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Frode Eick

Postdoktor - Avdeling for samfunnsmedisin og global helse

E-post frode.eick@medisin.uio.no

Brukernavn

Besøksadresse Kirkeveien 166 Fredrik Holsts hus 0450 Oslo

Postadresse Postboks 1130 Blindern 0318 Oslo

Andre tilknytninger Det utdanningsvitenskapelige fakultet (Student)

Pressebilde Last ned visittkort

Faglige interesser

Frode Eicks forskning fokuserer på migrasjon, sosiale helseforskjeller og tilgang til helsetjenester blant marginaliserte befolkningsgrupper, spesielt papirløse migranter i Norge og Europa. Arbeidet hans undersøker reproduktiv og mødrehelse, utnyttelse av helsetjenester og strukturelle barrierer for omsorg, ofte ved bruk av registerbaserte og epidemiologiske metoder for å studere «vanskelig å nå» -befolkningsgrupper.

Undervisning

INTHE4030 Migration and Health

INTHE4118: Reproductive rights of migrants

Bakgrunn

Eick er postdoktor ved Institutt for samfunnsmedisin og global helse, Universitetet i Oslo. Han er utdannet sykepleier med omfattende klinisk erfaring fra primær- og spesialisthelsetjenesten i Norge og utlandet.

Han har en doktorgrad fra Universitetet i Oslo, hvor han undersøkte bruken av fødselsomsorg og svangerskapsutfall blant papirløse migrantkvinner i Norge. Forskningen hans bygger på langvarig praktisk erfaring, inkludert en sentral rolle i etableringen av Helsesenteret for papirløse migranter i Oslo i 2009. Tidligere har han jobbet for Leger Uten Grenser i Kenya, Somalia og Indonesia. Han er også førsteamanuensis ved Lovisenberg Diakonale Høgskole.

Samarbeidrolle

Eick samarbeider bredt med akademiske forskere i Norge og internasjonalt innen migrasjon og helse, inkludert kolleger ved Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo universitetssykehus og andre nordiske og europeiske forskningsmiljøer. Publikasjonene hans gjenspeiler tverrfaglig samarbeid på tvers av epidemiologi, primærhelsetjenester, obstetrikk og sosialmedisin. Han er også koordinator for The Network for Research on Migration and Health.

Arbeidet hans involverer også nære partnerskap med ikke-akademiske interessenter, inkludert frivillige helseklinikker, kommunale legevakttjenester og sivilsamfunnsorganisasjoner som jobber med migranter. Disse samarbeidene gir tilgang til ellers skjulte befolkningsgrupper og bidrar til utvikling av praksisrelevant forskning og helsetjenester.

Eick, Frode & Jahnsen, Synnøve Økland (2026). Homelessness as Structural Vulnerability: Precarious Citizenship and Migrant Health in a Nordic Welfare State. Journal of Migration and Health. s. 100423–100423. doi: 10.1016/j.jmh.2026.100423. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Lafontan, Sara Rivenes; Eick, Frode & Einang, Karoline Hasle (2026). Between legal rights and lived realities: Roma Women’s experiences of abortion care analyzed using the WHO conceptual framework for abortion care. Women's Health. ISSN 1745-5057. 22. doi: 10.1177/17455057261458329. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Background Access to abortion is a core component of sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). In Norway and most European countries, abortion is legal on request. Yet, legal entitlement alone does not ensure equitable or person-centered care. Migrant women, including Roma women from Eastern Europe, often face structural and informational barriers when navigating abortion and related services. Objectives This study explored Roma women’s experiences of abortion care, counselling, and follow-up in light of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Conceptual Framework for Abortion Care. Design A qualitative, exploratory design was used. Methods: Seven semi-structured individual interviews and one focus group discussion were conducted with 12 Roma women temporarily residing in Oslo. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Four interrelated themes were developed: 1 Limited access to information and contraceptive counselling, 2 Fragmented care and missed opportunities for continuity, 3 Bodily integrity and consent, and 4 Autonomy, values, and the meaning of motherhood. Participants described abortion as medically safe and respectful but constrained by linguistic barriers, reliance on informal networks for information, and a lack of post-abortion counselling or follow-up. Conclusions The study shows that Roma women’s experiences of abortion care were shaped by limited information, lack of continuity of care, and constrained autonomy. Viewed through the WHO framework, these experiences illustrate how comprehensive abortion care remains unevenly achieved for mobile and marginalized women.
Einang, Karoline Hasle; Eick, Frode & Lafontan, Sara Rivenes (2026). Valued but not used: a qualitative study on the perception of contraception among Eastern European Roma women commuting to Oslo, Norway. Sexual & Reproductive HealthCare. ISSN 1877-5756. s. 101215–101215. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2026.101215. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Guido, Giacomo; Abbara, Aula; Asaduzzaman, Muhammad; Farkas, Ferenc Balazs; Diabate, Kader & Duvignaud, Alexandre [Vis alle 31 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). AdMiRE Study: Development and Validation of a WHO-aligned Tool to Assess Healthcare Access and Antibiotic Use Among Migrant Populations in Europe — A Multicountry Delphi and Psychometric Study on behalf of the ESGITM group. CMI Communications (CMI Comms). s. 105184–105184. doi: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2026.105184. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Keynejad, Roxanne C.; Gaifém, Francisca; Nikolić, Ivana; Belay, Sewhareg; Amare, Hiwot Hailu & Abera, Hiwot [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). From housing to home and belonging: structural violence, ontological (in)security and women's mental health. Frontiers in Sociology. 11. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2026.1612133. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Women's mental health is profoundly shaped by structural violence through housing, which impacts their experience of home and sense of belonging. This Perspective advances an integrative sociological framework across a continuum from the most concrete manifestation of shelter (housing) through symbolic representations of home, to the psychological experience of belonging to a place. We synthesize evidence for relationships between unstable, unsafe housing, abusive homes, social dislocation, and mental ill-health. Drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship, we specify how housing insecurity erodes community, relationships, and safety, generating ontological insecurity that amplifies vulnerability to interpersonal violence. We show that these dynamics are bidirectional: mental health conditions can impede access to resources and secure housing, reinforcing insecurity, while housing adversity is associated with worsened mental health. An intersectional lens reveals that minoritised women experience compounded harm through migration status, precarity, and policy regimes that limit protection and support. Our framework connects macro-level structures (national and international policy), meso-level institutions (welfare, health, and housing services), and micro-level lived experience, demonstrating how structural conditions become embodied as mental health symptoms. This Perspective situates ontological (in)security as central to the relationships between shelter, place, and women's mental health, identifying actionable leverage points for change. We argue for gender-sensitive, integrated interventions that expand access to safe, stable housing, co-locate mental healthcare with rights-based and anti-discrimination services, and address feedback loops between shelter, place, and mental health. By foregrounding housing as a key conduit of structural violence, this Perspective advances sociological understanding of how belonging and mental health are co-constituted and offers directions for research and policy to improve women's health and flourishing.
Misje, Ragnhild; Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Dahl, Cecilie (2025). Increased risk of adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Journal of Migration and Health. 11. doi: 10.1016/j.jmh.2025.100318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Fjelltorp-Veland, Kristine; Fjeld, Heidi & Eick, Frode (2025). Navigating financial coverage of healthcare to undocumented migrants at two hospitals in Oslo: a qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/14034948251318512. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi E; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup; Valberg, Morten & Dahl, Cecilie (2024). Perinatal mortality among pregnant undocumented migrants in Norway 1999–2020: A register-based population study. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 353. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117055. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Background Irregular legal status is a recognized health risk factor in the context of migration. However, undocumented migrants are rarely included in health surveys and register studies. Adverse perinatal outcomes are especially important because they have long-term consequences and societal risk factors are modifiable. In this study, we compare perinatal outcomes in undocumented migrants to foreign-born and Norwegian-born residents, using a population-based register. Methods We included women 18–49 years old giving birth to singletons as registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway from 1999 to 2020. Women were categorized as ‘undocumented migrants’ (without an identity number), ‘documented migrants’ (with an identity number and born abroad), and ‘non-migrants’ (with an identity number and born in Norway). The main outcome was perinatal mortality, i.e., death of a foetus ≥ gestational week 22, or neonate up to seven days after birth. We used log-binominal regression to estimate the association between legal status and perinatal mortality, adjusting for several maternal pre-gestational and gestational factors. Direct standardization was used to adjust for maternal region of origin. Ethical approval Regional Ethical Committee (REK South East, case number 68329). Results We retrieved information on 5856 undocumented migrant women who gave birth during the study period representing 0.5% of the 1 247 537 births in Norway. Undocumented migrants had a relative risk of 6.17 (95% confidence interval 5.29 ̶7.20) of perinatal mortality compared to non-migrants and a relative risk of 4.17 (95% confidence interval 3.51 ̶4.93) compared to documented migrants. Adjusting for maternal region of origin attenuated the results slightly. Conclusion Being undocumented is strongly associated with perinatal mortality in the offspring. Disparities were not explained by maternal origin or maternal health factors, indicating that social determinants of health through delays in receiving adequate care and factors negatively influencing gestational length may be of importance.
Voldner, Nanna; Eick, Frode & Vangen, Siri (2023). ‘Goodbye and good luck’ Midwifery care to pregnant undocumented migrants in Norway: A qualitative study. Sexual & Reproductive HealthCare. ISSN 1877-5756. 37(September), s. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100878. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Objective: To explore community midwives’ experiences caring for pregnant undocumented migrants seeking prenatal care in Norway. Method: Due to the relatively limited previous research and number of pregnant undocumented migrants we used an explorative approach through qualitative method. Ten community midwives were interviewed after snowball sampling in Oslo, the capital of Norway. The main themes emerged through a qualitative analysis of the transcripts, and meaning units were extracted. Results: Midwives with no prior experience with pregnant undocumented migrants expressed uncertainty regarding the women’s rights. In contrast, those midwives who had had prior experience with this group, developed their own solutions and enacted certain strategies to help them without any guidelines from their employer. All the midwives found it challenging to provide follow-up care to the undocumented migrants during pregnancy and postpartum. They also expressed concerns regarding increasing challenges creating clinical trusting relationships and restrictions and practices at public hospitals. Conclusions: To ensure adequate perinatal care, it is needed to reassure pregnant undocumented migrants free and safe care at all stages in the birth giving process. Community midwives need professional support in establishing trusting clinical relationships with pregnant undocumented migrants to reduce maternal stress and facilitate continuity in perinatal care.
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Use of emergency primary care among pregnant undocumented migrants over ten years: an observational study from Oslo, Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 41(3), s. 317–325. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2023.2237074. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Objective To compare consultations with pregnant undocumented migrants at emergency primary health care to consultations with pregnant residents of Norway. Design A cross-sectional study of consultations at several time points. Setting The study was conducted at the Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic (OAEOC), the main emergency primary care service in Oslo, Norway. Subjects Consultations with pregnant patients without a Norwegian identity number seeking care at the Department of Emergency General Practice at the OAEOC were identified through a manual search of registration lists from 2009 to 2019. The consultations were categorized by women’s residency status as ‘probably documented migrant’, ‘uncertain migrant status’, or ‘probably undocumented migrant’. We also extracted aggregated data for women with a Norwegian identity number (i.e. residents) presenting in consultations with pregnancy-related (ICPC-2 chapter W) conditions. Main outcome measures Manchester Triage System urgency level at presentation, and hospitalization. Results Among 829 consultations with female patients categorized as probably undocumented migrants, we found 27.1% (225/829) with pregnant women. About half of the pregnant women (54.6% (123/225)) presented with a pregnancy-related condition. Pregnant women that were probably undocumented migrants had an increased risk of being triaged with a high level of urgency at presentation (relative risk (RR) 1.86, 95% CI 1.14–3.04) and being hospitalized (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.21–2.34), compared to pregnant residents. Conclusion Pregnant undocumented migrants were more severely sick when presenting to emergency primary care services than pregnant residents. Increased access to primary care and emergency primary care services for pregnant undocumented migrants is urgently needed.
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 22, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-05112-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Background In 2011 Norway granted undocumented women the right to antenatal care and to give birth at a hospital but did not include them in the general practitioner and reimbursement schemes. As a response to limited access to health care, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) have been running health clinics for undocumented migrants in Norway’s two largest cities. To further facilitate universal health coverage, there is a need to investigate how pregnant undocumented women use NGO clinics and how this affects their maternal health. We therefore investigated the care received, occurrence of pregnancy-related complications and pregnancy outcomes in women receiving antenatal care at these clinics. Methods In this historic cohort study we included pregnant women aged 18–49 attending urban NGO clinics from 2009 to 2020 and retrieved their medical records from referral hospitals. We compared women based on region of origin using log-binominal regression to estimate relative risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results We identified 582 pregnancies in 500 women during the study period. About half (46.5%) the women sought antenatal care after gestational week 12, and 25.7% after week 22. The women had median 1 (IQR 1–3) antenatal visit at the NGO clinics, which referred 77.7% of the women to public health care. A total of 28.4% of women were referred for induced abortion. In 205 retrieved deliveries in medical records, there was a 45.9% risk for any adverse pregnancy outcome. The risk of stillbirth was 1.0%, preterm birth 10.3%, and emergency caesarean section 19.3%. Conclusion Pregnant undocumented women who use NGO clinics receive substandard antenatal care and have a high risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes despite low occurrence of comorbidities. To achieve universal health coverage, increased attention should be given to the structural vulnerabilities of undocumented women and to ensure that adequate antenatal care is accessible for them.
Eick, Frode; Maleta, K; Govasmark, Espen; Duttaroy, Asim K. & Bjune, Gunnar Aksel (2009). Food intake of selenium and sulphur amino acids in tuberculosis patients and healthy adults in Malawi. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. ISSN 1027-3719. 13(10), s. 1313–1315. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

Vik, Eline Skirnisdottir; Einang, Karoline Hasle; Eick, Frode & Rivenes, Sara (2026). Aktuell forskning - Romske kvinner fra Øst-Europa: Prevensjon oppleves som viktig, men ikke alltid relevant. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode & Jahnsen, Synnøve Økland (2026). Ny kunnskap om bostedsløshet og migranters helse. doi: https:/uni.oslomet.no/bovel/2026/09/16/ny-kunnskap-om-bostedsloshet-og-migranters-helse/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Kurdzielewicz, Marta; Lie, Anne Kveim & Fjeld, Heidi E (2026). Developing a designated general practitioner clinic for and with temporary migrant workers and local stakeholders in Norway: - lessons learned from the BRIDGE project. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode & Jahnsen, Synnøve Økland (2026). Homelessness as structural vulnerability: - Precarious citizenship and migrant health in a Nordic welfare state. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Kolahta, Asres Ioab; Herfina, Nababan; Ursula, Trummer; Stevens, Amy Jane; Louise, Bonneau & Johanna, Offe [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Strengthening participatory migration health research in a changing political environment. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe. 68, s. 101803–101803. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2026.101803. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Engelsen, Thea Cecilie; Einang, Karoline Hasle; Eick, Frode & Lafontan, Sara Rivenes (2026). Legen sa han ville «gjøre noe» slik at hun ikke ble gravid igjen. Kvinnen fryktet hun kunne ha blitt sterilisert. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Moderne prevensjon ble vurdert som lite aktuelt blant disse kvinnene.
Eick, Frode; Näsholm, Linnea; Gjerstad, Ingunn & Nystuen, Gro (2026). Papirløs, ikke verdiløs. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2026). The use of maternity care and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. doi: https:/wombhnet.wordpress.com/about/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2026). Impact of securitization of borders on the healthcare of undocumented migrants in Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Jahnsen, Synnøve Økland & Eick, Frode (2026). Between Rights and Restrictions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Ali, Karwan Noradin; Näsholm, Linnea & Eick, Frode (2025). Kritiserer Oslo kommune for manglende oppfølging av papirløse gravide. [Internet]. NRK. doi: https:/www.nrk.no/stor-oslo/papirlose-migranter-som-foder-i-norge-1.17674026. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Udeze, Chisom & Eick, Frode (2025). Rethinking development: Language, power and the cost of progress. Global Public Health. ISSN 1744-1692. 21(1). doi: 10.1080/17441692.2025.2610059. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Einang, Karoline; Eick, Frode & Lafontan, Sara Rivenes (2025). Valued but Not Used: The Paradox of Contraceptive Use A Qualitative Study on How Modern Contraceptive Methods Are Perceived and Used Among Non-citizen Roma Women in Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode & Jahnsen, Synnøve Økland (2025). Between Rights and Restrictions; the health of homeless migrants using a long-term shelter in Oslo, Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Misje, Ragnhild; Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi E; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Dahl, Cecilie (2025). Increased risk of adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Fjelltorp-Veland, Kristine; Fjeld, Heidi E & Eick, Frode (2025). Navigating financial coverage of healthcare to undocumented migrants at two hospitals in Oslo: a qualitative study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2025). Impact of securitization of borders for the health care of undocumented migrants in Europe - insights from research on maternity care in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Severinsen, Marit Stene; Eick, Frode & Näsholm, Linnea (2025). Access to reproductive and sexual healthcare for undocumented migrants. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode & Miltenburg, Andrea Solnes (2025). Andregenerasjons innvandrere - hvor ligger problemet? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2025). Maternity care for undocumented migrants in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Dahl, Cecilie (2024). The use of maternity care and perinatal outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2024). Gravide papirløse flyktninger kommer ofte for sent til legen. [Journal]. Kilden kjønnsforskning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2024). Barn av av disse kvinnene dør oftere i fødsel. [Journal]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2024). Forskning i grenseland: Hvordan går det med gravide, papirløse kvinner? [Journal]. Khrono.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2024). Maternity care and perinatal outcomes among undocumented women. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Use of emergency health care services by pregnant undocumented migrants over a ten-year period in Oslo, Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Myhrvold, Trine; Eick, Frode & Lerø, Ragnhild (2023). Helsehjelp for papirløse migranter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Keynejad, Roxanne C; Deraz, Omar; Ingenhoff, Rebecca; Eick, Frode; Njie, Hassan & Graff, Selina [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Decoloniality in global health research: ten tasks for early career researchers. BMJ Global Health. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014298. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup; Valberg, Morten & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Perinatal mortality among pregnant undocumented migrants in Norway 1999-2020: a register-based population study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2023). Papirløse gravide kvinner har større behov for akutt helsehjelp enn andre, ifølge studie. [Journal]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Utilization of an emergency primary care clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ebbing, Cathrine; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Pregnant undocumented women’s use of two humanitarian clinics between 2009-2020 and their maternal outcomes in Norway: A cohort study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
In 2011, Norway granted pregnant undocumented women the right to antenatal care and to give birth at a hospital, but did not include them in the general practitioner and reimbursement schemes. In addition, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) have been running health clinics for undocumented migrants. There is a need to investigate how pregnant undocumented women use NGO clinics and how this affects their maternal health. We therefore investigated the care received, occurrence of pregnancy-related complications and maternal and perinatal outcomes in women receiving care at these clinics. In this historic cohort study we included pregnant women aged 18-49 who attended urban NGO clinics between 2009-2020 and retrieved their medical records from the hospitals in the uptake area. We compared women based on region of origin using log-binominal regression to estimate relative risk of adverse outcomes. We identified 582 pregnancies in 500 women during the study period. About half (46.5%) the women sought antenatal care after the first trimester. The women had median 1 (IQR 1-3) antenatal visit at the NGO clinics which referred 77.7% of the women to public health care. In 205 retrieved deliveries, there was a 45.9% risk for any adverse outcome. The overall risk of stillbirth was 1.0%, pre-term birth 10.3%, and emergency caesarean section 19.3%. Pregnant undocumented women who use NGO clinics receive substandard antenatal care and have a high risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study suggests that increased attention should be given to ensure the accessibility of adequate antenatal care to undocumented women.
Thorbjørnsen, Vilde Fastvold; Patel, Davina Kaur & Eick, Frode (2022). Folkehelse - ikke for alle? Statistikk og tjenester basert på personnummer eksluderer en voksende mobil underklasse i Norge. Årgang 54(Nummer 128), s. 20–21. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2022). Gravide «Sarah» turte ikke oppsøke lege. Papirløse gravide er redde for å be om helsehjelp. [Journal]. afteposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Use of an emergency primary clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2022). Papirløse kvinner får ikke god nok oppfølging under svangerskapet. [Journal]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Austad, Ragnhild Helen; Sandbakken, Elisabeth; Sandrib, Hanna; Aavitsland, Preben; Bruun, Johan N & Eick, Frode [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Smittsomme sykdommer blant pasienter ved Helsesenter for papirløse migranter i Oslo. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 140(4). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0074. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2018). U-landshelsevesenet i Norge – ein rapport. Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839. 27.aug. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Myhrvold, Trine & Eick, Frode (2017). Frykt, flukt, men ingen fremtid; erfaringer og utfordringer i arbeidet for mennesker uten lovlig opphold. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2017). De papirløses advokat. [Journal]. Utrop.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Aasen, Henriette Sinding; Eick, Frode; Kvalbein, Tone; Nortvedt, Per & Harlem, Mads (2015). Strides om helsehjelp til papirløse. [Journal]. Tidsskriftet sykepleien. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2015). Dei treng ein lege å gå til. Bergens Tidende. ISSN 0804-8983. 12.oktober. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Ottesen, Solveig Holmedal; Eick, Frode & Hilden, Per Kristian (2015). Erfaringer fra Helsesenteret for papirløse migranter, Eksepsjonell velferd? Irregulære migranter i det norske velferdssamfunnet. Gyldendal Juridisk. ISSN 9788205484252. s. 146–164. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Karlsen, Marry-Anne & Nortvedt, Per (2015). Sykepleiere må tenke selv. [Journal]. Tidsskriftet sykepleien. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2014). Delivering primary health care to irregular migrants in Norway - field experiences after five years. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
The Health Centre of Undocumented Migrants in Oslo was founded in 2009 after a needs assessment which showed an unmet health care need and lack of other health care providers to irregular migrants. The center is based on volunteerism by health care personnel and give an interdisciplinary primary health care in a wide perspective. This provision of health care to over 2500 persons, performing over 9000 consultations give an overview over the nature of health care problems irregular migrants present, how they present it and what kind of health care is needed in this population. This may provide information about equity in health between irregular migrants and the Norwegian population, cost-benefit of health care to irregular migrants and how medical thinking about early diagnosis contradicts to national legislation. It may also be the premises of developing health care designed for irregular migrants if included in the Norwegian welfare system. I will present the experiences of giving health care to irregular migrants in the light of the different themes.
Eick, Frode (2013). Alvorlig psykisk syke asylsøkere får ikke helsehjelp. [Journal]. Intervju NRK.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode & Cassidy, Roger (2013). Hivtester papirløse migranter. Tidsskriftet sykepleien. ISSN 0806-7511. 101(3), s. 60–63. doi: 10.4220/sykepleiens.2013.0009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode & Myhrvold, Trine (2010). Pasientene strømmer til hemmelig legesenter. [Journal]. Tidsskriftet sykepleien. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2010). Hjelper de svakeste. [Journal]. Norsk tannlegeforening Tidende. doi: 10.56373/2010-5-14. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode (2010). Selenium and tuberculosis Reply. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. ISSN 1027-3719. 14(5), s. 659–659. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Eick, Frode; Dahl, Cecilie; Vallersnes, Odd Martin & Fjeld, Heidi (2024). Documenting the undocumented - The use of maternity care and perinatal outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788234804618. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag
Irregular legal status is a recognized risk factor for limited access to health care services, preterm birth and low birth weight. However, pregnant undocumented migrants are rarely included in population surveys. This thesis aims to explore the use of maternity care services by undocumented pregnant migrants in Norway and to investigate the association between legal status and severity of pregnancy-related conditions at presentation, and between legal status and perinatal health outcomes. The population of interest were pregnant undocumented migrants aged 18-49 years living in Norway from 1999-2020. This thesis is based on collected data from medical records from non-governmental (NGO) clinics in Bergen and Oslo serving undocumented migrants and their referral hospitals from 2009-2020, medical records from the Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic (OAEOC) from 2009-2019, and registry data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) from 1999-2020. In total, we found 5856 undocumented migrant women giving birth from 1999-2020 representing 0.5% of all births in Norway. Undocumented migrants had six times higher risk of perinatal death in the offspring compared with non-migrants and four times higher risk compared with documented migrants. In addition, undocumented migrant women had 54% higher risk of giving preterm birth compared with non-migrants and 47% higher risk compared with documented migrants. About half of the women came to the NGO clinics for antenatal care after their first trimester and a quarter came after gestational week 22. Pregnant undocumented migrants presenting at the OAEOC had an 86% increased risk of being triaged with a high level of urgency at presentation and a 68% increased risk of being hospitalized compared with pregnant residents (migrants and non-migrants). Based on the data, we found delayed, substandard antenatal care and an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among pregnant undocumented migrants. Neither maternal origin nor maternal gestational health conditions could explain the differences in perinatal mortality, which indicates that access to health care services may still play a role, even after the 2011 legal reform, which aimed at improving access to health services for this group.

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Publisert 12. feb. 2026 11:35 - Sist endret 18. sep. 2026 09:57

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Svangerskapshjelp for irregulære migranter