Daniel Münster

• Schüttler, Sina Susanna; Parker, John Nathaniel & Münster, Daniel (2026). Psychedelic ethics in practice: The case of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy in Norway. Journal of Psychedelic Studies. doi: 10.1556/2054.2026.00486. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2026). Yogic Ecology? Spirituality, Science, and Pseudoscience in Indian Agroecological Movements for Soil Health. I Hansen, Mette Halskov & Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (Red.), Religion and Ecological Crisis: Responses from Asia. Leiden University Press. ISSN 9789087285081. s. 51–72. doi: https:/www.jstor.org/stable/jj.38401862.7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The chapter examines the role of religion and spirituality in sustainable agriculture in India. Through case studies of figures like Albert Howard, Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar, and yoga gurus Sri Sri Ravi Shankar and Sadhguru, it explores how religious and spiritual idioms contribute to agroecological movements’ critiquing modern agronomy’s reductionist approach and highlighting the ecological and political-economic costs of the Green Revolution. The paper discusses the ontological politics of living soils and the potential of spiritually inspired agroecology to foster sustainable human-nature relationships. It concludes that while spiritually informed natural farming can challenge extractive

• Münster, Daniel; Münster, Ursula & T.R., Suma, (2025). Frontiers, Encounters, Metabolism: A Material- semiotic Approach to Fields and Forests in the Western Ghats. I Sudha, Vasan, (Red.), Environmental Studies from India: Engaging with the Planetary Ecological Crisis. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198984115. s. 243–262. doi: 10.1093/9780198984115.003.0017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In environmental studies of South Asia and beyond, fields and forests have mostly appeared as separate domains of policy and study. Agrarian studies, peasant studies, and agro- ecology (Mohanty, 2016) have developed largely independently of and with little dialogue with environmental histories of forestry, conservation, and environmentalism (Sivaramakrishnan, 1999; Gadgil & Guha, 2000; Agrawal, 2005; Vasan, 2006). This article challenges the conceptual and scholarly divisions between fields and forests by focusing on the material semiotics of their contact zone— where the political ecologies of agriculture, forestry, and conservation meet.

• Münster, Daniel (2024). Fermentation and More-than-Human Health: How to Speak of/to Soils and Other Aliens? Cultural Analysis. ISSN 2572-0643. 22(2), s. 145–149. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are many valuable insights to be gained from these accounts of human-microbial relationships in gardens of Finland, Sardinia, and Iceland. The people we encounter through these articles engage in complex relationships with microbial life in the form of Kombucha SCOBYs, compost heaps, bokashi and other strange liquids that accumulate at the bottom of bokashi buckets, Effective Microorganisms (trademarked as EM), kefirs, and JDAM indigenous microbial solution. These human-microbial performances (Ingram 2011) in the garden and beyond inspire me to reflect on three interconnected themes that I see as relevant in these emergent probiotic engagements with soils and the world of microbes: anthropomorphism, doing good with microbes, and health asecology. Following Lorimer (2020) I call these human-microbial engagements probiotic, because they pose an alternative to the older framing of microbes as enemies and pathogens that need to be contained, eradicated, and controlled through regimes of hygiene and antimicrobial medicines.

• Münster, Daniel (2022). “Plants of Internal Colonization: Critical Descriptions of Agrarian Change Through Plant Agencies in South India.”. I Bubandt, Nils; Andersen, Astrid Oberborbeck & Cypher, Rachel (Red.), Rubber Boots Methods for the Anthropocene: Doing Fieldwork in Multispecies Worlds. University of Minnesota Press. ISSN 9781517911652. s. 119–145. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sony, R.K.; Münster, Daniel & Krishnan, Siddhartha (2022). What counts as evidence? Examining the controversy over pesticide exposure and etiology in an environmental justice movement in Kerala, India. Environmental Sociology. 9(2), s. 148–164. doi: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2124625. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Scientific evidence and knowledge are central to movements for environmental justice. Cases of pesticide toxicity have often led to the emergence of controversies around the nature of evidence and its causal connection to observed pathologies. Toxic effects depend on multiple, situated socioecological conditions such as time and place, duration, and mode of administration, making quantifiable etiology tenuous. Research on toxic exposure issues has shown limitations of regulatory sciences in establishing causality and argued for bringing various ways of knowing to understand, acknowledge and act against harms due to exposure. This article draws on sociological research carried out in northern Kerala, where continued use of the insecticide endosulfan between 1977 and 2000 has had significant health impacts on farmworkers and the general population. We present the case of endosulfan poisoning as an instance of controversy over evidence and uncertainty about causality emerging from agriculture scientists’ insistence on proof of etiology that has effectively jeopardized justice for endosulfan victims. We argue that, in cases of economy-oriented production agriculture, powerful actors like agriculture scientists, governments and the pesticide industry use science as a tool to maintain uncertainty as a resource to obscure the truth, making claims about reparative policies and actions impossible.

• Liang, Siran & Münster, Daniel (2022). Between Medicine and Gift How Anticorruption, E-Commerce, and Biotechnology Fostered the Emergence of "fresh Cordyceps" in Sino-Tibetan Trade. Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity. ISSN 1573-420X. 17(2), s. 251–278. doi: 10.1163/15734218-12341515. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2021). The Nectar of Life: Fermentation, Soil Health, and Bionativism in Indian Natural Farming. Current Anthropology. ISSN 0011-3204. 62, s. 311–322. doi: 10.1086/715477. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2021). Affect Beyond the Human: Indian Agriculture in a Multispecies World, Engaging transculturality: Concepts, key terms, case studies. Routledge. ISSN 9781032093635. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2020). The Science Question in Alternative Agricultures: Zero Budget Natural Farming and the emergence of agronomical pluralism in India. I Michaels, Axel & Wulf, Christoph (Red.), Science and Scientification in South Asia and Europe. Routledge. ISSN 9780429353215. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2019). Ethnologie, Dorf: Ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch. Verlag J. B. Metzler. ISSN 9783476054494. s. 32–38. doi: 10.1007/978-3-476-05449-4_6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2018). Agro-Ecological Double Movements? Zero Budget Natural Farming and alternative agricultures after the neoliberal crisis in Kerala, Critical Perspectives on Agrarian Transition: India in the Global Debate. Routledge. ISSN 9781138488311. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2018). Performing alternative agriculture: Critique and recuperation in Zero Budget Natural Farming. Journal of political ecology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2017). Zero Budget Natural Farming and Bovine Entanglements in South India. RCC Perspectives. ISSN 2190-5088. doi: 10.5282/rcc/7771. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2017). Frontier in Ruins: Internal Colonization and the Making of an Agricultural Landscape in South India, Soziale Ästhetik, Atmosphäre, Medialität. Beiträge aus der Ethnologie. LIT Verlag. ISSN 9783643139115. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel & Poerting, Julia (2016). Land als Ressource, Boden und Landschaft: Materialität, Relationalität und neue Agrarfragen in der Politischen Ökologie. Geographica Helvetica. The Swiss Journal of Geography. ISSN 0016-7312. doi: 10.5194/gh-71-245-2016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2015). Farmer suicides as public death: Politics, agency and statistics in a suicide-prone district (South India). Modern Asian Studies. ISSN 0026-749X. doi: 10.1017/S0026749X14000225. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2015). “Ginger is a gamble”: Crop Booms, Rural Uncertainty, and the Neoliberalization of agriculture in South India. Focaal: Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology. ISSN 0920-1297. doi: 10.3167/fcl.2015.710109. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2015). Agrarian Alternatives: Agroecology, food sovereignty and the reworking of human-environmental relations in India. Rivista degli Studi Orientali. ISSN 0392-4866. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel & Broz, Ludek (2015). The Anthropology of Suicide: Ethnography and the Tension of Agency, Suicide and Agency. Ashgate. ISSN 9780367597580. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2015). Farmers’ Suicide and the Moral Economy of Agriculture. Victimhood, Voice, and Agro-Environmental Responsibility in South India. Suicide and Agency. Ashgate. ISSN 9780367597580. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel & Strümpell, Christian (2014). The Anthropology of Neoliberal India: An Introduction. Contributions to Indian sociology. ISSN 0069-9667. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2012). Postkoloniale Ethnologie: Vom Objekt postkolonialer Kritik zur Ethnografie der neoliberalen Globalisierung, Schlüsselwerke der Postcolonial Studies. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. ISSN 9783531175775. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel & Münster, Ursula (2012). Human-Animal Conflicts in Kerala: Elephants and Ecological Modernity on the Agrarian Frontier in South India. RCC Perspectives. ISSN 2190-5088. doi: 10.5282/rcc/6157. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel & Münster, Ursula (2012). Consuming the Forest in an Environment of Crisis: Nature Tourism, Forest Conservation and Neoliberal Agriculture in South India. Development and Change. ISSN 0012-155X. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01754.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2012). Farmers' suicides and the state in India: Conceptual and ethnographic notes from Wayanad, Kerala. Contributions to Indian sociology. ISSN 0069-9667. doi: 10.1177/006996671104600208. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Broz, Ludek & Münster, Daniel (2015). Suicide and Agency. Ashgate. ISBN 9780367597580. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2007). Postkoloniale Traditionen. Eine Ethnografie über Dorf, Kaste und Ritual in Südindien. Transcript Verlag. ISBN 9783899425383. doi: 10.1515/9783839405383. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2001). Religionsästhetik und Anthropologie der Sinne: Vorarbeiten zu einer Religionsethnologie der Produktion und Rezeption ritueller Medien. Akademischer Verlag München. ISBN 9783932965524. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Okoya, Leo & Münster, Daniel (2025). Pesticides at your doorsteps: Actors and agents in the distribution and monitoring of pesticides in Northern Uganda. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Okoya, Leo & Münster, Daniel (2025). Pesticides monitoring at the grassroots level: Infrastructures, Technologies and the promise of hopes in Ugandan Agriculture. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2025). Commoning the anthropology of drugs and drug use. With reference to a debate about psychedelic sciences in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In my opening paper I highlight some general trends in the anthropology of drugs and drug use that might be of importance to this panel. I refer to a recent debate in the Norwegian public sphere about the merits of psychedelic science to make a short intervention about commoning and uncommoning in the anthropology of drugs.

• Münster, Daniel (2025). Biochar and the Anthropology of Soil Health in India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2025). Soils, Carbon, Microbes: Biochar and the limits of more-than-human health. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Soil health is a widely used yet poorly defined concept in emergent debates about more-than-human health and other conversations about moving health and medicine beyond anthropocentrism. This paper will approach the issue of soil health, and more-than-human health by extension, through empirical engagement with the rediscovery of biochar among communities of practice engaged with finding solutions to degraded soils and blasted landscapes of contemporary India. Biochar is a carbon rich and highly porous black substance that is produced by burning organic matter under oxygen deprived conditions (pyrolysis). Biochar is currently experimentally applied as soil amendment, where it is supposed to adsorb toxins, improve water holding capacity and creates favorable microbial milieus. Another set of practitioners invests hope in biochar as a technology for mitigating climate change by fixing carbon. Based on anthropological fieldwork among biochar producers in India, I trace the emergence and consolidation of this low cost more-than-human “soil medicine” in the last century and its implications for notions of more-than-human health. Taking inspiration form recent work in STS and anthropology on elements (Papadopoulos et al. 2021), chemical relations (Murphy 2017), the social study of microbes (Brives et al. 2021) as well as my own work in soil ontologies, I explore the limits of the notion of more-than-human health. Biochar-making enacts health both at the planetary level removing carbon gases deemed harmful to “earth” and at the level of soil, acting on a distributed entity without body. However, paradoxically by transforming decayable life into a lifeless elemental form.

• Münster, Daniel (2025). Biochar for planetary health. doi: https:/www.dur.ac.uk/departments/academic/anthropology/events/health-environment-and-anthropology-heat-2025/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Biochar production and application has in the last 15 years attained the status of a technology of hope in rural development and planetary health. Biochar is a carbon rich and highly pourous black substance that is produced by burning organic matter under oxygen deprived conditions (a process called pyrolysis). Unlike charcoal it can be produced by using a variety of farm based feedstock (rice husks, cotton stalks, coconut shells) and it can be applied as soil amendment, where it is supposed to adsorb toxins, improve water holding capacity and act as a “hotel for microbes” as one of my informants in India put it. Simply put, biochar has the potential to heal degraded soils, heal the planet by “fixing” organic carbon, heal agricultural landscapes by providing a use for invasive plants such Prosopis juliflora, and heal local communities by providing alternatives to stubble burning (a major source of air pollution) and wood cookstoves. Most of these promises however are theoretical. My paper reports on my ongoing anthropological fieldwork in the emergent Indian biochar space and map how the substance and the technology are drawn into and mediate the multispecies worlds of agroecology, human health, climate finance, startup businesses, agricultural research, microbial turns in health and ecology, do-it-yourself tinkering and a diversity of regional concerns at the intersection of health and ecology. I hope to show how biochar as substance and (re-)mediation process may provide a language and (subject) matter for reframing anthropological engagements with health as ecology and ecology as health.

• Münster, Daniel (2025). Cycling, Fixing, Amending: Soil repair with biochar in India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  My paper offers reflections on my recent anthropological fieldwork in the emergent world of biochar in India. Biochar is carbon rich material that is produced in a process of oxygen deprived burning (called pyrolysis). My work traces the multiple meanings, aspirations, and interests that meet around this emergent technology. The main uses of biochar are in environmental remediation, (agrarian) waste management, soil fertility restoration, carbon sequestration. I hope to show how in the Indian context biochar although universally praised as revolutionary technology and hopeful technology for climate, landscape ecology and soil repair is caught up in conflicting interests. I hope to show some of the fault lines between communities of practice that foreground either soil repair, carbon fixing, or waste removal. Each of these perspectives have consequences for the scalability of biochar, its val-ue/valuation, and potential for accumulation/extraction. I foreground communities that approach biochar through the needs of toxic/degraded soils.

• Okoya, Leo & Münster, Daniel (2024). The socio-ecological lives of pesticides in the Ugandan Smallholder Agri-food System: Health and Environmental implications. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Münster, Daniel (2024). Climate Mobilities: Exploring wild animals, plants, and deities on the move. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2024). Fermentation as Ontological Politics: What Agrarian Ferments Do in Indian Natural Farming Systems. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel & Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (2024). Agroecological Movements in India: Mobilizing Religion and Spirituality in the Context of Hindu Nationalist Hegemony. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bauer, Susanne; Vaage, Nora Sørensen & Münster, Daniel (2024). Introduction to the Panel "Soil Repair". Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2023). Agronomical pluralism and more-than-human health: The troubled knowledges of post-Green revolution agriculture in South India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Late industrial agriculture is a prime site for the study of troubled knowledge about harms, toxicity and the environment. Small scale producers in the Global South increasingly find themselves in a situation that I call agronomical pluralism (in analogy to medical pluralism) in which they have to navigate contested, conflicting and partly incompatible knowledges/practices in regard to farming, soil care and plant maintenance. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork in agrarian South India, and in particular in the landscapes of the Western Ghats that have been the site comparatively high pesticide use, extractive plantation agriculture and a related epidemic of farmers suicides, this paper focus on the uncertainty and contestations around more-than-human health. This includes questions about cancers, birth defects and other NCDs that communities suspect to be caused by practices of pesticide use, although vehemently denied by industry and government agronomy. More than human health also points to the ontological politics of microbial care for soil health, symbiotic understanding of plant and animal health and practices and concerns around polluted foods. I suggest agronomical pluralism as a lens for capturing power, knowledge, biopolitics, and health in late industrial agriculture.

• Münster, Daniel (2023). Writing chemicals in and out of bodies. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2023). Cultivating Hope: Settlers, Suicides, and Symbiosis at the Agrarian Frontier in South India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In my presentation at SAI will speak about my ongoing book project, which is an anthropological investigation into agrarian change and the responses of local people in the Wayanad region of the Western Ghats in South India. It traces the genealogies of a regional agrarian crisis and explores the diversity of emergent responses among farmers and other agricultural experts. I ethnographically explore the more-than-human making of an agrarian settler frontier, the ways contemporary smallholders navigate this agrarian crisis (which is also a crisis of dominant models of agronomy and progress), and identify practices of, and possibilities for, agroecological recuperation. Organized around three concepts - frontier, crisis, and symbiosis - Cultivating Hope combines anthropological history of changing land relations and multispecies histories of frontier making since the colonial era with ethnography of emergent styles of farming. The aim of my presentation is to show that smallholder agriculture, rather than being monolithic, accommodates a large variety of agrarian practices, materialities, philosophies, and ontological contestations, even within the same region.

• Münster, Daniel (2023). Yogic Ecology and Soil Health in South India: Notes on Sadhguru's Safe Soil Campaign. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel & Münster, Ursula (2023). Anthropogenic Soils: Recuperating Human-Soil Relationships on a Troubled Planet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Soils are central for our understanding and responses to the contemporary environmental crisis. The survival of all terrestrial life, including human life, depends on the availability of healthy living soils. In the Anthropocene, soils are among the ecosystems critically affected by industrial and agricultural land uses. While the thin layer of planetary topsoil has formed over millennia, our soils are increasingly shaped and affected by human (anthropogenic) activity: These include multiple forms of soil degradation and erosion through chemical contamination, radioactivity, and the loss of nutrients, but also practices of soil care. Working with soil for millennia, human communities have developed a great diversity of technologies for enhancing, cleaning up, and restoring soils for food production, and after natural and technological disasters.   In this talk, we present the environmental humanities led project “Anthropogenic Soils” that studies the ways people in different parts of the world have invented, practiced, and imagined ways of recuperating soil health. We argue that soils need to be conceptualized not as natural resources to be exploited, but as “anthropogenic”, as lively and dynamic natural-cultural composition responsive to human recuperation and healing. The project combines studies of repairing contaminated, toxic, and depleted soils in different parts of the globe – from South Asia to Norway and the Arctic – as well as artistic and multimedia research into the ways in which Indigenous writers and artists offer alternative modes of relating to soils, and for building possible future of earthly survival. Closely collaborating across the humanities, social sciences arts and life sciences, SOILS combines ethnographic, multispecies and praxiographic methodologies with speculative and artistic research to generate new knowledge about emergent human-soil relations.

• Bauer, Susanne; Münster, Daniel & Vaage, Nora Sørensen (2023). Introduction to the Panel. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Multispecies Anthropology: Reflections on Agrarian Wayanad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Microbes as gods? Exploring more-than-human health through practices of soil recuperation in India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Big cows vs little cows: Engineering (spiritual) livestock futures in South India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Thinking like a Holobiont. Microbial soil recuperation among planetary health workers in South India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this paper I will bring with microbial recuperation of soils in conversation with the emerging framework of planetary health (Horton et al 2014). Based on my anthropological fieldwork among natural farming activists in South India, I reframe their activity as planetary health work and explore how innovations in soil care practice contribute to enactments of human-soil dependencies based on understandings of distributed personhood at the microbial level (holobiont) and the foregrounding of symbiosis (Sariola & Gilbert 2020) in farming and society at large. As microbiopolitics is about how “dissent over how to live with microorganisms reflects disagreement about how humans ought to live with one another” (Paxson 2014), I engage with agricultural soils to explore microbial understandings about the intersection of human health and the environment based on metaphors and relations afforded by soil. Of special importance are practices of experimenting with microbial means of improving soil health such as the use of inoculants, composts and fermented compost teas that act to counter the devastations of productivist agriculture in post-Independence India. I explore how microbiomes invite us to think health and wellbeing from a microbial point of view as digestive (Mol 2021), eating and being eaten, symbiotic, and metabolic rationalities affecting materially and semiotically distributed holobionts.. I will take this material to reflect on the potential and shortcomings of recent approaches to ecologize medicine in the discourses on One Health and Planetary Health (Whitmee et al. 2015) by interrogating them through the lens of soils as a planetary microbiome. I will interrogate tendency in planetary health frameworks of taking the planetary (and its multiple crises) as narrative device for scaling up responses to threats to human health. Soils as relational, anthropogenic and plasticity and anthropogenic quality of soil, invites James Lovelock’s hypothetical “planetary physician”

• Münster, Daniel & Münster, Ursula (2021). Pharmaceutical Care: Diclofenac, a Pharmacon of More-Than-Human Health. Cultural anthropology. ISSN 0886-7356. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2021). More-than-human health. Soil and people in natural farming (India). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Münster, Daniel (2021). Fermentation, Soil Health, and Planetary Health. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hansen, Mette Halskov; Wellens, Koen; Münster, Daniel & Baviskar, Amita (2021). Transcendence and Sustainability: Asian Visions with Global Promise. Panel presentation and discussion. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Are spiritually and religiously inspired environmental movements in Asia largely overlooked as an essential contribution to the global goal of environmental sustainability? Presentation of a new international project based in China, India, Taiwan and Vietnam

• Schuettler, Sina Susanna & Münster, Daniel (2025). Principles in Practice: The Ethics of Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy in Norway. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This thesis examines the ethical challenges surrounding ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KAP) in Norway, which in August 2025 became the first country in the world to approve public reimbursement of generic ketamine for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). KAP combines sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine with structured psychotherapy before and after dosing. Its growing use for TRD raises questions about the ethical frameworks that guide its delivery. Drawing on 16 semi-structured interviews with physicians and clinical psychologists, the study explores these questions through the lenses of principlist bioethics, science and technology studies, and critical psychiatry. Findings were synthesized through abductive thematic analysis and organized around three themes: access to care, informed consent, and therapeutic integrity. Respondents described systemic barriers to access, the difficulty of securing meaningful consent in altered states induced by ketamine, and the importance of continuity of care beyond immediate drug effects. Additional themes included therapeutic touch, route of administration, eligibility thresholds, stigma, risks of misuse, and cultural blind spots. Together, these accounts show how ethical reasoning was assembled in the absence of standardized guidance. The analysis demonstrates that practitioners navigated these challenges through boundary work, understood as efforts to draw and negotiate professional boundaries to secure legitimacy for contested practices. Principlism provided a pragmatic analytic baseline but required contextual enactment to address the relational and experiential dimensions of care. The discussion situates these findings within debates on pharmaceuticalization and medical pluralism, arguing that effective navigation of ethical challenges depends on institutional structures that recognize and support multiple forms of clinical knowledge. Although the interviews predate the reimbursement decision, the findings remain pertinent for understanding its implications. While public funding may reduce inequities of access, the remaining challenges will continue to shape how KAP develops within Norwegian psychiatry and beyond.

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