Kristine Bærøe

• Ndambo, Myness K.; Bærøe, Kristine; Phiri, Kamija S.; Chiumia, Isabel-Kazanga; Teig, Inger Lise & Robberstad, Bjarne [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Conceptualizing the implementation of post-discharge malaria chemoprevention in Malawi using a co-design approach. Malaria Journal. 24(51). doi: 10.1186/s12936-025-05265-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Severe malaria poses a significant challenge to under-five children in Malawi, leading to high rates of hospitalization and mortality. The World Health Organization has recently recommended post-discharge malaria chemoprevention (PDMC) as a preventive strategy for under-five children with severe anaemia in malaria-endemic regions. In response to this recommendation, Malawi's Ministry of Health (MoH) plans to implement PDMC nationwide. To facilitate effective implementation, the MoH has partnered with the Training and Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE) to conduct PDMC delivery trials to gather evidence for practical implementation in Malawi and similar settings. A key component of this initiative involved the MoH leading the co-design workshops with key stakeholders to foster collaboration, spur innovation, and develop user-centred strategies. This collaborative effort aimed to investigate optimal PDMC implementation strategies to guide the scale-up in Malawi and contribute to policy-making processes that enhance transparency, accountability, and ownership. Methods This participatory action research occurred in the Salima district, Malawi, from 11 to 12 May 2023. Two co-design workshops were utilized, involving policymakers (n = 15), healthcare providers (n = 8), and prospective users (n = 2). The approach consisted of two stages. First, separate information-gathering sessions were held with policymakers, healthcare providers, and prospective users. Second, a structured discussion was facilitated, allowing collaboration between policymakers, healthcare providers, and prospective users to develop strategies for delivering and integrating the intervention. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and manually analyzed using a thematic approach. Results The inductive analysis yielded four overarching themes from the data. These key themes are PDMC adaptability, trialability, implementability, and sustainability. Stakeholders recommended adopting PDMC in Malawi, with health facilities as the optimal delivery option, ensuring that discharged children receive dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine doses for three months. PDMC aligns with existing systems, offering integration opportunities for managing childhood illnesses. However, gaps in policy development, approval, and health system strengthening—including supply chain, monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up—must be addressed to ensure PDMC's sustainability. Conclusions The co-design results indicate stakeholders' willingness to adopt and implement PDMC in Malawi. However, there is an awareness of the challenges that must be addressed to facilitate PDMC's successful implementation and sustainability.

• Bærøe, Kristine; Arnason, Vilhjalmur; Jansen, Maarten; Yamin, Alicia Ely; Ruano, Ana Lorena & Davis, Austen Peter (2025). Pandemic and Crisis Preparedness and Response: Conceptualizing Cultural, Social and Political Drivers of Trustworthiness and Collective Action. Public Health Ethics. ISSN 1754-9973. 18(2). doi: 10.1093/phe/phaf004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  During the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, trust in governments and between individuals was associated with lower rates of infections and mortality. Thus, understanding the conditions under which public trust allows for the development of effective policymaking, regular revision, and voluntary mobilization for effective implementation in times of crisis, is important from both a public health and governance perspective. In this article, we explore how core structures of distinct empirical, social and moral phenomena are theoretically interconnected into a conceptual model of trustworthiness in governing authorities. We hypothesize that empirical trustworthiness built over time needs to be combined with specific conditions for trustworthy agencies in emergency situations. We present a theoretically consistent conceptual model in the form of a compass tool that identifies areas of trust-conducive conditions for trustworthy authorities to address. The compass can be operationalized and empirically tested in specific national contexts. It can be applied by various groups to guide debate, explore, and monitor progress in developing trust-conducive conditions in support of a nation’s holistic preparedness and response to crises. We have derived generalizable categories from specific issues occurring during the pandemic, but any team using this compass could dynamically align it for other types of crises.

• Bhopal, Anand; Bærøe, Kristine & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2025). Ambition With Uncertainty: Exploring Policy-Makers’ Perspectives on Pathways to Net Zero Healthcare. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 14. doi: 10.34172/ijhpm.8440. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Over 80 countries have now signed up to the COP26 Health Programme—a World Health Organization (WHO)-led initiative on climate change and health—of which 45 countries have committed to reaching net zero emissions before 2050. Efforts to reduce healthcare’s carbon footprint raise conceptual, ethical and practical challenges for efficient and fair resource allocation. This study investigates how civil servants leading the development and implementation of national net zero healthcare strategies conceptualise the responsibility of health systems to cut emissions and describe potential trade-offs along the way. Methods We undertook 11 online, semi-structured qualitative research interviews between September 2022 – May 2023 with civil servants leading national net zero healthcare strategies. The interview guide explored three main areas: responsibility for emissions, priority setting and international perspectives. Interviews were coded and analysed the data using Malterud’s systematic text condensation (STC). Results Four main themes emerged: obligation to act, leadership, governance, and prioritization. Participants described that the healthcare system should take responsibility for its entire carbon footprint, including harms inflicted beyond national borders. We also found indications of synergistic, multi-scalar health leadership—clinical, civil service, and political—helping to accelerate the net zero healthcare agenda. Participants generally rejected the notion of direct “tradeoffs” between efforts to reduce emissions and patient care, emphasising ways net zero healthcare can leverage societal health improvements more broadly. These empirical findings inform the emerging literature exploring how health systems should account for their environmental impacts. Conclusion Our findings highlight the sincerity of ambitions to deliver net zero healthcare and uncertainties on how to get there. Further work characterising the types of constraints and trade-offs policy-makers face on the path to net zero healthcare systems, including examples of how these have been overcome, could help integrate climate concerns into healthcare decision-making and resource allocation processes.

• Bærøe, Kristine & Cappelen, Cornelius Wright (2024). Vaccination-Sensitive Healthcare Rationing: Overlooked Conditions, Translational Ethics, and Climate-Related Challenges. American Journal of Bioethics. ISSN 1526-5161. 24(7), s. 94–96. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2024.2353824. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Park and Davies (Citation2024) have conducted impressive work on synthesizing the discussion of vaccination-sensitive rationing and relevant theoretical approaches. In this commentary, we build upon their work by addressing three key areas: (1) identifying overlooked conditions and implications of rationing healthcare for the unvaccinated according to luck egalitarianism, (2) drawing attention to the next level of normative and empirical conditions that need to be in place for vaccination-sensitive healthcare rationing to be considered ethically acceptable or politically legitimate in a real-world setting, and (3) sketching new conditions for assessing the ethical acceptability and political legitimacy of such rationing, taking into account the impact of healthcare on climate change and vice versa.

• Bærøe, Kristine; Bhopal, Anand Singh & Gundersen, Torbjørn (2024). Towards an environmentally sensitive healthcare ethics: ten tasks and one model. Journal of Medical Ethics. ISSN 0306-6800. 50(6), s. 382–383. doi: 10.1136/jme-2024-109875. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2024). Translational bioethics: Reflections on what it can be and how it should work. Bioethics. ISSN 0269-9702. 38(3), s. 187–195. doi: 10.1111/bioe.13263. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Translational ethics (TE) has been developed into a specific approach, which revolves around the argument that strategies for bridging the theory-practice gap in bioethics must themselves be justified on ethical terms. This version of TE incorporates normative, empirical and foundational ethics research and continues to develop through application and in the face of new ethical challenges. Here, I explore the idea that the academic field of bioethics has not yet sufficiently analysed its own philosophical foundation for how it can, and should, be practically relevant; neither has it comprehensively discussed the limitations on what impacts bioethicists should pursue. As a result, there has not been adequate training on how to suitably and appropriately impact real-world practices. Moreover, bioethical perspectives are often competing with other strong interests, for example, economic and political, which may weaken their impact on policy-making. The TE approach I propose can not only facilitate practical impacts of academic bioethics by being better informed by real-world ethical issues but it also supports targeted and ethical justifications of the actual impact of academic work in real-world contexts. In this paper, I clarify the premises for this TE approach, identify further challenges and sketch out potential solutions for the implementation of this methodological framework.

• Bærøe, Kristine; Albertsen, Andreas & Cappelen, Cornelius Wright (2023). On the Anatomy of Health-related Actions for Which People Could Reasonably be Held Responsible: A Framework. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. ISSN 0360-5310. 48(4), s. 384–399. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhad025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Should we let personal responsibility for health-related behavior influence the allocation of healthcare resources? In this paper, we clarify what it means to be responsible for an action. We rely on a crucial conceptual distinction between being responsible and holding someone responsible, and show that even though we might be considered responsible and blameworthy for our health-related actions, there could still be well-justified reasons for not considering it reasonable to hold us responsible by giving us lower priority. We transform these philosophical considerations into analytical use first by assessing the general features of health-related actions and the corresponding healthcare needs. Then, we identify clusters of structural features that even adversely affected people cannot reasonably deny constitute actions for which they should be held responsible. We summarize the results in an analytical framework that can be used by decision-makers when considering personal responsibility for health as a criterion for setting priorities.

• Teig, Inger Lise; Bærøe, Kristine; Melberg, Andrea & Carlsen, Benedicte (2023). Governance determinants of health: exploring the structural impact of politicalization, bureaucratization and medical standardization on health inequity. International Journal of Health Governance. ISSN 2059-4631. doi: 10.1108/IJHG-03-2023-0031. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Gundersen, Torbjørn (2023). Trustworthy Bioethicists within Lifecycles of Artificial Intelligence in Health. I Morr, Christo El (Red.), AI and Society: Tensions and Opportunities. CRC Press. ISSN 9781032194165. s. p.249-–264. doi: 10.1201/9781003261247-18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gundersen, Torbjørn & Bærøe, Kristine (2022). The Future Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Making Sense of Collaborative Models. Science and Engineering Ethics. ISSN 1353-3452. 28(2), s. 1–16. doi: 10.1007/s11948-022-00369-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article examines the role of medical doctors, AI designers, and other stakeholders in making applied AI and machine learning ethically acceptable on the general premises of shared decision-making in medicine. Recent policy documents such as the EU strategy on trustworthy AI and the research literature have often suggested that AI could be made ethically acceptable by increased collaboration between developers and other stakeholders. The article articulates and examines four central alternative models of how AI can be designed and applied in patient care, which we call the ordinary evidence model, the ethical design model, the collaborative model, and the public deliberation model. We argue that the collaborative model is the most promising for covering most AI technology, while the public deliberation model is called for when the technology is recognized as fundamentally transforming the conditions for ethical shared decision-making.

• Bærøe, Kristine; Kerasidou, Angeliki; Dunn, Michael & Teig, Inger Lise (2022). Pursuing impact in research: towards an ethical approach. BMC Medical Ethics. 23. doi: 10.1186/s12910-022-00754-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Research proactively and deliberately aims to bring about specific changes to how societies function and individual lives fare. However, in the ever-expanding field of ethical regulations and guidance for researchers, one ethical consideration seems to have passed under the radar: How should researchers act when pursuing actual, societal changes based on their academic work? Main text When researchers engage in the process of bringing about societal impact to tackle local or global challenges important concerns arise: cultural, social and political values and institutions can be put at risk, transformed or even hampered if researchers lack awareness of how their ‘acting to impact’ influences the social world. With today’s strong focus on research impacts, addressing such ethical challenges has become urgent within in all fields of research involved in finding solutions to the challenges societies are facing. Due to the overall goal of doing something good that is often inherent in ethical approaches, boundaries to researchers’ impact of something good is neither obvious, nor easy to detect. We suggest that it is time for the field of bioethics to explore normative boundaries for researchers’ pursuit of impact and to consider, in detail, the ethical obligations that ought to shape this process, and we provide a four-step framework of fair conditions for such an approach. Our suggested approach within this field can be useful for other fields of research as well. Conclusion With this paper, we draw attention to how the transition from pursuing impact within the Academy to trying to initiate and achieve impact beyond the Academy ought to be configured, and the ethical challenges inherent in this transition. We suggest a stepwise strategy to identify, discuss and constitute consensus-based boundaries to this academic activity. This strategy calls for efforts from a multi-disciplinary team of researchers, advisors from the humanities and social sciences, as well as discussants from funding institutions, ethical committees, politics and the society in general. Such efforts should be able to offer new and useful assistance to researchers, as well as research funding agencies, in choosing ethically acceptable, impact-pursuing projects.

• Bærøe, Kristine & Bringedal, Berit (2022). Social inequalities in health: The need for a new concept of health. Tidsskrift for forskning i sygdom og samfund. ISSN 1604-3405. s. 27–38. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Gundersen, Torbjørn; Henden, Edmund & Rommetveit, Kjetil (2022). Can medical algorithms be fair? Three ethical quandaries and one dilemma. BMJ Health & Care Informatics. 29(1), s. 1–6. doi: 10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100445. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To demonstrate what it takes to reconcile the idea of fairness in medical algorithms and machine learning (ML) with the broader discourse of fairness and health equality in health research. Method The methodological approach used in this paper is theoretical and ethical analysis. Result We show that the question of ensuring comprehensive ML fairness is interrelated to three quandaries and one dilemma. Discussion As fairness in ML depends on a nexus of inherent justice and fairness concerns embedded in health research, a comprehensive conceptualisation is called for to make the notion useful. Conclusion This paper demonstrates that more analytical work is needed to conceptualise fairness in ML so it adequately reflects the complexity of justice and fairness concerns within the field of health research.

• Kerasidou, Angeliki; Bærøe, Kristine; Berger, Zackary & Brown, Amy Caruso (2021). The need for empathetic healthcare systems. Journal of Medical Ethics. ISSN 0306-6800. 47(12). doi: 10.1136/medethics-2019-105921. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Medicine is not merely a job that requires technical expertise, but a profession concerned with making the best decisions and recommendations with reference to, and in consultation with, the patient. This means that the skill set required for healthcare professionals in order to provide good care is a combination of scientific knowledge, technical aptitude, and affective qualities or virtues such as compassion and empathy.

• Bhopal, Anand Singh; Mehdin, Haileselassie; Bærøe, Kristine & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2021). Climate change and health in Ethiopia: To what extent have the health dimensions of climate change been integrated into the Climate-Resilient Green Economy? World Medical & Health Policy (WMHP). ISSN 2153-2028. 13(2), s. 293–312. doi: 10.1002/wmh3.447. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ethiopia is experiencing an increasing frequency and intensity of slow-onset and acute disasters caused by climate change, with significant health impacts. Understanding and addressing these impacts involves trade-offs, which are central to effective priority setting in health and overarching efforts to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite minimal historic greenhouse gas emissions, Ethiopia has been at the forefront of climate action since launching the Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) in 2011, a low-carbon development strategy. To learn from the Ethiopian approach, this paper examines to what extent health has been integrated into the CRGE. We found that the early years of the CRGE prioritized developing the financial basis of the green economy, while the health impacts of climate change have only been tentatively considered to date and remain detached from broader health strategies. Further analysis of climate adaptation measures, “health co-benefits,” and reducing specific vulnerabilities of the health sector could help improve health and build climate resilience.

• Sætrevik, Bjørn; Bærøe, Kristine; Carlsen, Benedicte & Bjørkheim, Sebastian Brun (2021). Nordmenn stolte på myndighetenes informasjon og tiltak i starten av koronapandemien. Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning. ISSN 0809-2052. 24(2), s. 1–16. doi: 10.18261/issn.2464-3076-2021-02-06. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Effektiv håndtering av en pandemi avhenger av at befolkningen har tillit til myndighetene, og at den stoler på og er villig til å følge smitteverntiltakene. I mars, juni og august 2020 undersøkte vi disse faktorene i tre spørreundersøkelser som er representative for Norges befolkning. Disse viste at flertallet har høy tillit til hvordan nasjonale og regionale myndigheter håndterer pandemien, og tillit til at de selv vil kunne håndtere de utfordringer som pandemien kan komme til å gi dem. De fleste stoler på informasjonen fra helsemyndighetene, spesielt når det kommer til smitteverntiltak, og mener det er viktig å følge med på offisiell informasjon. De aller fleste sier at de følger smitteverntiltakene, og tror at tiltakene vil være effektive. Til tross for at opplevelsen av pandemien endret seg i løpet denne perioden, viste undersøkelsene bare små endringer i etterlevelse. I denne perioden hadde den norske befolkningen stor tillit til helsemyndighetene og ønsket å følge den offisielle informasjonen og tiltakene. Denne tilliten kan være avgjørende for vellykket håndtering av pandemier.

• Bringedal, Berit; Teig, Inger Lise & Bærøe, Kristine (2020). Governing health care provision – clinicians' experiences. I Montgomery, Anthony; Doef, Margot vand der; Panagopoulou, Efharis & Leiter, Michael P. (Red.), Connecting Healthcare worker Well-being, Patient Safety and Organizational Change. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030609986. s. 131–144. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Miyata-Sturm, Ainar & Henden, Edmund (2020). How to Achieve Trusthworthy Artificial Intelligence for Health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. ISSN 0042-9686. 98(4), s. 1–12. doi: 10.2471/blt.19.237289. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Artificial intelligence holds great promise in terms of beneficial, accurate and effective preventive and curative interventions. At the same time, there is also awareness of potential risks and harm that may be caused by unregulated developments of artificial intelligence. Guiding principles are being developed around the world to foster trustworthy development and application of artificial intelligence systems. These guidelines can support developers and governing authorities when making decisions about the use of artificial intelligence. The High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence set up by the European Commission launched the report Ethical guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence in2019. The report aims to contribute to reflections and the discussion on the ethics of artificial intelligence technologies also beyond the countries of the European Union (EU). In this paper, we use the global health sector as a case and argue that the EU’s guidance leaves too much room for local, contextualized discretion for it to foster trustworthy artificial intelligence globally. We point to the urgency of shared globalized efforts to safeguard against the potential harms of artificial intelligence technologies in health care.

• Eide, Kristiane Tislevoll; Morken, Nils-Halvdan & Bærøe, Kristine (2020). Tensions and interplay: A qualitative study of access to patient-centered birth counseling of maternal cesarean requests in Norway. Midwifery. ISSN 0266-6138. 88. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102764. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: This study aimed to explore women's access to patient-centered counseling for concerns initiating cesarean requests in absence of obstetric indications in pregnancy, and to identify tensions, barriers and facilitators affecting such care. Design, setting and informants: This qualitative study (June 2016 to August 2017) obtained data through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 women requesting planned C-section during birth counseling at a university hospital in Norway and focus group discussions with 20 caregivers (9 midwives and 11 obstetricians) employed at the same hospital. Analysis was carried out by systematic text condensation, a method for thematic analysis in medical research, presented within the frames of Levesque and colleagues’ conceptual framework of access to patient-centered care. Findings: The analysis revealed that there were considerable tensions in care seeking and provision of counseling for maternal requests for C-section. There was a prominent culture of vaginal delivery among caregivers and women. The appropriateness of CS on maternal request was debated and caregivers revealed diverging attitudes and practices when agreement with women was not reached. Women's views on their entitlement to choose were divided, but the majority of women did not support complete maternal choice. Midwife-led counseling were highly appreciated among woman as well as obstetricians. Implications for practice: Tensions and barriers in care seeking and provision of counseling for women requesting C-section for non-obstetric reasons, call for standardized counseling in order for equal and adequate care to be provided across health care institutions and providers. Dialogue-based decision-making and midwife-led care may improve satisfaction of care, enhance spontaneous vaginal deliveries and avoid future conflicts.

• Bærøe, Kristine (2020). Incommensurable Processes of Reasoning and Implications for Empirical and Normative Bioethics. AJOB Empirical Bioethics. ISSN 2329-4515. 11(1). doi: 10.1080/23294515.2019.1707726. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Henden, Edmund (2020). Translational Ethics and Challenges Involved in Putting Norms into Practice. American Journal of Bioethics. ISSN 1526-5161. 20(4), s. 71–73. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2020.1730520. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Jansen, Maarten P.M. & Kerasidou, Angeliki (2020). Machine Learning in Healthcare: Exceptional Technologies Require Exceptional Ethics. American Journal of Bioethics. ISSN 1526-5161. 20(11), s. 48–51. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2020.1820103. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eide, Kristiane Tislevoll & Bærøe, Kristine (2020). How to reach trustworthy decisions for caesarean sections on maternal request: a call for beneficial power. Journal of Medical Ethics. ISSN 0306-6800. 47(12). doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106071. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Caesarean delivery is a common and life-saving intervention. However, it involves an overall increased risk for short-term and long-term complications for both mother and child compared with vaginal delivery. From a medical point of view, healthcare professionals should, therefore, not recommend caesarean sections without any anticipated medical benefit. Consequently, caesarean sections requested by women for maternal reasons can cause conflict between professional recommendations and maternal autonomy. How can we assure ethically justified decisions in the case of caesarean sections on maternal request in healthcare systems that also respect patients’ autonomy and aspire for shared decisions? In the maternal–professional relationship, which can be characterised in terms of reciprocal obligations and rights, women may not be entitled to demand a C-section. Nevertheless, women have a right to respect for their deliberative capacity in the decision-making process. How should we deal with a situation of non-agreement between a woman and healthcare professional when the woman requests a caesarean section in the absence of obvious medical indications? In this paper, we illustrate how the maternal–professional relationship is embedded in a nexus of power, trust and risk that reinforces a structural inferiority for women. To accommodate for beneficial use of power, these decision processes need to be trustworthy. We propose a framework, inspired by Lukes’ three-dimensional notion of power, which serves to facilitate trust and allows for beneficial power in shared processes of decision-making about the delivery mode for women requesting planned C-sections.

• Cappelen, Cornelius; Midtbø, Tor & Bærøe, Kristine (2020). Responsibility considerations and the design of health care policies: a survey study of the Norwegian population. HEC Forum. ISSN 0956-2737. doi: 10.1007/s10730-020-09430-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Magelssen, Morten & Bærøe, Kristine (2019). Can clinical ethics committees be legitimate actors in bedside rationing? BMC Medical Ethics. 20(1), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s12910-019-0438-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Rationing and allocation decisions at the clinical level – bedside rationing – entail complex dilemmas that clinicians and managers often find difficult to handle. There is a lack of mechanisms and aids for promoting fair decisions, especially in hard cases. Reports indicate that clinical ethics committees (CECs) sometimes handle cases that involve bedside rationing dilemmas. Can CECs have a legitimate role to play in bedside rationing? Main text Aided by two frameworks for legitimate priority setting, we discuss how CECs can contribute to enhanced epistemic, procedural and political legitimacy in bedside rationing decisions. Drawing on previous work we present brief case vignettes and outline several potential roles that CECs may play, and then discuss whether these might contribute to rationing decisions becoming legitimate. In the process, key prerequisites for such legitimacy are identified. Legitimacy places demands on aspects such as the CEC’s deliberation process, the involvement of stakeholders, transparency of process, the opportunity to appeal decisions, and the competence of CEC members. On these conditions, CECs can help strengthen the legitimacy of some of the rationing decisions clinicians and managers have to make. Conclusions On specified conditions, CECs can have a well-justified advisory role to play in order to enhance the legitimacy of bedside rationing decisions.

• Bærøe, Kristine & Gundersen, Torbjørn (2019). Social impact under severe uncertainty: The role of neuroethicists at the intersection of neuroscience, AI, ethics, and policy-making. AJOB Neuroscience. ISSN 2150-7740. 10(3), s. 117–119. doi: 10.1080/21507740.2019.1632965. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The paper “Neuroethics at 15: The Current and Future Environment for Neuroethics” by the Emerging Issues Task Force, International Neuroethics Society, addresses central challenges for neuroscience in the years to come. The authors provide examples of pressing ethical, legal, and political issues that arise from neuroscience and neurotechnology, including artificial intelligence (AI). The paper nicely illustrates how neuroscience and neurotechnology involve complex issues pertaining to epistemic uncertainty and conflicting values (for instance, between economic growth and commercial values and risks to users of the technology and to the environment). It also expresses an ambition that neuroethics should have a positive societal impact. The paper does not, however, reflect much on the proper relationship between neuroethics as academic research and the application of research and technology in real-world settings, i.e. how the translation between theory and practice should be conducted in this field of ethics (Bærøe 2014). How can, and should, neuroethicists have an impact, be policy-relevant, and inform the public? Moreover, the hope of further professionalization of neuroethics (in the Conclusion) raises the question of what constitutes expertise in this field. Does this expertise merit authority primarily in clarification and analysis of the cases at hand, or does it also give neuroethicists authority to make recommendations to policymakers and the public about what they should do?

• Eide, Kristiane Tislevoll; Morken, Nils-Halvdan & Bærøe, Kristine (2019). Maternal reasons for requesting planned cesarean section in Norway: A qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 19(102), s. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2250-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Pregnant women who request a cesarean section in the absence of obstetric indication have become a highly debated issue in academic as well as popular literature. In order to find adequate, targeted treatment and preventive strategies, we need a better understanding of this phenomenon. The aim of this study is to provide a qualitative exploration of maternal requests for a planned cesarean section in Norway, in the absence of obstetric indications. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted consisting of 17 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with women requesting cesarean section and six focus group discussions with 20 caregivers (nine midwives, 11 obstetricians) working at a university hospital in Norway. Data were analyzed with Systematic Text Condensation, a method for thematic cross-case analysis. Results: Fear of birth emerged most commonly as a result of a previous traumatic birth experience that prompted a preference for a planned cesarean to avoid a repetition of the trauma. For some women in our study, postnatal care and the puerperal period were their crucial past experiences, and giving birth by planned cesarean was seen as a way to ensure mental rather than physical capability to care for the expected child after birth. Others were under the impression of being at high risk for an emergency C-section, and requesting a planned one was based on their perceived risk. Such perceptions included having a narrow pelvis, hereditary factors or previous birth outcomes. Some primiparas requested a planned cesarean based on a deep-seated fear since their early teens, accompanied by alienation towards the idea of giving birth. Some obstetricians participating in our study also experienced requests that lacked what they regarded as any well-grounded reason or significant fear. Conclusions: Behind a maternal request for a planned cesarean section are various rationales and life experiences needing carefully targeted attention and health care. Previous births are an important driver; thus, maternally requested cesareans should be regarded partly as an iatrogenic problem.

• Wester, Gry; Bærøe, Kristine & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2018). Towards theoretically robust evidence on health equity: A systematic approach to contextualising equity-relevant randomised controlled trials. Journal of Medical Ethics. ISSN 0306-6800. s. 1–6. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2017-104610. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jansen, Maarten P.M.; Baltussen, Rob & Bærøe, Kristine (2018). Stakeholder participation for legitimate priority setting: A checklist. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 7(11), s. 973–976. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.57. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Kaur, Jasmeen Garcha & Radhakrishnan, Kavery (2018). Lik tilgang og likeverdige tjenester: hvordan styrke realiseringen av disse rettslige formålene? I Aasen, Henriette Sinding; Bringedal, Berit; Bærøe, Kristine & Magnussen, Anne-Mette (Red.), Prioritering, styring og likebehandling: Utfordringer i norsk helsetjeneste. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202569358. s. 57–81. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Arnesen, Sveinung; Bærøe, Kristine; Cappelen, Cornelius & Carlsen, Benedicte (2018). Could information about herd immunity help us achieve herd immunity? Evidence from a population representative survey experiment. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 46(8), s. 854–858. doi: 10.1177/1403494818770298. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2018). On Fundamental Premises for Addressing “Context” and “Contextual Factors” Influencing Value Decisions in Healthcare; Comment on “Contextual Factors Influencing Cost and Quality Decisions in Health and Care: A Structured Evidence Review and Narrative Synthesis”. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 7(10), s. 958–960. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.62. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this commentary on Williams and colleagues’ paper, I will address some essential issues related to research on contextual factors that influence value decision-making in healthcare. Based on the presumption that scientific work requires coherence in its ontological, epistemological and methodological approaches, I identify some challenges in their text and reflect on how those challenges might be addressed. I recommend that more normative work be done to make this a comprehensive area of research and suggest that the fundamental premises structuring investigations in this field be explicitly clarified.

• Ives, Jonathan; Dunn, Michael; Molewijk, Bert; Schildmann, Jan; Bærøe, Kristine & Frith, Lucy [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Standards of practice in empirical bioethics research: Towards a consensus. BMC Medical Ethics. 19(68). doi: 10.1186/s12910-018-0304-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2017). Medicine as Art and Science. I Schramme, Thomas & Edwards, Steven (Red.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine. Springer. ISSN 9789401786874. s. 759–772. doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-2252-8_35. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bringedal, Berit & Bærøe, Kristine (2016). Økt rettsliggjøring for likebehandling i helsetjenesten? Retfærd: Nordic Journal of Law and Justice. ISSN 0105-1121. 39(2 = 153), s. 6–18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bringedal, Berit & Bærøe, Kristine (2016). Commentary to ‘Social Health Disparities in Clinical Care: A New Approach to Medical Fairness’ by Puschel, Furlan and Dekkers. Public Health Ethics. ISSN 1754-9973. doi: 10.1093/phe/phw042. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Cappelen, Cornelius (2015). Phase-dependent justification: The role of personal responsibility in fair healthcare. Journal of Medical Ethics. ISSN 0306-6800. 41(10), s. 836–840. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102645. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2015). Institusjonelle rammer: Vilkår for utvikling og kultivering av forskeres forskningsetiske skjønnsutøvelse. I Fossheim, Hallvard & Ingierd, Helene C. (Red.), Etisk skjønn i forskning. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215026558. s. 115–126. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Henden, Edmund & Bærøe, Kristine (2014). Providing free heroin to addicts participating in research - ethical concerns and the question of voluntariness. Psychiatric bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. ISSN 0955-6036. 38(4). doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.113.046565. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Providing heroin to people with heroin addiction taking part in medical trials assessing the effectiveness of the drug as a treatment alternative breaches ethical research standards, some ethicists maintain. Heroin addicts, they say, are unable to consent voluntarily to taking part in these trials. Other ethicists disagree. In our view, both sides of the debate have an inadequate understanding of ‘voluntariness’. In this article we therefore offer a fuller definition of the concept, one which allows for a more flexible, case-to-case approach in which some heroin addicts are considered capable of consenting voluntarily, others not. An advantage of this approach, it is argued, is that it provides a safety net to minimise the risk of inflicting harm on trial participants.

• Nedlund, Ann-Charlotte & Bærøe, Kristine (2014). Legitimate policymaking: The importance of including health-care workers in limit-setting decisions in health care. Public Health Ethics. ISSN 1754-9973. 7(2), s. 123–133. doi: 10.1093/phe/phu016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Bringedal, Berit (2014). 'Undocomented' migrants' access to health care services in Europe : tansion between international human rights, national law and professional ethics. I Aasen, Henriette Sinding; Gloppen, Siri; Magnussen, Anne-Mette & Nilssen, Even (Red.), Juridification and social citizenship in the welfare state. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781783470228. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Baltussen, Rob (2014). Legitimate healthcare limit setting in a real-world setting: Integrating accountability for reasonableness and multi-criteria decision analysis. Public Health Ethics. ISSN 1754-9973. 7(2), s. 144–157. doi: 10.1093/phe/phu006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strømme, Elisabeth Marie; Bærøe, Kristine & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2014). Disease control priorities for neglected tropical diseases: lessons from priority ranking based on the quality of evidence, cost effectiveness, severity of disease, catastrophic health expenditures, and loss of productivity. Developing World Bioethics. ISSN 1471-8731. 14(3), s. 132–141. doi: 10.1111/dewb.12016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2014). Translational ethics: An analytical framework of translational movements between theory and practice and a sketch of a comprehensive approach. BMC Medical Ethics. 15:71. doi: 10.1186/1472-6939-15-71. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Translational research in medicine requires researchers to identify the steps to transfer basic scientific discoveries from laboratory benches to bedside decision-making, and eventually into clinical practice. On a parallel track, philosophical work in ethics has not been obliged to identify the steps to translate theoretical conclusions into adequate practice. The medical ethicist A. Cribb suggested some years ago that it is now time to debate ‘the business of translational’ in medical ethics. Despite the very interesting and useful perspective on the field of medical ethics launched by Cribb, the debate is still missing. In this paper, I take up Cribb’s invitation and discuss further analytic distinctions needed to base an ethics aiming to translate between theory and practice. Discussion: The analytic distinctions needed to base an ethics aiming to translate between theory and practice are identified as ‘movements of translation’. I explore briefly what would constitute success and limitations to these intended translational movements by addressing the challenges of the epistemological gap between philosophical and practical ethics. The categories of translational movements I suggest can serve as a starting point for a systematic, collective self-inspection and discussion of the merits and limitations of the various academic and practical activities that bioethicists are engaged in. I further propose that translational ethics could be considered as a new discipline of ethical work constructively structured around compositions of translational movements. Summary: Breaking the idea of translational ethics into distinct translational movements provide us with a nuanced set of conditions to explore and discuss the justification and limitations of various efforts carried out in the field of bioethics. In this sense, the proposed framework could be a useful vehicle for augmented collective, self-reflexivity among both philosophers and practitioners who are ‘doing bioethics’. Also, carefully designed, overall approaches combining justified, self-reflexive philosophical and practical efforts according to the suggested distinctions could be expected to realise – or at least improve a facilitation of – translation of ethics across the theory-practice gap.

• Haukeland, Annelin; Heggebø, Liv Cathrine & Bærøe, Kristine (2013). Bør man tillate at norske statsborgere benytter seg av surrogati i India? Etikk i praksis. ISSN 1890-3991. doi: 10.5324/eip.v7i2.1794. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Baltussen, Rob; Mikkelsen, Evelinn; Tromp, Noor; Hurtig, AnneKarin; Byskov, Jens & Olsen, Øystein [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Balancing efficiency, equity and feasibility of HIV treatment in South Africa – development of programmatic guidance. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation. 11(26). doi: 10.1186/1478-7547-11-26. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  South Africa, the country with the largest HIV epidemic worldwide, has been scaling up treatment since 2003 and is rapidly expanding its eligibility criteria. The HIV treatment programme has achieved significant results, and had 1.8 million people on treatment per 2011. Despite these achievements, it is now facing major concerns regarding (i) efficiency: alternative treatment policies may save more lives for the same budget; (ii) equity: there are large inequalities in who receives treatment; (iii) feasibility: still only 52% of the eligible population receives treatment. Hence, decisions on the design of the present HIV treatment programme in South Africa can be considered suboptimal. We argue there are two fundamental reasons to this. First, while there is a rapidly growing evidence-base to guide priority setting decisions on HIV treatment, its included studies typically consider only one criterion at a time and thus fail to capture the broad range of values that stakeholders have. Second, priority setting on HIV treatment is a highly political process but it seems no adequate participatory processes are in place to incorporate stakeholders’ views and evidences of all sorts. We propose an alternative approach that provides a better evidence base and outlines a fair policy process to improve priority setting in HIV treatment. The approach integrates two increasingly important frameworks on health care priority setting: accountability for reasonableness (A4R) to foster procedural fairness, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to construct an evidence-base on the feasibility, efficiency, and equity of programme options including trade-offs. The approach provides programmatic guidance on the choice of treatment strategies at various decisions levels based on a sound conceptual framework, and holds large potential to improve HIV priority setting in South Africa.

• Haukeland, Annelin; Heggebø, Liv Cathrine & Bærøe, Kristine (2013). Should Norwegian citizens be permitted to use surrogacy in India? Etikk i praksis. ISSN 1890-3991. 7(2), s. 3–17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Bringedal, Berit (2011). Just health: on the conditions for acceptable and unacceptable priority settings with respect to patients' socioeconomic status. Journal of Medical Ethics. ISSN 0306-6800. 37(9), s. 526–529. doi: 10.1136/jme.2010.042085. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2011). MAPPING OUT STRUCTURAL FEATURES IN CLINICAL CARE CALLING FOR ETHICAL SENSITIVITY: A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO PROMOTE ETHICAL COMPETENCE IN HEALTHCARE PERSONNEL AND CLINICAL ETHICAL SUPPORT SERVICES (CESS). Bioethics. ISSN 0269-9702. 25(7), s. 394–402. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01909.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2011). Mellom samfunnsstrukturer og profesjon: om avgrensning, kultivering og premisser for adekvat skjønnsutøvelse i legerollen. Etikk i praksis. ISSN 1890-3991. 5(2), s. 23–44. doi: 10.5324/eip.v5i2.1769. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bringedal, Berit & Bærøe, Kristine (2010). Bør leger bidra til å utjevne sosial ulikhet i helse? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 130(10), s. 1024–1027. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0648. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2010). Patient autonomy, assessment of competence and surrogate decision-making: a call for reasonableness in deciding for others. Bioethics. ISSN 0269-9702. 24(2), s. 87–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00672.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2009). Priority-setting in healthcare: a framework for reasonable clinical judgements. Journal of Medical Ethics. ISSN 0306-6800. 35(8), s. 488–496. doi: 10.1136/jme.2007.022285. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2008). Priority setting in health care: on the relation between reasonable choices on the micro-level and the macro-level. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. ISSN 1386-7415. 29(2), s. 87–102. doi: 10.1007/s11017-008-9063-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2005). Klinisk skjønn og prioriteringer. Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning. ISSN 0809-2052. 8(2), s. 89–98. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Aasen, Henriette Sinding; Bringedal, Berit; Bærøe, Kristine & Magnussen, Anne-Mette (2018). Prioritering, styring og likebehandling: Utfordringer i norsk helsetjeneste. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 9788202569358. 292 s. doi: 10.23865/noasp.33. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Bærøe, Kristine (2023). Translational (Neuro)Ethics: A Call for Supporting Equitable Determinants of Academic Practical Ethics. AJOB Neuroscience. ISSN 2150-7740. 14(4), s. 416–418. doi: 10.1080/21507740.2023.2257160. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gundersen, Torbjørn & Bærøe, Kristine (2022). Ethical Algorithmic Advice: Some Reasons to Pause and Think Twice. American Journal of Bioethics. ISSN 1526-5161. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2022.2075053. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Machine learning and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI) can improve parts of clinical decision making regarding the gathering and analysis of data, the detection of disease, and the provision of treatment recommendations. The target article “Algorithms for Ethical Decision-Making in the Clinic: A Proof of Concept” (Meier et al. Citation2022) explores the less-examined possibility of using this technology to provide ethical advice. The article examines the feasibility of an algorithmic advisory system for clinical ethics called METHAD, which is designed to provide recommendations to clinicians facing difficult ethical questions.

• Gundersen, Torbjørn & Bærøe, Kristine (2022). Innledning: Kunstig intelligens i velferdsstaten. Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning. ISSN 0809-2052. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Gundersen, Torbjørn (2022). Kan vi stole på kunstig intelligens? [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2022). Vi må utvikle øko-rettferdige helseprioriteringer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætrevik, Bjørn & Bærøe, Kristine (2022). Disse koronatiltakene er mest belastende for folk. Forskersonen.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2021). Commenting on Vilhjálmur Árnason: Justifying Policy Choices in a Pandemic. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Gloppen, Siri & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2021). For å få tillit til koronatiltakene, må myndighetene begrunne dem bedre. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2021). Tillit og prioriteringer i lys av pandemien. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2021). Etikkfrokost om kunstig intelligens, helse og etiske utfordringer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2021). Bør helsepersonell tvinges til å ta vaksine? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Gundersen, Torbjørn (2021). Translational Ethics: Justified Roles of Bioethicists Within and Beyond Lifecycles of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Health... Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætrevik, Bjørn; Bærøe, Kristine & Carlsen, Benedicte (2021). Vil fellesskapsfølelse få flere til å ta koronavaksinen? Dagens medisin. ISSN 1501-4290. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Gundersen, Torbjørn (2020). Regjeringens strategi for kunstig intelligens svikter på vesentlige punkter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2020). Vi bør forberede kriterier for neste epidemi nå. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2019). Ethical accountability of decisions-makers in health: Readdressing power, risk and autonomy to promote trust. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2018). Styringstiltak og rettferdighet i helse- og omsorgstjenesten: samspill og spenninger. Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning. ISSN 2387-5976. 2(4). doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-5984-2018-02-06. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I denne kommentar-artikkelen vil jeg rette oppmerksomheten mot strukturelle utfordringer knyttet til rettferdig fordeling av helse- og omsorgstjenester i kommunene. Disse utfordringene kan oppstå i samspillet mellom ulike styringstiltak, og jeg vil reflektere over ulike måter dette kan skje på.

• Aasen, Henriette Sinding; Bringedal, Berit; Bærøe, Kristine & Magnussen, Anne-Mette (2018). Styring, prioritering og likebehandling – om bokens innhold. I Aasen, Henriette Sinding; Bringedal, Berit; Bærøe, Kristine & Magnussen, Anne-Mette (Red.), Prioritering, styring og likebehandling: Utfordringer i norsk helsetjeneste. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202569358. s. 12–29. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Ives, Jonathan; Vries, Martine Helena De & Schildmann, Jan (2017). On classifying the field of medical ethics. BMC Medical Ethics. 18:30, s. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s12910-017-0193-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2017). Democracy, technocracy and priority setting in health: on central values, perspectives and challenges. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teig, Inger Lise; Bærøe, Kristine & Carlsen, Benedicte (2016). Equitable healthcare: On the potential impact of politicization, bureaucratization and medical standardization of healthcare distribution on social health inequality. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2016). Etiske utfordringer i legevakt, Legevaktarbeid - En innføringsbok for leger og sykepleiere. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S. ISSN 9788205484603. s. 359–366. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Boken gir en omfattende og systematisk gjennomgang av legevaktens organisering, drift og yrkesutøvelse. Den presenterer også noen typiske og vanlige kliniske problemstillinger, med vekt på forløpene, fra den første henvendelsen til pasienten har fått hjelp gjennom råd, behandling på legevakten eller innleggelse i sykehus. Boken er spesielt tilrettelagt for sykepleiere som arbeider i legevakt og legevaktsentral, for turnusleger og andre legevaktleger, for utdanningskandidater i allmennmedisin og for studenter i sykepleie og medisin. Ambulansearbeidere, paramedics, spesialsykepleiere og andre som samarbeider med legevaktpersonell i den akuttmedisinske kjeden eller i kommunehelsetjenesten, vil ha nytte av boken. Legevaktledere på alle nivåer er også målgruppe.

• Bærøe, Kristine; Teig, Inger Lise & Carlsen, Benedicte (2015). On the potential impact of politicization, bureaucratization and medical standardization of healthcare distribution and social health inequality. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Bringedal, Berit & Magnussen, Anne-Mette (2014). Regulating for equity? A metodological approach for trans-disciplinary asessment of tensions and interplay between legal, political, adminstrative and professional priority-setting tools in healthcare. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine; Ottersen, Trygve; Eide, Kristiane Tislevoll; Engjom, Hilde Marie; Johansson, Kjell Arne & Miljeteig, Ingrid [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Priorities in global health. 131(17). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0743. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2010). Etikk i legevakt. Utposten. ISSN 0800-5680. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2009). Forvaltning av skjønn i legerolle – mellom system og profesjonsperspektiv. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Carlsen, Benedicte (2008). Med rett til å psykemelde. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2008). Pasientautonomi. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine (2008). Priority setting in healthcare: A framework for reasonable clinical judgments. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strand, Roger & Bærøe, Kristine (2007). Når dyr blir organdonorer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bærøe, Kristine & Holst, Cathrine (2006). Et nytt og bedre menneske. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rafoss, Elisabeth Hauglid; Teig, Inger Lise & Bærøe, Kristine (2024). Mestringsbegrepets plass i prioriteringskriteriene - En praksisorientert dokumentanalyse av mestringsbegrepets bevegelse gjennom helsepolitiske styringsdokumenter. Universitetet i Bergen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Auro, Nina Agnette; Karlsen, Susanne; Teig, Inger Lise & Bærøe, Kristine (2024). Faktorer som påvirker tverrfaglig samarbeid i behandlingen av pasienter med behov for sammensatte tjenester- en scoping review. Universitetet i Bergen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn: Når pasienter med sammensatte helserelaterte utfordringer har behov for hjelp, viser det seg at psykiske- og somatiske symptomer ofte opptrer samtidig. Vi ønsket å utforske hvordan tverrfaglige team jobber i slike pasientsaker. Forskning viser at det kan være komplisert å få til gode samarbeid på tvers av tjenestene. Hensikt: Hensikten med masteroppgaven er å se hvilke faktorer som fremmer eller hemmer et samarbeid i tverrfaglige team. Ved å gå gjennom litteraturen på feltet, ønsket vi å undersøke om det er noen faktorer som kan bidra til å forbedre slike samarbeid på tvers av de ulike tjenestene. Materiale: Vi gjennomførte søk i Medline, Cinahl, Embase, Idunn og Google Scholar med en avgrensning til engelskspråklige artikler publisert etter år 2000. Vi fokuserte spesielt på kvalitative studier som omhandlet tverrfaglige team sammensatt av ulike profesjoner. Dette resulterte i totalt ni artikler som ble inkludert i vår gjennomgang: seks artikler ble funnet gjennom søkene, mens tre ytterligere artikler ble inkludert basert på referanselisten i de originale seks artiklene. Metode: Scoping review kan undersøke bredde, dybde og hvilken type forskning som er gjort innenfor et område. En scoping review skiller seg fra en systematic review ved at det tillater å undersøke forskning på åpne og lite spesifikke forskningsspørsmål. Det vurderer nødvendigvis heller ikke kvaliteten på forskningen som frembringes. Resultat: Viktige faktorer som ble identifisert inkluderer effektiv bruk av tid til planlegging og møtevirksomhet, samt kommunikasjonsferdigheter blant deltakerne som fremmer anerkjennelse og respekt for hverandres kompetanse. Konklusjon: For å støtte opp om disse faktorene anbefaler vi at teamledere gjennomgår opplæring, slik at de kan iverksette disse aspektene i teamarbeidet. Det anbefales ytterligere forskning knyttet til pasientdeltakelse i team og hvordan dette påvirker de nevnte faktorene.

• Engvold, Gunn Iren; Teig, Inger Lise & Bærøe, Kristine (2023). Korleis oppfattar og handterer leiarar i sjukehus eventuelle rekrutteringsutfordringar knytt til mangel på sjukepleiarar? Universitetet i Bergen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn: Aukande tal eldre som vil ha behov for helsetenester stiller helsetenesta framføre store utfordringar når det kjem til å rekruttere og behalde arbeidskraft (Riksrevisjonen, 2019). Dette vert skildra som ei av dei største samfunnsutfordringane i vår tid (Rambøll og Menon, 2022). Hensikt: Hensikta med forskingsprosjektet er å undersøkje korleis leiarar opplever og handterer eventuell redusert tilgang på sjukepleiarpersonell med fylgjande problemstilling: Korleis oppfattar og handterer leiarar i sjukehus eventuelle rekrutteringsutfordringar knytt til mangel på sjukepleiarar? Analyse: Systematisk tekstkondensering er nytta som analyseverktøy, jamfør Malterud (2017) si framstilling. Dette inneber trinnvis tilnærming til materialet på vegen mot kategoriane «Mykje snakk, lite handling», «Krysspress», «Oppgåvedeling » og «Leiarrolla i møte med retorikk». Metode: Det er nytta kvalitativ metode, i form av djubdeintervju av ni informantar på ulike nivå i fleire helseføretak. Intervjua vart gjennomført på Teams, det vart gjort lydopptak og deretter vart intervjua transkiberte. Resultat: Det synast å vere eit spenningsforhold mellom dei ulike styringsnivåa i helseføretak og politisk nivå. Motstridande krav og forventningar er ein stor del av leiarkvardagen, mange opplever dette som eit krysspress. Informantane fremjar oppgåvedeling som eit av dei viktigaste løysingsapekta knytt til handtering av sjukepleiarmangelen. Oppfatning av konservative haldningar i sjukepleiargruppa vert framheva som ei barriere. Retorikk frå politikarar, fagforeiningar og media vert oppfatta som eit viktig element i omdømmet til helsetenesta Konklusjon: Leiarane opplever i ulik grad at mangel på sjukepleiarressursar er ei utfordring i dag. Det synast å vere eit spenningsforhold i linja mellom nasjonalt politisk nivå og operativt nivå i helseføretaka. Avgjersler som står i samsvar med kapasiteten helsetenesta har vert særleg framheva som utfordrande. Profesjonsidentitet og makt gjer seg gjeldande i leiarane sin kvardag knytt til oppgåvedeling, som vert framheva som eit viktig løysingsaspekt. Retorikk og bruk av kriseomgrep vert ofte oppfatta som utfordrande for rekruttering. Fleire av leiarane uttrykkjer bekymring for framtidig rekruttering av sjukepleiarar.

• Bærøe, Kristine & Norheim, Ole Frithjof (2009). Delegated discretion: A call for reasonableness in surrogate decision-making and clinical judgment. Universitetet i Bergen. ISSN 9788230807286. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In a democratic welfare state, how should individual judgment be exercised and constrained when someone is making decisions on behalf of another who is not considered competent to make his or her own decisions? How should we expect individual judgment to work when a physician makes a particular claim for just health care on behalf of his or her patient? These are the general questions this thesis attempts to answer. As a result of theoretical discussions, I outline two frameworks as a basis for new policies to ensure the quality and accountability of the discretionary decisions called for in these circumstances. The first framework I propose challenges a well established procedure for surrogate decisionmaking. Personal autonomy is a concept of self-governance that concern individuals’ ability to set ends for themselves and to choose their acts according to their aims and values. The practice of requiring informed consent is closely connected to this version of autonomy as it is a way of respecting individuals and their ability to decide for themselves. From this point of view, a logically organised sequence of events follows: we are considered competent to make our own decisions until this competence is doubted by someone else, we then might have our competence considered and may potentially be assessed as not competent to make certain decisions about our own well-being. Then surrogate(s) will be appointed to make the decisions on our behalf. This sequence of events allows for exploitation in a way that could be avoided. Moreover, as I have tried to clarify, this sequence of events allows for what I have called ‘structural arbitrariness’ in how potentially not competent vulnerable people are treated: 1) it is up to others to initiate an assessment of competence, potentially for more or less arbitrary reasons, 2) it is up to others to proceed with an assessment process that I have shown relies on individual variables which can influence the arbitrariness of the outcome. To this we have to add the possibility that: 3) if a person is found by an assessment to be noncompetent, he or she is deprived of credibility and is prevented from correcting or appealing on the presumption he or she does not understand his or her best interest. Since treating vulnerable people arbitrarily cannot be seen as a respectful way of treating others, I suggest a procedure to ensure reasonableness in the decision-making process by involving several people other than just the appointed surrogate(s). This process is supposed to safeguard against exploitation and against insufficiently justified decisions made on behalf of those assessed not competent to make their own decisions. The second framework I suggest uses a novel way of thinking about the relation between macro- and micro-level decision-making in terms of legitimacy. There has been much discussion about how to obtain legitimacy at macro-level priority setting in health care by using fair procedures. Despite the fact that just health care totally hinges on the decisions of individual clinicians or health workers at the micro-level, surprisingly little attention seems to be paid to the legitimacy of these decisions. Assuming that guidelines are legitimate, what are the conditions that have to be met in order to ensure that individual claims on health care are aligned with an overall concept of just health care? I argue that macro- and micro-level decision-making belong to different contexts of legitimacy so that legitimacy does not automatically transfer from legitimate guidelines to individual clinical decisions. Using considerations about the relation between authorised discretion and regulating guidelines in terms of horizontal and vertical equity, I suggest conditions that have to be met in order for micro-level distribution of health care to be legitimate and fair. These conditions add up to a framework for reasonable clinical judgments. In addition, this framework also addresses and incorporates theoretical conditions affecting clinicians’ motivation to meet the requirement of fairness in distribution. I argue that the proposed framework must be taken as a supplement to a framework that has legitimate guidelines at the macro-level, and that macro- and microlevel frameworks must work together to ensure fair distribution within a just health care system. This thesis is organised along an important line of reasoning: Both surrogate decisions and distribution of health care at the clinical level are based on delegated discretion. Certain normative constraints are thereby passed onto the individual judgments of surrogates and clinicians. I approach these constraints by two different epistemological strategies. On the one hand, in the articles which form the basis of this thesis, I argue in favour of the mentioned normative frameworks mentioned above. The arguments provided here in crucial ways seek support by appealing to intuitions; intuitions about respectful treatment of other people and intuitions about equity, according to each framework respectively. On the other hand, I have followed another structure of argumentation in the Introduction part of the thesis. I have approached the specific topics of this thesis by considering how, in general, the normative constraints on delegated discretion are linked to principles derived from moral, personal and political versions of autonomy. These concepts are taken to represent central values of a democratic welfare state. The frameworks I propose are shown to be substantive realisations of these general conditions for exercising discretionary judgment. They are accounted for by appealing to political theory and social values. In this way, I have tried to clarify the project I originally categorised as ‘bioethics’ by looking at its inherent political structure as well. I consider the two-way justification of the suggested frameworks to strengthen the results of the theoretical discussions provided in this thesis.

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