Liv Ariane Augestad

• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Aas, Eline; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Burger, Emily Annika; Thoresen, Lisbeth & Bjørnelv, Gudrun Maria Waaler (2024). Healthcare use and costs in the last six months of life by level of care and cause of death. BMC Health Services Research. 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-024-10877-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Existing knowledge on healthcare use and costs in the last months of life is often limited to one patient group (i.e., cancer patients) and one level of healthcare (i.e., secondary care). Consequently, decision-makers lack knowledge in order to make informed decisions about the allocation of healthcare resources for all patients. Our aim is to elaborate the understanding of resource use and costs in the last six months of life by describing healthcare use and costs for all causes of death and by all levels of formal care. Method: Using five national registers, we gained access to patient-level data for all individuals who died in Norway between 2009 and 2013. We described healthcare use and costs for all levels of formal care—namely primary, secondary, and home- and community-based care —in the last six months of life, both in total and differentiated across three time periods (6-4 months, 3-2 months, and 1-month before death). Our analysis covers all causes of death categorized in ten ICD-10 categories. Results: During their last six months of life, individuals used an average of healthcare resources equivalent to €46,000, ranging from €32,000 (Injuries) to €64,000 (Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs). In terms of care level, 63% of healthcare resources were used in home- and community-based care (i.e., in-home nursing, practical assistance, or nursing home care), 35% in secondary care (mostly hospital care), and 2% in primary care (i.e., general practitioners). The amount and level of care varied by cause of death and by time to death. The proportion of home- and community-based care which individuals received during their last six months of life varied from 38% for cancer patients to 92% for individuals dying with mental diseases. The shorter the time to death, the more resources were needed: nearly 40% of all end-of-life healthcare costs were expended in the last month of life across all causes of death. The composition of care also differed depending on age. Individuals aged 80 years and older used more home- and community-based care (77%) than individuals dying at younger ages (40%) and less secondary care (old: 21% versus young: 57%). Conclusions: Our analysis provides valuable evidence on how much healthcare individuals receive in their last six months of life and the associated costs, broken down by level of care and cause of death. Healthcare use and costs varied considerably by cause of death, but were generally higher the closer a person was to death. Our findings enable decision-makers to make more informed resource-allocation decisions and healthcare planners to better anticipate future healthcare needs.

• Garratt, Andrew; Hansen, Tonya Moen; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand, Kim & Stavem, Knut (2021). Norwegian population norms for the EQ-5D-5L: results from a general population survey. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02938-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Purpose To provide the first Norwegian EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS population norms for the adult general population. Methods Postal survey of a random sample of 12,790 Norwegians identified through the National Registry of the Norwegian Tax Administration. Norms, weighted for Norwegian general population characteristics, are shown for the five EQ-5D-5L dimensions, EQ-5D index, and EQ VAS scores for seven age categories, females, males, and education level. Results There were 3200 (25.9%) respondents to 12,263 correctly addressed questionnaires. The EQ-5D-5L dimensions, EQ VAS, and background questions were completed by 3120 (24.6%) respondents. The mean age (SD) was 50.9 (21.7) and range was 18–97 years. The youngest age group of 18–29 years and oldest of 80 years and over had the highest ( n  = 691) and lowest ( n  = 239) number of respondents, respectively. Compared to the general population, the respondents comprised a greater number of females, younger and older ages, and had a higher education level. 32% of respondents reported no health problems on the EQ-5D-5L. From the youngest to oldest age groups, there was a general decline in health as assessed by the EQ-5D-5L. The exception was for anxiety/depression, where the youngest age groups had the poorest health. Apart from self-care, women reported poorer health than men, as assessed by the EQ-5D-5L; EQ VAS scores were similar for men and women. Higher levels of health (EQ-5D index, EQ VAS scores) were found with increasing levels of education. Conclusion The population norms will improve interpretation of EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS scores in Norwegian applications including clinical practice, clinical and health services research, and national quality registers where EQ-5D-5L is the most widely used patient-reported instrument.

• Luo, Nan; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Rand, Kim (2020). Testing the “Nonstopping” Time Trade-Off: Is It Better Than the Composite Time Trade-Off? Value in Health. ISSN 1098-3015. 23(11), s. 1489–1496. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.07.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Labberton, Angela Susan; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Thommessen, Bente & Barra, Georg Mathias Honore (2020). The association of stroke severity with health-related quality of life in survivors of acute cerebrovascular disease and their informal caregivers during the first year post stroke: a survey study. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. doi: 10.1007/s11136-020-02516-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hansen, Tonya Moen; Helland, Ylva; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Garratt, Andrew Malcolm (2020). Elicitation of Norwegian EQ-5D-5L values for hypothetical and experience-based health states based on the EuroQol Valuation Technology (EQ-VT) protocol. BMJ Open. 10(6). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034683. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand, Kim; Luo, Nan & Barra, Mathias (2019). Using the choice sequence in time trade-off as discrete choices: do the two stories match? Value in Health. ISSN 1098-3015. s. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2019.10.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Østborg, Tilde Broch; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Barra, Mathias (2019). Bruk ordet fosterantallsreduksjon. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 139(15). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0409. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Barra, Mathias & Rand, Kim (2018). A Norwegian 15D value algorithm: proposing a new procedure to estimate 15D value algorithms. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. s. 1–15. doi: 10.1007/s11136-018-2043-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose So far there is no Norwegian value algorithm to inform healthcare decision making. The 15D health state values estimated with the original 15D valuation procedure tend to be higher than the values of other generic preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments. The main purpose of this study was to use a new 15D valuation procedure to estimate Norwegian 15D health state values and to explore their empirical performance. Methods The visual analogue scale was used to collect 15D valuation data in a representative sample of the Norwegian general population. The new procedure used fewer valuation tasks and anchored the 15D health state values in an empirically assessed range. The Norwegian 15D health state values were compared to the values of five HRQoL instruments which were provided by Norwegian residents belonging to seven disease groups and a healthy population. Results The Norwegian 15D health state values ranged from 1 to − 0.52. Compared to 15D health state values estimated with the original procedure, the Norwegian 15D health state values were lower and more in line with values of other HRQoL instruments. Conclusions The new 15D valuation procedure is simpler, links the 15D health state values better to the requirements of the QALY model, and provides an empirically-based range. We recommend using the new valuation procedure in future 15D valuation studies, and the Norwegian health state values for use in 15D-based health economic analyses in Norway. Keywords Health-related quality of life 15D Visual analogue scale Value algorithm

• Stavem, Knut; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Rand, Kim (2018). General population norms for the EQ-5D-3 L in Norway: comparison of postal and web surveys. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 16(204), s. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-1029-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The EQ-5D-3 L instrument is a standardized questionnaire which was developed as a simple, generic measure of health for clinical and economic appraisal. To aid in the interpretation, scores are often compared with a normative group. The objectives of this study were 1) to provide population norms for the EQ-5D-3 L for Norway, and 2) to compare scores from postal and web surveys. Methods We conducted two surveys in samples that were aimed to be representative of the Norwegian general population: 1) a postal survey (n = 5000) and 2) a panel study with electronic data collection (n = 1936). For scoring the EQ-5D Index, we used the UK tariff. EQ-5D items were compared using multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis and EQ-5D Index and EQ VAS scores using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for age, sex and education. Results In total 1131 (22.6%) responded to the postal survey and 977 (50.5%) to the web survey. The odds ratio (OR) for being in a higher score category on the Pain/Discomfort scale in the web survey was 1.25 (95%CI 1.04 to 1.50, p = 0.019) relative to the postal survey. The odds were similar in the other four dimensions. The EQ-5D Index and EQ VAS scores were similar in the postal and web surveys in the various strata according to age, sex and education, except for lower unadjusted and adjusted score for web respondents aged 41–50 years and for those with higher education (≥14 years) than postal respondents. Conclusions The distribution of scores for the EQ-5D descriptive system and its derived utility scores were rather similar in a postal survey and a panel web survey. Hence, these values were combined into a norm set for Norway.

• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Rand, Kim (2018). Comparing 15D valuation studies in Norway and Finland - Challenges when combining information from several valuation tasks. Value in Health. ISSN 1098-3015. 21(4), s. 462–470. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.09.018. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The 15D is a generic preference-based health-related quality-of-life instrument developed in Finland. Values for the 15D instrument are estimated by combining responses to three distinct valuation tasks. The impact of how these tasks are combined is relatively unexplored. Objectives: To compare 15D valuation studies conducted in Norway and Finland in terms of scores assigned in the valuation tasks and resulting value algorithms, and to discuss the contributions of each task and the algorithm estimation procedure to observed differences. Methods: Norwegian and Finnish scores from the three valuation tasks were compared using independent samples t tests and Lin concordance correlation coefficients. Covariance between tasks was assessed using Pearson product-moment correlations. Norwegian and Finnish value algorithms were compared using concordance correlation coefficients, total ranges, and ranges for individual dimensions. Observed differences were assessed using minimal important difference. Results: Mean scores in the main valuation task were strikingly similar between the two countries, whereas the final value algorithms were less similar. The largest differences between Norway and Finland were observed for depression, vision, and mental function. Conclusions: 15D algorithms are a product of combining scores from three valuation tasks by use of methods involving multiplication. This procedure used to combine scores from the three tasks by multiplication serves to amplify variance from each task. From relatively similar responses in Norway and Finland, diverging value algorithms are created. We propose to simplify the 15D algorithm estimation procedure by using only one of the valuation tasks.

• Rand, Kim; Ramos-Goñi, Juan Manuel; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Luo, Nan (2017). Less Is More: Cross-Validation Testing of Simplified Nonlinear Regression Model Specifications for EQ-5D-5L Health State Values. Value in Health. ISSN 1098-3015. 20(7), s. 945–952. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.03.013. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The conventional method for modeling of the five-level EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) health state values in national valuation studies is an additive 20-parameter main-effects regression model. Statistical models with many parameters are at increased risk of overfitting—fitting to noise and measurement error, rather than the underlying relationship. Objectives: To compare the 20-parameter main-effects model to simplified, nonlinear, multiplicative regression models in terms of how accurately they predict mean values of out-of-sample health states. Methods: We used data from the Spanish, Singaporean, and Chinese EQ-5D-5L valuation studies. Four models were compared: an 8-parameter model with single parameter per dimension, multiplied by cross-dimensional parameters for levels 2, 3, and 4; 9- and 11-parameter extensions with handling of differences in the wording of level 5; and the “standard” additive 20-parameter model. Fixed- and random-intercept variants of all models were tested using two cross-validation methods: leave-one-out at the level of valued health states, and of health state blocks used in EQ-5D-5L valuation studies. Mean absolute error, Lin concordance correlation coefficient, and Pearson R between observed health state means and out-of-sample predictions were compared. Results: Predictive accuracy was generally best using random intercepts. The 8-, 9-, and 11-parameter models outperformed the 20-parameter model in predicting out-of-sample health states. Conclusions: Simplified nonlinear regression models look promising and should be investigated further using other EQ-5D-5L data sets. To reduce the risk of overfitting, cross-validation is recommended to inform model selection in future EQ-5D valuation studies.

• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Stavem, Knut; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø; Samuelsen, Carl Haakon & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2016). Influenced from the start: anchoring bias in time trade-off valuations. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. 25(9), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s11136-016-1266-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Engel, Lidia; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Whitehurst, David G T (2016). “When I saw walking I just kind of took it as wheeling”: interpretations of mobility-related items in generic, preference-based health state instruments in the context of spinal cord injury. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 164(14). doi: 10.1186/s12955-016-0565-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background In health economic analyses, health states are typically valued using instruments with few items per dimension. Due to the generic (and often reductionist) nature of such instruments, certain groups of respondents may experience challenges in describing their health state. This study is concerned with generic, preference-based health state instruments that provide information for decisions about the allocation of resources in health care. Unlike physical measurement instruments, preference-based health state instruments provide health state values that are dependent on how respondents interpret the items. This study investigates how individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) interpret mobility-related items contained within six preference-based health state instruments. Methods Secondary analysis of focus group transcripts originally collected in Vancouver, Canada, explored individuals’ perceptions and interpretations of mobility-related items contained within the 15D, Assessment of Quality of Life 8-dimension (AQoL-8D), EQ-5D-5L, Health Utilities Index (HUI), Quality of Well-Being Scale Self-Administered (QWB-SA), and the 36-item Short Form health survey version 2 (SF-36v2). Ritchie and Spencer’s ‘Framework Approach’ was used to perform thematic analysis that focused on participants’ comments concerning the mobility-related items only. Results Fifteen individuals participated in three focus groups (five per focus group). Four themes emerged: wording of mobility (e.g., ‘getting around’ vs ‘walking’), reference to aids and appliances, lack of suitable response options, and reframing of items (e.g., replacing ‘walking’ with ‘wheeling’). These themes reflected item features that respondents perceived as relevant in enabling them to describe their mobility, and response strategies that respondents could use when faced with inaccessible items. Conclusion Investigating perceptions to mobility-related items within the context of SCI highlights substantial variation in item interpretation across six preference-based health state instruments. Studying respondents’ interpretations of items can help to understand discrepancies in the health state descriptions and values obtained from different instruments. This line of research warrants closer attention in the health economics and quality of life literature. Keywords Preference-based health state instruments – Validity – HRQoL – Mobility – Spinal cord injury – Reframing – Item interpretation

• Barra, Mathias; Lindstrøm, Jonas Christoffer; Adams, Samantha Salvesen & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2015). Sesongjusterte fødselsfrekvenser er Poisson-fordelte. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 135(23/24), s. 2154–2158. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.1506. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Barra, Mathias; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Whitehurst, David G T & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2015). Examining the relationship between health-related quality of life and increasing numbers of diagnoses. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. doi: 10.1007/s11136-015-1026-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2013). Time trade-off and attitudes toward euthanasia: implications of using 'death' as an anchor in health state valuation. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. 22(4), s. 705–714. doi: 10.1007/s11136-012-0192-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2012). Impact of Transformation of Negative Values and Regression Models on Differences Between the UK and US EQ-5D Time Trade-Off Value Sets. PharmacoEconomics (Auckland). ISSN 1170-7690. 30(12), s. 1203–1214. doi: 10.2165/11595420-000000000-00000. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background National EQ-5D value sets are developed because preferences for health may vary in different populations. UK values are lower than US values for most of the 243 possible EQ-5D health states. Although similar protocols were used for data collection, analytic choices regarding how to model values from the collected data may also influence national value sets. Participants in the UK and US studies assessed the same subset of 42 EQ-5D health states using the time trade-off (TTO) method. However, different methods were used to transform negative values to a range bounded by 0 and −1, and values for all 243 health states were estimated using two different regression models. The transformation of negative values is inconsistent with expected utility theory, and the choice of which transformation method to use lacks a theoretical foundation. Objectives Our objectives were to assess how much of the observed difference between the UK and US EQ-5D value sets may be explained by the choice of transformation method for negative values relative to the choice of regression model and the differences between elicited TTO values in the respective national studies (datasets). Methods We applied both transformation methods and both regression models to each of the two datasets, resulting in eight comparable value sets. We arranged these value sets in pairs in which one source of difference (transformation method, regression model or dataset) was varied. For each of these paired value sets, we calculated the mean difference between the two matching values for each of the 243 health states. Finally, we calculated the mean utility gain for all possible transitions between pairs of EQ-5D health states within each value set and used the difference in transition scores as a measure of impact from changing transformation method, regression model or dataset. Results The mean absolute difference in values was 1.5 times larger when changing the transformation method than when using different datasets. The choice of transformation method had a 3.2 times larger effect on the mean health gain (transition score) than the choice of dataset. The mean health gain in the UK value set was 0.09 higher than in the US value set. Using the UK transformation method on the US dataset reduced this absolute difference to 0.02. The choice of regression model had little overall impact on the differences between the value sets. Conclusions Most of the observed differences between the UK and US value sets were caused by the use of different transformation methods for negative values, rather than differences between the two study populations as reflected in the datasets. Changing the regression model had little impact on the differences between the value sets.

• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Dahl, Fredrik Andreas (2012). A critical re-evaluation of the regression model specification in the US D1 EQ-5D value function. Population Health Metrics. 10. doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-10-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The EQ-5D is a generic health-related quality of life instrument (five dimensions with three levels, 243 health states), used extensively in cost-utility/cost-effectiveness analyses. EQ-5D health states are assigned values on a scale anchored in perfect health (1) and death (0). The dominant procedure for defining values for EQ-5D health states involves regression modeling. These regression models have typically included a constant term, interpreted as the utility loss associated with any movement away from perfect health. The authors of the United States EQ-5D valuation study replaced this constant with a variable, D1, which corresponds to the number of impaired dimensions beyond the first. The aim of this study was to illustrate how the use of the D1 variable in place of a constant is problematic. Methods We compared the original D1 regression model with a mathematically equivalent model with a constant term. Comparisons included implications for the magnitude and statistical significance of the coefficients, multicollinearity (variance inflation factors, or VIFs), number of calculation steps needed to determine tariff values, and consequences for tariff interpretation. Results Using the D1 variable in place of a constant shifted all dummy variable coefficients away from zero by the value of the constant, greatly increased the multicollinearity of the model (maximum VIF of 113.2 vs. 21.2), and increased the mean number of calculation steps required to determine health state values. Discussion Using the D1 variable in place of a constant constitutes an unnecessary complication of the model, obscures the fact that at least two of the main effect dummy variables are statistically nonsignificant, and complicates and biases interpretation of the tariff algorithm.

• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2012). Learning Effects in Time Trade-Off Based Valuation of EQ-5D Health States. Value in Health. ISSN 1098-3015. 15(2), s. 340–345. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2011.10.010. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Dahl, Fredrik Andreas; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2012). A Shortcut to Mean-Based Time Tradeoff Tariffs for the EQ-5D? Medical decision making. ISSN 0272-989X. 32(4), s. 569–577. doi: 10.1177/0272989X11431607. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2012). Time Trade-Off and Ranking Exercises Are Sensitive to Different Dimensions of EQ-5D Health States. Value in Health. ISSN 1098-3015. 15(5), s. 777–782. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2012.04.002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2011). Comparison of hypothetical and experienced EQ-5D valuations: relative weights of the five dimensions. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-0016-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: EQ-5D tariffs are typically based on general population valuations studies, but whether valuations of experienced health (EH) or hypothetical health (HH) are more appropriate is disputed. Previous comparisons of valuations of EH and HH have focused on absolute differences in dimension-specific regression coefficients. We examined differences in the relative importance attributed to the EQ-5D dimensions between EH and HH valuations of EQ-5D states in the US. Methods: We used the regression model from the US EQ-5D valuation study on EH ratings from the 2000-2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and on HH ratings from the US EQ-5D valuation study, conducted in 2001. We then compared patterns in the relative magnitudes of coefficients that corresponded to the five dimensions. Results: In the HH model, self care and pain/discomfort were the most important dimensions, while usual activities was the least important. In the EH model, usual activities was the most important dimension, while self-care was one of the least important. Discussion: The findings reveal considerable differences between stated preferences for HH and ratings of EH, particularly for self-care and usual activities. The findings accentuate the importance of the debate about which groups’ values should be used in medical priority setting.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Tyrihjell, Johannes Bjørnstad; Pedersen, Kine; Værnø, Susanne Gerda; Godager, Geir; Sen, Tor Iver & Holte, Jon Helgheim [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Går vi mot en ny vri på fastlegeordningen? 144(10). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.24.0339. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Labberton, Angela Susan; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Thommessen, Bente & Barra, Mathias (2020). The impact of stroke severity on health related quality of life in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease and their informal caregivers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2017). A framework for QALY-calculations with different weights for improvements and impairments of health. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Barra, Mathias (2016). Using the choice sequence in time trade-off as discrete choices - do the two stories match? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2016). Kvalitetsjusterte leveår (QALYs) og måling av helserelatert livskvalitet: Viktige mål med vesentlige svakheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2016). Kvalitetsjusterte leveår (QALYs) og måling av helserelatert livskvalitet: Viktige mål med vesentlige svakheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Barra, Mathias (2016). End-aversion in time trade-off valuation? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Barra, Mathias (2016). Using the choice sequence in Time trade-off as Discrete Choices – do the two stories match? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Barra, Mathias (2016). Nesten perfekt helse -er det virkelig så ille? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Engel, Lidia; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Whitehurst, David G T (2016). Interpretations of mobility-related items in generic, preference-based health state instruments in the context of spinal cord injury. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Engel, Lidia; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Whitehurst, David G T (2016). "When I saw walking, I just kind of took it as wheeling" Diverging interpretations of items in generic preference-based HRQoL instruments: the example of mobility and spinal cord injury. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2015). Hva skjer på y-aksen? Tilfeldige metodevalg og konsekvenser for prioriteringer i helsevesenet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Engel, Lidia; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Whitehurst, David G T (2015). “When I saw walking, I just kind of took it as wheeling.” A qualitative exploration of how individuals with spinal cord injury perceive mobility-related items in generic health-related quality of life instruments. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Ramos-Goñi, Juan Manuel; Luo, Nan & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2015). Less is more: 8,9 and 11 parameter multiplicative models outperformed the 20-parameter main-effects regression model in monotonicity and ability to predict left out states. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2015). Kvalitetsjusterte leveår (QALYs) og måling av helserelatert livskvalitet - the devil is in the details. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Luo, Nan (2015). Anchoring bias in EQ-5D valuation based on face-to-face time trade-off interviews. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michel, Yvonne Anne; Engel, Lidia; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Whitehurst, David G T (2015). “When I saw walking, I just kind of took it as wheeling.” A qualitative exploration of how individuals with spinal cord injury perceive mobility-related items in generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Luo, Nan; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2015). Testing the ‘non-stopping’ time trade-off procedure for valuation of the EQ-5D-5L health states: a study of two countries. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Ramos-Goñi, Juan Manuel & Luo, Nan (2015). LESS IS MORE – EQ-5D-5L VALUE SETS BASED ON AN 8-PARAMETER NON-LINEAR MODEL PREDICTS LEFT-OUT STATES BETTER THAN A 20-PARAMETER MAIN EFFECTS MODEL. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane (2014). Prisen på et liv. [TV]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2014). Utfordringer ved bruk av forskjellige QALY-mål i vurdering av legemidler. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2014). A framework for differentiating between health improvements and impairments in QALY-analyses. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Barra, Mathias; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Whitehurst, David (2014). Additional condtions add up to little HRQoL. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Luo, Nan (2014). Another nail in the coffin for time trade-off for states considered worse than death. An analysis of worse than death responses from recent EQ-5D-5L valuation studies using lead-time TTO. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Luo, Nan (2014). EQVT iteration experiment #1: varied starting point and iteration step sizes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2014). Screening and QALYs: Does knowing more make us healthier and happier? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Luo, Nan (2014). MAT-Study: Varied starting point and iteration sizes, Non-stopping TTO. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ytrehus, Kirsti; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Hagve, Tor-Arne; Kristoffersen, Espen Saxhaug; Kvernmo, Siv & Middelfart, Anna [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Satsingen på medisinsk forskning kan bli svekket. Dagens medisin. ISSN 1501-4290. 19. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2014). Helserelatert livskvalitet, QALYs og prioritering. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane & Stavem, Knut (2013). Valuation 2.0 - are we ready to web? Population representativeness in valuation and health survey settings. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: In survey settings where population representativeness is central, postal surveys mailed to random recipients have been the gold standard. With rapidly increasing pervasiveness of online computers and increasing general population computer literacy, web-surveys pose an attractive alternative for several reasons: 1. a growing proportion of the population use the postal system rarely or not at all. 2. Modern web-survey technology allows more advanced surveys presented in formats that are easy for respondents to use. 3. Postal surveys are considerably more costly than similar web-surveys. All survey designs suffer from respondent self-selection: different respondent characteristics may increase or decrease willingness to participate. The objective of this study was to compare the population representativeness and EQ-5D self-reported health in a valuation study using state-of-the-art postal and web-survey formats. Methods: We developed postal and web variants of a health valuation survey with intended to maximize representativeness in the adult Norwegian population. The postal version was mailed to a random sample of 5000 persons over the age of 18 drawn from the Norwegian Population Registry. For the web-survey, we invited respondents from the market research company Synovate’s standing panel of willing survey participants. We compared the two surveys in terms of distribution of respondents’ demographic characteristics and EQ-5D self-ratings. Results Postal survey demographics: 4899 respondents received the forms, of which 1276 were returned (26%) and 1185 were completed (24.2%). Response rate increased with age, with underrepresentation below the age of 40 and overrepresentation of all groups above 40. Response rate was strongly correlated with education: 19% had 4+ years of upper tertiary education (Norway: 6.5%) and 11.6% with primary/lower secondary education (Norway: 29.8%). Web survey demographics: 1936 respondents were invited, of which 1003 (52%) completed the form. Representation was close to general population in terms of education and sex. Respondents aged 30 to 60 years were overrepresented, while respondents above 70 and below 30 were underrepresented. Final cost per analyzed respondent was NOK 306 (postal) and NOK 201 (web). EQ-5D: 50.6% (postal) and 57% (web) reported problems on at least one EQ-5D dimensions. 5% (postal and 7.6% (web) reported extreme problems on at least one dimension, more than half of which were on the pain/discomfort dimension. Distribution of problems by dimension were not significantly different. Discussion: The web-based survey outperformed the postal survey in terms of demographic representativeness, particularly for education. The web survey had low participation rates in respondents over the age of 70, possibly due to lower levels of computer literacy. There were small differences in the distribution of reported health problems between the survey modes, with more problems reported by web respondents. As education is a predictor of good health, this may be caused by better representativeness in terms of education. However, both surveys may suffer from underrepresentation of respondents with severe health problems. Web surveys may already be superior to postal surveys in terms of representativeness. However, satisficing behavior observed in both survey modes suggest that complex surveys such as health state valuation may not be recommended using either method. For surveys not dependent on complex methods , the web-based approach may be recommended for use in in countries with high pervasiveness of computers and high levels of computer literacy.

• Samuelsen, Carl Haakon; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Stavem, Knut; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2013). Anchoring effects in the Lead-Time Time Trade-Off. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2013). EQ-5D and subjective well-being: construct overlap and problems with regression modeling. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2013). Helserelatert livskvalitet: Hvorfor, hvordan og utfordringer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2012). Time trade-off and ranking exercises are sensitive to different dimensions of EQ-5D health states. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2012). Time trade-off and attitudes toward euthanasia: implications using ‘death’ as an anchor in health state valuation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2012). EQ-5D - Dårligere enn sitt rykte? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2012). What factors explain willingness to trade in the time trade-off exercises, and what factors are important? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2012). Postal or web-based? Population representativeness in health survey settings. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2011). Attitudes Towards Euthanasia Influences Values Elicited With the TTO Method. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø & Stavem, Knut (2010). Comparison of hypothetical and experienced EQ-5D valuation: relative weights of the 5 dimensions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2010). Relative Importance of EQ-5D Dimensions in Experienced and Hypothetical Health Valuations. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim & Augestad, Liv Ariane (2010). Testing the Accuracy of Composite Health State Utility Estimators: An Analysis of Medical Condition Pairs from the MEPS 2001 and 2003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2010). Learning Effects in EQ-5D TTO Valuation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2010). Learning Effects in EQ-5D Time Trade-Off Valuations. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2009). Time Out for Time Trade-Off: Redundant or Invalid Measures in US, UK, and Danish EQ-5D Valuation Studies. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2009). Choice of Transformation of Negative Utilities: Impact on Final Tariffs. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv Ariane; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2009). Time-out for Time Trade-off? Redundant or invalid measures in the US TTO-based EQ-5D tariff. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Augestad, Liv Ariane; Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Stavem, Knut & Kristiansen, Ivar Sønbø (2009). Choice of transformation on negative utilities: Impact on the US and UK tariffs. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skaar, Marie; Sjaastad, Marie; Ruzic, Andjelia; Moldskred, Ida; Wenger, Vetle & Magamadov, Isa [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Implementering av dermatoskopi i allmennpraksis - Et kvalitetsforbedringsprosjekt for utredning av melanomsuspekte hudlesjoner. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Myhra, Benedicte Røed; Hartmann-Lörscher, Claes-Henning; Carnhed, Iben; Bondevik, Ina Sætre; Røising, Kathinka & Rammo, Mahmoud [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Små pasienter, store utfordringer: Implementering av Tablett-trening ved barneavdelingen i Kristiansand – et kvalitetsforbedringsprosjekt. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tyrihjell, Johannes Bjørnstad; Godager, Geir; Pedersen, Kine; Værnø, Susanne Gerda; Gundersen, Martine Bergh & Hustad, Mie [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Evaluering av tiltak i allmennlegetjenesten: Endelig evalueringsrapport (IV). Oslo Economics. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Dette er den fjerde og siste evalueringsrapporten for følgeevalueringen av tiltak i allmennlegetjenesten. Tiltakene virker å ha vært viktige for å bedre situasjonen, men har også medført store kostnader. Fremover ventes det økt etterspørsel etter allmennlegetjenester. Dette vil kreve mer effektiv bruk av ressursene, nye arbeidsformer, økt oppmerksomhet til kvalitetsarbeid, og tilrettelagte tiltak som sikrer lik tilgang og kvalitet i hele landet.

• Tyrihjell, Johannes Bjørnstad; Godager, Geir; Pedersen, Kine; Værnø, Susanne Gerda; Gundersen, Martine Bergh & Nyen, Johanne elise [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Evaluering av tiltak i allmennlegetjenesten: Evalueringsrapport III. Oslo Economics. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pedersen, Kine; Godager, Geir; Tyrihjell, Johannes Bjørnstad; Værnø, Susanne Gerda; Gundersen, Martine Bergh & Iversen, Tor [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Evaluering av handlingsplan for allmennlegetjenesten 2020–2024: Evalueringsrapport II. Oslo Economics. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pedersen, Kine; Pedersen, Kine; Godager, Geir; Rognlien, Hans David; Tyrihjell, Johannes Bjørnstad & Værnø, Susanne Gerda [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Evaluering av handlingsplan for allmennlegetjenesten 2020–2024: Evalueringsrapport I. Oslo Economics. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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