Siste publikasjoner - Avdeling for Samfunnsmedisin og global helse

• Aukrust, Camilla Grøver; Paulsen, Anne Henriette; Uche, Enoch Ogbonnaya; Kamalo, Patrick Dongosolo; Sandven, Irene & Fjeld, Heidi E [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Aetiology and diagnostics of paediatric hydrocephalus across Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. ISSN 2572-116X. 10(12), s. e1793–e1806. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X%2822%2900430-2.
• Czapka, Elzbieta; Herrero-Arias, Raquel; Younes, Jasmin Haj; Hasha, Wegdan Hamed Nasser; Madar, Ahmed Ali & Møen, Kathy Ainul Mashrooka [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). ‘Who is telling the truth?’ Migrants’ experiences with COVID-19 related information in Norway: a qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/14034948221135237.
• Sjåfjell, Tommy Lunde; Lie, Anne Helene Kveim; Sørlie, Eva Kristin & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia (2022). Brukermedvirkning i undervisning – erfaringer fra et utviklingsprosjekt. Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid. ISSN 1503-6707. 19, s. 180–194.
• Stelzle, Dominik; Schmidt, Veronika; Keller, Luise; Ngowi, Bernard James; Matuja, William & Escheu, Gabrielle [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Characteristics of people with epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in three eastern African countries-A pooled analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. ISSN 1935-2727. 16(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010870.
• Slagstad, Ketil & Lie, Anne Helene Kveim (2022). Selling sex in the age of hiv/AIDS. I Weston, Janet & Hannah, Elizabeth J (Red.), Histories of hiv/AIDS in Western Europe. Manchester University Press. ISSN 9781526151223. s. 27–58. doi: https%3A/doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.7765/9781526151223.00010.
• Tidwell, Tawni L.; Nianggajia, XXX & Fjeld, Heidi E (2022). Chasing dön spirits in Tibetan medical encounters: Transcultural affordances and embodied psychiatry in Amdo, Qinghai. Transcultural Psychiatry. ISSN 1363-4615. doi: 10.1177/13634615221126058.
• Landgraff, Ida Kalstad; Meyer, Haakon Eduard; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Holvik, Kristin; Talsnes, Ove & Myrstad, Marius (2022). Resting heart rate, self-reported physical activity in middle age, and long-term risk of hip fracture. A NOREPOS cohort study of 367,386 men and women. Bone. ISSN 8756-3282. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116620. Vis sammendrag

  Enhanced knowledge regarding modifiable risk factors for hip fractures are warranted. We aimed to study the associations between two indicators of physical fitness (resting heart rate and level of physical activity) in middle-aged individuals, and the risk of hip fractures during the subsequent three decades. Data on objectively measured resting heart rate and self-reported leisure time physical activity from a national health survey (1985–1999) was linked to a database including all hip fractures treated in Norwegian hospitals from 1994 through 2018. We calculated hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) for hip fractures according to categories of resting heart rate (mean of two repeated measures), and leisure time physical activity level in adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. In total, 367,386 persons (52 % women) aged 40 to 45 years were included, of whom 5482 persons sustained a hip fracture during a mean follow-up of 24.8 years. Higher resting heart rate was associated with higher hip fracture risk. Men with a resting heart rate above 80 bpm, who also reported low levels of physical activity, had a HR of 1.82 (95 % CI 1.49–2.22) for hip fracture compared to men with a resting heart rate below 70 bpm who reported high levels of physical activity. The same measure of association fo women was 1.62 (95 % CI 1.28–2.06). Physical fitness measured by low resting heart rate in middle age, and a high physical activity level were associated with a lower long-term risk of hip fractures in both men and women.

• Hoff, Rune; Maltzahn, Niklas; Hasting, Rachel Louise; Merkus, Suzanne; Undem, Karina & Kristensen, Petter [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). An initiative for a more inclusive working life and its effect on return-to-work after sickness absence: a multistate longitudinal cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. ISSN 1351-0711. 12(11). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062558.
• Khai, Tual Sawn & Asaduzzaman, Muhammad (2022). ‘I Doubt Myself and Am Losing Everything I Have since COVID Came’—A Case Study of Mental Health and Coping Strategies among Undocumented Myanmar Migrant Workers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(22). doi: 10.3390/ijerph192215022. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Migrant populations have always been vulnerable to a high burden of social exclusion, mental disorders, physical illnesses, and economic crises. The current COVID-19 pandemic has further created a frantic plight among them, particularly for undocumented migrant workers in the global south. We have conducted a mixed method study among the undocumented Myanmar migrant workers (UMMWs) in Thailand to explore how the COVID-19 disruption has impacted their mental health and what coping strategies they have adopted. Following the onset of COVID-19 and the recent coup d’état in Myanmar, our current study is the first attempt to understand the mental health status and predicament of this neglected migrant group. A total of 398 UMMWs were included in the online survey, of which 23 participated in qualitative interviews. The major mental health issues reported by the study participants were depression, generalized anxiety disorder, frustration, stress, and panic disorders, while loss of employment, worries about the pandemic, social stigma, lack of access to healthcare, lockdown, and fear of detention were the predominant contributing factors. In response, we identified two key coping mechanisms: coping at a personal level (listening to music, playing online game, praying, and self-motivation) and coping at a social level (chatting with family and friends and visiting religious institutions). These findings point to the importance of policy and intervention programs aimed at upholding mental health at such humanitarian conditions. Sustainable institutional mental health care support and social integration for the migrant workers, irrespective of their legal status, should be ensured.

• Spjeldnæs, Amanda Hylland (2022). Verden mangler 6,4 millioner leger. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(13). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0419.
• Bannister, David Roger (2022). Whose public, whose goods? Generations of patients and visions of fairness in Ghanaian health. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115393.
• Rødseth, Siri Christine; Høvik, Hedda; Schuller, Annemarie A.; Bjertness, Espen & Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa (2022). Dental caries in a Norwegian adult population, the HUNT4 oral health study; prevalence, distribution and 45-year trends. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. doi: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2117735.
• Likindikoki, Samuel Lazarus; Mmbaga, Elia; Mizinduko, Mucho; Alexander, Mwijage; Adams, Lisa V. & Horsburgh, Robert [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Testing for Drug-Related Infectious Diseases and Determinants among People Who Use Drugs in a Low-Resource Setting: A Respondent-Driven Cross-Sectional Survey. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. ISSN 2414-6366. 7(9). doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090213.
• Ghandour, Rula; Hammoudeh, Weeam; Giacaman, Rita; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd & Fjeld, Heidi E (2022). Coming of age: a qualitative study of adolescent girls’ menstrual preparedness in Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank and Jordan. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters (SRHM). ISSN 2641-0397. 30(1). doi: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2111793.
• Riise, Geir; Fell, Anne Kristin M. & Røed, Maren Anne (2022). Klimaendringer og helse. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(12). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0326.
• Keller, Luise; Stelzle, Dominik; Schmidt, Veronika; Schmidt, Veronika; Carabin, Hélène & Reinhold, Ann-Kristin [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Community-level prevalence of epilepsy and of neurocysticercosis among people with epilepsy in the Balaka district of Malawi: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. ISSN 1935-2727. 16(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010675.
• Bergqvist, Joel; Bove, Mogens; Andersson, Anders; Schiöler, Linus; Klepaker, Geir & Abrahamsen, Regine [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Chronic rhinosinusitis associated with chronic bronchitis in a five-year follow-up: the Telemark study. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. ISSN 1471-2466. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12890-022-02203-8. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is associated with generalised airway inflammation. Few studies have addressed the relationship between CRS and chronic bronchitis (CB). Methods: This prospective study over a five-year period aims to investigate the risk of developing CB in subjects reporting CRS at the beginning of the study. A random sample of 7393 adult subjects from Telemark County, Norway, answered a comprehensive respiratory questionnaire in 2013 and then 5 years later in 2018. Subjects reporting CB in 2013 were excluded from the analyses. New cases of CB in 2018 were analysed in relation to having CRS in 2013 or not. Results: The prevalence of new-onset CB in 2018 in the group that reported CRS in 2013 was 11.8%. There was a significant increase in the odds of having CB in 2018 in subjects who reported CRS in 2013 (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.65-5.40), adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking and asthma. Conclusion: In this large population sample, CRS was associated with increased odds of developing CB during a five-year follow-up. Physicians should be aware of chronic bronchitis in patients with CRS.

• Carpén, Timo; Gille, Evelina; Hammarstedt-Nordenvall, Lalle; Hansen, Johnni; Heikkinen, Sanna & Lynge, Elsebeth [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Occupational risk variation of nasopharyngeal cancer in the Nordic countries. BMC Cancer. ISSN 1471-2407. 22, s. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s12885-022-10209-y. Vis sammendrag

  Background The aim of this study was to estimate occupational risk variation in the incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) in a large population-based cohort of the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) study Methods This study is based on a cohort of almost 15 million persons from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, with 2898 nasopharyngeal cancer cases diagnosed in 1961–2005. The data on occupations were gathered from population censuses and cancer data from the national cancer registries. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the national NPC incidence rates as the reference. Results There were 1980 male and 918 female NPC patients. The highest SIRs of NPC were observed among male waiters (SIR 3.69, 95% CI 1.91–6.45) and cooks and stewards (SIR 2.24, 95% CI 1.16–3.91). Among women, launderers had the highest SIR of NPC (2.04, 95% CI 1.02–3.65). Significantly decreased SIRs were found among male farmers (SIR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68–0.92) and male textile workers (SIR 0.49, 95% CI 0.22–0.93). Conclusions This study suggests that NPC may be associated with several work-related exposure agents such as smoking, kitchen air pollution and solvents. In future, occupational exposure-risk relations should be studied to understand more about causality and to assess effective prevention strategies.

• Stelzle, Dominik; Kaducu, Joyce; Schmidt, Veronika; Welte, Tamara M.; Ngowi, Bernard James & Matuja, William [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Characteristics of people with epilepsy in three Eastern African countries – a pooled analysis. BMC Neurology. ISSN 1471-2377. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12883-022-02813-z.
• Muinde, Jacinta Victoria Syombua & Prince, Ruth Jane (2022). A new universalism? Universal health coverage and debates about rights, solidarity and inequality in Kenya. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115258.
• Mwijage Ishungisa, Alexander; Meyrowitsch, Dan Wolf; Mmbaga, Elia; Leshabari, Melkizedeck Thomas & Moen, Kåre (2022). Not a Problem at All or Excluded by Oneself, Doctors and the Law? Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives on Access to HIV-Related Healthcare among Same-Sex Attracted Men in Tanzania. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care. ISSN 2325-9574. 21. doi: 10.1177/23259582221121448.
• Lie, Anne Helene Kveim; Johnsen, Lars Gunnarsønn Bagøien; Jordheim, Helge & Ytreberg, Espen (2022). The Rise of Health: A Collocation Analysis of Conceptual Changes in News Discourse, 1950–2010. Contributions to the History of Concepts. ISSN 1807-9326. 17(2), s. 18–40. doi: 10.3167/choc.2022.170202.
• Spjeldnæs, Amanda Hylland (2022). Gjør ungdom med kronisk sykdom det dårligere på skolen? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(14). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0571.
• Rayamajhi, Sushil; Rafi, Md Abdur; Tripathi, Nishant; Dongol, Anjana Singh; Pandey, Minalma & Rayamajhi, Shreejana [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Adverse events following immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBIBP-CorV vaccine: A comparative study among healthcare professionals of Nepal. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272729.
• Spjeldnæs, Amanda Hylland (2022). Krig kan føre til dårlig mental helse. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(11). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0398.
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-05112-0.
• Vitry, Geraldine; Finch, Rebecca; Mcstay, Gavin; Behesti, Afshin; Déjean, Sébastien & Larose, Tricia L [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Muscle atrophy phenotype gene expression during spaceflight is linked to a metabolic crosstalk in both the liver and the muscle in mice. iScience. ISSN 2589-0042. 25(10). doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105213.
• Chesire, Faith Chelagat; Ochieng, Marlyn; Mugisha, Michael; Ssenyonga, Ronald; Oxman, Matt & Nsangi, Allen [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Contextualizing critical thinking about health using digital technology in secondary schools in Kenya: a qualitative analysis. BMC Pilot and Feasibility Studies. ISSN 2055-5784. 8(1). doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01183-0.
• Wiebers, David O.; Feigin, Valery L. & Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (2022). All Life Protection and Our Collective Future. Neuroepidemiology. ISSN 0251-5350. 56(3), s. 147–150. doi: 10.1159/000525021.
• Langa, Irene; Padama, Fernando; Nhancupe, Noémia; Pondja, Alberto; Hlashwayo, Delfina & Gouveia, Lidia [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The burden of T. solium cysticercosis and selected neuropsychiatric disorders in Mocuba district, Zambézia province, Mozambique. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. ISSN 1935-2727. 16(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010606.
• Vinueza Veloz, Andrés Fernando; Carpio Arias, Tannia Valeria; Vargas Mejía, Jénifer Sthefania; Tapia Veloz, Estephany Carolina; Piedra Andrade, Jefferson Santiago & Nicolalde Cifuentes, Tomás Marcelo [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Cognitive function and vitamin B12 and D among community-dwelling elders: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. ISSN 2405-4577. 50, s. 270–276. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.05.004.
• Batool, Narjis; Saleem, Zikria; Saeed, Hamid; Yasmeen, Sadia; Anwar, Rabia & Ahmad, Faheem [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Pakistani children with thalassemia. Family Medicine and Primary Care Review. ISSN 1734-3402. 24(1), s. 37–42. doi: 10.5114/fmpcr.2022.113012.
• Wangamati, Cynthia Khamala; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Ogutu, Beatrice; Sokoine, Kudely; Ochieng, Moureen & Majikata, Sabrina [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Assessment of whole school approach intervention to reduce violence affecting children in and around schools in Kenya and Tanzania: Protocol for a before-and-after, mixed-methods pilot study. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055231.
• Ameso, Edwin Ambani & Prince, Ruth Jane (2022). Striking health workers: Precarity and healthcare in neoliberal Kenya. Anthropology Today. ISSN 0268-540X. 38(4), s. 11–14. doi: 10.1111/1467-8322.12742.
• Nylenna, Magne & Bogen, Bjarne (2022). Terapeutiske vaksiner. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0717.
• Meyer, Haakon Eduard; Selmer, Randi Marie; Rabanal, Kjersti Stormark & Klemsdal, Tor Ole (2022). Mange flyktninger har høy risiko for hjerte og karsykdom. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(12). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0365.
• Vollan, Hilde Synnøve; Caugant, Dominique Andree Yvette; Eldholm, Vegard; Alfsnes, Kristian; Debech, Nadia & Brynildsrud, Ola Brønstad (2022). Naturally occurring Neisseria gonorrhoeae can have large deletions in housekeeping gene abcZ, making them untypable with multilocus sequence typing. Microbial Genomics. ISSN 2057-5858. 8(9), s. 1–7. doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.000889. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brunvoll, Sonja Hjellegjerde; Nygaard, Anders Benteson; Ellingjord-Dale, Merete; Holland, Petter; Istre, Mette Stausland & Kalleberg, Karl Trygve [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Prevention of covid-19 and other acute respiratory infections with cod liver oil supplementation, a low dose vitamin D supplement: quadruple blinded, randomised placebo controlled trial. The BMJ. ISSN 1756-1833. 378. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071245. Vis sammendrag

  Objective To determine if daily supplementation with cod liver oil, a low dose vitamin D supplement, in winter, prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection, serious covid-19, or other acute respiratory infections in adults in Norway. Design Quadruple blinded, randomised placebo controlled trial. Setting Norway, 10 November 2020 to 2 June 2021. Participants 34601 adults (aged 18-75 years), not taking daily vitamin D supplements. Intervention 5 mL/day of cod liver oil (10 µg of vitamin D, n=17278) or placebo (n=17323) for up to six months. Main outcome measures Four co-primary endpoints were predefined: the first was a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result determined by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the second was serious covid-19, defined as self-reported dyspnoea, admission to hospital, or death. Other acute respiratory infections were indicated by the third and fourth co-primary endpoints: a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result and self-reported symptoms. Side effects related to the supplementation were self-reported. The fallback method was used to handle multiple comparisons. Results Supplementation with cod liver oil was not associated with a reduced risk of any of the co-primary endpoints. Participants took the supplement (cod liver oil or placebo) for a median of 164 days, and 227 (1.31%) participants in the cod liver oil group and 228 (1.32%) participants in the placebo group had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result (relative risk 1.00, multiple comparison adjusted confidence interval 0.82 to 1.22). Serious covid-19 was identified in 121 (0.70%) participants in the cod liver oil group and in 101 (0.58%) participants in the placebo group (1.20, 0.87 to 1.65). 8546 (49.46%) and 8565 (49.44%) participants in the cod liver oil and placebo groups, respectively, had ≥1 negative SARS-CoV-2 test results (1.00, 0.97 to 1.04). 3964 (22.94%) and 3834 (22.13%) participants in the cod liver oil and placebo groups, respectively, reported ≥1 acute respiratory infections (1.04, 0.97 to 1.11). Only low grade side effects were reported in the cod liver oil and placebo groups. Co nclusion Supplementation with cod liver oil in the winter did not reduce the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, serious covid-19, or other acute respiratory infections compared with placebo. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04609423.

• Mazumder, Rajarshi; Lagoro, David Kitara; Nariai, Hiroki; Danieli, Alberto; Eliashiv, Dawn & Engel, Jerome [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Ictal Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Nodding Syndrome: A Comparative Case-Series from South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Annals of Neurology. ISSN 0364-5134. 92(1), s. 75–80. doi: 10.1002/ana.26377.
• Khudair, Mohammed; Marcuzzi, Anna; Ng, Kwok; Tempest, Gavin Daniel; Bartoš, František & Peric, Ratko [Vis alle 64 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). DE-PASS Best Evidence Statement (BESt): modifiable determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents aged 5-19 years-a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12(9). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059202.
• Mlowe, Fredy; Karimuribo, Esron; Mkupasi, Ernatus; Churi, Ayubu; Nyerere, Antony D. & Schmidt, Veronika [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Challenges in the Diagnosis of Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniosis in Medical and Veterinary Settings in Selected Regions of Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Veterinary medicine international. ISSN 2090-8113. 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/7472051.
• Bjerke, Lise (2022). Antibiotic geographies and access to medicines: Tracing the role of India's pharmaceutical industry in global trade. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 312. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115386. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Access to medicines has become a major concern for countries worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, as pharmaceutical production and trade have been disrupted in the course of the crisis. Antibiotics are one group of medicines where worries about access have been raised. Access to the right antibiotic at the right time is important not only for curing infections of individual patients, but also for curbing antibiotic resistance globally. Reliable pharmaceutical supply is key to ensuring access to medicines. The global supply of generic medicines has over the last decades been transformed by the rise of India's pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, I trace the changing role of this industry for the global export of antibiotics, by mapping and describing changes in Indian antibiotic exports and discussing these in light of historical processes and events. The paper offers a novel approach to analyse global antibiotic trajectories by using international trade data from publicly available resources combined with a secondary literature review. I show that India's pharmaceutical industry today holds a key role as one of the world's biggest exporters of antibiotic medicines, but with an increasing dependency on China as a supplier of antibiotic ingredients. This produces both opportunities and concerns for access to antibiotics globally.

• Spjeldnæs, Amanda Hylland (2022). Stor variasjon i bruken av antibiotika. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(10). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0272.
• Ghandour, Rula; Massoud, Dima; Ladadwa, Reem; Hammoudeh, Weeam; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd & Fjeld, Heidi E [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Fieldwork opportunities and challenges in Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory, and in Jordan: lessons learned from a Palestinian adolescent reproductive health cross-sectional study. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 399. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2822%2901162-X.
• Bannister, David Roger (2022). Wilful Blindness: Sleeping Sickness and Onchocerciasis in Colonial Northern Ghana, 1909-1957. Social history of medicine. ISSN 0951-631X. 35(2), s. 635–660. doi: 10.1093/shm/hkab119.
• Dixon, Matthew A.; Winskill, Peter; Harrison, Wendy E.; Whittaker, Charles; Schmidt, Veronika & Flórez Sánchez, Astrid Carolina [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Global variation in force-of-infection trends for human Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis. eLIFE. ISSN 2050-084X. 11. doi: 10.7554/eLife.76988.
• Islam, Mohammad Aminul; Islam, Md Rayhanul; Khan, Rizwana; Badrul Amin, Mohammed; Rahman, Mahdia & Hossain, Muhammed Iqbal [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Prevalence, etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-Acquired urinary tract infections in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274423. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Asaduzzaman, Muhammad; Ara, Rifat; Afrin, Sadia; Meiring, James E. & Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M. (2022). Planetary Health Education and Capacity Building for Healthcare Professionals in a Global Context: Current Opportunities, Gaps and Future Directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(18). doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811786. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The emerging concept of planetary health needs to be discussed in a more organized and sustainable way within the global public health and healthcare disciplines. Therefore, planetary health should be considered a cardinal component of the global academic framework for healthcare professionals. The availability of related curricula and courses is crucial to equip health professionals in this relatively new discipline of planetary health. In this review article, we aimed to explore published articles and online databases of courses to summarize the available planetary health education opportunities and discussions for health professionals, to identify the gaps in resource allocation and to suggest future recommendations. We observed a visible resource inequity in the global south with the lack of a universal planetary health module for healthcare professionals. Additionally, there is minimal inclusion of allied health disciplines in this learning process. We therefore recommend a dedicated network of motivated healthcare professionals and regional hubs with an agenda to ensure a comprehensive, uniform, and inclusive planetary health education curriculum and practice.

• Nyangi, Chacha; Stelzle, Dominik; Mkupasi, Ernatus M.; Ngowi, Helena A.; Churi, Ayubu J. & Schmidt, Veronika [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in Tanzania. BMC Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1471-2334. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07408-0.
• Garcia-Azorin, David; Baykan, Betül; Beghi, Ettore; Doheim, Mohamed F; Fernandez-de-las-Penas, Cesar & Gezegen, Hasim [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Timing of headache after COVID-19 vaccines and its association with cerebrovascular events: An analysis of 41,700 VAERS reports. Cephalalgia. ISSN 0333-1024. doi: 10.1177/03331024221099231.
• Prince, Ruth Jane (2022). Beyond Failure: Bureaucratic Labour and the Will to Improve in Kenya’s Experiments with Universal Health Care. Social Anthropology. ISSN 0964-0282. 30(2), s. 56–80. doi: 10.3167/saas.2022.300205. Vis sammendrag

  In a radical move that recalled the egalitarian promises of Kenya's post-independence years, the Kenyan government recently made all public health care free, for residents in four counties, for a period of one year. Drawing on ethnographic research on these ambitions for ‘universal health coverage’, this article follows civil servants tasked with the delivery of public services as they attempt to translate an experimental policy into practice and encounter repeated and ongoing failure. These officials had long experiences of health system failures and did not expect success this time either. Yet, they planned and delivered interventions in a hopeful mood, maintaining a sense of purpose and bracketing a sense of doubt and cynicism. Utopian projects like universal health care offer interesting sites for ethnographic research – not only because of what they set out to achieve, but because of what they generate along the way, including hopeful engagements. I study how bureaucracy may be a site of hope and optimism in the post-colonial state's capacity to improve lives, even while bureaucrats have ample experience of its failures. I explore how bureaucrats sought to engage failure and success as partial and productive, allowing a space in which they could deliver some form of public good.

• Beaudevin, Claire; Gaudilliére, Jean-Paul & Gradmann, Christoph (2022). The local roots of ‘health for all’: Primary health care in practices, 1950s–2000s. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115321.
• Howe, Laurence J.; Nivard, Michel G.; Morris, Tim T.; Hansen, Ailin Falkmo; Rasheed, Humaira & Cho, Yoonsu [Vis alle 106 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects. Nature Genetics. ISSN 1061-4036. 54(5), s. 581–592. doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01062-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Burton, Elise & Lefkaditou, Ageliki (2022). Race in Circulation: Blood Banks and Forced Mobilities in the Eastern Mediterranean. Bulletin of The History of Medicine. ISSN 0007-5140.
• Choi, Hye Jung; Leblanc, Marissa Erin; Moger, Tron Anders; Valberg, Morten; Aamodt, Geir & Page, Christian Magnus [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Stroke survival and the impact of geographic proximity to family members: A population-based cohort study. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 309, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115252.
• Ousman, Seman Kedir; Gebremariam, Mekdes; Sundby, Johanne Sommerschild & Magnus, Jeanette H. (2022). Maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and uptake of maternal healthcare services in Ethiopia: Evidence from a national survey. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273146. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tan, Yi-Roe; Agrawal, Anurag; Matsoso, Malebona Precious; Katz, Rebecca; Davis, Sara L M & Winkler, Andrea Sylvia [Vis alle 28 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). A call for citizen science in pandemic preparedness and response: Beyond data collection. BMJ Global Health. ISSN 2059-7908. 7(6). doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009389.
• Sitali, Muloongo C.; Schmidt, Veronika; Mwenda, Racheal; Sikasunge, Chummy S.; Mwape, Kabemba E. & Simuunza, Martin C. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Experimental animal models and their use in understanding cysticercosis: A systematic review. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271232.
• Abril-Ulloa, Victoria; Santos, Sueny Paloma Lima-dos; Morejón-Terán, Yadira Alejandra; Carpio-Arias, Tannia Valeria; Espinoza-Fajardo, Ana Cristina & Vinueza Veloz, Maria Fernanda (2022). Stress and Diet Quality Among Ecuadorian Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Nutrition. ISSN 2296-861X. 9. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924076.
• Skåra, Karoline Hansen; Åsvold, Bjørn Olav; Hernaez Camba, Alvaro; Fraser, Abigail; Rich-Edwards, Janet Wilson & Farland, Leslie V. [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Risk of cardiovascular disease in women and men with subfertility: the Trøndelag Health Study. Fertility and Sterility. ISSN 0015-0282. 118(3), s. 537–547. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.05.038. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To investigate the association between subfertility and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Population-based cohort. Patient(s): We studied 31,629 women and 17,630 men participating in the Trøndelag Health Study. Intervention(s): Self-reported subfertility. As men were not directly asked about fertility, male partners of female participants were identified through linkage to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and assigned the fertility information obtained from their partners. Main outcome measure(s): The primary outcomes were stroke and coronary heart disease in women and men with and without a history of subfertility. The secondary outcomes were myocardial infarction and angina (subgroups of coronary heart disease) and any CVD (stroke or coronary heart disease). Information on CVD was available by linkage to hospital records. We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age at participation in the Trøndelag Health Study (linear + squared), birth year, smoking history, cohabitation, and education. Cardiometabolic factors were assessed in separate models. Result(s): A total of 17% of women and 15% of men reported subfertility. In women, subfertility was modestly associated with an increased risk of stroke (age-adjusted hazard ratio [aaHR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.39; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]; 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.37) and coronary heart disease (aaHR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06-1.33; aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03-1.30) compared with fertile women. In men, we observed a weak positive association for stroke (aaHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.91-1.34; aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.91-1.33) and a weak inverse association for coronary heart disease (aaHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.81-1.05; aHR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.81-1.06). Conclusion(s): We observed modestly increased risks of CVD outcomes in women and some weak associations in men, although with no strong statistical evidence on sex differences. We acknowledge that we were only able to include men linked to pregnancies ending at 12 completed gestational weeks or later, potentially resulting in selection bias and misclassification of history of subfertility in analyses of male partners. Despite the large sample size, our results indicate the need for larger studies to obtain precise results in both sexes and determine whether there are true sex differences. Keywords: Subfertility; cardiovascular disease; infertility; the HUNT Study.

• Desalegn, Anteneh Assefa; Collet, Bérénice; Iszatt, Nina; Stigum, Hein; Jensen, Tina K. & Jonker, Lydia [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity in human breast milk and cryptorchidism: A case-control study within the prospective Norwegian HUMIS cohort. Environmental Research. ISSN 0013-9351. 214, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113861. Vis sammendrag

  Background The etiology of cryptorchidism remains poorly understood. Endocrine disrupting chemicals can impact estrogen signaling by interacting with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity. Objective To evaluate whether AhR activity in breast milk samples is associated with cryptorchidism. Method We conducted a case-control study based on 199 mother-child pairs (n = 91 cases/108 controls) selected from the Norwegian Human Milk Study (2002–2009). We defined cases for cryptorchidism based on maternal reports at 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24- months after birth. Chemically- and biologically stable AhR activity (pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent (TEQ)/g lipid) was determined by DR- CALUX® assay in the mothers’ milk collected at a median of 33 (10th–90th percentile: 18–57) days after delivery. We used multivariate logistic regression to compare AhR activity levels between cases and controls, and linear regression separately, to establish the relationship with the presence of 27 potential EDCs measured in breast milk and AhR activity. Results The average estimated daily intake (EDI) of dioxin and (dioxin-like (dl)-compounds via breast milk is 33.7 ± 17.9 pg TEQ/kg bodyweight per day among Norwegian children. There were no significant differences in AhR activation in breast milk samples between cases with cryptorchidism and controls. Among the 27 chemicals measured in breast milk, AhR activity was (borderline) significantly associated with all dl-PCBs, three non-dioxin-like (ndl)-PCBs (PCB-74, PCB-180, PCB-194) and two organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; HCB, β-HCH). No associations between AhR activity and brominated flame retardants (PBDEs) or poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Conclusion No association between AhR activity and cryptorchidism was found among Norwegian boys. The average EDI of dioxin and dl-compounds in exclusively breastfed Norwegian infants remains above the safety threshold and, therefore requires further reduction measures. Consistent with a possible role in the observed AhR activity, all dl-PCBs were associated with AhR activity whereas the association was null for either PBDEs or PFASs.

• Sarjomaa, Marjut Anneli; Diep, Lien My; Zhang, Chi; Tveten, Yngvar; Reiso, Harald & Thilesen, Carina [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence after five and twelve months: A cohort study from South-Eastern Norway. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(8), s. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264667. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To assess total antibody levels against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) spike protein up to 12 months after Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) infection in non-vaccinated individuals and the possible predictors of antibody persistence. Methods: This is the first part of a prospective multi-centre cohort study. Participants: The study included SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive and negative participants in South-Eastern Norway from February to December 2020. Possible predictors of SARS-CoV-2 total antibody persistence was assessed. The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein were measured three to five months after PCR in 391 PCR-positive and 703 PCR-negative participants; 212 PCR-positive participants were included in follow-up measurements at 10 to 12 months. The participants completed a questionnaire including information about symptoms, comorbidities, allergies, body mass index (BMI), and hospitalisation. Primary outcome: The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein three to five and 10 to 12 months after PCR positive tests. Results: SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein were present in 366 (94%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants after three to five months, compared with nine (1%) PCR-negative participants. After 10 to 12 months, antibodies were present in 204 (96%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants. Of the PCR-positive participants, 369 (94%) were not hospitalised. The mean age of the PCR-positive participants was 48 years (SD 15, range 20-85) and 50% of them were male. BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was positively associated with decreased antibody levels (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.42). Participants with higher age and self-reported initial fever with chills or sweating were less likely to have decreased antibody levels (age: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99; fever: OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.75). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the level of SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein persists for the vast majority of non-vaccinated PCR-positive persons at least 10 to 12 months after mild COVID-19.

• Holst, Christine; Stelzle, Dominik; Diep, Lien My; Sukums, Felix; Ngowi, Bernard James & Noll, Josef [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Improving Health Knowledge Through Provision of Free Digital Health Education to Rural Communities in Iringa, Tanzania: Nonrandomized Intervention Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 24(7). doi: 10.2196/37666.
• Søgaard, Anne-Johanne; Aga, Ruth; Holvik, Kristin & Meyer, Haakon Eduard (2022). Characteristics of fallers who later sustain a hip fracture: a NOREPOS study. Osteoporosis International. ISSN 0937-941X. s. 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00198-022-06490-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Fall prevention programs have shown inconclusive results concerning hip fracture reduction. We found that fallers with poor health, low societal participation, and use of psychotropics/painkillers had a threefold to fivefold increased hip fracture risk compared to non-fallers without these risk factors. This may help target fall prevention towards high-risk individuals. Introduction: To investigate whether self-reported information on health, societal participation, and drug use in older people, easily obtainable by health care providers, contribute to predict future hip fracture beyond self-reported falls. Methods: We used data from 3801 women and 6439 men aged 70-79 years participating in population-based studies in five counties in Norway 2000-2003. Height and weight were measured. Socioeconomic status, lifestyle, health status, and history of falling were self-reported through questionnaires. Falls last year were dichotomized into one or more versus no falls. Hip fractures were identified by linkage to hospital data with follow-up through 2013. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for hip fracture by combinations of risk factors with history of falling were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: More women (32.4%) than men (27.7%) reported one or more falls during the previous year, and 17.9% of women (n = 682) and 8.9% of men (n = 572) suffered a hip fracture during median 11.6 years of follow-up. Poor health, low societal participation, and use of psychotropics/analgesics among fallers were strong predictors of hip fracture. The presence of all three risk factors and history of falling was associated with HR 2.92 (95% CI 2.10-4.05) for hip fracture in women and HR 4.60 (95% CI 2.71-7.81) in men compared to non-fallers without these factors. Conclusion: Our study indicates that self-assessment of health, information about activities outside home, and drug use among fallers far better identify high risk of hip fracture in older people than information about falls alone.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Fjeld, Heidi E (2022). The Return of Polyandry. Kinship and Marriage in Central Tibet. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-80073-864-5. 232 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Lie, Anne Helene Kveim (2022). Gratis dop eller livreddende behandling? Noen historiske forutsetninger for dagens debatt.
• Lie, Anne Helene Kveim (2022). Helse for alle - eller bare nesten alle? Åpningsforelesning. Vis sammendrag

  Om barn i velferdsstaten - og sosialmedisinens fall

• Lie, Anne Helene Kveim (2022). Infectious diseases in a historical perspective .
• Lie, Anne Helene Kveim (2022). På Liv og Død . Vis sammendrag

  Mitt bidrag var et kåseri om musikk og epidemier innvevd i barokkkonsert m musikere fra barokkanerne. Vi hadde til sammen fem konserter: Se her for mer informasjon: https://www.facebook.com/palivogdod/

• Haave, Per & Teng, Liew Ceng (2022). Kim og Wenche - retten til å elske. [TV]. NRK.
• Haave, Per & Nagell, Charlotte (2022). Lobotomert mot sin vilje.
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Use of an emergency primary clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway.
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Multispecies Anthropology: Reflections on Agrarian Wayanad.
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Big cows vs little cows: Engineering (spiritual) livestock futures in South India.
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Thinking like a Holobiont. Microbial soil recuperation among planetary health workers in South India.
• Münster, Daniel (2022). Microbes as gods? Exploring more-than-human health through practices of soil recuperation in India.
• Litchwarck, Hanne; Mmbaga, Elia & Moen, Kåre (2022). Unprotected sex among female sex workers in Dar es Salaam: support for the ongoing scale up of pre-exposure prophylaxis in Tanzania. Vis sammendrag

  Background: The HIV epidemic disproportionally affects female sex workers in Tanzania with 15% of female sex workers living with HIV in Dar es Salaam. Condoms is one important prevention tool, while Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), antiretroviral daily medication used as HIV prevention, currently is being introduced. We reflect on the need to scale-up this biomedical intervention based on estimated rates of unprotected sex prior to PrEP initiation. Methods: We collected data from a cohort of 470 FSW initiating PrEP in Dar es Salaam from March-July 2021 using respondent driven sampling. Weighted prevalence for sexual practices were calculated using STATA/SE 16.0. Results: Half (50.7%) reported to have had unprotected sex at last vaginal sex with clients. Of the 28.2 % who reported ever having had anal sex with clients, half (50.4%) did not use condom during last anal sex. The majority had steady partner(s) (64.4 %), and 85.2 % reported not using condom at last vaginal sex with this partner(s). For the 10.7 % of women reporting to have anal sex with a steady partner, 81.4% did not use condom last anal sex. Only 45.4 % agreed with the statement “using a condom every time during anal sex reduces the risk of HIV transmission”. Reasons for not obtaining a condom when needed were cost, stockout, not knowing where to obtain it, being drunk and things happening too fast. Close to half reported to have accepted condomless sex for more pay (46.9 %), while 48.0 % reported to have refused sex with a partner who opposed condom use. Discussion: Unprotected sex was common among female sex workers initiating PrEP in Dar es Salaam. Non-use was related to individual, social and structural constraints, highlighting the obstacles to condom use well known from previous research. The need for access to additional ways of protecting oneself from HIV infection seems clear, and this is among the reasons why the ongoing scale-up of PrEP in Tanzania may be of considerable importance.

• Haaland, Inga; Metta, Emmy & Moen, Kåre (2022). The role of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis as HIV prevention for men who sell sex to other men in Dar es Salaam. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Men who sell sex to other men are twice as likely to be infected with HIV compared to other men who have sex with men. PrEP use is very effective for preventing HIV infection among at risk populations including men who sell sex to other men. PrEP is freely available to key and vulnerable populations in Tanzania. However, there is limited information on PrEP use among men who sell sex to other men in Tanzania. Aim: Explore the role of PrEP as HIV prevention among male born persons who sell sex to other men. Method: This ethnographic field work and qualitative interviews was conducted between January 2021 and April 2022 in Dar es Salaam. In this paper, we focus on the findings from interviews with 16 participants who said they did ‘Ngono Pesa’, sex for money. Results: Participants saw several benefits with PrEP, as it provided safer working conditions and could facilitate condomless sex. Sex without a condom had a higher market price and was perceived to reduce pain associated with the unlubricated condoms in receptive anal sex. PrEP thus facilitated an increased number of clients per day. Regarding challenges, some clients mistook PrEP for HIV treatment, non-adherence to PrEP and stock-outs. The lack of PrEP could lead to either unprotected sex or temporary service disruption. Conclusion: As HIV prevention, PrEP were instrumental for men who sell sex. PrEP also facilitated less painful working conditions and contributed to a higher income. PrEP also caused challenges, such as loss of income for those who were perceived to be HIV positive by their clients. Secondly, unavailability of PrEP during travels and stock-outs put participants at risk of contracting HIV.

• Riska, Brit Solvor Lyse; Gunnes, Nina; Stigum, Hein; Finnes, Trine Elisabeth; Meyer, Haakon Eduard & Omsland, Tone Kristin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Time-varying exposure to anti-osteoporosis drugs and risk of first-time hip fracture – a population wide study within the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS). Norsk Epidemiologi, Supplement. ISSN 0803-4206. 30(1), s. 19–19. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Norway has a high hip fracture incidence. Bisphosphonates and denosumab have been shown to prevent hip fractures in clinical trials, but there is a lack of population studies. Aims: To investigate whether use of bisphosphonates and denosumab reduce the risk of first-time hip fracture in Norway when adjusting for morbidity by the medication-based Rx-Risk Comorbidity index. Methods: The population was defined as inhabitants identified in the national census of 2001 who were still alive and resident by 1 January 2005. The Norwegian prescription database (NorPD) supplied data on exposures to bisphosphonates, denosumab, and other drugs for the calculation of the Rx-Risk score. Information on previous and incident hip fracture was available in the quality-assured NOREPOS hip fracture database. Persons 50 years or older were included starting from January 2005 and observed through December 2016. Sex-stratified Cox regression and flexible parametric survival analysis was used with age as time scale and with time-varying exposure to bisphosphonates and denosumab. Individuals were followed until hip fracture or censoring (death, emigration, age 90 years, or 31 December 2016, whichever occurred first). Rx-Risk score was included as a time-varying covariate, updated every two years. Other covariates were marital status, education, and time-varying use of bisphosphonates/denosumab with another indication than osteoporosis. Mean time to hip fracture within the observation period (restricted mean survival time) was estimated for the two different treatment exposures. Results: Of 1,044,661 women and 1,040,782 men, 74,775 (7.2%) and 13,417 (1.3%), respectively, were ever-exposed to either drug. Women exposed to bisphosphonates had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05–1.13) for hip fracture (age as time-scale), while women exposed to denosumab had an HR of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.53–0.87). The corresponding fully adjusted HRs were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91–0.99) and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.46–0.74) respectively. Exposure to either of the two drugs gave a longer hip fracture free period in women. For men exposed to either drug, the HRs was well above 1 – also when adjusted. Conclusions: In population-wide real-world data, women exposed to bisphosphonates had a hip fracture risk around the same level as the unexposed population after adjusting for comorbidity. Exposure to denosumab was associated with a lower risk of hip fracture in women.

• Dahl, Cecilie; Madsen, Christian; Frohn, Lise Marie; Geels, Camilla; Holvik, Kristin & Meyer, Haakon Eduard (2022). Association between air pollution and fractures of the hip and forearm in Norway. A NOREPOS study. Norsk Epidemiologi, Supplement. ISSN 0803-4206. 30(1), s. 64–64. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Norway has among the highest rates of osteoporotic fractures in the world, and the incidence is higher in urban compared to rural areas. Although emission intensity in Norway has declined over time, it still exceeds limits in several cities. We previously reported a higher risk of forearm fracture with high air pollution exposure in men from Oslo. No study has investigated the association between air pollution and osteoporotic fractures at a national level. Aims: To determine the association between two important indicators of air pollution (NO2 and PM2.5) and the incidence of forearm- and hip-fracture in Norway. Methods: Register data on forearm-and hip-fracture from the entire Norwegian population >40 years were combined with data on the background population (Statistics Norway) 2008-2018. Monthly levels of air pollution indicators were modelled (with 1x1 km2 resolution) by the NordicWelfAir project, in collaboration with the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU). The data were combined in Geographic Information systems. Age-adjusted Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs) were estimated in men and women separately using Poisson regression. Results: Median levels of air pollution were lower in 2016-2018 compared to 2008-2010 (NO2: 4.1 vs. 5.0 µg/m3, PM2.5: 3.5 vs. 4.4 µg/m3). They were higher in the urban areas and in the South of Norway. Categorizing into tertiles, the age-adjusted incidence of forearm fracture in women was 13% higher in areas with the highest NO2 levels (12.5-71.8 vs. 0.22-6.08 µg/m3: IRR=1.13, 95% CI: 1,11, 1.14), and 30% higher at the highest PM2.5 levels (6.7-66.2 vs. 0.9-4.1 µg/m3: IRR=1.30 ,95% CI:1.28, 1.32). The corresponding associations in men were: NO2- IRR=1.18, 95% CI:1.14, 1.22 and PM2.5- IRR=1.18, 95% CI:1.15, 1.21. There was also a higher risk of hip fracture at high levels of PM2.5 in both women (IRR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.10. 1.14) and men (IRR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.10. 1.15). At high NO2, the risk-increase in hip fracture was only seen in women: IRR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.06. Conclusions: Preliminary analyses found age and gender-adjusted associations between air pollution and osteoporotic fractures in nationwide data. We will present results also according to other variables.

• Mbotwa, Christopher; Kazaura, Method Rwelengera & Mmbaga, Elia (2022). Acceptability of an mHealth intervention to promote the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis among individuals at increased risk of HIV. The case of the Jichunge smartphone app in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Reducing HIV infection rates among at-risk populations is more likely to contribute to achieving the 2030 goal of ending the epidemic. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania, have started rolling out pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but adherence to the daily pills poses a challenge. Evidence indicates that mHealth is a promising solution for promoting uptake, retention, and adherence to PrEP. However, evaluation data of its implementation in Africa settings are scarce. This study aimed at assessing acceptability and initial use of mHealth in promoting PrEP use among female sex workers (FSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: FSW and MSM residing in Dar es Salaam who owned smartphones and were eligible for PrEP were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and provided with the Jichunge, a smartphone-based application designed to promote adherence to PrEP and retention in PrEP services. The app offers users information about HIV and PrEP, reminds them to take their daily pill, allows them to consult a doctor and peer educator, and includes an online forum where may engage in discussions with other PrEP users. Results: A total of 885 participants (470 FSW and 415 MSM) with a median age of 26 and 21 years, respectively, were recruited. Most (559; 63.2%) opened the app and registered pill-taking (523; 59.1%) at least once. About a third of the participants accessed the app’s PrEP and HIV editorial contents (348; 39.3%) and participated in the discussion forum (277; 31.3%). A total of 172(19.4%) consulted a doctor or peer educator via the app. FSW were significantly more likely than MSM to open the app (FSW:74%; MSM: 50.8%; p<0.001), register daily pill use (FSW:71.7%; MSM: 44.8%; p<0.001), access editorial contents (FSW:47.0%; MSM: 30.6%; p<0.001), and engage in the discussion forum (FSW:34.3%; MSM: 27.9%; p=0.044). Online consultation was not statistically significant different between the two populations (FSW:20.1%; MSM: 18.1%; p=0.336). Conclusion: The use of different services of Jichunge was significantly high. This suggests that mHealth is acceptable and can be a valuable platform to promote the use of PrEP and other services among HIV at-risk populations in Tanzania.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Utilization of an emergency primary care clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway.
• Magelssen, Morten; Pahle, Jan Andreas Saxlund; Swensen, Elisabeth & Østborg, Tilde Broch (2022). Etisk berøringsangst i fosterdiagnostikken. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(12), s. 1–4. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0466.
• Sony, R.K.; Münster, Daniel & Krishnan, Siddhartha (2022). What counts as evidence? Examining the controversy over pesticide exposure and etiology in an environmental justice movement in Kerala, India. Environmental Sociology. ISSN 2325-1042. doi: 10.1080/23251042.2022.2124625.
• Canoy, D.; Harvey, N.C.; Prieto-Alhambra, D.; Cooper, C.; Meyer, Haakon Eduard & Åsvold, Bjørn Olav [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Correction: Elevated blood pressure, antihypertensive medications and bone health in the population: revisiting old hypotheses and exploring future research directions (Osteoporosis International, (2022), 33, 2, (315-326), 10.1007/s00198-021-06190-0). Osteoporosis International. ISSN 0937-941X. doi: 10.1007/s00198-022-06537-1.
• Akter, Rokshana; Larose, Tricia Lynn Lois; Sandvik, Jannicke; Fonne, Vivianne; Meland, Anders & Wagstaff, Anthony Sverre (2022). Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Associated Factors in Military Search and Rescue Personnel.
• Vitry, Geraldine; Finch, Rebecca H; Mcstay, Gavin; Behesti, Afshin; Dejean, Sebastien & Larose, Tricia Lynn Lois [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Muscle atrophy transcriptome phenotype is linked to liver lipid metabolic processes genes expression in mice during spaceflight.
• de la Torre, Gabriel; Larose, Tricia Lynn Lois & Diaz Artiles, Ana (2022). Astroland, a New Cave Space Analog Experience to Investigate Human Performance in Isolated and Confined Environments.
• Eriksen, Sara Soraya Aemsangthum & Lie, Anne Helene Kveim (2022). En legeutdanning for klimakrisen. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(11), s. 1–3. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0470.
• Kjeldgaard, Helena Kames; Meyer, Haakon Eduard; O’Flaherty, Martin; Fenstad, Anne Marie; Furnes, Ove Nord & Gjertsen, Jan-Erik [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). OP93 Impact of total hip replacements on the incidence of hip fractures in Norway during 1999–2019. A NOREPOS study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. ISSN 0143-005X. doi: 10.1136/jech-2022-SSMabstracts.92.
• Haaland, Inga; Moen, Kåre; Metta, Emmy & Leshabari, Melkizedech (2022). The roles of PrEP as HIV prevention among men who sell sex to other men in Dar es Salaam.
• Riska, Brit Solvor Lyse; Gunnes, Nina; Meyer, Haakon Eduard; Finnes, Trine Elisabeth; Omsland, Tone Kristin & Stigum, Hein [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Time-varying exposure to anti-osteoporosis drugs and risk of first-time hip fracture – a population wide study within the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS).
• Holvik, Kristin; Hjellvik, Vidar; Karlstad, Øystein; Gunnes, Nina; Hoff, Mari & Tell, Grethe S. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Implementing a medication-based index to account for comorbidity in pharmacoepidemiologic studies: The Rx-Risk Comorbidity Index. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Methods that account for a wide range of comorbidities are needed when attempting to identify causal associations in registry-based studies. We aimed to implement the prescription-based Rx-Risk Comorbidity Index (abbreviated Rx-Risk) in nationwide data from Norway, to study the association between Rx-Risk and mortality by history of hip fracture, and to quantify the contribution of Rx-Risk in explaining the excess mortality after hip fracture. Methods: Rx-Risk was based on filled prescriptions in the Norwegian Prescription Database. Medications were mapped to 46 comorbidity categories by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code. The study population comprised all individuals aged 65 years and older who were alive by the end of 2013 and had filled at least one prescription in an outpatient pharmacy in Norway in 2013 (n=735 968). Twenty-year history of hip fracture (1994–2013) was available in the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS) hip fracture database, and year of death was obtained from Statistics Norway. We estimated one-year mortality according to Rx-Risk based on dispensed prescriptions in 2013, history of hip fracture, age and sex using Poisson regression. Results: Mortality increased exponentially with increasing Rx-Risk scores, and it was highest in persons with a history of hip fracture across the major range of Rx-Risk scores. Age- and sex-adjusted mortality risk difference according to history of hip fracture (yes vs no) was 4.4 percentage points (7.8% vs 3.4%). Adjustment for Rx-Risk score attenuated the risk difference to 3.3 percentage points. Conclusion: The Rx-Risk Comorbidity Index, based on dispensed drugs in outpatient pharmacies, can serve as a useful tool to account for comorbidity in pharmacoepidemiologic studies. History of hip fracture and comorbidity scores were both independent risk factors for mortality in the community-dwelling older population in Norway. Comorbidity explained a quarter of the excess mortality in persons with a history of hip fracture.

• Holvik, Kristin; Ellingsen, Christian Lycke; Solbakken, Siri Marie; Finnes, Trine Elisabeth; Talsnes, Ove & Grimnes, Guri [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Causes of death and cause-specific excess mortality after hip fracture. The Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS). Vis sammendrag

  Background: A hip fracture is a serious injury particularly affecting older people with multimorbidity, and it is associated with high excess mortality. Information on causes of death may help appraise the degree to which this excess mortality reflects pre-existing comorbidities or the hip fracture trauma. We aimed to describe leading causes of excess mortality through the first year after a hip fracture. Methods: Information on all hospital-treated hip fractures in Norway 1999-2016 from the NOREPOS database were linked with age- and sex-matched population controls and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry through 2017. Underlying causes of death were coded according to ICD-10 and grouped by the Eurostat shortlist. Results: Of 146,132 Norwegians with a first incident hip fracture, 35,498 (24.3%) died within one year. By 30 days post-fracture, external causes (usually the fall causing the fracture) were defined as the underlying cause for the majority of deaths (53.8%), followed by circulatory diseases (19.8%), neoplasms (9.4%), respiratory diseases (5.7%), mental and behavioral disorders (2.0%) and diseases of the nervous system (1.3%). By one year post-fracture, external and circulatory causes together accounted for half of deaths (26.1% and 27.0%). When comparing cause-specific mortality (from causes other than external causes) after hip fracture with population controls, relative mortality risks in women ranged from 1.5 for circulatory diseases to 2.5 for diseases of the nervous system. Corresponding relative risks in men ranged from 2.4 for circulatory diseases to 5.3 for diseases of the nervous system. Early excess mortality (first month) was particularly high in all cause of death categories. Conclusion: Hip fractures entail high excess mortality from all major causes of death. However, the traumatic injury of a hip fracture is the leading underlying cause of death the first year after the fracture, underlining the importance of preventing falls and fractures in older adults.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. Vis sammendrag

  In 2011, Norway granted pregnant undocumented women the right to antenatal care and to give birth at a hospital, but did not include them in the general practitioner and reimbursement schemes. In addition, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) have been running health clinics for undocumented migrants. There is a need to investigate how pregnant undocumented women use NGO clinics and how this affects their maternal health. We therefore investigated the care received, occurrence of pregnancy-related complications and maternal and perinatal outcomes in women receiving care at these clinics. In this historic cohort study we included pregnant women aged 18-49 who attended urban NGO clinics between 2009-2020 and retrieved their medical records from the hospitals in the uptake area. We compared women based on region of origin using log-binominal regression to estimate relative risk of adverse outcomes. We identified 582 pregnancies in 500 women during the study period. About half (46.5%) the women sought antenatal care after the first trimester. The women had median 1 (IQR 1-3) antenatal visit at the NGO clinics which referred 77.7% of the women to public health care. In 205 retrieved deliveries, there was a 45.9% risk for any adverse outcome. The overall risk of stillbirth was 1.0%, pre-term birth 10.3%, and emergency caesarean section 19.3%. Pregnant undocumented women who use NGO clinics receive substandard antenatal care and have a high risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study suggests that increased attention should be given to ensure the accessibility of adequate antenatal care to undocumented women.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ebbing, Cathrine; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Pregnant undocumented women’s use of two humanitarian clinics between 2009-2020 and their maternal outcomes in Norway: A cohort study.
• Slagstad, Ketil & Lie, Anne Helene Kveim (2022). On the boundaries of care: The ephemerality of transgender medicine in the Welfare State. Scandinavia 1951-2001. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  This dissertation in the history of medicine analyses how sex reassignment emerged as a clinical, scientific and bureaucratic practice in Scandinavia in the second half of the 20th century. Drawing on a range of sources, particularly from Norway, from public and private archives, medical records, scientific articles, newspaper articles and activist publications to oral history interviews with former patients, activists, doctors and psychologists, the dissertation examines how sex reassignment came into being in the context of the welfare state, in a space between the clinic, the laboratory, the bureaucracy, the press, activist organisations and communities. Using theoretical and methodological tools from science and technology studies and trans studies, the dissertation specifically explores the role of technology and practice: paper technologies, laboratory practices, psychological testing and the therapeutic practices of social medicine. Transgender medicine was not produced in the restricted sphere of the clinic but enrolled a range of actors in addition to doctors and other health professionals: patients, activists, bureaucrats, legal advisors and journalists. The main argument is that the Scandinavian context of the welfare state with a public healthcare system, a short distance between clinicians and authorities, informal networks between activists, communities and doctors and comprehensive epidemiological infrastructures shaped transgender medicine in a very different way than in, for instance, the US, where the market played a greater role and practice was more specialised. In Scandinavia, medical practices were moulded against a notion of “the social”. Doctors cared for the patient and for society – and for the patient in society. The goal was to integrate and readjust patients to society but also to protect the fabric of society. At the heart of a “sex change” was the concept of sex, and in the political project of creating and reforming the welfare state, the medical, legal and bureaucratic boundaries of sex were redrawn.

• Lie, Anne Helene Kveim; Eriksen, Sara Soraya Aemsangthum; Sharma, Ritika; Asdal, Karoline; Tran, Elisabeth & Vereide, Ragnhild [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Klima og bærekraft i helseutdanningene. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Kran, Anne-Marte Bakken; Storm, Margrethe Larsdatter; Håvelsrud, Othilde Elise; Litleskare, Irene; Bragstad, Karoline & Stene-Johansen, Kathrine [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Usage of Antivirals and the Occurrence of Antiviral Resistance in Norway 2021. RAVN . Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Infection Control. ISSN 978-82-8406-322-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Simonsen, Gunnar Skov; Blix, Hege Salvesen; Grave, Kari; Urdahl, Anne Margrete; Akselsen, Per Espen & Andersen, Cecilie Torp [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). NORM/NORM-VET 2021: Usage of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Norway. Veterinærinstituttet og Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 1502-2307. 2022(1). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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