Heidi Fjeld

• Daele, Wim Van; Tadeo, Raul Yhossef Tito; Perera, Jennifer; Tshokey, Tshokey; Iversen, Per Ole & Jayasinghe, Saroj [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Toward ethical human microbiome research: improving health through radical interdisciplinary and intercultural co-laboration. Microbiome. 14. doi: 10.1186/s40168-026-02340-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract As human microbiome research is globalizing, it raises ethical concerns regarding the European and North American dominance in the field, which may reproduce a colonial bias and perpetuate inequities in global health research and outcomes. We suggest disentangling this ethical quandary into three main concerns: 1) scientific bias toward European and North American populations; 2) limited meaningful community inclusion, participation, and ownership, and 3) scant significant inclusion of diverse global researchers. We then formulate three recommendations for their resolution, deploying co-laboration —joint labor of diverse partners in generating synergies between diverse disciplines, cultures, and knowledges around shared concerns—and co-laborative science —a form of citizen science based on such synergies between diverse partners—to guide meaningful inclusive, participatory, and ethical human microbiome research. To conclude, we promote a programmatic list for putting co-laborative ethical science into practice, benefiting global communities, individuals, and researchers alike and decolonizing and improving health worldwide.

• Grude, Sine; Mwita, Winfrida C.; Lie, Anne Helene Kveim & Fjeld, Heidi E (2026). Producing antibiotic practices from guidelines, clinical assessment and health insurance in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 405, s. 119602–119602. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119602. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Antibiotics are crucial medications for healthcare delivery. The regulatory frameworks that govern the prescription and consumption of antibiotics vary widely. In Tanzania, over-the-counter sales of antibiotics are illegal, yet widespread. In contrast, prescription of antibiotics in Tanzanian hospitals is constrained through regulatory tools, such as Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG). This paper examines what moves, limits and accelerates antibiotic prescription and use in rural hospitals of the Kilimanjaro region. The study draws on four months of ethnographic fieldwork, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews, between January and July 2022. We demonstrate that antibiotic prescription is influenced by drug availability, resource constraints, and linkages between guidelines and insurance systems. Doctors aim to create paper trails to adhere to the STGs which are closely linked to reimbursements from the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), thereby balancing adherence to guidelines with their efforts to make antibiotic treatment work for their patients. Furthermore, resource constraints contribute to use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as Ceftriaxone. Through the theoretical frameworks of tinkering and standards in medicine, we argue that tinkering occurs at the individual, institutional and state levels. The STGs are not simply followed or violated but absorbed into broader repertoires of practice shaped by procurement systems, insurance logics, and clinical uncertainty. While concerning from an antimicrobial resistance perspective, it is analytically revealing from an ethnographic perspective, as antibiotic guidelines are reworked in practice rather than simply enacted. The findings of this study can inform policy on the effects of guidelines coupled with health insurance on antibiotic use.

• Otieno, Sharon Adhiambo; Onyango-Ouma, Washington & Fjeld, Heidi (2026). “Looking for life”: sustaining livelihoods and life in artisanal gold mining in Bondo, Western Kenya. Anthropology Southern Africa. ISSN 2332-3256. doi: 10.1080/23323256.2026.2645807. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Misje, Ragnhild; Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Dahl, Cecilie (2025). Increased risk of adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Journal of Migration and Health. 11. doi: 10.1016/j.jmh.2025.100318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjelltorp-Veland, Kristine; Fjeld, Heidi & Eick, Frode (2025). Navigating financial coverage of healthcare to undocumented migrants at two hospitals in Oslo: a qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/14034948251318512. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Spjeldnæs, Amanda Hylland; Wick, Livia; Fjeld, Heidi E & Lie, Anne Kveim (2025). “We use it a lot for everything”: Antibioticalization and everyday life in a refugee camp in Lebanon. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 366. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117652. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Daoud, Rula Ghandour; Hammoudeh, Weeam; Stigum, Hein; Giacaman, Rita; Fjeld, Heidi E & Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd (2024). The hidden burden of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls in Palestine refugee camps: a focus on well-being and academic performance. BMC Public Health. 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18219-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) is a condition that may have a profound effect on adolescent girls’ health status and well-being. It can impede their engagement in daily activities and hamper their regular school attendance. This study aims to explore the relationship between dysmenorrhea, well-being, and academic performance among adolescent girls living in Palestine refugee camps in the West Bank and Jordan. Methods We conducted a household survey between June and September 2019, with a total sample of 2737 adolescent girls 15 to 18 years old. Dysmenorrhea severity was assessed using the Working Ability, Location, Intensity, Duration of pain Dysmenorrhea scale (WaLIDD). The WHO-5 scale was used to evaluate the girls’ overall well-being. Menstrual academic disruption (MAD) was measured using a self-reported scale. Multiple linear regression models were employed to evaluate the association between dysmenorrhea, well-being, and academic performance. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) were employed to identify variables for control in regression models. Results The mean dysmenorrhea score was 6.6 ± 2.6, with 37.9% and 41.2% expressing moderate and severe symptoms, respectively. The mean WHO-5 score was 58.7 ± 25.1, and 34.9% reported a low well-being status. The mean MAD score was 3.1 ± 3.3. 26% reported missing school due to dysmenorrhea, 36% said dysmenorrhea impacted their ability to concentrate, and 39% were unable to study for tests, and complete homework. The first regression analysis showed a reduction of 1.45 units in WHO-5 score for each unit increase in dysmenorrhea. The second regression analysis showed a non-linear increase in MAD score for increasing dysmenorrhea. For each dysmenorrhea score less than 4 (mild) there was a modest increase in MAD scores (coefficient 0.08, p-value = 0.006), and for each dysmenorrhea score above 4 there was a stronger increase in MAD scores (coefficient 0.95, p < 0.001). Conclusion Dysmenorrhea poses significant challenges to the well-being and academic performance of adolescent girls living in Palestine refugee camps. Collaborative efforts and multifaceted approaches are crucial to address dysmenorrhea effectively. This involves research, targeted interventions, culturally sensitive strategies, and fostering a supportive environment that empowers girls to thrive academically and beyond.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi E; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup; Valberg, Morten & Dahl, Cecilie (2024). Perinatal mortality among pregnant undocumented migrants in Norway 1999–2020: A register-based population study. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 353. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117055. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Irregular legal status is a recognized health risk factor in the context of migration. However, undocumented migrants are rarely included in health surveys and register studies. Adverse perinatal outcomes are especially important because they have long-term consequences and societal risk factors are modifiable. In this study, we compare perinatal outcomes in undocumented migrants to foreign-born and Norwegian-born residents, using a population-based register. Methods We included women 18–49 years old giving birth to singletons as registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway from 1999 to 2020. Women were categorized as ‘undocumented migrants’ (without an identity number), ‘documented migrants’ (with an identity number and born abroad), and ‘non-migrants’ (with an identity number and born in Norway). The main outcome was perinatal mortality, i.e., death of a foetus ≥ gestational week 22, or neonate up to seven days after birth. We used log-binominal regression to estimate the association between legal status and perinatal mortality, adjusting for several maternal pre-gestational and gestational factors. Direct standardization was used to adjust for maternal region of origin. Ethical approval Regional Ethical Committee (REK South East, case number 68329). Results We retrieved information on 5856 undocumented migrant women who gave birth during the study period representing 0.5% of the 1 247 537 births in Norway. Undocumented migrants had a relative risk of 6.17 (95% confidence interval 5.29 ̶7.20) of perinatal mortality compared to non-migrants and a relative risk of 4.17 (95% confidence interval 3.51 ̶4.93) compared to documented migrants. Adjusting for maternal region of origin attenuated the results slightly. Conclusion Being undocumented is strongly associated with perinatal mortality in the offspring. Disparities were not explained by maternal origin or maternal health factors, indicating that social determinants of health through delays in receiving adequate care and factors negatively influencing gestational length may be of importance.

• Aukrust, Camilla Grøver; Patrick, Kamalo; Tembenu, Ebbelet; Mula, Chimwemwe; Fjeld, Heidi E & Chapweteka, Blessings A. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Hydrocephalus, healing, and disrupted daily living: exploring maternal experiences at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Malawi Medical Journal. ISSN 1995-7262. 36(4), s. 260–275. doi: 10.4314/mmj.v36i4.5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aukrust, Camilla Grøver; Patrick, Kamalo; Finyiza, Gertrude; Mula, Chimwemwe; Chapweteka, Blessings A. & Fjeld, Heidi E [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). ‘It is the child with the big head’–Primary healthcare providers’ perceptions of paediatric hydrocephalus in Blantyre, Malawi: A qualitative study. Global Public Health. ISSN 1744-1692. 18(1). doi: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2276242. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Daoud, Rula Ghandour; Hammoudeh, Weeam; Stigum, Hein; Giacaman, Rita; Fjeld, Heidi E & Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd (2023). Menstrual characteristics and dysmenorrhea among Palestinian adolescent refugee camp dwellers in the West Bank and Jordan: a cross-sectional study. Archives of Public Health. ISSN 0778-7367. 81. doi: 10.1186/s13690-023-01059-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Women and girls experience menstruation throughout their reproductive years. Normal adolescent menstrual cycles gauge current and future reproductive health. Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) is the most prevalent menstrual disturbance in adolescents that can be debilitating. This study examines the menstrual characteristics of adolescent girls living in Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank of the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory and Jordan, including estimates of dysmenorrhea levels and associated factors. Methods A household survey of 15 to 18-year-old adolescent girls was conducted. Trained field workers collected data on general menstrual characteristics and dysmenorrhea level using Working ability, Location, Intensity, Days of pain Dysmenorrhea scale (WaLIDD), in addition to demographic, socio-economic, and health characteristics. The link between dysmenorrhea and other participant characteristics was assessed using a multiple linear regression model. Additionally, data on how adolescent girls cope with their menstrual pain was collected. Results 2737 girls participated in the study. Mean age was 16.8 ± 1.1 years. Mean age-at-menarche was 13.1 ± 1.2; mean bleeding duration was 5.3 ± 1.5 days, and mean cycle length was 28.1 ± 6.2 days. Around 6% of participating girls reported heavy menstrual bleeding. High dysmenorrhea levels were reported (96%), with 41% reporting severe symptoms. Higher dysmenorrhea levels were associated with older age, earlier age-at-menarche, longer bleeding durations, heavier menstrual flow, skipping breakfast regularly, and limited physical activity patterns. Eighty nine percent used non-pharmacological approaches to ease menstrual pain and 25% used medications. Conclusion The study indicates regular menstrual patterns in terms of length, duration, and intensity of bleeding and a slightly higher age-at-menarche than the global average. However, an alarmingly high prevalence of dysmenorrhea among participants was found that tends to vary with different population characteristics, some of which are modifiable and can be targeted for better menstrual health.This research emphasizes the need for integrated efforts to assist adolescents with menstrual challenges such as dysmenorrhea and irregular periods to achieve informed recommendations and effective actions.

• Fjeld, Heidi E & Vasstveit, Inger K. (2023). Amulets as Infrastructure: Enabling the Ordinary for Children in Mugum, Western Nepal. Himalaya. ISSN 1935-2212. 43(1), s. 20–41. doi: 10.2218/himalaya.2023.8969. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Use of emergency primary care among pregnant undocumented migrants over ten years: an observational study from Oslo, Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 41(3), s. 317–325. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2023.2237074. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To compare consultations with pregnant undocumented migrants at emergency primary health care to consultations with pregnant residents of Norway. Design A cross-sectional study of consultations at several time points. Setting The study was conducted at the Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic (OAEOC), the main emergency primary care service in Oslo, Norway. Subjects Consultations with pregnant patients without a Norwegian identity number seeking care at the Department of Emergency General Practice at the OAEOC were identified through a manual search of registration lists from 2009 to 2019. The consultations were categorized by women’s residency status as ‘probably documented migrant’, ‘uncertain migrant status’, or ‘probably undocumented migrant’. We also extracted aggregated data for women with a Norwegian identity number (i.e. residents) presenting in consultations with pregnancy-related (ICPC-2 chapter W) conditions. Main outcome measures Manchester Triage System urgency level at presentation, and hospitalization. Results Among 829 consultations with female patients categorized as probably undocumented migrants, we found 27.1% (225/829) with pregnant women. About half of the pregnant women (54.6% (123/225)) presented with a pregnancy-related condition. Pregnant women that were probably undocumented migrants had an increased risk of being triaged with a high level of urgency at presentation (relative risk (RR) 1.86, 95% CI 1.14–3.04) and being hospitalized (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.21–2.34), compared to pregnant residents. Conclusion Pregnant undocumented migrants were more severely sick when presenting to emergency primary care services than pregnant residents. Increased access to primary care and emergency primary care services for pregnant undocumented migrants is urgently needed.

• Aukrust, Camilla Grøver; Paulsen, Anne Henriette; Uche, Enoch Ogbonnaya; Kamalo, Patrick Dongosolo; Sandven, Irene & Fjeld, Heidi E [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Aetiology and diagnostics of paediatric hydrocephalus across Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. ISSN 2572-116X. 10(12), s. e1793–e1806. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00430-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background We aimed to identify the aetiological distribution and the diagnostic methods for paediatric hydrocephalus across Africa, for which there is currently scarce evidence. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE (Ovid), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley), Embase (Ovid), Global Health (Ovid), Maternity & Infant Care (Ovid), Scopus, African Index Medicus (Global Index Medicus, WHO) and Africa-Wide Information (EBSCO) from inception to Nov 29, 2021. We included studies from any African country reporting on the distribution of hydrocephalus aetiology in children aged 18 years and younger, with no language restrictions. Hydrocephalus was defined as radiological evidence of ventriculomegaly or associated clinical symptoms and signs of the disorder, or surgical treatment for hydrocephalus. Exclusion criteria were studies only reporting on one specific subgroup or one specific cause of hydrocephalus. We also excluded conference and meetings abstracts, grey literature, editorials, commentaries, historical reviews, systematic reviews, case reports and clinical guidelines, as well as studies on non-humans, fetuses, or post-mortem reports. The proportions of postinfectious hydrocephalus, non-postinfectious hydrocephalus, and hydrocephalus related to spinal dysraphism were calculated using a random-effects model. Additionally, we included a category for unclear cases. Diagnostic methods were described qualitatively. To assess methodological study quality, we applied critical appraisal checklists provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The study was registered in Prospero (CRD42020219038). Findings Our search yielded 3783 results, of which 1880 (49·7%) were duplicates and were removed. The remaining 1903 abstracts were screened and 122 (6·4%) full articles were sought for retrieval; of these, we included 38 studies from 18 African countries that studied a total of 6565 children. The pooled proportion of postinfectious hydrocephalus was 28% (95% CI 22–36), non-postinfectious hydrocephalus was 21% (95% CI 13–30), and of spinal dysraphism was 16% (95% CI 12–20), with substantial heterogeneity. The pooled proportion of hydrocephalus of unclear aetiology was 20% (95% CI 13–28). Interpretation Our findings suggest that postinfectious hydrocephalus is the single most common cause of paediatric hydrocephalus in Africa. For targeted investments to be optimal, there is a need for consensus regarding the aetiological classification of hydrocephalus and improved access to diagnostic services.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 22, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-05112-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background In 2011 Norway granted undocumented women the right to antenatal care and to give birth at a hospital but did not include them in the general practitioner and reimbursement schemes. As a response to limited access to health care, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) have been running health clinics for undocumented migrants in Norway’s two largest cities. To further facilitate universal health coverage, there is a need to investigate how pregnant undocumented women use NGO clinics and how this affects their maternal health. We therefore investigated the care received, occurrence of pregnancy-related complications and pregnancy outcomes in women receiving antenatal care at these clinics. Methods In this historic cohort study we included pregnant women aged 18–49 attending urban NGO clinics from 2009 to 2020 and retrieved their medical records from referral hospitals. We compared women based on region of origin using log-binominal regression to estimate relative risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results We identified 582 pregnancies in 500 women during the study period. About half (46.5%) the women sought antenatal care after gestational week 12, and 25.7% after week 22. The women had median 1 (IQR 1–3) antenatal visit at the NGO clinics, which referred 77.7% of the women to public health care. A total of 28.4% of women were referred for induced abortion. In 205 retrieved deliveries in medical records, there was a 45.9% risk for any adverse pregnancy outcome. The risk of stillbirth was 1.0%, preterm birth 10.3%, and emergency caesarean section 19.3%. Conclusion Pregnant undocumented women who use NGO clinics receive substandard antenatal care and have a high risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes despite low occurrence of comorbidities. To achieve universal health coverage, increased attention should be given to the structural vulnerabilities of undocumented women and to ensure that adequate antenatal care is accessible for them.

• Daod, Rula Ghandor; Hammoudeh, Weeam; Giacaman, Rita; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd & Fjeld, Heidi E (2022). Coming of age: a qualitative study of adolescent girls’ menstrual preparedness in Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank and Jordan. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters (SRHM). 30(1). doi: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2111793. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aukrust, Camilla Grøver; Parikh, Karishma; Smart, Luke R.; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Fjeld, Heidi E & Lubuulwa, James [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Pediatric Hydrocephalus in Northwest Tanzania: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study of Clinical Characteristics and Early Surgical Outcomes from the Bugando Medical Centre. World Neurosurgery. ISSN 1878-8750. 161, s. e339–e346. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.02.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Daod, Rula Ghandor; Massoud, Dima; Ladadwa, Reem; Hammoudeh, Weeam; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd & Fjeld, Heidi E [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Fieldwork opportunities and challenges in Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory, and in Jordan: lessons learned from a Palestinian adolescent reproductive health cross-sectional study. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 399, s. S27–S27. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01162-X. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Katenga-Kaunda, Lilián Ziyenda; Iversen, Per Ole; Kamudoni, Penjani Rhoda; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd & Fjeld, Heidi E (2022). Food-based nutrition counselling and education intervention for improved diets of pregnant women in rural Malawi: A qualitative study of factors influencing dietary behaviour change. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. doi: 10.1017/S1368980022000593. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: We wanted to identify factors related to dietary behavioural change among impoverished pregnant women in the face of nutrition education and counselling, describing what creates an enabling environment and barriers for dietary change. Design: We used qualitative data from a cluster-randomised maternal education trial and conducted a thematic analysis using a social ecological framework to describe the factors that influenced dietary adherence. Setting: Mangochi district in rural Malawi. Participants: We interviewed ten pregnant women and conducted four sets of focus group discussions with twenty-two significant family members (husbands and mothers-in-law) and twelve counsellors. Results: The participants’ experiences showed that the main barriers of adherence to the intervention were taste, affordability and poverty. The use of powders and one-pot dishes, inclusion of both women and significant family members and a harmonisation with local food practices enabled adherence to the intervention. We found it crucial to focus the dietary education and counselling intervention on locally available ingredients and food processing methods. Conclusions: Use of contextualised food-based solutions to combat maternal malnutrition was observed to be relatively cheap and sustainable. However, there is need for more research on local foods used as nutrition supplements. We suggest that investments need to be directed not only to nutrition education and counselling but also to the enabling factors that enhance adherence. The original cluster-randomised controlled trial was registered with Clinical trials.gov ID: NCT03136393.

• Tidwell, Tawni L.; Nianggajia, XXX & Fjeld, Heidi E (2022). Chasing dön spirits in Tibetan medical encounters: Transcultural affordances and embodied psychiatry in Amdo, Qinghai. Transcultural Psychiatry. ISSN 1363-4615. doi: 10.1177/13634615221126058. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2021). Relations as potential: Pragmatism and flexibility in Tibetan kinship. Inner Asia. ISSN 1464-8172. 23(1), s. 103–130. doi: 10.1163/22105018-12340164. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Katenga-Kaunda, Lillian Ziyenda; Kamudoni, Penjani Rhoda; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd; Fjeld, Heidi E; Mdala, Ibrahimu & Shi, Zumin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Enhancing nutrition knowledge and dietary diversity among rural pregnant women in Malawi: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04117-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background In many sub-Saharan African countries, such as Malawi, antenatal care (ANC) services do not deliver sufficient nutrition awareness to improve adequate dietary intake in pregnancy. We therefore compared the effects of supplementary nutrition education and dietary counselling with routine ANC service on nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes among Malawian pregnant women. Methods We used data from a two-armed cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) of which the intervention group received supplementary nutrition education, dietary counselling and routine ANC services whereas the controls received only routine ANC services. The RCT was conducted in 10 control and 10 intervention villages in Mangochi, Southern Malawi and included pregnant women between their 9th and 16th gestational weeks. We examined the changes in nutrition knowledge and dietary diversity from enrolment (baseline) to study end-point of the RCT (two weeks before expected delivery). We used three linear multilevel regression models with random effects at village level (cluster) to examine the associations between indicators of nutrition knowledge and diet consumption adjusted for selected explanatory variables. Results Among 257 pregnant women enrolled to the RCT, 195 (76%) were available for the current study. The supplementary nutrition education and counselling led to significant improvements in nutrition knowledge, dietary diversity and nutrition behaviour in the intervention group compared with controls. Most women from both study groups had a moderate consumption of diversified foods at study end-point. A significant positive association between nutrition knowledge and consumption of a diversified diet was only observed in the intervention group. Conclusions Nutrition knowledge and dietary diversity improved in both study groups, but higher in the intervention group. Increased nutrition knowledge was associated with improved dietary diversity only in the intervention women, who also improved their nutrition perceptions and behaviour. Antenatal nutrition education needs strengthening to improve dietary intakes in pregnancy in this low resource-setting. Trial registration Clinical trials.gov ID: NCT03136393 (registered on 02/05/2017).

• Holmes, Seth; Castaneda, Ernesto; Geeraert, Jeremy; Castaneda, Heide; Probst, Ursula & Zeldes, Nina [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Deservingness: migration and health in social context. BMJ Global Health. ;6:e005107.. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005107. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E; Grude, Sine; Spjeldnæs, Amanda Hylland; Patel, Davina Kaur; Lie, Anne Helene Kveim & Bjerke, Lise (2021). Fra Asia til Afrika: antibiotikas reiser over det indiske havet. Michael. ISSN 1893-9651. 18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ciren, Baizhen & Fjeld, Heidi E (2020). Pragmatics of everyday life: A qualitative study of induced abortion among Tibetan women in Lhasa. Health Care for Women International. ISSN 0739-9332. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2019.1640702. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Katenga-Kaunda, Lillian Ziyenda; Iversen, Per Ole; Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd; Fjeld, Heidi E; Mdala, Ibrahimu & Kamudoni, Penjani Rhoda (2020). Dietary intake and processes of behaviour change in a nutrition education intervention for pregnant women in rural Malawi: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 23(13), s. 2345–2354. doi: 10.1017/s1368980020000294. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To examine if increased intake of locally available nutrient-dense foods among pregnant women improved the quality of their dietary intake and if use of the Theory of Planned Behaviour could explain changes in their dietary behaviour. Design: We used data from a randomised controlled trial where the intervention group received nutrition education and dietary counselling. We promoted the use of recipes that utilised powders to enhance dietary diversity. We examined how the intervention achieved changes in dietary intakes and used mixed effects logistic regression models with random effects at village level to explore changes over time of the outcomes, adjusted for selected explanatory variables. Setting: The study was conducted in twenty villages in rural Malawi. Participants: Data from 257 pregnant women who were enrolled during late first trimester and followed until birth. Results: The intervention achieved improvements in the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and the Six Food Group Pyramid (SFG) score, especially in intakes of micronutrient-rich foods. A third of the women in the intervention group attained optimal DDS, whereas about 50 % attained optimal SFG. The theorised behaviour mediators (i.e. nutrition attitudes, nutrition behaviour control and subjective norm) that had improved were also significantly associated with high DDS. Conclusions: Improved dietary intakes were achieved through promoting the use of locally available nutrient-dense foods. Attainment of high DDS was a consequence of the women’s belief in the effectiveness of the proposed nutrition recommendations. We identified critical personal and environmental constraints related to dietary intakes during pregnancy in a low-resource setting.

• Fjeld, Heidi E & Lindskog, Benedikte V (2017). Connectedness through separation: Human-nonhuman relations in Tibet and Mongolia. I Remme, Jon Henrik Ziegler & Sillander, Kenneth (Red.), Human Nature and Social Life: Perspectives on Extended Sociality. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781107179202. s. 68–82. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nianggajia, XXX & Fjeld, Heidi E (2017). In search of trust and efficacy: Tibetan Medicine in Rebgong, Qinghai, China. Medicine Anthropology Theory. 5, s. 46–72. doi: 10.17157/mat.4.5.504. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Lindskog, Benedikte V (2015). Ontological separation in the state of continuity: Exploring Tibetan and Mongolian domestic space, From Bhakti to Bon. Festschrift for Per Kværne.. The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture. ISSN 9788270998173. s. 209–224. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chimphamba, Belinda & Fjeld, Heidi E (2014). In search of a face: Childbearing decisions among couples living with HIV from rural southern Malawi. African Journal of AIDS Research. ISSN 1608-5906. 13(1), s. 21–29. doi: 10.2989/16085906.2014.886603. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Førde, Kristin Engh & Fjeld, Heidi E (2013). “I et land langt borte … Forskning om surrogati”. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift (NNT). ISSN 0800-336X. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gombachika, B. Chimphamba; Chirwa, Ellen; Malata, Address; Sundby, Johanne & Fjeld, Heidi E (2013). Reproductive decisions of couples living with HIV in Malawi: What can we learn for future policy and research studies? Malawi Medical Journal. ISSN 1995-7262. 25(3), s. 65–71. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sagli, Gry; Zhang, JInming; Ingstad, Benedicte & Fjeld, Heidi E (2012). Poverty and disabled households in the People’s Republic of China: experiences with a new rural health insurance scheme. Disability & Society. ISSN 0968-7599. 28(2), s. 218–231. doi: 10.1080/09687599.2012.699281. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gombachika, Belinda; Fjeld, Heidi E; Chirwa, Ellen; Sundby, Johanne; Malata, Address & Maluwa, Alfred (2012). A Social Ecological Approach to Exploring Barriers to Accessing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among Couples Living with HIV in Southern Malawi. ISRN Public Health. doi: 10.5402/2012/825459. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gombachika, Belinda; Chirwa, Ellen; Sundby, Johanne; Malata, Address; Maluwa, Alfred & Fjeld, Heidi E (2012). Marriage Partner Selection by Heterosexual Couples Living with HIV from Rural Southern Malawi. Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research. doi: 10.4172/2155-6133. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Sagli, Gry (2011). Disability, poverty and health care: Changes in the canji (‘disability’) policies in the history of the People’s Republic of China. I Eide, Arne Henning & Ingstad, Benedicte (Red.), Disability and poverty. A global challenge. Policy Press. ISSN 9781847428851. s. 31–54. doi: 10.1332/policypress/9781847428851.003.0003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Hofer, Theresia (2011). Women and Gender in Tibetan medicine. Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity. ISSN 1573-420X. 6(2), s. 175–216. doi: 10.1163/15734218-12341234. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Fjeld og Hofer var gjesteredaktører for dette spesialnummeret av Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity. Nummeret inkluderte syv artikler (258 sider).

• Fjeld, Heidi E (2010). Åpne og lukkede relasjoner sosialitet på tvers av urenhetsforestillinger på landsbygda i Tibet. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7285. 21(1), s. 4–18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2008). Pollution and Social Networks in Contemporary Rural Tibet. I Barnett, Robert & Schwartz, Ronald (Red.), Tibetan Modernities. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9789004155220. s. 113–138. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2008). When Brothers Separate: Conflict and Mediation within Polyandrous Houses in Central Tibet. I Huber, Toni & Pirie, Fernanda (Red.), Conflict and Social Order in Tibet and Inner Asia. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9789004158177. s. 241–262. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2007). Fra hushold til hus. Om betydnignen av jord for analysen av polyandri i Tibet. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7285. 18(3-4), s. 266–279. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2007). Fra hushold til Hus: om betydningen av jord for analysen av polyandri i Tibet. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7285. s. 266–277. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Fjeld, Heidi E (2022). The Return of Polyandry. Kinship and Marriage in Central Tibet. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781800738645. 232 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2005). Commoners and Nobles. Hereditary Divisions in Tibet. NIAS Press. ISBN 9788791114175. 170 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Fjeld, Heidi E & Hofer, Theresia (2026). Tibetan and Himalayan Cosmopolitics: Rural Lives in Changing Circumstances. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2026). Shifting rural spaces in the high Himalayas: Cosmopolitics, food and future-making in rural western Bhutan. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The agro-pastoral communities of the Haa Valley in western Bhutan face rapid change from outmigration, labor shortages, and concerns about agricultural viability, experiences shared across high-Himalayan communities. While villagers express loss of people and traditional ways of life, they also pursue creative practices to sustain and reimagine rural life. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in upper Haa since 2023, this talk examines cosmopolitics, food, and rural future-making, focusing on shifting human–animal relations (pigs, wild boars, cows, and yaks). I focus especially on changing human–yak relations: yaks remain central to household relationalities, economies and ritual life, yet new sensibilities around slaughter and vegetarianism challenge this interconnectedness. I show how consumption of yak meat and the ritual use of yak ribs are negotiated amid evolving policies, moral sensibilities, and outmigration, arguing these practices form creative cosmopolitical engagements that reshape imaginaries of rural futures in western Bhutan.

• Eick, Frode; Kurdzielewicz, Marta; Lie, Anne Kveim & Fjeld, Heidi E (2026). Developing a designated general practitioner clinic for and with temporary migrant workers and local stakeholders in Norway: - lessons learned from the BRIDGE project. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E; Bjerke, Lise; Spjeldnæs, Amanda Hylland & Grude, Sine (2025). Antibiotics as global objects. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Roundtable

• Kolshus, Thorgeir; Sommerfelt, Tone; Fjeld, Heidi E & Rakopoulos, Theodoros (2025). Tribute to Signe Howell (1942–2025). Ethnologia Europaea. ISSN 0425-4597. 55(1), s. 101–106. doi: 10.3167/ee.2025.550107. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Professor Signe Howell passed away on 25 January, leaving a virtually unfillable void at the University of Oslo's Department of Social Anthropology, where she had been working since 1987. She joined us from the University of Edinburgh, coming as a welcome breath of fresh air with her combination of erudition, theoretical sophistication and a remarkable fascination with all things human. The latter trait had followed her since her childhood in the south of Norway through multiple life-changing events, including widespread travelling and a longer stint with the London experimental street art and performance group The Theatre of Mistakes in the 1960s.

• Fjeld, Heidi E (2025). EATWELL: studying food systems in Bhutan. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2025). The anthropology of pharmaceuticals: Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic trajectories across the Indian ocean. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2025). Antropologiens gleder og alvor: Signe Howell til inspirasjon og minne: innledning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2025). More-than-human food: Yak meat between religious moralities in entangled socialities. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Misje, Ragnhild; Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi E; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Dahl, Cecilie (2025). Increased risk of adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjelltorp-Veland, Kristine; Fjeld, Heidi E & Eick, Frode (2025). Navigating financial coverage of healthcare to undocumented migrants at two hospitals in Oslo: a qualitative study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2024). From Asia to Africa: Antibiotic trajectories across the Indian ocean. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Münster, Daniel (2024). Climate Mobilities: Exploring wild animals, plants, and deities on the move. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup & Dahl, Cecilie (2024). The use of maternity care and perinatal outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gateri, Alex Muriithi; Fjeld, Heidi; Prince, Ruth Jane & Lie, Anne Kveim (2024). Understanding antimicrobial use in livestock production to promote food safety and security: Ethnographic insights from rural Moshi, Tanzania. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Livestock production contributes significantly to household income and direct food resources in Tanzania. This contribution is however threatened by food safety concerns occasioned by high use of antimicrobial agents. Consequently, there is a risk of contamination of animal products with antimicrobial residues. There is also a risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) circulating in humans, animals, and the environment through food and waste. It is thus imperative to optimize antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock production. The roadmap to such optimization must bear research-based evidence on conditions of use. Purpose: Behavioral and knowledge deficit models have dominated AMU and AMR studies. This has (in)advertently precluded the influence of collective structures accounting for AMU. Using a One Health approach, we sought to describe the social, economic, and material conditions for AMU in livestock farming in rural Moshi, Tanzania. Methods: Data were collected qualitatively using an ethnographic approach between May 2022 and April 2023. Participant observation and repeated interviews were conducted with people who come into contact with and use antibiotics for animals. We followed veterinarians, smallholder farmers, and agrovet operators in their daily lives, conducting observations and informal interviews on how and why they use antibiotics. Field notes were used to document and organize data while constant comparative method was used to sort and organize data thematically. Findings: Facing existential disease risk, farmers use antibiotics for infection prevention and treatment in commercially driven intensive livestock production. Antibiotics come into use to support return on investment as farmers compensate for poor adoption of biosecurity protocols with antibiotic use. Based on economic interests, farmers find it difficult to adhere to withdrawal periods for animal products. Further, there is crossover use of human antibiotics in poultry as farmers strive for cost-effective production. The circulation and sale of antibiotics for veterinary use are not well regulated as various antimicrobial agents are handled and sold by informal vendors. Most agrovet operators dispensing animal medicines including antibiotics have not met threshold qualifications. Veterinarians report unending client pressure to use antibiotics for rapid production outcomes. Conclusion: Antimicrobial use in animals takes place in an inclusive infrastructural context, with a risk of contamination and resistance. Antimicrobials are seen as protectors of investments in intensive commercial livestock production settings. Available in loosely regulated markets, antimicrobials help compensate for low biosecurity adoption. Antimicrobial use and optimization need to be understood in this wider context to promote food safety and security.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Use of emergency health care services by pregnant undocumented migrants over a ten-year period in Oslo, Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi (2023). Preliminary findings & observations presentation: Bji Geog, Haa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi (2023). Preliminary findings & observations presentation: Sangbaykha geog. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi (2023). Fieldwork debriefing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil Krarup; Valberg, Morten & Dahl, Cecilie (2023). Perinatal mortality among pregnant undocumented migrants in Norway 1999-2020: a register-based population study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Daele, Wim Van; Choden, Tashi; Galay, Paljor & Fjeld, Heidi E (2023). EATWELL: First Debriefing on intermediate findings in the overall EATWELL project. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Lie, Anne Kveim (2022). Antibiotics and global and local objects. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Zhang, Mingyuan (2022). Antibiotic Trajectories across time and space: Introduction to the panel. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Utilization of an emergency primary care clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ebbing, Cathrine; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Pregnant undocumented women’s use of two humanitarian clinics between 2009-2020 and their maternal outcomes in Norway: A cohort study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Storkås, Guro & Ekrem, Marthe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Use of non-governmental maternity services and pregnancy outcomes among undocumented women: a cohort study from Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In 2011, Norway granted pregnant undocumented women the right to antenatal care and to give birth at a hospital, but did not include them in the general practitioner and reimbursement schemes. In addition, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) have been running health clinics for undocumented migrants. There is a need to investigate how pregnant undocumented women use NGO clinics and how this affects their maternal health. We therefore investigated the care received, occurrence of pregnancy-related complications and maternal and perinatal outcomes in women receiving care at these clinics. In this historic cohort study we included pregnant women aged 18-49 who attended urban NGO clinics between 2009-2020 and retrieved their medical records from the hospitals in the uptake area. We compared women based on region of origin using log-binominal regression to estimate relative risk of adverse outcomes. We identified 582 pregnancies in 500 women during the study period. About half (46.5%) the women sought antenatal care after the first trimester. The women had median 1 (IQR 1-3) antenatal visit at the NGO clinics which referred 77.7% of the women to public health care. In 205 retrieved deliveries, there was a 45.9% risk for any adverse outcome. The overall risk of stillbirth was 1.0%, pre-term birth 10.3%, and emergency caesarean section 19.3%. Pregnant undocumented women who use NGO clinics receive substandard antenatal care and have a high risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study suggests that increased attention should be given to ensure the accessibility of adequate antenatal care to undocumented women.

• Eick, Frode; Vallersnes, Odd Martin; Fjeld, Heidi; Sørbye, Ingvil; Ruud, Sven Eirik & Dahl, Cecilie (2022). Use of an emergency primary clinic in Oslo by pregnant undocumented migrants compared to pregnant residents of Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lindskog, Benedikte V & Fjeld, Heidi E (2015). Ontological separation in a state of continuity: Exploring Tibetan and Mongolian domestic space, From Bhakti to Bon. Festschrift for Per Kværne.. The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture. ISSN 9788270998173. s. 209–225. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2015). Gender models and gender practices: Representation of women in the early 20th century Tibetan medical history. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2015). The Rise of the Polyandrous House: Reforms and Relatedness in a Central Tibetan Village. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2015). Performing the dirty work: the organisation of labour among menrig in Lhasa and rural Tsang. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sagli, Gry; Wang, Wei; Ingstad, Benedicte; Fjeld, Heidi E & Zhang, JInming (2014). 西方学者眼中的中国新农合 (The New Rural Health Insurance in China from the Perspective of Western Scholars). 中国残疾人 (Zhongguo canjiren) Disability in China. s. 64–66. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lindskog, Benedikte V & Fjeld, Heidi E (2013). The principle of separation: Socio-ritual houses in Tibet and Mongolia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sagli, Gry; Wang, Wei; Ingstad, Benedicte; Fjeld, Heidi E & Zhang, Jingming (2013). 西方学者眼中的中国贫困与残疾人家庭 -记中國农村新医疗保险之实现 (The relation between Poverty and Disabled Households in China from the Viewpoint of Western Scholars – Notes on the Implementation of the New Medical Insurance in Rural China). 有人 (You Ren Magazine). 1(4), s. 48–50. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2012). Polyandry in contemporary Tibet: The inherent flexibility of marriage in shifting socio-political contexts. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2012). Poor or Disabled? Negotiating status in rural Qinghai,China. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2012). Sustaining life for others: Surrogate mothers in India. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2012). Commercialization of reproduction: The case of transnational surrogacy. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2011). Gifts and returns: Adoption and inter-house relations in Central Tibet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Sagli, Gry (2011). Poverty, disability and access to health care: a qualitative study from rural China. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2011). From nationality to ethnicity: changing minzu policies in People’s Republic of China. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E & Hofer, Theresia (2011). Women, gender and Tibetan medicine. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2010). Aspects of the body: disability and cultural differences. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2010). Polyandry and the House: creations of relatedness in post-1980 rural Tsang. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2010). Kina. Folket. Historien. Politikken. Kulturen. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7285. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2009). Fra vitenskap til New Age? Religiøse endringsprosesser innen tibetansk medisin. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2009). Struggling to conceive: dealing with infertility in Lhasa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2007). Flermanneri blomstrer på landsbygda i Tibet. [Journal]. NTB, Aftenposten Aften, Nrk nett. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2005). Domestic conflicts and Social order: Dealing with divorce in post-Mao rural Tibet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2004). Fra hushold til Hus: om betydningen av jord i analysen av polyandri i Tibet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sommerfelt, Tone & Fjeld, Heidi E (2004). Former for sosial forankring (arbeidsgruppe). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Heidi E (2004). Ekteskapsmønstre og Konfliktlinjer: Ko-partneskap i polyandriske ekteskap i rurale Tibet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Innlegget omhandler polyandriske ekteskap i Panam, i det sørlige sentral Tibet, og fokuserer på konfliktlinjer innad i disse ekteskapene, med særlig vekt på ko-ektemennsrelasjoner. For å minimere konflikt og i siste instans hindre oppdeling, arrangeres de aller fleste polyandriske ekteskap i Tibet som fraternale unioner, dvs. at ko-ektemennene er brødre. Brødre ses som substansielt like, og det forventes solidaritet og enhet i slike relasjoner. Samtidig anses ko-ektemennsrelasjonen som en krevende relasjon med stort konfliktpotensial, og forutsetter alle partnernes aksept av et aldershierarki for organisering av rettigheter og plikter i ekteskapet. I tidligere studier vektlegges i stor grad materielle aspekter i forklaringer av forekomsten av polyandri. En underliggende, men ikke diskutert, antakelse i disse analysene er utbredt seksuell sjalusi mellom ko-ektemennene. Dette innlegget fokuserer på konflikter mellom ko-ektemenn og foreslår alder som et sentralt tema for en analyse av disse, både i tilknytning til rekruttering til polyandriske ekteskap (hvem i en brødregruppe inkluderes i ekteskapet) samt til relasjonen mellom hustruen og yngste ektemann. Den sentripetale effekten av polyandri poengteres, og både frykt og aksept for konflikter, og betydningen av alder i den sammenheng, fremheves som et nyttig inntak til fortolkningen av polyandri og ko-ektemennsrelasjoner i Tibet.

• Fjeld, Heidi E (2003). Changing perceptions of hereditary rank - rigs btsog pa in rural Tsang. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper deals with hereditary social status in present day Tibet, and in particular the lower ranked groups of people defined and termed as �rigs btsog pa� (polluted/ unclean lineage). The research is based on fieldwork conducted in several villages in Panam (Pa snam) county, Shigatse prefecture, in 2002. Some of the villages in Panam are known for their strong presence of rigs btsog pa families, and these places provide an opportunity for a study of Tibetan concepts of family lineages, pollution and social hierarchies in general. Hereditary social status, and the classification of certain families as low and �dirty�, is found significant in most of the Tibetan ethnographic region. However, the extent to which these conceptions determine social interaction varies greatly. In Panam, the polluted groups include butchers (bshas ba), blacksmiths (lcags bzo ba), burial workers (barul), and beggars (bslongs mkhan), who are ranked in this order. Since the 1950s, radical structural changes in Tibet influenced the work possibilities of the lower ranked groups. After the land reforms in 1980/81, the rigs btsog pa (who were traditionally skill workers), as the rest of the population in the farming areas of TAR, received land to cultivate. This alternation of relation to land have led to a change of work for most of the rigs btsog pa families, although in varying degree. Their new position as farmers have, however, not led to significant changes in their social position. It is my intention to analyse the discrepancies between the vast structural changes and the, to a large extent, remaining low position of the rigs btsog pa, as well as to present some findings on inter-rig relations in rural Tibet.

• Bjerke, Lise; Lie, Anne Kveim; Fjeld, Heidi E; Gradmann, Christoph; Roalkvam, Sidsel & Kannuri, Nanda Kishore (2026). Antibiotics and India’s pharmaceutical industry: An exploration of drug production and trade in globalised pharmaceutical geographies. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Antibiotics play complex roles in global health. While many still lack access, their massive use has contributed to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In addition, our supply of these life-saving drugs rests on intricate networks of globalised production and trade. This thesis explores the production and trade of antibiotics in India's pharmaceutical industry in the context of globalised pharmaceutical geographies and their histories. Situated within the interdisciplinary field of pharmaceutical studies, the thesis draws on perspectives from medical anthropology, history, and science and technology studies, and is based on document and trade data analysis combined with ethnographic fieldwork in India. The thesis shows how India’s pharmaceutical industry has become a major global supplier of antibiotics, while also grappling with the reliance on China’s industry for the import of antibiotic ingredients, and the environmental challenges accompanying the industrial manufacturing of antibiotics. The thesis demonstrates that, despite major trade tensions, collaboration and competition coexist in the China-India nexus of antibiotic supply chains. The thesis also challenges the often taken-for-granted status of drugs as simply bare chemical molecules, showing how antibiotics take on multiple and sometimes clashing identities depending on the practices, relations and politics in which they are involved. A key contribution of the thesis is its focus on the environmental aspect of antibiotics and AMR. By analysing the science-policy response to industrial antibiotic pollution and AMR in India, it shows how various uncertainties at the molecular level are used to challenge scientific claims and the imposition of discharge limits. As the forces underlying antibiotic pollution extend beyond the molecular and local scale, the thesis emphasises the need to address the broader global dynamics that shape drug manufacturing and the rise of AMR in environments and beyond.

• Eick, Frode; Dahl, Cecilie; Vallersnes, Odd Martin & Fjeld, Heidi (2024). Documenting the undocumented - The use of maternity care and perinatal outcomes among undocumented migrants in Norway. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788234804618. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Irregular legal status is a recognized risk factor for limited access to health care services, preterm birth and low birth weight. However, pregnant undocumented migrants are rarely included in population surveys. This thesis aims to explore the use of maternity care services by undocumented pregnant migrants in Norway and to investigate the association between legal status and severity of pregnancy-related conditions at presentation, and between legal status and perinatal health outcomes. The population of interest were pregnant undocumented migrants aged 18-49 years living in Norway from 1999-2020. This thesis is based on collected data from medical records from non-governmental (NGO) clinics in Bergen and Oslo serving undocumented migrants and their referral hospitals from 2009-2020, medical records from the Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic (OAEOC) from 2009-2019, and registry data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) from 1999-2020. In total, we found 5856 undocumented migrant women giving birth from 1999-2020 representing 0.5% of all births in Norway. Undocumented migrants had six times higher risk of perinatal death in the offspring compared with non-migrants and four times higher risk compared with documented migrants. In addition, undocumented migrant women had 54% higher risk of giving preterm birth compared with non-migrants and 47% higher risk compared with documented migrants. About half of the women came to the NGO clinics for antenatal care after their first trimester and a quarter came after gestational week 22. Pregnant undocumented migrants presenting at the OAEOC had an 86% increased risk of being triaged with a high level of urgency at presentation and a 68% increased risk of being hospitalized compared with pregnant residents (migrants and non-migrants). Based on the data, we found delayed, substandard antenatal care and an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among pregnant undocumented migrants. Neither maternal origin nor maternal gestational health conditions could explain the differences in perinatal mortality, which indicates that access to health care services may still play a role, even after the 2011 legal reform, which aimed at improving access to health services for this group.

• Fjeld, Heidi E (2007). The Rise of the Polyandrous House: Marriage, Kinship and Social Mobility in Rural Tsang, Tibet. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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