 more employed) if they participate in educational programs (1 RCT). At 2-years follow-up, the difference in favor of the educational program increased up to 36 more people gaining employment (between 12-66 more employed) (2 RCTs; very low certainty). At 3-years follow-up, assuming 797 per 1000 people are employed under no intervention, eight more people would gain employment (between 40 more unemployed to 56 more employed) if they participate in educational programs (1 RCT; low certainty). No difference was observed at 4-years follow-up (low certainty). Comparison 2: Educational programs versus programs focusing on on-the-job training/job search assistance (OJT/JSA) Employment probability: The analysis used data from four sites in one RCT. Assuming 822 per 1000 people are employed under OJT/JSA programs, the analyses showed that 25 fewer people would be employed if they participate in educational programs up to 5-years follow-up (very low certainty). Overview of findings from the Nordic registry-based studies (n=6): In general, the Nordic RBs reported that educational programs resulted in positive employment effects. Four Norwegian studies reported favorable employment effects for educational programs. A Norwegian study showed that ordinary education did not lead to any employment effect for young people with reduced work ability in the long term. One Danish study concluded that ordinary education and wage-subsidized job training resulted in positive employment effects for sick-listed employees, whereas the two other programs, non-formal education and subsidized internships, yielded negative employment effects. Earnings, working hours and job duration We assumed earnings of 10,000 NOK/month as a baseline effect under no intervention to interpret differences between educational programs and no intervention. This assumption applies for all earnings measures. Comparison 1: Educational programs versus no intervention Total earnings: People with low skills would earn 5,000 NOK more (between 1,000 NOK to 10,000 NOK more) by taking part in educational programs at 1-year follow-up. Similar benefits were observed up to 5-years follow-up (low certainty). People with high skills would earn 400 NOK more (between 1,000 NOK less to 10,000 NOK more) by taking part in educational programs at 1-year follow-up (very low certainty); larger benefits of 1,000 NOK more in total earnings were observed at 2-5-years follow-up (low certainty). Average total earnings: One RCT provided data for employed adults receiving welfare benefits. Participants in the educational program (community college) earned on average about 21,000 NOK (about $2,300 USD) less than peers who did not participate over 2.5-years follow-up (low certainty). Average monthly earnings: One Dutch RCT reported that the average monthly earnings of low-skilled workers who participated in classroom training were 10.9% higher than those who did not participate in any training at 2-years follow-up (low certainty). One US RCT found no difference between educational programs and no intervention on single mothers’ average monthly earnings at 2-3-years follow-up (very low certainty). Average annual earnings: People with low skills would earn 100 NOK/month less by participating in educational programs at 1-3-years follow-up. A positive difference of 300 NOK/month more was found at 4-6-years follow-up. Similarly, a larger difference of 500 NOK/month more was found at 7-9-years follow-up (very low certainty). Comparison 2: Educational programs versus programs focusing on on-the-job training/job search assistance (OJT/JSA) Average annual earnings: People would earn 200 NOK/month more if they participated in OJT/JSA programs compared to educational programs at 10-15-years follow-up (very low certainty). Working hours: Participants in the educational programs worked on average 13.3 hours more per week (between 3-24 hrs more) than peers under no intervention at 1-year follow-up (low certainty). This effect increased up to 18.3 hours more (between 6-31 hrs more) at 2-years follow-up (low certainty). Job duration (weeks worked): Participants in educational programs worked 0.39 weeks more than those in no intervention at the 1-year follow-up. This effect was 0.35 weeks more worked at 2-years follow-up (low certainty for both estimates). Conclusion Overall, the evidence suggests that educational programs may result in little to no difference for most of the labor market opportunities for unemployed adults or low-wage workers. With respect to employment rates, the results show that it is uncertain whether participants in educational programs have better employment rates compared to non-participants. We note that these findings are based on RCTs, mostly carried out in USA during the 1990s, that have serious methodological weaknesses. Additionally, their transferability to the Norwegian context is limited. The six Nordic RBs, with data from the 2000s, similarly indicated small positive employment effects, and might be used in evidence-informed policymaking, taking into consideration the limitations of non-experimental studies. Taken together, the results from the RCTs and the RBs suggest small positive effects of educational programs, but there is a need for additional research.

• Smedslund, Geir; Siqveland, Johan; Kirkehei, Ingvild & Steiro, Asbjørn (2018). Langtidsbehandling med antipsykotika hos personer med schizofrenispektrumlidelser: en systematisk oversikt (Forskningsoversikt 2018). Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788280829481. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Innledning Folkehelseinstituttet ble i september 2016 bedt av Vestre Viken helseforetak om å utarbeide en systematisk oversikt om effekt og bivirkninger ved langtidsbehandling med antipsykotika. Antipsykotika er standardbehandling ved schizofreni, og randomiserte kontrollerte studier med oppfølgingstid opp til to år viser at behandlingen demper positive psykotiske symptomer, reduserer risikoen for tilbakefall, øker livskvalitet og gir færre re-innleggelser i opptil to år. Den nåværende nasjonale retningslinjen åpner opp for vedlikeholdsbehandling utover to år, men langt mindre forskning har undersøkt effekten av behandling med antipsykotika over lengre tid enn to år. Formål Utarbeide en systematisk oversikt for å besvare følgende spørsmål: Hva er effekter og bivirkninger av å bruke antipsykotika i to år eller lengre hos pasienter med schizofrenispektrumlidelser? Metode Vi har søkt i ni elektroniske databaser etter systematiske oversikter om effekter av bruk av antipsykotika i to år eller lenger hos personer med diagnosene F20 og F22-F29 i ICD-10 og kodene 295.40 Schizophreniform, 295.70 Schizoaffektive, 295.90 Schizophrenia, 297.1 Delusional disorder, og 298.9 Unspecified SZ i DSM-5, kalt schizofreni spektrumdiagnoser. Vi har også søkt etter primærstudier for å fange opp studier som ikke var inkludert i systematiske oversikter. Til slutt har vi gjennomgått litteratur som vi har fått av fagfellene. De inkluderte studiene er kvalitetsvurdert med sjekkliste og vi vurderer vår tillit til resultatene ved hjelp av GRADE. Resultat Søket etter systematiske oversikter gav 3987 treff, men vi inkluderte ingen. Et nytt søk etter primærstudier gav 12640 treff, og vi inkluderte åtte studier på tre pasientutvalg. Studiene var beskrevet i én doktoravhandling og syv artikler. Studiene var fra Finland, Sverige og USA. I studiene fra finske og svenske registre var mortaliteten hos pasienter som hadde brukt antipsykotika i mer enn to år lavere enn hos pasienter som ikke hadde brukt antipsykotika, men de absolutte forskjellene var små og vi kan ikke fastslå om det er en årsakssammenheng. I en studie fra USA ble pasienter uten antipsykotika funnet å ha bedre arbeidsmessig fungering enn pasienter som hadde brukt antipsykotika i mer enn to år. Pasienter uten antipsykotika hadde i denne studien sjeldnere positive og negative symptomer. Risiko for rehospitalisering varierte ut fra legemiddel, og tallene var usikre. Heller ikke her kan vi fastslå om det er en årsakssammenheng. Resultater på viktige utfall som parkinsonisme og metabolske forstyrrelser mangler i de inkluderte studiene. Diskusjon Det er ikke gjort randomiserte kontrollerte studier hvor den reelle behandlingstiden overstiger to år. Registerstudier fra Finland og Sverige gir imidlertid mulighet for å koble informasjon om diagnoser med uthenting av resepter og kan potensielt gi verdifull støtte til kliniske retningslinjer. Men studiene som er gjort gir svak støtte til en årsakssammenheng mellom langtidsbruk av antipsykotika og mortalitet. Den lille studien fra USA kan heller ikke fastslå årsaksforhold mellom arbeidsfungering og langtidsbruk av antipsykotika. Konklusjon Spørsmålet om virkninger og bivirkninger av langtidsbehandling (lenger enn to år) med antipsykotika er vanskelig å besvare, selv med de beste forskningsmetoder. Derfor har vi svært lav tillit til dokumentasjonen. Studier av legemiddelbruk og mortalitet fra nasjonale registre i Finland og Sverige fant at pasienter som hadde brukt antipsykotika over lang tid hadde lavere mortalitet enn pasienter som ikke hadde brukt antipsykotika, men det er vanskelig å fastslå en årsakssammenheng. En studie fra Chicago fant at pasienter som ikke hadde brukt antipsykotika over en periode på 20 år hadde større sannsynlighet for å være i jobb og hadde bedre arbeidsmessig fungering enn pasienter som hadde brukt antipsykotika sammenhengende i denne perioden. Studien er imidlertid liten og hadde stort frafall. Også her er det vanskelig å fastslå en årsakssammenheng.

• Skogen, Jens Christoffer; Smith, Otto Robert Frans; Aarø, Leif Edvard; Siqveland, Johan & Øverland, Simon Nygaard (2018). Barn og unges psykiske helse: Forebyggende og helsefremmende folkehelsetiltak. En kunnskapsoversikt. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788280829252. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Innledning Et stort antall barn og unge vil på ett eller flere tidspunkt i oppveksten oppleve å ha psykiske lidelser. For noen vil lidelsene vedvare over tid og inn i voksenlivet. God psykisk helse er en viktig ressurs i oppvekst, utdanning og inn i livet som ung voksen. Omfanget av psykiske lidelser og tilknyttet sykdomsbyrde gjør helsefremmende og forebyggende arbeid for å sikre barn og unges psykiske helse til et viktig satsingsområde. Det forebyggende og helsefremmende arbeidet for å bedre barn og unges psykiske helse må foregå der barn og unge befinner seg, og de viktigste arenaene vil være utenfor helsetjenestene. For å nå målet om å gi et bredt og oppdatert kunnskapsgrunnlag for hva som kan gjøres for å fremme psykisk helse og forebygge psykisk uhelse hos barn og unge, har vi arbeidet langs to spor. Det ene sporet gir en kortfattet oversikt over sentrale offentlige tjenester i det forebyggende arbeidet. Denne oversikten har blitt til gjennom søk etter informasjon og diskusjon med fagpersoner, og har som mål å gi en kontekst for folkehelsearbeidet knyttet til barn og unges psykiske helse. Det andre sporet gir en oppdatert forskningsbasert kunnskapsoversikt over sentrale arenaer for tiltak og ulike typer tiltak. Metode Vi har brukt flere metodiske tilnærminger i arbeidet med denne rapporten. I omtalen av arenaer og sentrale offentlige tjenester har vi fått skriftlige bidrag av fagpersoner med kjennskap til de ulike temaene. For å finne kunnskap om effekt av tiltak har vi søkt etter eksisterende systematiske oversikter av helsefremmende og forebyggende tiltak for barn og unges psykiske helse. Vi har vurdert kvaliteten på alle identifiserte oversikter ved bruk av en sjekkliste og gjengitt hovedresultatene som har relevans for formålet med denne rapporten. I tillegg har vi søkt etter andre kilder og gjort supplerende søk for å få med mest mulig oppdaterte resultater. Vi gjennomførte et eget søk på effekter av mulige tiltak for å redusere sosiale ulikheter i psykisk helse blant barn og unge. Resultat Vi identifiserte 15 systematiske litteraturoppsummeringer som møtte kvalitetskriteriene vi satte for å bli inkludert i denne rapporten. Disse oppsummeringene dekket til sammen rundt 500 enkeltstudier med til sammen mer enn 150 000 deltagere. Over halvparten av de inkluderte oppsummeringene var av nyere dato og publiserte i 2016 eller senere. Flere av de inkluderte oppsummeringene omhandlet tiltak gjennomført i skolesammenheng. Studiene gir støtte til at depresjon og angst kan forebygges på kort sikt gjennom spesifikke tiltak i skolen. Effektene på langt sikt var mer usikre. Antall effektstudier i barnehager var langt lavere enn for skolen. Det finnes store mengder studier på tiltak for familier, mange av disse i grenseland mellom behandling og forebygging. To systematiske oppsummeringer av tiltak for å styrke foreldreferdigheter viste effekter for psykisk helse hos barna. Svært få av de oppsummeringene vi fant hadde et helsefremmende fokus. Vi fant få studier som direkte omhandlet effekten av tiltak for å utjevne sosiale forskjeller i psykisk helse blant barn og unge. Forskningen gir likevel grunnlag for å peke på lovende tiltak, først og fremst tiltak relatert til barnefamiliers økonomi, barnehager av god kvalitet og program for bedre foreldreskap (parenting) og tiltak for å bedre foreldres psykiske helse. Flere av de systematiske kunnskapsoppsummeringene som ble inkludert i denne rapporten konkluderer med at risikoen for systematiske skjevheter i de aller fleste primærstudiene kan ha påvirket effektestimatene. Dette reduserer i forlengelsen kvaliteten på dokumentasjon som presenteres i denne rapporten. Diskusjon Det er behov for mer og bedre forskning på hvilke tiltak som er effektive for å forebygge psykiske lidelser og fremme psykisk helse hos barn og unge. Den internasjonale oppsummerte litteraturen understøtter at det er mulig å forebygge psykiske lidelser og fremme psykisk helse, og gir en pekepinn på ulike modeller og prinsipper det kan jobbes etter for å oppnå dette. Det er likevel et klart behov for flere primærstudier av høy kvalitet og tilstrekkelig utvalgsstørrelse som kan belyse problemstillinger rundt effekter over tid og effekter i ulike grupper. Konklusjon Det forebyggende og helsefremmende arbeidet rettet mot barn og unges psykiske helse favner over en rekke aktører og arenaer. Det foreliggende kunnskapsgrunnlaget gir grunn til optimisme når det gjelder muligheten for å forebygge psykiske lidelser, særlig angst og depresjon, gjennom målrettede tiltak. Det trengs likevel videre kunnskapsutvikling om hvordan dette best skal gjøres og tilpasses norske forhold og hvordan unike forebyggende tiltak og helsefremmende arbeid virker sammen for å bedre psykisk helse hos barn og unge i Norge. Rapporten er svar på en bestilling fra Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet om å oppdatere rapporten Bedre føre var - Psykisk helse: Helsefremmende og forebyggende tiltak og anbefalinger fra 2011.

• Dalsbø, Therese Kristine; Siqveland, Johan; Dahm, Kristin Thuve & Reinar, Liv Merete (2017). Effekter av psykologisk terapi sammenlignet med antidepressive medikamenter alene eller i kombinasjon med psykologisk terapi for barn og unge med depresjon eller depresjonssymptomer: en systematisk oversikt. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788280828149. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Dalsbø, Therese Kristine & Fønhus, Marita Sporstøl (2016). Demensscreening av personer over 65 år (Cochrane - kort oppsummert). Folkehelseinstituttet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mini Mental Status Evaluering (MMSE) er en screeningtest for å kartlegge kognitiv funksjon og brukes ofte til å fange opp personer som kan ha demens. Screening med MMSE hos personer over 65 år, fanger opp de som faktisk har demens med 85 prosent treffsikkerhet (sensitivitet). MMSE-screening utelukker, med 90 prosent treffsikkerhet, de som ikke har demens (spesifisitet). Resultatene viser også at rundt 10 prosent av alle som screenes får et positivt testresultat uten å ha demens (falske positive). Det viser en Cochrane-oversikt.

• Leiknes, Kari Ann; Dalsbø, Therese Kristine & Siqveland, Johan (2016). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788280827074. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Moum, Torbjørn Åge & Leiknes, Kari Ann (2016). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Symptom Checklist 90 Revidert (SCL-90-R). Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788280827883. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Leiknes, Kari Ann; Dalsbø, Therese Kristine & Siqveland, Johan (2016). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). [Psychometric assessment of the Norwegian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)]. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788280827074. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten, nå Kunnskapssenteret i Folkehel-seinstituttet, fikk i oppdrag fra Helsedirektoratet å gi en vurdering av måleegen-skapene (reliabilitet og validitet) av norskspråklige psykologiske tester og psyki-atriske måleinstrumenter brukt i helsetjenesten i Norge. Oppdraget i denne rap-porten var å gi en psykometrisk vurdering av Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HADS total (HADS-T) består av 14 spørsmål, inndelt i to delska-laer, en for angst (HADS-A) og en for depresjon (HADS-D) med respektivt 7 spørsmål hver. Metode Vi utarbeidet søkestrategi for et systematisk litteratursøk om HADS. Det ble søkt i medisinske og psykologiske databaser etter studier som anvendte HADS i norske voksne populasjoner med antall deltagere over 100. Søket ble sist oppdatert i mai 2015. Minst to forskere har gjennomgått publikasjonene, vurdert relevans i forhold til inklusjonskriteriene og hentet ut relevante data. Resultater Vi inkluderte 28 publikasjoner, 9 befolkningsstudier og 19 kliniske studier i rapp-orten. HADS-T og delskalene HADS-A/D har god indre konsistens. HADS-A/D var de mest anvendte, og da som generelle screeningsinstrumenter for psy-kologisk symptombelastning (psykologisk «distress»). Delskalagrenseverdi ≥8 ble oftest anvendt som indikasjon for behov for videre utredning av angst og/eller depresjonslidelse. Ulike grenseverdier ble imidlertid rapportert i ulike studiepopulasjoner. Studiene som sammenlignet HADS med diagnostisk «gull-standard» eller referansestandard intervju for angst- og depresjonslidelse viste tilfredsstillende validitet. Konklusjon Den norske utgaven av HADS er et relativt godt validert screeninginstrument for psykologisk symptombelastning (psykologisk «distress»). Til tross for mye norsk forskning og en stor HADS internett databank basert på generell befolk-ning, savnes et validert norsk normsett.

• Smedslund, Geir; Siqveland, Johan & Leiknes, Kari Ann (2015). Måleegenskaper ved klokketesten. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788281219687. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten skal, på oppdrag fra Helsedirektoratet vurdere måleegenskapene (reliabilitet og validitet) av psykologiske tester og psykiatriske måleinstrumenter brukt i helsetjenesten i Norge. Oppdraget i denne rapporten var å identifisere forskning om måleegenskapene ved klokketesten (KT) og gi en omtale av testen. Beskrivelse av klokketesten Klokketesten er et visuelt (non-verbal) screeninginstrument for kartlegging av milde til moderate kognitive vansker hos voksne og eldre. Klokketesten har eksistert siden 1950-tallet. Den første standardiserte skåringsversjonen ble utgitt av Freedman og Kaplan i 1994. Norsk versjon er utarbeidet av Strobel m. fl. (2012). Klokketestens utforming og oppgaveinstruks varierer noe med ulike skåringssystemer. Det vanligste er at den som blir testet skal tegne en rund klokkeskive, tegne inn tallene og tegne inn viserne på et angitt tidspunkt. Tidsbruken på testen varierer mellom to og ti minutter. Det er ingen spesielle kompetansekrav for å administrere klokketesten. Metode Vår oppsummering er basert på internasjonal forskning. Vi utarbeidet søkestrategi for et systematisk litteratursøk og søkte etter nyere systematiske oversikter (publisert etter 2005). Søket ble utført i september 2014. Vi søkte også etter norske studier. To forskere har gjennomgått identifiserte publikasjoner, vurdert relevans i forhold til inklusjonskriteriene og ekstrahert relevante psyometridata. Alle medforfattere har bidratt til skriving av rapporten. Resultater Vi inkluderte tre systematiske oversikter som oppsummerte måleegenskaper ved Klokketesten. Ved bruk av testen i utredning av mulig demens, er sensitivitet rapportert fra 67% til 98% og spesifisitet fra 69% til 95%, og en korrelasjon med Mini Mental State Examination på 0,79. Vi fant ingen relevante norske studier, men fant en norsk versjon som heter KT-NR2. Konklusjon Klokketesten har overordnet sett adekvate psykometriske egenskaper som et screeninginstrument for kognitiv svikt. Klokketesten fanger bare opp enkelte aspekter ved kognitiv fungering.

• Dalsbø, Therese Kristine & Siqveland, Johan (2015). Internettbasert kognitiv atferdsterapi kan være nyttig ved angst (Cochrane - kort oppsummert). Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Flere får en betydelig reduksjon i angstsymptomene og bedre livskvalitet med internettbasert kognitiv atferdsterapi sammenliknet med de som blir tilbudt ulike informasjonstiltak eller gruppediskusjon. Det er usikkert hvorvidt internettbasert kognitiv atferdsterapi kan ha ugunstige helseeffekter, ettersom slike utfall sjeldent rapporteres. Det viser en ny Cochrane-oversikt.

• Dalsbø, Therese Kristine; Harboe, Ingrid; Siqveland, Johan & Leiknes, Kari Ann (2014). Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788281219014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Dalsbø, Therese Kristine; Harboe, Ingrid & Leiknes, Kari Ann (2014). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788281219021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Johan; Sundset, Øyvind; Dalsbø, Therese Kristine; Harboe, Ingrid & Leiknes, Kari Ann (2014). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II). Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 9788281218536. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten fikk i oppdrag fra Helsedirektoratet å vurdere måleegenskapene (reliabilitet og validitet) av norske (oversatte) psykologiske tester og psykiatriske måleinstrumenter brukt i helsetjenesten i Norge. Oppdraget for denne rapporten var å finne forskning om California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) i norske populasjoner og vurdere normdata, reliabilitet og validitet. Beskrivelse av CVLT-II CVLT-II er en test som måler verbal innlæring og hukommelse. Testen er oppgaveløsende, stimulus materialet inneholder to ordlister med 16 ord og består av tre hovedskalaer og 14 delskalaer. Tidsbruk for gjennomføring er 30 - 90 minutter. Skåringen utføres elektronisk (engelskspråklig program) eller manuelt. Målgruppe for testen er unge, voksne og eldre. Testen ble utgitt på engelsk i 2000 av forfatterne Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E. og Ober, B. A. og oversatt til norsk i 2004 av Astri J. Lundervold og Kjetil Sundet. Rettighetsinnehaver er Pearson Assessment. Generelt kompetansekrav til bruk og tolkning av testen er autorisasjon som psykolog. Metode Vi utførte et systematisk litteratursøk. Det ble søkt i medisinske og psykologiske databaser etter studier som anvendte CVLT-II i norske populasjoner. Søket ble utført oktober 2013. To forskere har gjennomgått identifiserte publikasjoner, vurdert relevans i henhold til inklusjonskriteriene, og ekstrahert relevante data. Resultater Vi inkluderte 10 studier. Tre studier dannet grunnlaget for den norske psykometrivurderingen. I tillegg ble den originale engelske testmanualen og den oversatte testmanualen konsulert. Syv studier rapporterte CVLT-II gjennomsnittsskårer fra norske kliniske populasjoner. Det ble ikke funnet studier med norske normdata. Ingen studier ga tilstrekkelig informasjon for vurdering av reliabilitet. Det ble funnet støtte for begrepsvaliditet og konvergent validitet. Konklusjon Det finnes et begrenset studiemateriale som underbygger de psykometriske egenskapene til den norske versjonen av CVLT-II.

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