Bjørn Hofmann

• Hofmann, Bjørn Morten (2019). Back to Basics: Overdiagnosis Is About Unwarranted Diagnosis. American Journal of Epidemiology.  ISSN 0002-9262.  188(10), s 1812- 1817 . doi: 10.1093/aje/kwz148
• Hofmann, Bjørn Morten (2019). Expanding disease and undermining the ethos of medicine. European Journal of Epidemiology (EJE).  ISSN 0393-2990.  s 613- 619 . doi: 10.1007/s10654-019-00496-4
• Hofmann, Bjørn Morten (2019). Progress bias versus status quo bias in the ethics of emerging science and technology. Bioethics.  ISSN 0269-9702.  s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1111/bioe.12622
• Stich, Anne Kathrin; Mozygemba, Kati; Lysdahl, Kristin Bakke; Pfadenhauer, Lisa Maria; Hofmann, Bjørn Morten; van der Wilt, Gert-Jan & Gerhardus, Ansgar (2019). Methods assessing sociocultural aspects of health technologies: Results of a literature review. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.  ISSN 0266-4623.  35(2), s 99- 105 . doi: 10.1017/S0266462319000102
• Gransjøen, Ann Mari; Lysdahl, Kristin Bakke & Hofmann, Bjørn Morten (2018). Geographical variations in the use of diagnostic imaging of musculoskeletal diseases in Norway. Acta Radiologica.  ISSN 0284-1851. . doi: 10.1177/0284185118812204 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Background: There is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the Norwegian population. A significant number of these patients are referred to diagnostic imaging. Geographical variations in the use of imaging for musculoskeletal disorders may display over- or underuse, and knowledge about these variations is required. Purpose: To investigate geographical variations in diagnostic imaging of the musculoskeletal system and analyze variations in the use of these examinations of all musculoskeletal diagnostic imaging, the specific modalities, and specific examinations. Material and Methods: Population rates from Statistics Norway and outpatient radiological procedures of the musculoskeletal system registered at the Norwegian Health Economics Administration (HELFO) the first half of 2016 were accessed. The HELFO data were age-adjusted; high/low ratios were calculated as rates in number of examinations per 1000 inhabitants. A high/low ratio of 1 ¼ equal use, 1.5–1.9 ¼ moderate variation (approximately 50% difference), and > 2 (twice as much) ¼ high variation. Results: Geographical variations were demonstrated at all levels, with an overall high/low ratio of 1.3. For specific modalities the highest variation was for ultrasound (3.2) and CT (2.2). For individual examinations, the highest high/low ratios were observed for MRI of the shoulder (2.4) and radiography of the lower back (1.9) and shoulder (1.8). Conclusion: We demonstrate a moderate to high geographical variation in the use of diagnostic imaging of the musculoskeletal system. This variation can indicate over- or underuse, which may violate basic principles of equity, priority, setting and appropriate care, and needs further attention.

• Gransjøen, Ann Mari; Wiig, Siri; Lysdahl, Kristin Bakke & Hofmann, Bjørn (2018). Barriers and facilitators for guideline adherence in diagnostic imaging: an explorative study of GPs’ and radiologists’ perspectives. BMC Health Services Research.  ISSN 1472-6963.  18(556) . doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3372-7 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Background Diagnostic imaging has been a part of medicine for the last century. It has been difficult to implement guidelines in this field, and unwarranted imaging has been a frequent problem. Some work has been done to explain these phenomena separately. Identifying the barriers to and facilitators of guideline use has been one strategy. The aim of this study is to offer a more comprehensive explanation of deviations from the guideline by studying the two phenomena together. Methods Eight general practitioners and 10 radiologists from two counties in Norway agreed to semi-structured interviews. Topics covered in the interviews were knowledge of the guideline, barriers to and facilitators of guideline use, implementation of guidelines and factors that influence unwarranted imaging. Results Several barriers to and facilitators of guideline use were identified. Among these are lack of time, pressure from patients, and guidelines being too long, rigid or unclear. Facilitators of guideline use were easy accessibility and having the guidelines adapted to the target group. Some of the factors that influence unwarranted imaging are lack of time, pressure from patients and availability of imaging services. Conclusion There are similarities between the perceived barriers for guideline adherence and the perceived factors that influence unwarranted imaging. There may be a few reasons that explains the deviation from guidelines, and the amount of unwarranted imaging.

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• Bratlie, Sigrid; Halvorsen, Kristin; Myskja, Bjørn Kåre; Mellegård, Hilde; Bjorvatn, Cathrine; Frost, Petter; Heiene, Gunnar Harald; Hofmann, Bjørn Morten; Holst-Jensen, Arne; Holst-Larsen, Torolf; Malnes, Raino Sverre; Paus, Benedicte; Sandvig, Bente; Sjøli, Sonja Irene; Skarstein, Birgit; Thorseth, May Britt; Vagstad, Nils; Våge, Dag Inge & Borge, Ole Johan (2019). A novel governance framework for GMO : a tiered, more flexible regulation for GMOs would help to stimulate innovation and public debate. EMBO Reports.  ISSN 1469-221X.  s 1- 4 . doi: 10.15252/embr.201947812
• Hofmann, Bjørn Morten (2019). Etiske utfordringer i folkehelsearbeidet.
• Adams, Ted D.; Andrew, Penny; Bramley, Dale & Hofmann, Bjørn Morten (2018). Using Health Information Technology and Big Data to Empower Patients and Improve Care.
• Carson, Siri Granum; Solberg, Berge & Hofmann, Bjørn Morten (2018). Ethics committees.

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