Oleksandr Frei

• Bahrami, Shahram; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Frei, Oleksandr; O`Connell, Kevin; Bettella, Francesco; Krull, Florian; Fan, Chun Chieh; Røssberg, Jan Ivar; Hindley, Guy Frederick Lanyon; Ueland, Torill; Dale, Anders; Djurovic, Srdjan; Steen, Nils Eiel; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2021). Genetic loci shared between major depression and intelligence with mixed directions of effect. Nature Human Behaviour.  ISSN 2397-3374.  s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-01031-2
• Roelfs, Daniel; Alnæs, Dag; Frei, Oleksandr; van der Meer, Dennis; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Westlye, Lars Tjelta & Kaufmann, Tobias (2021). Phenotypically independent profiles relevant to mental health are genetically correlated. Translational Psychiatry.  ISSN 2158-3188.  11(1) . doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01313-x Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and family-based studies have revealed partly overlapping genetic architectures between various psychiatric disorders. Given clinical overlap between disorders, our knowledge of the genetic architectures underlying specific symptom profiles and risk factors is limited. Here, we aimed to derive distinct profiles relevant to mental health in healthy individuals and to study how these genetically relate to each other and to common psychiatric disorders. Using independent component analysis, we decomposed self-report mental health questionnaires from 136,678 healthy individuals of the UK Biobank, excluding data from individuals with a diagnosed neurological or psychiatric disorder, into 13 distinct profiles relevant to mental health, capturing different symptoms as well as social and risk factors underlying reduced mental health. Utilizing genotypes from 117,611 of those individuals with White British ancestry, we performed GWAS for each mental health profile and assessed genetic correlations between these profiles, and between the profiles and common psychiatric disorders and cognitive traits. We found that mental health profiles were genetically correlated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders and cognitive traits, with strongest effects typically observed between a given mental health profile and a disorder for which the profile is common (e.g. depression symptoms and major depressive disorder, or psychosis and schizophrenia). Strikingly, although the profiles were phenotypically uncorrelated, many of them were genetically correlated with each other. This study provides evidence that statistically independent mental health profiles partly share genetic underpinnings and show genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders, suggesting that shared genetics across psychiatric disorders cannot be exclusively attributed to the known overlapping symptomatology between the disorders.

• Rødevand, Linn; Bahrami, Shahram; Frei, Oleksandr; Lin, Aihua; Gani, Osman; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; O'Connell, Kevin; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Winterton, Adriano; Quintana, Daniel; Hindley, Guy Frederick Lanyon; Werner, Maren Caroline Frogner; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders Martin; Lagerberg, Trine Vik; Steen, Nils Eiel & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2021). Polygenic overlap and shared genetic loci between loneliness, severe mental disorders, and cardiovascular disease risk factors suggest shared molecular mechanisms. Translational Psychiatry.  ISSN 2158-3188.  11(1) . doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01142-4 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Clinical and epidemiological evidence suggest that loneliness is associated with severe mental disorders (SMDs) and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between loneliness, SMDs, and CVD risk factors remain unknown. Here we explored overlapping genetic architecture and genetic loci shared between SMDs, loneliness, and CVD risk factors. We analyzed large independent genome-wide association study data on schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depression (MD), loneliness and CVD risk factors using bivariate causal mixture mode (MiXeR), which estimates the total amount of shared variants, and conditional false discovery rate to evaluate overlap in specific loci. We observed substantial genetic overlap between SMDs, loneliness and CVD risk factors, beyond genetic correlation. We identified 149 loci jointly associated with loneliness and SMDs (MD n = 67, SCZ n = 54, and BD n = 28), and 55 distinct loci jointly associated with loneliness and CVD risk factors. A total of 153 novel loneliness loci were found. Most of the shared loci possessed concordant effect directions, suggesting that genetic risk for loneliness may increase the risk of both SMDs and CVD. Functional analyses of the shared loci implicated biological processes related to the brain, metabolic processes, chromatin and immune system. Altogether, the study revealed polygenic overlap between loneliness, SMDs and CVD risk factors, providing new insights into their shared genetic architecture and common genetic mechanisms.

• Bahrami, Shahram; Steen, Nils Eiel; Shadrin, Alexey A.; O`Connell, Kevin; Frei, Oleksandr; Bettella, Francesco; Wirgenes, Katrine Verena; Krull, Florian; Fan, Chun C.; Dale, Anders; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Djurovic, Srdjan & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2020). Shared genetic loci between body mass index and major psychiatric disorders: A genome-wide association study. JAMA psychiatry.  ISSN 2168-6238.  77(5), s 503- 512 . doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4188 Vis sammendrag

  IMPORTANCE People with major psychiatric disorders (MPDs) have a 10- to 20-year shorter life span than the rest of the population, and this difference is mainly due to comorbid cardiovascular diseases. Genome-wide association studies have identified common variants involved in schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BIP), and major depression (MD) and body mass index (BMI), a key cardiometabolic risk factor. However, genetic variants jointly influencing MPD and BMI remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the extent of the overlap between the genetic architectures of MPDs and BMI and identify genetic loci shared between them. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using a conditional false discovery rate statistical framework, independent genome-wide association study data on individuals with SCZ (n = 82 315), BIP (n = 51 710), MD (n = 480 359), and BMI (n = 795 640) were analyzed. The UK Biobank cohort (n = 29 740) was excluded from the MD data set to avoid sample overlap. Data were collected from August 2017 to May 2018, and analysis began July 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomes were a list of genetic loci shared between BMI and MPDs and their functional pathways. RESULTS Genome-wide association study data from 1 380 284 participants were analyzed, and the genetic correlation between BMI and MPDs varied (SCZ: r for genetic = −0.11, P = 2.1 × 10−10; BIP: r for genetic = −0.06, P = .0103; MD: r for genetic = 0.12, P = 6.7 × 10−10). Overall, 63, 17, and 32 loci shared between BMI and SCZ, BIP, and MD, respectively, were analyzed at conjunctional false discovery rate less than 0.01. Of the shared loci, 34% (73 of 213) in SCZ, 52% (36 of 69) in BIP, and 57% (56 of 99) in MD had risk alleles associated with higher BMI (conjunctional false discovery rate <0.05), while the rest had opposite directions of associations. Functional analyses indicated that the overlapping loci are involved in several pathways including neurodevelopment, neurotransmitter signaling, and intracellular processes, and the loci with concordant and opposite association directions pointed mostly to different pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this genome-wide association study, extensive polygenic overlap between BMI and SCZ, BIP, and MD were found, and 111 shared genetic loci were identified, implicating novel functional mechanisms. There was mixture of association directions in SCZ and BMI, albeit with a preponderance of discordant ones

• Còrdova Palomera, Aldo; van der Meer, Dennis; Kaufmann, Tobias; Bettella, Francesco; Wang, Yunpeng; Alnæs, Dag; Doan, Nhat Trung; Agartz, Ingrid; Bertolino, Alessandro; Buitelaar, Jan; Coynel, David; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dørum, Erlend Solberg; Espeseth, Thomas; Fazio, Leonardo; Franke, Barbara; Frei, Oleksandr; Håberg, Asta; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Jönsson, Erik Gunnar; Kolskår, Knut-Kristian; Lund, Martina Jonette; Moberget, Torgeir; Nordvik, Jan; Nyberg, Lars; Papassotiropoulos, Andreas; Pergola, Giulio; de Quervain, Dominique; Rampino, Antonio; Richard, Geneviève; Rokicki, Jaroslav; Sanders, Anne-Marthe; Schwarz, Emanuel; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Steen, Vidar Martin; Starrfelt, Jostein; Sønderby, Ida Elken; Ulrichsen, Kristine Moe; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Westlye, Lars Tjelta (2020). Genetic control of variability in subcortical and intracranial volumes. Molecular Psychiatry.  ISSN 1359-4184.  s 1- 8 . doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-0664-1 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Bahrami, Shahram; van der Meer, Dennis; Agartz, Ingrid; Alnæs, Dag; Barch, Deanna M.; Baur-Streubel, Ramona; Bertolino, Alessandro; Beyer, Mona K.; Blasi, Giuseppe; Borgwardt, Stefan; Boye, Birgitte; Buitelaar, Jan; Bøen, Erlend; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Cervenka, Simon; Conzelmann, Annette; Coynel, David; di Carlo, Pasquale; Djurovic, Srdjan; Eisenacher, Sarah; Espeseth, Thomas; Fatouros-Bergman, Helena; Flyckt, Lena; Franke, Barbara; Frei, Oleksandr; Gelao, Barbara; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Hartman, Catharina A.; Håberg, Asta; Heslenfeld, Dirk; Hoekstra, Pieter J.; Høgestøl, Einar August; Jonassen, Rune; Jönsson, Erik Gunnar; Kirsch, Peter; Kloszewska, Iwona; Lagerberg, Trine Vik; Landrø, Nils Inge; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Maglanoc, Luigi Angelo; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Mecocci, Patrizia; Melle, Ingrid; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Moberget, Torgeir; Nordvik, Jan Egil; Nyberg, Lars; O`Connell, Kevin; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Papalino, Marco; Papassotiropoulos, Andreas; Pauli, Paul; Pergola, Giulio; Persson, Karin Ester Torun; de Quervain, Dominique; Reif, Andreas; Rokicki, Jaroslav; Van Rooij, Daan; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Schmidt, André; Schwarz, Emanuel; Selbæk, Geir; Sowa, Piotr; Soininen, Hilkka; Steen, Vidar Martin; Vellas, Bruno; Tsolaki, Magda; Wang, Lei; Westman, Eric; Ziegler, Georg C.; Zink, Mathias; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Westlye, Lars Tjelta & Kaufmann, Tobias (2020). The genetic architecture of human brainstem structures and their involvement in common brain disorders. Nature Communications.  ISSN 2041-1723.  11 . doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17376-1 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Brainstem regions support vital bodily functions, yet their genetic architectures and involvement in common brain disorders remain understudied. Here, using imaging-genetics data from a discovery sample of 27,034 individuals, we identify 45 brainstem-associated genetic loci, including the first linked to midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata volumes, and map them to 305 genes. In a replication sample of 7432 participants most of the loci show the same effect direction and are significant at a nominal threshold. We detect genetic overlap between brainstem volumes and eight psychiatric and neurological disorders. In additional clinical data from 5062 individuals with common brain disorders and 11,257 healthy controls, we observe differential volume alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, multiple sclerosis, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Parkinson’s disease, supporting the relevance of brainstem regions and their genetic architectures in common brain disorders.

• Holland, Dominic; Frei, Oleksandr; Desikan, Rahul S.; Fan, Chun-Chieh; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Sundar, Vijay S.; Thompson, Paul; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Dale, Anders M. (2020). Beyond SNP heritability: Polygenicity and discoverability of phenotypes estimated with a univariate Gaussian mixture model. PLoS Genetics.  ISSN 1553-7390. . doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008612 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Shadrin, Alexey A.; Frei, Oleksandr; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Bettella, Francesco; O`Connell, Kevin; Gani, Osman; Bahrami, Shahram; Uggen, Tea Kristiane Espeland; Djurovic, Srdjan; Holland, Dominic; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Dale, Anders (2020). Phenotype-specific differences in polygenicity and effect size distribution across functional annotation categories revealed by AI-MiXeR. Bioinformatics.  ISSN 1367-4803. . doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa568 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Shadrin, Alexey A.; Mucha, Sören; Ellinghaus, David; Makarious, Mary B; Blauwendraat, Cornelis; Sreelatha, Ashwin; Heras-Garvin, Antonio; Ding, Jinhui; Hammer, Monia B.; Foubert-Samier, Alexandra; Meissner, Wassilios G.; Rascol, Olivier; Traon, Anne Pavy-Le; Frei, Oleksandr; O`Connell, Kevin; Bahrami, Shahram; Schreiber, Stefan; Lieb, Wolfgang; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Schminke, Ulf; Homuth, Georg; Schmidt, Carsten O.; Nöthen, Markus M.; Hoffman, Per; Gieger, Christian; Wenning, Gregor; Gibbs, J. Raphael; Franke, Andre; Hardy, John; Stefanova, Nadia; Gasser, Thomas; Singleton, Andrew; Houlden, Henry; Scholz, Sonja W.; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Sharma, Manu (2020). Shared Genetics of Multiple System Atrophy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Movement Disorders.  ISSN 0885-3185. . doi: 10.1002/mds.28338 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Frei, Oleksandr; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2020). The polygenic architecture of schizophrenia — rethinking pathogenesis and nosology. Nature Reviews Neurology.  ISSN 1759-4758.  s 1- 14 . doi: 10.1038/s41582-020-0364-0
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Bahrami, Shahram; Broce, Iris J.; Tesli, Martin Steen; Frei, Oleksandr; Wirgenes, Katrine Verena; O`Connell, Kevin; Krull, Florian; Bettella, Francesco; Steen, Nils Eiel; Sugrue, Leo P.; Wang, Yunpeng; Svenningsson, Per; Sharma, Manu; Pihlstrøm, Lasse; Toft, H. Mathias S.; O’Donovan, Michael; Djurovic, Srdjan; Desikan, Rahul S; Dale, Anders M. & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2020). Genome-wide Association Analysis of Parkinson’s Disease and Schizophrenia Reveals Shared Genetic Architecture and Identifies Novel Risk Loci. Biological Psychiatry.  ISSN 0006-3223.  89(3), s 227- 235 . doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.026 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  BACKGROUND:Parkinson’s disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are heritable brain disorders that involvedysregulation of the dopaminergic system. Epidemiological studies have reported potential comorbidity between thedisorders, and movement disturbances are common in patients with SCZ before treatment with antipsychotic drugs.Despite this, little is known about shared genetic etiology between the disorders.METHODS:We analyzed recent large genome-wide association studies on patients with SCZ (N= 77,096) and PD(N= 417,508) using a conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (FDR) approach to evaluate overlap incommon genetic variants and improve statistical power for genetic discovery. Using a variety of biologicalresources, we functionally characterized the identified genomic loci.RESULTS:We observed genetic enrichment in PD conditional onassociations with SCZ and vice versa, indicatingpolygenic overlap. We then leveraged this cross-trait enrichment using conditional FDR analysis and identified 9 novel PDrisk loci and 1 novel SCZ locus at conditional FDR,.01. Furthermore, we identified 9 genomic loci jointly associated withPD and SCZ at conjunctional FDR,.05. There was an even distribution of antagonistic and agonistic effect directionsamong the shared loci, in line with the insignificant genetic correlation between the disorders. Of 67 genes mapped to theshared loci, 65 are expressed in the human brain and show cell type–specific expression profiles.CONCLUSIONS:Altogether, the study increases understanding of the genetic architectures underlying SCZ and PD,indicating that common molecular genetic mechanisms may contribute to overlapping pathophysiological and clinicalfeatures between the disorders.

• van der Meer, Dennis; Frei, Oleksandr; Kaufmann, Tobias; Chen, Chi-Hua; Thompson, Wesley K.; O'Connell, Kevin S.; Monereo Sanchez, Jennifer; Linden, David E.J.; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Dale, Anders M & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2020). Quantifying the polygenic architecture of the human cerebral cortex: Extensive genetic overlap between cortical thickness and surface area. Cerebral Cortex.  ISSN 1047-3211.  30(10), s 5597- 5603 . doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa146 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• van der Meer, Dennis; Frei, Oleksandr; Kaufmann, Tobias; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Devor, Anna; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Fan, Chun Chieh; Holland, Dominic; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Dale, Anders (2020). Understanding the genetic determinants of the brain with MOSTest. Nature Communications.  ISSN 2041-1723.  11:3512, s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17368-1
• Drange, Ole Kristian; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Finseth, Per Ivar; Witoelar, Aree; Frei, Oleksandr; Psychiatric Genomic Consortium, Bipolar Disorder Working Group; Wang, Yunpeng; Hassani, Sahar; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Bøen, Erlend; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Agartz, Ingrid; Melle, Ingrid; Morken, Gunnar; Stordal, Eystein; Vaaler, Arne; Ødegaard, Ketil Joachim; Stahl, Eli A.; Breen, Gerome; Forstner, Andreas J; McQuillin, Andrew; Ripke, Stephan; Trubetskoy, Vassily; Mattheisen, Manuel; Coleman, Jonathan R I; Gaspar, Héléna A; de Leeuw, Christiaan A.; Steinberg, Stacy; Pavlides, Jennifer M Whitehead; Trzaskowski, MacIej; Pers, Tune H; Holmans, Peter A.; Abbott, Liam; Agerbo, Esben; Akil, Huda; Albani, Diego; Alliey-Rodriguez, Ney; Als, Thomas D.; Anjorin, Adebayo; Antilla, Verneri; Awasthi, Swapnil; Badner, Judith A.; Bækvad-Hansen, Marie; Barchas, Jack D.; Bass, Nicholas; Bauer, Michael; Belliveau, Richard; Bergen, Sarah E & Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker (2019). Genetic Overlap Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Bipolar Disorder Implicates the MARK2 and VAC14 Genes. Frontiers in Neuroscience.  ISSN 1662-4548.  13 . doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00220 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and bipolar disorder (BIP) are complex traits influenced by numerous common genetic variants, most of which remain to be detected. Clinical and epidemiological evidence suggest that AD and BIP are related. However, it is not established if this relation is of genetic origin. Here, we applied statistical methods based on the conditional false discovery rate (FDR) framework to detect genetic overlap between AD and BIP and utilized this overlap to increase the power to identify common genetic variants associated with either or both traits. Methods: We obtained genome wide association studies data from the International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Project part 1 (17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls) and the Psychiatric Genetic Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group (20,352 BIP cases and 31,358 controls). We used conditional QQ-plots to assess overlap in common genetic variants between AD and BIP. We exploited the genetic overlap to re-rank test-statistics for AD and BIP and improve detection of genetic variants using the conditional FDR framework. Results: Conditional QQ-plots demonstrated a polygenic overlap between AD and BIP. Using conditional FDR, we identified one novel genomic locus associated with AD, and nine novel loci associated with BIP. Further, we identified two novel loci jointly associated with AD and BIP implicating the MARK2 gene (lead SNP rs10792421, conjunctional FDR = 0.030, same direction of effect) and the VAC14 gene (lead SNP rs11649476, conjunctional FDR = 0.022, opposite direction of effect). Conclusion: We found polygenic overlap between AD and BIP and identified novel loci for each trait and two jointly associated loci. Further studies should examine if the shared loci implicating the MARK2 and VAC14 genes could explain parts of the shared and distinct features of AD and BIP.

• Frei, Oleksandr; Holland, Dominic; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Fan, Chun Chieh; Mæland, Steffen; O`Connell, Kevin; Wang, Yunpeng; Djurovic, Srdjan; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Dale, Anders (2019). Bivariate causal mixture model quantifies polygenic overlap between complex traits beyond genetic correlation. Nature Communications.  ISSN 2041-1723.  10(1) . doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10310-0 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kaufmann, Tobias; van der Meer, Dennis; Doan, Nhat Trung; Schwarz, Emanuel; Lund, Martina Jonette; Agartz, Ingrid; Alnæs, Dag; Barch, Deanna M.; Baur-Streubel, Ramona; Bertolino, Alessandro; Bettella, Francesco; Beyer, Mona K.; Bøen, Erlend; Borgwardt, Stefan; Brandt, Christine Lycke; Buitelaar, Jan; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Cervenka, Simon; Conzelmann, Annette; Còrdova Palomera, Aldo; Dale, Anders; de Quervain, Dominique J.F.; di Carlo, Pasquale; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dørum, Erlend Solberg; Eisenacher, Sarah; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Espeseth, Thomas; Fatouros-Bergman, Helena; Flyckt, Lena; Franke, Barbara; Frei, Oleksandr; Haatveit, Beathe; Håberg, Asta; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Hartman, Catharina A; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Høgestøl, Einar August; Jernigan, Terry L.; Jonassen, Rune; Jönsson, Erik Gunnar; Kirsch, Peter; Kłoszewska, Iwona; Kolskår, Knut-Kristian; Landrø, Nils Inge; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Lovestone, Simon; Lundervold, Arvid; Lundervold, Astri; Maglanoc, Luigi Angelo; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Mecocci, Patrizia; Melle, Ingrid; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Moberget, Torgeir; Norbom, Linn Christin Bonaventure; Nordvik, Jan Egil; Nyberg, Lars; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Papalino, Marco; Papassotiropoulos, Andreas; Pauli, Paul; Pergola, Giulio; Persson, Karin Ester Torun; Richard, Geneviève; Rokicki, Jaroslav; Sanders, Anne-Marthe; Selbæk, Geir; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Soininen, Hilkka; Sowa, Piotr; Steen, Vidar Martin; Tsolaki, Magda; Ulrichsen, Kristine Moe; Vellas, Bruno; Wang, Lei; Westman, Eric; Ziegler, Georg C.; Zink, Mathias; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Westlye, Lars Tjelta (2019). Common brain disorders are associated with heritable patterns of apparent aging of the brain. Nature Neuroscience.  ISSN 1097-6256.  22(10), s 1617- 1623 . doi: 10.1038/s41593-019-0471-7 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lam, Max; Awasthi, Swapnil; Watson, Hunna J.; Goldstein, Jackie; Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia; Trubetskoy, Vassily; Karlsson, Robert; Frei, Oleksandr; Fan, Chun-Chieh; De Witte, Ward; Mota, Nina R.; Mullins, Niamh; Brügger, Kim; Lee, S. Hong; Wray, Naomi R.; Skarabis, Nora; Huang, Hailiang; Neale, Benjamin; Daly, Mark J.; Mattheisen, Manuel; Walters, Raymond & Ripke, Stephan (2019). RICOPILI: Rapid Imputation for COnsortias PIpeLIne. Bioinformatics.  ISSN 1367-4803.  36(3), s 930- 933 . doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz633 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses, at sufficient sample sizes and power, have successfully revealed biological insights for several complex traits. RICOPILI, an open-sourced Perl-based pipeline was developed to address the challenges of rapidly processing large-scale multi-cohort GWAS studies including quality control (QC), imputation and downstream analyses. The pipeline is computationally efficient with portability to a wide range of high-performance computing environments. RICOPILI was created as the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium pipeline for GWAS and adopted by other users. The pipeline features (i) technical and genomic QC in case-control and trio cohorts, (ii) genome-wide phasing and imputation, (iv) association analysis, (v) meta-analysis, (vi) polygenic risk scoring and (vii) replication analysis. Notably, a major differentiator from other GWAS pipelines, RICOPILI leverages on automated parallelization and cluster job management approaches for rapid production of imputed genome-wide data. A comprehensive meta-analysis of simulated GWAS data has been incorporated demonstrating each step of the pipeline. This includes all the associated visualization plots, to allow ease of data interpretation and manuscript preparation. Simulated GWAS datasets are also packaged with the pipeline for user training tutorials and developer work

• O`Connell, Kevin; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Bahrami, Shahram; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Bettella, Francesco; Frei, Oleksandr; Krull, Florian; Askeland, Ragna Bugge; Walters, Bragi; Davíðsdóttir, Katrín; Haraldsdóttir, Gyða; Guðmundsson, Ólafur; Stefánsson, Hreinn; Fan, Chun C.; Steen, Nils Eiel; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted; Dale, Anders M.; Stefánsson, Kári; Djurovic, Srdjan & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2019). Identification of genetic overlap and novel risk loci for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry.  ISSN 1359-4184.  s 1- 11 . doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0613-z Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Differential diagnosis between childhood onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) remains a challenge, mainly due to overlapping symptoms and high rates of comorbidity. Despite this, genetic correlation reported for these disorders is low and non-significant. Here we aimed to better characterize the genetic architecture of these disorders utilizing recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We analyzed independent GWAS summary statistics for ADHD (19,099 cases and 34,194 controls) and BD (20,352 cases and 31,358 controls) applying the conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (condFDR/conjFDR) statistical framework that increases the power to detect novel phenotype-specific and shared loci by leveraging the combined power of two GWAS. We observed cross-trait polygenic enrichment for ADHD conditioned on associations with BD, and vice versa. Leveraging this enrichment, we identified 19 novel ADHD risk loci and 40 novel BD risk loci at condFDR <0.05. Further, we identified five loci jointly associated with ADHD and BD (conjFDR < 0.05). Interestingly, these five loci show concordant directions of effect for ADHD and BD. These results highlight a shared underlying genetic risk for ADHD and BD which may help to explain the high comorbidity rates and difficulties in differentiating between ADHD and BD in the clinic. Improving our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of these disorders may aid in the development of novel stratification tools to help reduce these diagnostic difficulties.

• O`Connell, Kevin; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Bahrami, Shahram; Frei, Oleksandr; Bettella, Francesco; Krull, Florian; Fan, Chun C.; Askeland, Ragna Bugge; Knudsen, Gun Peggy Strømstad; Halmøy, Anne; Steen, Nils Eiel; Ueland, Torill; Walters, G. Bragi; Davíðsdóttir, Katrín; Haraldsdóttir, Gyda S.; Guðmundsson, Ólafur; Stefansson, Hreinn; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted; Haavik, Jan; Dale, Anders M.; Stefánsson, Kári; Djurovic, Srdjan & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2019). Identification of genetic loci shared between ADHD, intelligence and educational attainment. Biological Psychiatry.  ISSN 0006-3223.  87(12), s 1052- 1062 . doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.015 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Bahrami, Shahram; Frei, Oleksandr; Shadrin, Alexey A.; O`Connell, Kevin; Savage, Jeanne E.; Watanabe, Kyoko; Krull, Florian; Bettella, Francesco; Steen, Nils Eiel; Ueland, Torill; Posthuma, Danielle; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2019). Genome-wide analysis reveals extensive genetic overlap between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and intelligence. Molecular Psychiatry.  ISSN 1359-4184.  s 1- 10 . doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0332-x Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Frei, Oleksandr; Fan, Chun-Chieh; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2019). The emerging pattern of shared polygenic architecture of psychiatric disorders, conceptual and methodological challenges. Psychiatric Genetics.  ISSN 0955-8829.  29(5), s 152- 159 . doi: 10.1097/YPG.0000000000000234 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Genome-wide association studies have transformed psychiatric genetics and provided novel insights into the genetic etiology of psychiatric disorders. Two major discoveries have emerged; the disorders are polygenic, with a large number of common variants each with a small effect and many genetic variants influence more than one phenotype, suggesting shared genetic etiology. These concepts have the potential to revolutionize the current classification system with diagnostic categories and facilitate development of better treatments. However, to reach clinical impact, we need larger samples and better analytical tools, as most polygenic factors remain undetected. We here present statistical approaches designed to improve the yield of existing genome-wide association studies for polygenic phenotypes. We review how these tools have informed the current knowledge on the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders, focusing on schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, and overlap with psychological and cognitive traits. We discuss application of statistical tools for stratification and prediction.

• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Frei, Oleksandr; Shadrin, Alexey A.; O`Connell, Kevin; Fan, Chun Chieh; Bahrami, Shahram; Holland, Dominic; Djurovic, Srdjan; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2019). Discovery of shared genomic loci using the conditional false discovery rate approach. Human Genetics.  ISSN 0340-6717.  s 1- 10 . doi: 10.1007/s00439-019-02060-2 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• van der Meer, Dennis; Sønderby, Ida Elken; Kaufmann, Tobias; Walters, G. Bragi; Abdellaoui, Abdel; Ames, David; Amunts, Katrin; Andersson, Micael; Armstrong, Nicola J.; Bernard, Manon; Blackburn, Nicholas B.; Blangero, John; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Brodaty, Henry; Brouwer, Rachel M.; Bülow, Robin; Cahn, Wiepke; Calhoun, Vince D.; Caspers, Svenja; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Ching, Christopher R.K.; Cichon, Sven; Ciufolini, Simone; Corvin, Aiden; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Curran, Joanne E.; Dalvie, Shareefa; Dazzan, Paola; de Geus, Eco J.C.; de Zubicaray, Greig I.; de Zwarte, Sonja M.C.; Delanty, Norman; den Braber, Anouk; Desrivieres, Sylvane; di Forti, Marta; Doherty, Joanne L.; Donohoe, Gary; Ehrlich, Stefan; Eising, Else; Espeseth, Thomas; Fisher, Simon E.; Fladby, Tormod; Frei, Oleksandr; Frouin, Vincent; Fukunaga, Masaki; Gareau, Thomas; Glahn, David C.; Grabe, Hans J.; Groenewold, Nynke A.; Gustafsson, Omar; Haavik, Jan; Håberg, Asta; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hehir-Kwa, Jayne Y.; Hibar, Derrek; Hillegers, Manon H.J.; Hoffmann, Per; Holleran, Laurena; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E.; Ikeda, Masashi; Jacquemont, Sébastien; Jahanshad, Neda; Jockwitz, Christiane; Johansson, Stefan; Jönsson, Erik Gunnar; Kikuchi, Masataka; Knowles, Emma E.M.; Kwok, John B.; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Linden, David E.J.; Liu, Jingyu; Lundervold, Arvid; Lundervold, Astri; Martin, Nicholas G.; Mather, Karen A.; Mathias, Samuel R.; McMahon, Katie L.; McRae, Allan F.; Medland, Sarah E.; Moberget, Torgeir; Moreau, Clara; Morris, Derek W.; Mühleisen, Thomas W.; Murray, Robin M.; Nordvik, Jan Egil; Nyberg, Lars; Olde Loohuis, Loes M.; Ophoff, Roel A.; Owen, Michael J.; Paus, Tomáš; Pausova, Zdenka; Peralta, Juan M.; Pike, Bruce; Prieto, Carlos; Quinlan, Erin Burke; Reinbold, Céline Sonja; Reis Marques, Tiago; Rucker, James J.H.; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Sando, Sigrid Botne; Schofield, Peter R.; Schork, Andrew J.; Schumann, Gunter; Shin, Jean; Shumskaya, Elena; Silva, Ana I.; Sisodiya, Sanjay M.; Steen, Vidar Martin; Stein, Dan J.; Strike, Lachlan T.; Tamnes, Christian Krog; Teumer, Alexander; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana; Uhlmann, Anne; Ülfarsson, Magnús Ö; van 't Ent, Dennis; van den Bree, Marianne B.M.; Vassos, Evangelos; Wen, Wei; Wittfeld, Katharina; Wright, Margaret J.; Zayats, Tetyana; Dale, Anders; Djurovic, Srdjan; Agartz, Ingrid; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Stefansson, Hreinn; Stefánsson, Kári; Thompson, Paul M. & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2019). Association of copy number variation of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region with cortical and subcortical morphology and cognition. JAMA psychiatry.  ISSN 2168-6238. . doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3779 Vis sammendrag

  IMPORTANCE: Recurrent microdeletions and duplications in the genomic region 15q11.2 between breakpoints 1 (BP1) and 2 (BP2) are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. These structural variants are present in 0.5% to 1.0% of the population, making 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 the site of the most prevalent known pathogenic copy number variation (CNV). It is unknown to what extent this CNV influences brain structure and affects cognitive abilities. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion and duplication CNVs with cortical and subcortical brain morphology and cognitive task performance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this genetic association study, T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging were combined with genetic data from the ENIGMA-CNV consortium and the UK Biobank, with a replication cohort from Iceland. In total, 203 deletion carriers, 45 247 noncarriers, and 306 duplication carriers were included. Data were collected from August 2015 to April 2019, and data were analyzed from September 2018 to September 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The associations of the CNV with global and regional measures of surface area and cortical thickness as well as subcortical volumes were investigated, correcting for age, age2 , sex, scanner, and intracranial volume. Additionally, measures of cognitive ability were analyzed in the full UK Biobank cohort. RESULTS: Of 45 756 included individuals, the mean (SD) age was 55.8 (18.3) years, and 23 754 (51.9%) were female. Compared with noncarriers, deletion carriers had a lower surface area (Cohen d = −0.41; SE, 0.08; P = 4.9 × 10−8), thicker cortex (Cohen d = 0.36; SE, 0.07; P = 1.3 × 10−7), and a smaller nucleus accumbens (Cohen d = −0.27; SE, 0.07; P = 7.3 × 10−5). There was also a significant negative dose response on cortical thickness (β = −0.24; SE, 0.05; P = 6.8 × 10−7). Regional cortical analyses showed a localization of the effects to the frontal, cingulate, and parietal lobes. Further, cognitive ability was lower for deletion carriers compared with noncarriers on 5 of 7 tasks. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings, from the largest CNV neuroimaging study to date, provide evidence that 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 structural variation is associated with brain morphology and cognition, with deletion carriers being particularly affected. The pattern of results fits with known molecular functions of genes in the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region and suggests involvement of these genes in neuronal plasticity. These neurobiological effects likely contribute to the association of this CNV with neurodevelopmental disorders

• Watanabe, Kyoko; Stringer, Sven; Frei, Oleksandr; Mirkov, Maša Umićević; de Leeuw, Christiaan; Polderman, Tinca J.C.; van der Sluis, Sophie; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Neale, Benjamin M. & Posthuma, Daniëlle (2019). A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traits. Nature Genetics.  ISSN 1061-4036.  51(9), s 1339- 1348 . doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0481-0
• Fan, Chun Chieh; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Schork, Andrew J.; Chen, Chi-Hua; Holland, Dominic; Lo, Min-Tzu; Sundar, Vijay S.; Frei, Oleksandr; Jernigan, Terry L.; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Dale, Anders (2018). Beyond heritability: Improving discoverability in imaging genetics. Human Molecular Genetics.  ISSN 0964-6906.  27(1), s R22- R28 . doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddy082
• Srinivasan, Saurabh; Bettella, Francesco; Frei, Oleksandr; Hill, W. David; Wang, Yunpeng; Witoelar, Aree; Schork, Andrew J.; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Davies, Gail; Desikan, Rahul S.; Deary, Ian J.; Melle, Ingrid; Ueland, Torill; Dale, Anders; Djurovic, Srdjan; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2018). Enrichment of genetic markers of recent human evolution in educational and cognitive traits. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322.  8:12585, s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30387-9 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• van der Meer, Dennis; Rokicki, Jaroslav; Kaufmann, Tobias; Còrdova Palomera, Aldo; Moberget, Torgeir; Alnæs, Dag; Bettella, Francesco; Frei, Oleksandr; Doan, Nhat Trung; Sønderby, Ida Elken; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Agartz, Ingrid; Bertolino, Alessandro; Bralten, Janita; Brandt, Christine Lycke; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Djurovic, Srdjan; van Donkelaar, Marjolein; Dørum, Erlend Solberg; Espeseth, Thomas; Faraone, Stephen V.; Fernandéz, Guillén; Fisher, Simon E.; Franke, Barbara; Haatveit, Beathe Christin; Hartman, Catharina A.; Hoekstra, Pieter J.; Håberg, Asta; Jönsson, Erik Gunnar; Kolskår, Knut-Kristian; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Lund, Martina Jonette; Lundervold, Astri; Lundervold, Arvid; Melle, Ingrid; Monereo Sanchez, Jennifer; Norbom, Linn Christin Bonaventure; Nordvik, Jan Egil; Nyberg, Lars; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Papalino, Marco; Papassotiropoulos, Andreas; Pergola, Giulio; de Quervain, Dominique J.F.; Richard, Geneviéve´; Sanders, Anne-Marthe; Selvaggi, Pierluigi; Shumskaya, Elena; Steen, Vidar Martin; Tønnesen, Siren; Ulrichsen, Kristine Moe; Zwiers, Marcel P.; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Westlye, Lars Tjelta (2018). Brain scans from 21,297 individuals reveal the genetic architecture of hippocampal subfield volumes. Molecular Psychiatry.  ISSN 1359-4184.  s 1- 13 . doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0262-7 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Zuber, Verena; Jönsson, Erik Gunnar; Frei, Oleksandr; Witoelar, Aree; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Schork, Andrew J.; Bettella, Francesco; Wang, Yunpeng; Djurovic, Srdjan; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Dieset, Ingrid; Fanous, Ayman H.; Desikan, Rahul S; Küry, Sébastien; Bézieau, Stéphane; Dale, Anders; Mills, Ian Geoffrey & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2018). Identification of shared genetic variants between schizophrenia and lung cancer. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322.  674(8), s 1- 8 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16481-4 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Shadrin, Alexey A.; Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Zayats, Tetyana; Schork, Andrew J; Frei, Oleksandr; Bettella, Francesco; Witoelar, Aree; Li, Wen; Eriksen, Jon Alm; Krull, Florian; Djurovic, Srdjan; Faraone, Stephen V.; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted; Thompson, Wesley K; Johansson, Stefan; Haavik, Jan; Dale, Anders; Wang, Yunpeng & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). Novel loci associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are revealed by leveraging polygenic overlap with educational attainment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.  ISSN 0890-8567.  57(2), s 86- 95 . doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.11.013 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Frei, Oleksandr; Kauppi, Karolina; Hill, W. David; Li, Wen; Wang, Yunpeng; Krull, Florian; Bettella, Francesco; Eriksen, Jon Alm; Witoelar, Aree; Davies, Gail; Fan, Chun Chieh; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Lam, Max; Lencz, Todd; Chen, Chi-Hua; Ueland, Torill; Jönsson, Erik Gunnar; Djurovic, Srdjan; Deary, Ian J.; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). Identification of genetic loci jointly influencing schizophrenia risk and the cognitive traits of verbal-numerical reasoning, reaction time, and general cognitive function. JAMA psychiatry.  ISSN 2168-6238.  74(10), s 1065- 1075 . doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1986 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Wang, Yunpeng; Frei, Oleksandr; Li, Wen; Hibar, Derrek P; Franke, Barbara; Bettella, Francesco; Witoelar, Aree; Djurovic, Srdjan; Chen, Chi-Hua; Thompson, P.M.; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). Genetic overlap between schizophrenia and volumes of hippocampus, putamen, and intracranial volume indicates shared molecular genetic mechanisms. Schizophrenia Bulletin.  ISSN 0586-7614.  44(4), s 854- 864 . doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbx148
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Wang, Yunpeng; Lo, Min-Tzu; Li, Wen; Frei, Oleksandr; Witoelar, Aree; Tesli, Martin Steen; Hinds, David A.; Tung, Joyce Y.; Djurovic, Srdjan; Chen, Chi-Hua; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). Identification of genetic loci shared between schizophrenia and the Big Five personality traits. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322.  7:2222(1), s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02346-3 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Winsvold, Bendik K S; Bettella, Francesco; Witoelar, Aree; Anttila, Verneri; Gormley, Padhraig; Kurth, Tobias; Terwindt, Gisela M; Freilinger, Tobias; Frei, Oleksandr; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Wang, Yunpeng; Dale, Anders; Van Den Maagdenberg, Arn M.J.M.; Chasman, Daniel I; Nyholt, Dale R; Palotie, Aarno; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Zwart, John-Anker (2017). Shared genetic risk between migraine and coronary artery disease: A genome-wide analysis of common variants. PLOS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  s 1- 15 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185663 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.

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• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Bahrami, Shahram; Frei, Oleksandr; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Savage, Jeanne E.; Watanabe, Kyoko; Krull, Florian; Bettella, Francesco; Steen, Nils Eiel; Ueland, Torill; Posthuma, Danielle; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2018). Genome-wide analysis reveals extensive genetic overlap between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and intelligence.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Frei, Oleksandr; Wang, Yunpeng; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). Combined Analysis of Large Genetic Samples. New Statistical Approaches Improve Gene Discovery.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Frei, Oleksandr; Wang, Yunpeng; Fan, Chun Chieh; Alexey, Shadrin; Li, Wen; Florian, Krull; Bettella, Francesco; Witoelar, Aree; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). Increased discovery of risk loci for bipolar disorder by leveraging prior probabilities of true associations using the covariate modulated mixture model (CM3).
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Frei, Oleksandr; Wang, Yunpeng; Fan, Chun Chieh; Shadrin, Alexey A.; Li, Wen; Krull, Florian; Bettella, Francesco; Witoelar, Aree; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). C-Reactive Protein Levels and Schizophrenia Share Genetic Influences.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Wang, Yunpeng; Frei, Oleksandr; Li, Wen; Hibar, Derrek; Franke, Barbara; Bettella, Francesco; Witoelar, Aree; Djurovic, Srdjan; Chen, Chi-Hua; Thompson, P.M.; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2017). Conditional false discovery rate analysis of genome-wide association studies uncovers genetic loci shared between schizophrenia and volumes of hippocampus, putamen and intracranial volume.
• Smeland, Olav Bjerkehagen; Kauppi, Karolina; Wang, Yunpeng; Frei, Oleksandr; Li, Wen; Hill, David W; Davies, Gail; Eriksen, Jon Alm; Witoelar, Aree; Bettella, Francesco; Fan, Chun Chieh; Thompson, Wesley Kurt; Chen, Chi-Hua; Djurovic, Srdjan; Deary, Ian J.; Dale, Anders & Andreassen, Ole Andreas (2016). Schizophrenia and general cognitive function share genetic influences.

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